McKINSTER J.

Certified for Partial Publication.

Jennifer A. Gambale, Irvine, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.Kamala D. Harris and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland and Kathryn Kirschbaum, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

OPINION

McKINSTER J.Defendant and appellant Philip Raymond Mejia appeals his conviction for torture, spousal rape, spousal abuse, and criminal threats. We reject his contention that the court should have conducted a hearing pursuant to People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118, 84 Cal.Rptr. 156, 465 P.2d 44 (Marsden ) based on defendant's statements during a hearing on his request to represent himself. We also reject his contentions concerning the improper admission of evidence. We agree, however, that Penal Code section 654 requires remand for resentencing.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant was charged with one count of torture (§ 206; count 1); one count of spousal rape with tying and binding (§§ 262, subd. (a)(1), 667.61, subds. (b), (e)(5); count 2); one count of infliction of corporal injury on a spouse (§ 273.5, subd. (a); count 3); and one count of criminal threats (§ 422; count 4). As to all four counts, the information alleged that defendant administered methamphetamine to the victim in the commission of the offenses.

A jury returned guilty verdicts on all four counts. It found the allegation of tying and binding true, but found the allegation of administration of methamphetamine not true as to all counts.

The trial court imposed the upper term of four years in state prison on count 3, with a consecutive term of eight months on count 4. On count 2, the court imposed a term of 15 years to life, and on count 1, it imposed a term of "seven years to life" in state prison. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.

FACTS

Defendant and the victim met when she was 15 years old. When she was 18 or 19 years old, they were married. By the time the victim was 20 years old, she had three children. She and defendant used methamphetamine together but stopped when the third child was born. From the beginning, defendant said "mean things" to the victim and would sometimes hit her. In approximately March 2013, when defendant lost his job, his abusiveness slowly got worse. On one occasion, defendant burned her leg with a methamphetamine pipe when she said she did not want to smoke the drug. On another occasion, he hit her all over her body with a wooden flute. Other times, he hit her on her head with his hands.

The victim suspected that defendant had cheated on her, but she "couldn't question what he was doing." Talking back to defendant or not wanting to do what he asked would "set him off." In order to start a conversation about infidelity, she told him, untruthfully, that she had cheated on him. He was angry and talked about punishing her. He said there were "consequences." On other occasions, defendant would handcuff her to the bed frame and make her lie on the floor. They had occasionally used the handcuffs during sex, for "fun purposes," but after that, it "wasn't fun anymore." Defendant would sometimes leave her handcuffed to the bed for hours or days at a time. While she was handcuffed, she was not able to eat or drink water. Defendant would "sometimes" allow her to go to the bathroom, but sometimes she was forced to "go" on herself. The handcuffs sometimes cut or bruised her wrists.

At some point, defendant began to video record their sexual activity. The victim could not remember why it started, but it was after defendant lost his job. She was "kind of okay" with it in the beginning, but sometimes she would get embarrassed and push the cell phone or camera away. At the beginning, there were no handcuffs or abuse, other than defendant "being mean" and telling her what to do. Defendant became increasing abusive, hitting her, using a Taser on her, keeping her from her children and handcuffing her. She had "too many [Taser] marks to count" on her chest and stomach. He "tased" her once while she was tied to a chair.

Defendant taped her to a chair with duct tape and put duct tape over her mouth, making it hard to breathe. On one occasion, she was bent across the chair on her stomach, with her head on the floor. Defendant had intercourse with her while she was bound. She shook her head to indicate that she did not want to, but she could not otherwise protest. He also engaged in anal intercourse with her on some occasions, even though she said she did not want to, because it hurt. Although she sometimes engaged willingly in oral sex, there were times when she did not want to do it, but did anyway so that defendant would not hit her or handcuff her. Defendant would sometimes force her. On one occasion, he sodomized her with a socket wrench.

At one point, defendant cleared the victim's clothes out of the bedroom closet and put a baby mattress on the floor. He locked her in the closet with a bucket and told her to stay there and not move. He said he was going to have other men come to the house and force her to orally copulate them. He also threatened to sell the videos on YouTube. He threatened to wrap her in a rug and set her on fire. He once threw gasoline on her while she was in the closet. Then he shut her in the closet and left her there for hours. On one occasion, he cut the side of her thigh with a small screwdriver.At one point, the victim asked defendant to let her kill herself. He tied a rope around her neck and had her stand on a bucket. He kicked the bucket away and let her hang while he was holding the rope. The rope cut her neck.

The victim did not have a key to the couple's apartment. Defendant screwed the front door closed to keep people from coming in. He also added locks to the door. There was also a surveillance camera in the living room.

