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Ulrich v. Federal Land Bank

Michigan Court of Appeals
Oct 30, 1991
192 Mich. App. 194 (Mich. Ct. App. 1991)

Summary

holding that lending institution did not owe borrower a duty of care with respect to determining borrower's eligibility for the loan

Summary of this case from Griffor v. BSI Fin. Servs. Ventures Tr. 2013-I-H-R

Opinion

Docket No. 120144.

Decided October 30, 1991; approved for publication December 12, 1991, at 9:05 A.M.

Richard G. Stehno, for the plaintiffs.

Hubbard, Fox, Thomas, White Bengtson (by Michael G. Woodworth and Peter A. Teholiz), for the defendants.

Before: WAHLS, P.J., and HOOD and CAVANAGH, JJ.


Plaintiffs appeal as of right from an order that granted summary disposition to defendants pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). We affirm.

Plaintiffs were dairy farmers in Huron County. Defendant Federal Land Bank of St. Paul (FLB) is a federally chartered corporation that makes long-term loans to farmers and ranchers. Applications for loans from the federal land bank are made through local federal land bank associations, such as defendant Federal Land Bank Association of Bad Axe-Caro in this case. In May 1980, plaintiffs borrowed $220,000 from FLB and secured the note by granting a mortgage on their farm to FLB. The loan was apparently used to pay off other debts and to finance operations. Sometime in 1984, plaintiffs ceased making payments on the note. FLB later foreclosed on the mortgage and plaintiffs' farm was purchased by FLB at a sheriff's sale. Plaintiffs were unable to exercise their right of redemption within one year and were eventually evicted. In September 1986, plaintiffs filed a complaint against defendants, alleging that the foreclosure was invalid and pleading theories of breach of fiduciary duty, breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of contract, and negligence. Summary disposition was granted to defendants on all these claims.

On appeal, plaintiffs claim that the trial court's grant of summary disposition to defendants was erroneous. A motion brought under MCR 2.116(C) (8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone. All factual allegations in support of the claim are accepted as true, as well as all inferences that can be fairly drawn from those facts. Mills v White Castle System, Inc, 167 Mich. App. 202, 205; 421 N.W.2d 631 (1988). The motion should be granted only when the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify a right of recovery. Scameheorn v Bucks, 167 Mich. App. 302, 306; 421 N.W.2d 918 (1988).

Plaintiffs failed to state a claim for breaches of fiduciary duty. Plaintiff's complaint alleged that FLB had assumed the position of a fiduciary because of plaintiffs' naivete, FLB'S advertisements to the public, and various state and federal statutes and regulations. A fiduciary relationship arises from the reposing of faith, confidence, and trust, and the reliance of one upon the judgment and advice of another. Smith v Saginaw Savings Loan Ass'n, 94 Mich. App. 263, 274; 288 N.W.2d 613 (1979). Plaintiffs' allegations of their inexperience and reliance on FLB are insufficient to claim a fiduciary relationship. Compare the instant case to Smith, where the borrower of a construction loan was ill and resided a long distance away from the construction site, the lender had active involvement in the construction process on behalf of the borrower, and the lender repeatedly assured the borrower that the construction was going according to schedule. Plaintiffs did not identify below any statute or regulation that imposed a fiduciary duty on FLB and do not do so now. Plaintiffs conceded at the hearing on FLB'S motion that their claims were not based on a violation of any statute or regulation. Finally, no fiduciary relationship was created between the parties through FLB'S attempt to solicit business from the public at large through advertisements.

Summary disposition was also proper with respect to plaintiffs' claims that FLB breached an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Michigan does not recognize an independent tort action for an alleged breach of a contract's implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Kewin v Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins Co, 409 Mich. 401, 422-423; 295 N.W.2d 50 (1980); Dahlman v Oakland University, 172 Mich. App. 502, 507; 432 N.W.2d 304 (1988).

Plaintiffs also failed to state a claim for breach of contract. Plaintiffs' complaint alleged that the loan agreement "necessarily incorporated the aforesaid federal statutory, and regulatory duties upon defendant FLB," and that "Defendants violated said agreement commencing before and on May 1, 1980, and continuing thereafter including but not in limitation on March 21, 1984 and July 5, 1984." Even if the loan agreement "necessarily incorporated" statutory duties, as noted earlier, plaintiffs conceded that their claim was not premised on a statutory violation. Furthermore, plaintiffs' simple statement that FLB "violated said agreement" alleges a conclusion that is unsupported by any allegations of fact and will not survive a motion for summary disposition. Trimper v Headapohl, 162 Mich. App. 320, 327; 412 N.W.2d 731 (1987), rev'd on other grounds 434 Mich. 858 (1990); Zaschak v Traverse Corp, 123 Mich. App. 126, 128; 333 N.W.2d 191 (1983); Central Advertising Co v Novi, 91 Mich. App. 303; 283 N.W.2d 730 (1979). On appeal, plaintiffs argue that FLB'S contractual responsibilities are further defined by its advertisements, internal policies, pamphlets, and various statements, all of which are extrinsic to the loan agreement. This argument is without merit, because the entirety of the parties' obligations are found in the written contract between them. Raska v Farm Bureau Ins Co, 412 Mich. 355, 363; 314 N.W.2d 440 (1982); Bays v U S Camera Publishing Corp, 18 Mich. App. 385, 388-389; 171 N.W.2d 232 (1969). Nor can a separate contract be implied from the items to which plaintiffs now draw attention. Campbell v City of Troy, 42 Mich. App. 534, 537-538; 202 N.W.2d 547 (1972).

