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declining to recognize a cause of action based on the breach of the good faith and fair dealing, "because such a radical departure from the common law and Michigan precedent should come only from the Supreme Court"
Summary of this case from Acrisure, LLC v. HudakOpinion
Docket No. 94552.
Decided June 24, 1988. Leave to appeal denied, 431 Mich. 910.
Sachs, Nunn, Kates, Kadushin, O'Hare, Helveston Waldman, P.C. (by Kathleen L. Bogas), for plaintiff.
Miller, Canfield, Paddock Stone (by Wolfgang Hoppe, Thomas P. Hustoles and Diane M. Soubly), and Francis R. Porretta, of Counsel, for defendant.
The trial court granted defendant's motion for summary disposition on plaintiff's claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). The trial court also granted partial summary disposition for defendant on plaintiff's claim for exemplary damages based on the breach of an employment contract. After a bench trial, the trial court granted judgment in favor of defendant on plaintiff's breach of employment contract claim. Plaintiff appeals as of right. We affirm.
Plaintiff was employed by defendant from September, 1964, until he resigned on December 10, 1984. At the time of his resignation, plaintiff was employed as the Assistant to the President for University Relations. On September 14, 1984, defendant had placed plaintiff on administrative leave. Plaintiff resigned when defendant demoted him and placed him on probation in December, 1984.
A personnel policy manual which included a grievance procedure for defendant's administrative professional staff members was in effect from the time that plaintiff was placed on administrative leave until he resigned. Plaintiff alleged that the personnel policy manual provided that administrative professional employees could not be discharged except for just cause.
The fifth step in the grievance procedure was a review panel authorized to reach final binding decisions on grievances. The panel was comprised of five members: two selected by defendant; two selected by the Administrative Professional Association (APA), an association of administrative professional employees but not a collective bargaining group; and one selected by the four previously chosen panel members.
Plaintiff alleged that the Step v panel could not be impartial because it would be comprised of employees whose future promotions could be affected by their decisions. Plaintiff admitted at trial, however, that the panel could be impartial, depending on who the panel members were. Plaintiff also testified that he was a member of the APA committee which unanimously recommended that the panel be the final step in defendant's procedure. Although plaintiff served as president of the APA, plaintiff never recommended changing the grievance procedure or the panel. In this case, plaintiff never submitted his dispute to the grievance procedure.
On appeal, plaintiff raises four issues. First, plaintiff claims that the trial court erred in ruling that plaintiff's breach of employment contract claim was barred by his failure to exhaust defendant's grievance procedure. We affirm.
Assuming, arguendo, that plaintiff had an employment contract which was only terminable for just cause, plaintiff's claim is barred because he failed to use the grievance procedure. Employers may provide a procedure for resolution of disputes concerning the discharge of employees. The grievance procedure, set forth in the employee's manual, was part of plaintiff's contract of employment. A decision reached under the grievance procedure precludes submission to a jury of a wrongful discharge claim, subject only to limited judicial review. Toussaint v Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, 408 Mich. 579, 624; 292 N.W.2d 880 (1980); Khalifa v Henry Ford Hospital, 156 Mich. App. 485, 494-495; 401 N.W.2d 884 (1986); Vander Toorn v Grand Rapids, 132 Mich. App. 590, 598-599; 348 N.W.2d 697 (1984), lv den 424 Mich. 886 (1986).
A plaintiff may challenge the determination of the grievance process on procedural grounds. Renny v Port Huron Hospital, 427 Mich. 415; 398 N.W.2d 327 (1986). In Renny, our Supreme Court identified the elements necessary for a fair adjudication in administrative and arbitration grievance proceedings. Renny, supra, pp 436-437.
In this case, a Step v panel was never established to hear plaintiff's grievance. Thus, plaintiff is not claiming that this particular panel was not impartial. The record indicates that, if such a panel had been established, it could have resolved plaintiff's grievance in an acceptable manner. Plaintiff even admitted that impartial panels could be established through the member selection process in place.
Plaintiff argues that a Step v panel could not be impartial because it would be comprised of defendant's employees whose future promotions could be affected by their decisions. We decline to rule that all grievance committees comprised of employees are inherently defective. We also note that plaintiff was a member of the APA committee which unanimously recommended that defendant replace its old grievance procedure with the five-part procedure, including the Step V panel. Plaintiff never recommended changing the grievance procedure, although he was president of the APA at one time. We affirm the trial court's judgment that plaintiff's breach of employment contract claim is barred by his failure to use the grievance procedure.
Plaintiff's second claim is that the trial court erred in granting defendant's motion for summary disposition on plaintiff's negligent evaluation claim. Plaintiff alleged that defendant breached its duty to exercise reasonable care when evaluating plaintiff by evaluating him in a subjective and unfair manner.
In Schipani v Ford Motor Co, 102 Mich. App. 606, 623-624; 302 N.W.2d 307 (1981), a panel of this Court recognized a cause of action for negligent performance of employee evaluations. No other Michigan court has recognized a negligent evaluation claim in the context of an employment contract. The Schipani decision has been criticized by other panels of this Court. See Struble v Lacks Industries, Inc, 157 Mich. App. 169; 403 N.W.2d 71 (1986), Hetes v Schefman Miller Law Office, 152 Mich. App. 117; 393 N.W.2d 577 (1986), Brewster v Martin Marietta Aluminum Sales, Inc, 145 Mich. App. 641; 378 N.W.2d 558 (1985), and Haas v Montgomery Ward Co, 812 F.2d 1015 (CA 6, 1987). These Courts followed the rule that an action in tort will not arise from a breach of contract unless it would arise independently of the contract's existence. See Hart v Ludwig, 347 Mich. 559; 79 N.W.2d 895 (1956).
In this case, defendant would not have evaluated plaintiff if plaintiff did not have an employment contract. There could be no breach of duty to evaluate plaintiff distinct from the breach of contract, and plaintiff cannot maintain an independent tort action for negligent evaluation. Brewster, supra, p 668; Haas, supra, p 1017. We affirm the trial court's grant of summary disposition on plaintiff's negligent evaluation claim.
Plaintiff's third claim is that this Court should recognize a claim for breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. We decline to recognize such a cause of action, because such a radical departure from the common law and Michigan precedent should come only from the Supreme Court. Prussing v General Motors Corp, 403 Mich. 366; 269 N.W.2d 181 (1978); Cockles v International Business Expositions, Inc, 159 Mich. App. 30, 37; 406 N.W.2d 465 (1987); Schwartz v Michigan Sugar Co, 106 Mich. App. 471, 481; 308 N.W.2d 459 (1981), lv den 414 Mich. 870 (1982). We affirm the trial court's grant of summary disposition for defendant on plaintiff's implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claim.
Finally, plaintiff claims that the trial court erred in granting defendant's motion for summary disposition on plaintiff's claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress are not recoverable in a breach of employment contract action. Khalifa, supra, p 499. We also note that the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress has not been formally adopted in Michigan. Roberts v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 422 Mich. 594, 597; 374 N.W.2d 905 (1985). We affirm the trial court's grant of defendant's motion for summary disposition on plaintiff's intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. MCR 2.116(C)(8).
Affirmed.