At least once, defendant hit the victim so hard that she lost consciousness. He revived her by throwing ice on her. On one occasion, he put duct tape on her face, put a wet towel on her face and over her nose, and poured water on her. She could not breathe. Defendant had a device he said was used to strangle a person and threatened to use it on her, to frighten her. He never used it, however.

On August 21, 2013, the victim was late getting the oldest child ready for school. Defendant smacked her with his hand on the back of her head. She then got the middle child ready for school. Defendant took that child to school; the oldest one stayed home. Before defendant left, he hit the victim on the back of the head again and said he would "beat the shit" out of her. However, when he left, he left the door unlocked. She ran to a neighbor's apartment with the two children and called the police. The neighbor said that the victim appeared "petrified." While she was on the phone with the police, she could hear defendant shouting because he could not find her. She had multiple bruises on her face from prior incidents.

The police officer who responded first spoke to the victim and observed her injuries, including burn marks on her stomach. He then entered the couple's apartment. He found a Taser in a drawer in the bedroom, a baggie of methamphetamine in a tool box, and handcuffs on the bedroom floor. He also observed a live feed from a camera in the living room, being shown on a television screen. He saw a toddler bed in the closet and observed that the closet locked from the outside.

Detectives who arrived later spoke to the victim and observed that she was extremely thin and had multiple cuts, bruises and abrasions in various stages of healing, and Taser marks on her stomach. In the couple's apartment, the detectives found a strangulation device and handcuffs in the bedroom, a bag of methamphetamine and a methamphetamine pipe, a rope and a gasoline can. They also found several digital flash drives containing videos of various sexual acts.

Thirteen videos were played for the jury. A transcript of the conversations heard on the videos was provided to the jury and admitted into evidence.In one of the videos, defendant said to the camera, "The reality of it is, is yes, if she does anything stupid I will kill her. Number two, she thinks that camera's a joke. [Its purpose] is to show you, when you fuck with the wrong person, husband, wife, child ... you do the wrong things, there's a consequence sooner or later in life."

At another point, he said, "[I]t was her choice. She chose this okay um ... she has bruises all over her legs. I did that. I did that because I tied her ass up, I beat the shit out of her, I tased her. I fucked her in the ass and I did everything I fuckin' wanted to do and I could have done more because she's a bitch." He told the victim that he was recording the session for YouTube, but "[n]ot the rape, not any of that." He told his "audience" that the victim "may not die" that day, "but you will see what a hostage can and will go through. There's torture, pain, tape, chains, uh knives, needles, water ... a lot of things that ... a person can use to start getting to somebody." He later told her that if she continued to lie to him, he would put her murder on YouTube.

LEGAL ANALYSIS

1.-3.

4.

APPLICATION OF SECTION 654

Section 654 provides, in pertinent part: "An act or omission that is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision. An acquittal or conviction and sentence under any one bars a prosecution for the same act or omission under any other." (§ 654, subd. (a).) Section 654 precludes imposition of an unstayed sentence on the count subject to the lesser punishment. (People v. Mesa (2012) 54 Cal.4th 191, 195, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743 (Mesa ).) Section 654 has long been interpreted to preclude multiple punishments not only for a single act that violates more than one statute, but for an indivisible course of conduct. (People v. Latimer (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1203, 1207-1208, 23 Cal.Rptr.2d 144, 858 P.2d 611.) Whether a course of criminal conduct is divisible and therefore gives rise to more than one act within the meaning of section 654 depends on the intent and objective of the actor. (Latimer , at p. 1208, 23 Cal.Rptr.2d 144, 858 P.2d 611.) "[I]f all of the offenses were merely incident to, or were the means of accomplishing or facilitating one objective, defendant may be found to have harbored a single intent and therefore may be punished only once. [Citation.] [¶] If, on the other hand, defendant harbored ‘multiple criminal objectives,’ which were independent of and not merely incidental to each other, he may be punished for each statutory violation committed in pursuit of each objective, ‘even though the violations shared common acts or were parts of an otherwise indivisible course of conduct.’ [Citation.]" (People v. Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d 321, 335, 256 Cal.Rptr. 401, 768 P.2d 1078.)

