Enforcement of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 With Respect to Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Light of Bostockv.Clayton County

AGENCY:

Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education.

ACTION:

Interpretation.

SUMMARY:

The U.S. Department of Education (Department) issues this interpretation to clarify the Department's enforcement authority over discrimination based on sexual orientation and discrimination based on gender identity under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Bostock v. Clayton County. This interpretation will guide the Department in processing complaints and conducting investigations, but it does not itself determine the outcome in any particular case or set of facts.

DATES:

This interpretation is effective June 22, 2021.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Alejandro Reyes, Director, Program Legal Group, Office for Civil Rights. Telephone: (202) 245-7272. Email: Alejandro.Reyes@ed.gov.

If you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) or a text telephone (TTY), call the Federal Relay Service (FRS), toll-free, at 1-800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C. 1681-1688, prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity offered by a recipient of Federal financial assistance. The Department's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is responsible for the Department's enforcement of Title IX.

OCR has long recognized that Title IX protects all students, including students who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, from harassment and other forms of sex discrimination. OCR also has long recognized that Title IX prohibits harassment and other forms of discrimination against all students for not conforming to stereotypical notions of masculinity and femininity. But OCR at times has stated that Title IX's prohibition on sex discrimination does not encompass discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. To ensure clarity, the Department issues this Interpretation addressing Title IX's coverage of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in light of the Supreme Court decision discussed below.

In 2020, the Supreme Court in Bostock v. Clayton County, 140 S. Ct. 1731, 590 U.S. __ (2020), concluded that discrimination based on sexual orientation and discrimination based on gender identity inherently involve treating individuals differently because of their sex. It reached this conclusion in the context of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq., which prohibits sex discrimination in employment. As noted below, courts rely on interpretations of Title VII to inform interpretations of Title IX.

The Department issues this Interpretation to make clear that the Department interprets Title IX's prohibition on sex discrimination to encompass discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity and to provide the reasons for this interpretation, as set out below.

Interpretation:

Title IX Prohibits Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.

Consistent with the Supreme Court's ruling and analysis in Bostock, the Department interprets Title IX's prohibition on discrimination “on the basis of sex” to encompass discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. As was the case for the Court's Title VII analysis in Bostock, this interpretation flows from the statute's “plain terms.” See Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1743, 1748-50. Addressing discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity thus fits squarely within OCR's responsibility to enforce Title IX's prohibition on sex discrimination.

I. The Supreme Court's Ruling in Bostock

The Supreme Court in Bostock held that sex discrimination, as prohibited by Title VII, encompasses discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The Court explained that to discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity “requires an employer to intentionally treat individual employees differently because of their sex.” 140 S. Ct. at 1742. As the Court also explained, when an employer discriminates against a person for being gay or transgender, the employer necessarily discriminates against that person for “traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex.” Id. at 1737.

The Court provided numerous examples to illustrate why “it is impossible to discriminate against a person” because of their sexual orientation or gender identity “without discriminating against that individual based on sex.” Id. at 1741. In one example, when addressing discrimination based on sexual orientation, the Court stated:

Consider, for example, an employer with two employees, both of whom are attracted to men. The two individuals are, to the employer's mind, materially identical in all respects, except that one is a man and the other a woman. If the employer fires the male employee for no reason other than the fact he is attracted to men, the employer discriminates against him for traits or actions it tolerates in his female colleague. Put differently, the employer intentionally singles out an employee to fire based in part on the employee's sex, and the affected employee's sex is a but-for cause of his discharge.

Id.

In another example, the Court showed why singling out a transgender employee for different treatment from a non-transgender (i.e., cisgender) employee is discrimination based on sex:

[T]ake an employer who fires a transgender person who was identified as a male at birth but who now identifies as a female. If the employer retains an otherwise identical employee who was identified as female at birth, the employer intentionally penalizes a person identified as male at birth for traits or actions that it tolerates in an employee identified as female at birth. Again, the individual employee's sex plays an unmistakable and impermissible role in the discharge decision.

Id. at 1741-42.

II. Bostock's Application to Title IX

For the reasons set out below, the Department has determined that the interpretation of sex discrimination set out by the Supreme Court in Bostock—that discrimination “because of . . . sex” encompasses discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity—properly guides the Department's interpretation of discrimination “on the basis of sex” under Title IX and leads to the conclusion that Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

a. There is textual similarity between Title VII and Title IX.