Finally, plaintiffs failed to state a claim of negligence. Plaintiffs had alleged that "[d]efendants were required or voluntarily assumed a duty to thoroughly research the facts underlying the advice and recommendations given them to [sic] plaintiffs before the $220,000 was entered [sic]. With the exercise of reasonable care, defendants would have know [sic] that plaintiffs' farm operation productivity was not nearly sufficient to generate the cash flow necessary to service a $220,000 loan in 1980." In other words, plaintiffs claimed that FLB had negligently loaned them money, that FLB should have known that plaintiffs could not make payments on the loan, and that this negligence caused harm to plaintiffs when they defaulted. Because plaintiffs had alleged that FLB did, in fact, loan them $220,000, this novel claim may be accurately characterized as a claim that FLB had negligently entered into a contract with plaintiffs.

We are aware of cases from other jurisdictions identified by plaintiffs that impose a duty of reasonable care on lending institutions in processing loan applications. See Jacques v First Nat'l Bank of Maryland, 307 Md. 527; 515 A.2d 756 (1986); High v McLean Financial Corp, 659 F. Supp. 1561 (D DC, 1987). Although plaintiffs' description of the law in Jacques and High is accurate, the facts of those cases are dissimilar to those alleged by plaintiffs in their complaint. Plaintiffs draw no distinction between the amount of the loan made and the fact that the loan was made at all. Plaintiffs' complaint alleges as background that they were "required" to borrow the $220,000. There is no indication in the pleadings that plaintiffs received anything other than that for which they had bargained.

It has often been stated that the sometimes hazy distinction between contract and tort actions is made by applying the following rule: if a relation exists that would give rise to a legal duty without enforcing the contract promise itself, the tort action will lie, otherwise it will not. See Hart v Ludwig, 347 Mich. 559, 565; 79 N.W.2d 895 (1956); Nelson v Northwestern Savings Loan Ass'n, 146 Mich. App. 505; 381 N.W.2d 757 (1985); Brewster v Martin Marietta Aluminum Sales, Inc, 145 Mich. App. 641, 667-668; 378 N.W.2d 558 (1985). In the present case, plaintiffs have no contract right to enforce; they have already received the benefit of FLB'S contractual promise to loan them $220,000. Thus, the question is whether FLB had a legal duty to exercise reasonable care in determining plaintiffs' eligibility for a loan. Despite plaintiffs' status as farmers, this case concerns a commercial transaction. We have already determined that no fiduciary duties existed between the parties on the facts alleged by plaintiffs. We now decline to create what is essentially a backdoor defense to the enforcement of plaintiffs' obligations by allowing plaintiffs to later claim that FLB acted negligently in allowing them to enter the contract in the first place. We therefore hold that, on the facts of this case, FLB had no independent legal duty to exercise reasonable care in determining plaintiffs' eligibility for a loan. Summary disposition was proper.

Finally, plaintiffs claim that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied them leave to file an amended complaint. We disagree. Plaintiffs filed their amended complaint six months after the deadline for the filing of amendments, which was set forth in the conference summary, then orally moved for leave at the hearing on defendants' motion for summary disposition. MCR 2.401(C)(4) instructs that the conference summary controls the later course of an action, unless modified to prevent manifest injustice. On the basis of our examination of plaintiffs' proposed amended complaint, we believe that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint.

Affirmed.


Summaries of

Ulrich v. Federal Land Bank

Michigan Court of Appeals
Oct 30, 1991
192 Mich. App. 194 (Mich. Ct. App. 1991)

holding that lending institution did not owe borrower a duty of care with respect to determining borrower's eligibility for the loan

Summary of this case from Griffor v. BSI Fin. Servs. Ventures Tr. 2013-I-H-R

holding that defendant bank had "no independent legal duty to exercise reasonable care in determining plaintiffs' eligibility for a loan"

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holding that the plaintiff's allegations of inexperience and reliance on the defendant were insufficient to claim a fiduciary relationship.

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holding that a lending institution did not owe a borrower a duty of care with respect to determining the borrower's eligibility for a loan

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holding that a lender did not have a legal duty to exercise reasonable care in determining the plaintiffs eligibility for a loan

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holding that a borrower's naivety, inexperience, or reliance on a lender, without more, does not create a fiduciary relationship

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holding that a lending institution did not owe a borrower a duty of care with respect to determining the borrower's eligibility for the loan

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In Ulrich, 192 Mich App at 198-199, this Court discussed whether lending institutions processing loan applications owed a duty of reasonable care to a borrower, and concluded that the defendant bank in that case "had no independent legal duty to exercise reasonable care in determining plaintiffs' eligibility for a loan."

Summary of this case from Montijo v. First Cmty. Bank

In Ulrich v Federal Land Bank of St Paul, 192 Mich App 194; 480 NW2d 910 (1991), the plaintiff argued that the defendant bank assumed the position of a fiduciary toward the plaintiff borrower because the plaintiff was naive and inexperienced.

Summary of this case from Utica Steel, Inc. v. Amormino

In Ulrich v Federal Land Bank of St. Paul, 192 Mich. App. 194, 195; 480 N.W.2d 910 (1991), the plaintiffs, dairy farmers, borrowed $220,000 from the defendant Federal Land Bank (FLB) and secured the note by granting a mortgage on their farm to the defendant in 1980.

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Case details for

Ulrich v. Federal Land Bank

Case Details

Full title:ULRICH v FEDERAL LAND BANK OF ST PAUL

Court:Michigan Court of Appeals

Date published: Oct 30, 1991

Citations

192 Mich. App. 194 (Mich. Ct. App. 1991)
480 N.W.2d 910

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