In his original briefing, defendant contended that section 654 precludes imposition of unstayed sentences on both count 1 and count 3, for torture and infliction of corporal injury on a spouse, respectively, because the evidence showed that he engaged in all of the acts of assault in furtherance of the single objective of causing the victim cruel pain and suffering. In a petition for rehearing, defendant argued for the first time that section 654 also precludes imposition of unstayed sentences on both count 1 and count 2, for spousal rape, and on count 4, for criminal threats, for the same reason, i.e., that all of the offenses committed over the three-month course of conduct were committed in furtherance of that single objective. We granted rehearing to address those contentions. In our original opinion, we addressed the course of conduct arguments, but ultimately concluded that because all of the acts of infliction of corporal injury on a spouse were a part of the means by which defendant committed torture, section 654 precluded imposition of unstayed sentences on both count 1 and count 3. Having reviewed the parties' supplemental briefing with respect to counts 2 and 4, we adhere to our original conclusion that defendant may not receive unstayed sentences on both count 1 and count 3 and hold that the same reasoning applies to count 2. As to count 4, we conclude that section 654 does not preclude imposition of an unstayed sentence.

Application of Section 654 to Counts 1, 2 and 3

Torture can be committed either by a single act or by a course of conduct. (People v. Hamlin (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 1412, 1429, 89 Cal.Rptr.3d 402.) Where torture is tried as a course of conduct crime, it is not necessary that any single act in the course of conduct results in great bodily injury. Rather, if the requisite intent exists and the cumulative result of the course of conduct is great bodily injury, the crime of torture has been committed. (Ibid . ) Here, the prosecutor argued that torture is not necessarily "something that happens with one punch or ... one strangulation, or ... one rape, or one sodomy or one of something." She argued that in this case, the torture consisted of the acts shown on the videos, as well as "how the defendant would kind of C-clamp her throat with his hand and hold her up until she got to the point of unconsciousness and he had to splash water on her face to wake her up, coupled with being punched, being kicked, being tased, not having food, being left locked in a closet. It's all of those things, along with the rapes and the sodomy and all of the forcible crimes. It's an umbrella over all of those things."

The fact that the "umbrella" crime of torture was committed by a course of conduct does not mean that a section 654"indivisible course of conduct" analysis is appropriate. We have found no cases that address this issue in the context of torture by course of conduct. In Mesa , supra , 54 Cal.4th 191, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743, however, the California Supreme Court addressed an analogous issue. In that case, the defendant was convicted of active participation in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a)) and of one count of possession of a firearm by a felon and one count of assault with a firearm. An element of section 186.22, subdivision (a), is the requirement that the defendant "willfully promotes, furthers, or assists in any felonious criminal conduct by members of that gang." The trial court instructed the jury that " ‘[f]elonious criminal conduct means committing or attempting to commit ... assault with a firearm, felon in possession of a firearm.’ " (Mesa , at p. 197, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743.) Because the substantive offenses were the acts " ‘that transformed mere gang membership—which, by itself, is not a crime—into the crime of gang participation,’ " imposing separate punishment on both the substantive offenses and the crime of gang participation violated section 654. (Mesa , at p. 197, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743.) Stated another way, the court held, "[s]ection 654 applies where the ‘defendant stands convicted of both (1) a crime that requires, as one of its elements, the intentional commission of an underlying offense, and (2) the underlying offense itself.’ [Citation.]" (Id . at p. 198, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743.)

Torture requires the infliction of great bodily injury with the intent to cause cruel or extreme pain and suffering. (§ 206.) To satisfy that element, the statute necessarily requires the intentional commission of one or more assaultive acts, such as infliction of corporal injury on a spouse, committed with the intent to cause cruel or extreme pain and suffering. Accordingly, although a defendant may be convicted of both torture and of any or all of the underlying acts (People v. Martinez , supra , 125 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1042-1046, 23 Cal.Rptr.3d 508 ), section 654 precludes imposition of unstayed sentences for both torture and any of the underlying assaultive offenses upon which the prosecution relies to prove that element. (Mesa , 54 Cal.4th at pp. 197-198, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743.)

With respect to count 2, for spousal rape, the Attorney General argues that because it can be inferred that defendant acted in furtherance of both an intent to inflict suffering on the victim and an intent to obtain sexual gratification, section 654 does not apply. In Mesa , supra , 54 Cal.4th 191, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743, however, the court expressly rejected the contention that section 654 would not apply if there was evidence that the defendant harbored multiple criminal objectives in committing the underlying offense and the gang participation crime. The court held that the rule that multiple criminal objectives may be a predicate for multiple punishment applies only in circumstances that involve multiple acts. It held that the rule does not apply where the multiple convictions at issue were indisputably based on a single act, even if the defendant harbored more than one objective. (Mesa , at p. 199, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743.) In that case, the single act of illegal possession of a firearm could not be punished both under former section 12021, subdivision (a)(1), and section 186.22, subdivision (a), nor could the single act of assault with a firearm be punished under both section 245, subdivision (a)(2) and section 186.22, subdivision (a). (Mesa , at pp. 194-195, 197-200, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743.) Here, because the prosecution relied upon each act of spousal rape and each act of infliction of corporal injury on a spouse as the intentional acts underlying the torture conviction, it is irrelevant whether defendant harbored a single objective or multiple objectives.