Like Title VII, Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sex.

Title IX provides, with certain exceptions: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance . . . .” 20 U.S.C. 1681(a).

Title VII provides, with certain exceptions: “It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's . . . sex[ ] . . .; or (2) to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual's . . . sex[ ] . . . .” 42 U.S.C. 2000e-2(a). (Title VII also prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin.)

Both statutes prohibit sex discrimination, with Title IX using the phrase “on the basis of sex” and Title VII using the phrase “because of” sex. The Supreme Court has used these two phrases interchangeably. In Bostock, for example, the Court described Title VII in this way: “[I]n Title VII, Congress outlawed discrimination in the workplace on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 140 S. Ct. at 1737 (emphasis added); id. at 1742 (“[I]ntentional discrimination based on sex violates Title VII . . . .” (emphasis added)); see also Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Educ., 544 U.S. 167, 174 (2005) (“[W]hen a funding recipient retaliates against a person because he complains of sex discrimination, this constitutes intentional `discrimination' `on the basis of sex,' in violation of Title IX.” (second emphasis added)); Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64 (1986) (“[W]hen a supervisor sexually harasses a subordinate because of the subordinate's sex, that supervisor `discriminate[s]' on the basis of sex.” (emphasis added)).

In addition, both statutes specifically protect individuals against discrimination. In Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1740-41, the Court observed that Title VII “tells us three times—including immediately after the words `discriminate against'—that our focus should be on individuals.” The Court made a similar observation about Title IX, which uses the term person, in Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 704 (1979), stating that “Congress wanted to avoid the use of federal resources to support discriminatory practices [and] to provide individual citizens effective protection against those practices.” Id. (emphasis added).

Further, the text of both statutes contains no exception for sex discrimination that is associated with an individual's sexual orientation or gender identity. As the Court stated in Bostock, “when Congress chooses not to include any exceptions to a broad rule, courts apply the broad rule.” 140 S. Ct. at 1747. The Court has made a similar point regarding Title IX: “[I]f we are to give Title IX the scope that its origins dictate, we must accord it a sweep as broad as its language.” N. Haven Bd. of Ed. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512, 521 (1982) (citations and internal alterations omitted). It also bears noting that, in interpreting the scope of Title IX's prohibition on sex discrimination the Supreme Court and lower Federal courts have often relied on the Supreme Court's interpretations of Title VII. See, e.g., Franklin v. Gwinnett Cnty. Pub. Sch., 503 U.S. 60, 75 (1992); Jennings v. Univ. of N.C., 482 F.3d 686, 695 (4th Cir. 2007); Frazier v. Fairhaven Sch. Comm., 276 F.3d 52, 66 (1st Cir. 2002); Gossett v. Oklahoma ex rel. Bd. of Regents for Langston Univ., 245 F.3d 1172, 1176 (10th Cir. 2001).

Moreover, the Court in Bostock found that “no ambiguity exists about how Title VII's terms apply to the facts before [it]”—i.e., allegations of discrimination in employment against several individuals based on sexual orientation or gender identity. 140 S. Ct. at 1749. After reviewing the text of Title IX and Federal courts' interpretation of Title IX, the Department has concluded that the same clarity exists for Title IX. That is, Title IX prohibits recipients of Federal financial assistance from discriminating based on sexual orientation and gender identity in their education programs and activities. The Department also has concluded for the reasons described in this document that, to the extent other interpretations may exist, this is the best interpretation of the statute.

In short, the Department finds no persuasive or well-founded basis for declining to apply Bostock' s reasoning—discrimination “because of . . . sex” under Title VII encompasses discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity—to Title IX's parallel prohibition on sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities.

b. Additional case law recognizes that the reasoning of Bostock applies to Title IX and that differential treatment of students based on gender identity or sexual orientation may cause harm.

Numerous Federal courts have relied on Bostock to recognize that Title IX's prohibition on sex discrimination encompasses discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. See, e.g., Grimm v. Gloucester Cnty. Sch. Bd., 972 F.3d 586, 616 (4th Cir. 2020), as amended (Aug. 28, 2020), reh'g en banc denied, 976 F.3d 399 (4th Cir. 2020), petition for cert filed, No. 20-1163 (Feb. 24, 2021); Adams v. Sch. Bd. of St. Johns Cnty., 968 F.3d 1286, 1305 (11th Cir. 2020), petition for reh'g en banc pending, No. 18-13592 (Aug. 28, 2020); Koenke v. Saint Joseph's Univ., No. CV 19-4731, 2021 WL 75778, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 8, 2021); Doe v. Univ. of Scranton, No. 3:19-CV-01486, 2020 WL 5993766, at *11 n.61 (M.D. Pa. Oct. 9, 2020).