Because there are multiple instances of rape and of infliction of corporal injury on a spouse in this case, the above analysis would not apply if the record supported the conclusion that any one of either type of crime was committed outside of the torture course of conduct. Whether a particular offense is part of a course of conduct for purposes of section 654 is a question of fact. (People v. Coleman (1989) 48 Cal.3d 112, 162, 255 Cal.Rptr. 813, 768 P.2d 32.) In the absence of an explicit ruling by the trial court at sentencing, we infer that the court made the finding appropriate to the sentence it imposed, i.e., either applying section 654 or not applying it. (People v. Tarris (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 612, 626-627, 103 Cal.Rptr.3d 278 (Tarris ).) Here, there was no discussion at sentencing as to whether section 654 applied to counts 1, 2 or 3. Accordingly, we must affirm the sentence if an implied finding that section 654 does not apply is supported by substantial evidence. (Tarris , at pp. 626-627, 103 Cal.Rptr.3d 278.)

There is no evidence that any of the acts of rape was not a part of that course of conduct, nor did the prosecutor seek to distinguish any of those acts on that basis. As the basis for count 3, the prosecutor relied on the incident on August 21, 2013, the day the victim finally fled. In that incident, defendant "smacked" the victim on the back of her head because she was late getting one of the children ready for school. Examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling (Tarris , supra , 180 Cal.App.4th at p. 627, 103 Cal.Rptr.3d 278 ), we see no basis for concluding that the final assault was either separated in time from the rest of the acts that constituted torture or was in some other manner distinct from those acts. The victim testified to a lengthy series of physical assaults, and there was no evidence that these assaults had ended before August 21. Thus, the record supports only the conclusion that this final act of violence was part of the course of conduct that constituted torture.

Accordingly, because all of the acts of spousal rape and of infliction of corporal injury on a spouse were included among the acts underlying the torture count and were essential to satisfying an element of that offense, section 654 precludes imposition of unstayed sentences on both count 1 and either count 2 or count 3. (Mesa , supra , 54 Cal.4th at pp. 195-200, 142 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 277 P.3d 743.)

Application of Section 654 to Counts 1 and 4

Count 4, for criminal threats, is subject to a different analysis because, as the Attorney General points outs, threats are neither necessary to the commission of torture nor sufficient to satisfy any of its elements. Accordingly, section 654 applies only if there is no substantial evidence that supports the trial court's implied conclusion that the threats were not part of an indivisible course of conduct. (Tarris , supra , 180 Cal.App.4th at pp. 626-627, 103 Cal.Rptr.3d 278.) To determine whether substantial evidence supports that conclusion, we must view the facts in the light most favorable to that conclusion. (Ibid . )

Defendant contends that the criminal threats were part and parcel of his three-month campaign to "torture, humiliate, break down, and beat down" the victim. He also contends that the threats were part of the torture because the prosecutor relied on the threats to argue that the victim submitted to sexual intercourse through duress and because the victim testified that defendant's threat to kill her was part of the reason she stayed rather than attempting to flee. We agree that a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that all of the crimes committed against the victim were part of defendant's campaign to terrorize her. However, for purposes of section 654, the question is whether the criminal threats were committed in furtherance of the crime of torture. Torture, as defined in section 206, requires the specific intent to inflict cruel or extreme pain or suffering. We understand this to mean physical pain or suffering, and defendant does not suggest otherwise. Thus, mentally or emotionally terrorizing the victim by means of threats is an objective separate from the intent to cause extreme physical pain. Accordingly, a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the criminal threats were in furtherance of a separate criminal objective, even if, in part, the threats were intended to "break" or "beat" the victim down emotionally and to discourage her from attempting to flee, as defendant contends. For this reason, section 654 does not preclude imposition of an unstayed sentence on both count 1 and count 4.

Execution of Sentence Must Be Stayed on Count 1

The final question is on which count or counts execution of sentence must be stayed. Section 654 provides that an act or omission that is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that provides for the "longest potential term of imprisonment." (§ 654, subd. (a).) In this case, count 1, torture, carries an indeterminate life term. (§§ 206, 206.1.) Count 2, spousal rape with tying or binding, carries a term of 15 years to life. (§§ 262, subd. (a)(1), 667.61, subds. (b), (c)(2), (e)(5).) Count 3, infliction of corporal injury on a spouse, carries a term of two, three or four years in state prison if it is sentenced as a felony. (§ 273.5, subd. (a).) Because count 3 unquestionably carries a shorter potential term than does count 1, section 654 requires that it be stayed rather than the life term on count 1, assuming that the sentence on count 1 is not itself required to be stayed. As we discuss below, however, execution of the sentence on count 1 must be stayed. Accordingly, section 654 does not preclude imposition of an unstayed sentence on count 3.

Because counts 1 and 2 are both subject to potential life terms, it is not immediately obvious which of those two sentences should be stayed. We asked the parties for supplemental briefing as to which count provides for the longest potential term for purposes of section 654.

Defendant contends that because both counts carry a potential term of life imprisonment and because there is no way to predict when, or even if, an inmate serving a potential life term will be granted parole, the two sentences are in effect identical. The Attorney General contends that in amending section 654 to include the "longest potential term of imprisonment" language, the Legislature expressed its intention that the unstayed sentence must be the one that carries the longest minimum parole eligibility provision. A person who is serving an indeterminate life term becomes eligible for parole after serving the greater of "(1) [a] term of at least seven calendar years [or] [¶] (2) [a] term as established pursuant to any other law that establishes a minimum term or minimum period of confinement under a life sentence before eligibility for parole." (§ 3046, subd. (a)(1), (a)(2).) Section 667.61 provides for a minimum parole eligibility period of 15 years. (§§ 262, subd. (a)(2), 667.61, subds. (b), (c)(2), (e)(5).) Accordingly, the Attorney General contends, the latter is the sentence with the longest potential term of imprisonment. We agree. Although the maximum potential term for both crimes is life in prison, section 667.61 ensures that a defendant will serve a minimum of 15 years in prison, while section 3046 creates the possibility that a defendant will be released on parole in only seven years. Thus, section 667.61 necessarily provides for a longer actual term of imprisonment than section 3046 necessarily does.

We believe that this interpretation is consistent with the actual wording of section 654. By providing for an unstayed sentence under the provision that provides for the "longest potential term of imprisonment," the Legislature was expressing its intention that the unstayed sentence must be the one which will result in a defendant actually spending the longest period in prison. To the extent that the language is ambiguous, however, we refer to the legislative history of the 1998 amendment of section 654 which added the requirement that sentence must be imposed under the statute that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment.

That amendment was the Legislature's response to the California Supreme Court's decision in People v. Norrell (1996) 13 Cal.4th 1, 51 Cal.Rptr.2d 429, 913 P.2d 458 (Norrell ). In Norrell , addressing the previous version of section 654, the court held that although section 654 prohibited multiple punishments for the same act or omission, the trial courts nevertheless retained the discretion to determine which of several possible punishments to impose. (Norrell , at pp. 5-6, 51 Cal.Rptr.2d 429, 913 P.2d 458.) The amendment of section 654 removed that discretion. In Senate Bill No. 914, introduced in the following legislative session, the author identified this as the problem his bill addressed. Citing Norrell , the bill's author stated, "Under current law, a defendant who commits one act [that] is punishable by more than one statute may avoid the [more] serious punishment of one statute if the judge imposes a sentence based on the more lenient statute." (Assem. Com. on Public Safety, com. on Sen. Bill No. 914 (1997-1998 Reg. Sess.) July 1, 1997, p. 2.) The author also referred to former Justice Arabian's dissent in Norrell , in which he invited the legislation, saying, "I hope the Legislature will heed my call, and amend [section 654 ] to make clear what should have been clear all along: when a person commits multiple crimes, the court may not manipulate the sentences to be stayed and not stayed so as to impose a lower overall sentence than the minimum the Legislature has decreed for any of those crimes. Additional criminality must never by rewarded." (Norrell , supra , 13 Cal.4th at pp. 23-24, 51 Cal.Rptr.2d 429, 913 P.2d 458 [dis. opin. of Arabian, J.], quoted in Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses of Sen. Bill No. 914 (1997-1998 Reg. Sess.), as amended April 15, 1997, p. 2.)

Accordingly, under both the plain meaning rule and by reference to the legislative history of the relevant amendment to section 654, execution of the sentence imposed on count 1, torture, must be stayed and an unstayed sentence imposed on count 2. Because execution of sentence on count 1 must be stayed, defendant is subject to imposition of unstayed sentences on counts 3 and 4 as well.

DISPOSITION

The cause is remanded with directions to modify the sentence to stay execution of sentence on count 1 pursuant to Penal Code section 654 and to impose unstayed sentences on counts 2, 3 and 4. The judgment is otherwise affirmed.

We concur:

HOLLENHORST Acting P.J.

SLOUGH J.