The Department also concludes that the interpretation set forth in this document is most consistent with the purpose of Title IX, which is to ensure equal opportunity and to protect individuals from the harms of sex discrimination. As numerous courts have recognized, a school's policy or actions that treat gay, lesbian, or transgender students differently from other students may cause harm. See, e.g., Grimm, 972 F.3d at 617-18 (describing injuries to a transgender boy's physical and emotional health as a result of denial of equal treatment); Adams, 968 F.3d at 1306-07 (describing “emotional damage, stigmatization and shame” experienced by a transgender boy as a result of being subjected to differential treatment); Whitaker ex rel. Whitaker v. Kenosha Unified Sch. Dist. No. 1 Bd. of Educ., 858 F.3d 1034, 1044-46, 1049-50 (7th Cir. 2017) (describing physical and emotional harm to a transgender boy who was denied equal treatment); Dodds v. U.S. Dep't of Educ., 845 F.3d 217, 221-22 (6th Cir. 2016) (describing “substantial and immediate adverse effects on the daily life and well-being of an eleven-year-old” transgender girl from denial of equal treatment); Doe, 2020 WL 5993766, at **1-3 (describing harassment and physical targeting of a gay college student that interfered with the student's educational opportunity); Harrington ex rel. Harrington v. City of Attleboro, No. 15-CV-12769-DJC, 2018 WL 475000, at **6-7 (D. Mass. Jan. 17, 2018) (describing “ `wide-spread peer harassment' and physical assault [of a lesbian high school student] because of stereotyping animus focused on [the student's] sex, appearance, and perceived or actual sexual orientation”).

c. The U.S. Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division has concluded that Bostock 's analysis applies to Title IX.

The U.S. Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division issued a Memorandum from Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights Pamela S. Karlan to Federal Agency Civil Rights Directors and General Counsels regarding Application of Bostock v. Clayton County to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Mar. 26, 2021), https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/1383026/download.

The memorandum stated that, after careful consideration, including a review of case law, “the Division has determined that the best reading of Title IX's prohibition on discrimination `on the basis of sex' is that it includes discrimination on the basis of gender identity and sexual orientation.” Indeed, “the Division ultimately found nothing persuasive in the statutory text, legislative history, or caselaw to justify a departure from Bostock' s textual analysis and the Supreme Court's longstanding directive to interpret Title IX's text broadly.”

III. Implementing This Interpretation

Consistent with the analysis above, OCR will fully enforce Title IX to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in education programs and activities that receive Federal financial assistance from the Department. As with all other Title IX complaints that OCR receives, any complaint alleging discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity also must meet jurisdictional requirements as defined in Title IX and the Department's Title IX regulations, other applicable legal requirements, as well as the standards set forth in OCR's Case Processing Manual, www.ed.gov/ocr/docs/ocrcpm.pdf.

Where a complaint meets applicable requirements and standards as just described, OCR will open an investigation of allegations that an individual has been discriminated against because of their sexual orientation or gender identity in education programs or activities. This includes allegations of individuals being harassed, disciplined in a discriminatory manner, excluded from, denied equal access to, or subjected to sex stereotyping in academic or extracurricular opportunities and other education programs or activities, denied the benefits of such programs or activities, or otherwise treated differently because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. OCR carefully reviews allegations from anyone who files a complaint, including students who identify as male, female or nonbinary; transgender or cisgender; intersex; lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, heterosexual, or in other ways.

While this interpretation will guide the Department in processing complaints and conducting investigations, it does not determine the outcome in any particular case or set of facts. Where OCR's investigation reveals that one or more individuals has been discriminated against because of their sexual orientation or gender identity, the resolution of such a complaint will address the specific compliance concerns or violations identified in the course of the investigation.

This interpretation supersedes and replaces any prior inconsistent statements made by the Department regarding the scope of Title IX's jurisdiction over discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. This interpretation does not reinstate any previously rescinded guidance documents.

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