Hudson v. Jewell et al

MOTION for Summary Judgment

D.D.C.May 24, 2017

Patrick M. Sullivan (D.C. Bar No. 1018119) LAW OFFICE OF PATRICK SULLIVAN 2146 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 Telephone: (202) 503-806-3770 patrick@sullivanlegalcounsel.com Counsel for Plaintiff IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CHARLES K. HUDSON ) ) Plaintiff, ) v. ) Civil Action No. 1:15-cv-01988 (TSC) ) RYAN ZINKE, et al., ) ) ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED Defendants. ) ) PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT COMES NOW the Plaintiff Charles K. Hudson, by and through his undersigned counsel of record, pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and moves this Court for Summary Judgment in his favor for the reason that Plaintiff is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. For the reasons set forth in the accompanying Memorandum of Points and Authorities, Plaintiff respectfully requests that this Court enter an Order: (1) DECLARING that Defendants’ conduct in certifying the July 30, 2013 Secretarial Election diminished the rights of Plaintiff and all other off-reservation voters in violation of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, Constitution of the Three Affiliated Tribes of Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35 Filed 05/24/17 Page 1 of 3 2 the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, Bureau of Indian Affairs regulations and the Administrative Procedure Act; and (2) ORDERING that the Defendants conduct future Secretarial Elections in conformance with the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the Tribal Constitution; specifically, that they enforce the requirement imposed by both federal and tribal law that at least 30 percent of the Tribe’s adult membership participate in any amendment to the Tribal Constitution; and (3) VACATING the Defendants’ certification of the July 30, 2013 Secretarial Election conducted for the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation; and (4) VACATING the Defendants’ February 24, 2017 Decision on Remand affirming their certification of the July 30, 2013 Secretarial Election; and (5) GRANTING such further relief as this Court deems just and proper. DATED this 24th day of May 2017. WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA BY COUNSEL ___/s/_____________________________ Patrick M. Sullivan (D.C. Bar No. 1018119) LAW OFFICE OF PATRICK SULLIVAN 2146 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 Telephone: (202) 503-806-3770 patrick@sullivanlegalcounsel.com Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35 Filed 05/24/17 Page 2 of 3 3 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that on May 24, 2017, I electronically filed the foregoing with the Clerk of the Court by using the CM/ECF system, which will send a notice of electronic filing to all listed counsel of record. /s/ Patrick M. Sullivan Patrick M. Sullivan Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35 Filed 05/24/17 Page 3 of 3 Patrick M. Sullivan (D.C. Bar No. 1018119) LAW OFFICE OF PATRICK SULLIVAN 2146 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 Telephone: (202) 503-806-3770 patrick@sullivanlegalcounsel.com Counsel for Plaintiff IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CHARLES K. HUDSON ) ) Plaintiff, ) v. ) Civil Action No. 1:15-cv-01988 (TSC) ) RYAN ZINKE, et al., ) ) ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED Defendants. ) ) MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON REMAND Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 1 of 37 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 STANDARD OF REVIEW .............................................................................................................3 STATEMENT OF FACTS ..............................................................................................................4 ARGUMENT .................................................................................................................................11 I. Defendants’ Misleading Ballot Materials Disenfranchised Off-Reservation Voters in Violation of the IRA and BIA Regulations. ...........................................11 II. Defendants’ Certification of the 2013 Secretarial Election Without a 30 Percent Tribal Quorum Violated the IRA and Tribal Constitution. .......................14 A. The Indian Reorganization Act Expressly Requires a Tribal Quorum of 30 Percent to Amend a Tribal Constitution. ..........................................16 B. Defendants’ Regulation and Interpretation Conflict with the IRA. ...............21 C. The Tribal Constitution Expressly Requires a Tribal Quorum of 30 Percent for Amendment. ............................................................................25 D. The Tribal Constitution Controls over Conflicting BIA Regulations ............27 E. Indian Canons of Construction Require Interpretation of Ambiguous Statutes in Favor of Indians. ......................................................................28 F. Defendants’ Past Conduct Does Not Excuse Ongoing Violations or Demonstrate Tribal Waiver. .......................................................................29 G. The Tribe Did Not and Could Not Waive Defendants’ Statutory Violation. ...................................................................................................30 III. The Appropriate Remedy is Decertification of the 2013 Secretarial Election. ........33 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................34 Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 2 of 37 1 INTRODUCTION More than a year has passed since Plaintiff timely filed his first Motion for Summary Judgment on April 29, 2016. Docket No. 14. On February 24, 2017, Defendants entered their Decision on Remand, Docket No. 30-1, and once again ask for this Court’s imprimatur on an absurd construction of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (“IRA”) and the Constitution of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation. For this Court to uphold that Decision would be to accept the premise that both the United States Congress and the drafters of the Tribal Constitution intended that any two members of the Tribe, in a vote of three, could amend the Tribe’s foundational document. Neither the IRA nor the Tribal Constitution admit such a construction. Last year, this Court stated that it granted remand for two reasons: “first, that the structure of judicial review of agency decisions limits the court to the administrative record, and second, that the court believes the agency is in a better position than the court to determine questions of Indian law.” Order, Docket No. 28 at 8. The Defendants’ full record is now before the court, supplemented with documentation of repeated violations of the IRA and Tribal Constitution over the course of multiple Secretarial Elections. Defendants proffer that course of conduct as evidence of tribal assent. It is not, and, as discussed below, the new Administrative Record includes further evidence of tribal objection to this practice. Further, Defendants declined this Court’s invitation to seriously attempt to interpret the Tribal Constitution. Accordingly, no deference should be accorded the BIA’s position as it did not conduct a serious legal inquiry, relying only on “50 years of tribal acquiescence” to bolster its claim. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 3 of 37 2 It now falls to this Court to interpret both the IRA and the Tribal Constitution. Plaintiff remains confident that this Court is fully equipped to interpret both the federal law and the Tribal Constitution. The Court’s task is made easier by the absurd logic and untenable results of Defendants’ position. ______________________ Plaintiff is an enrolled member of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. On July 31, 2013, Defendants in the Bureau of Indian Affairs (“BIA”) certified two amendments to the Tribal Constitution after conducting a Secretarial Election in which only 5.5 percent of eligible voters participated. This certification violated the clear requirement codified in the federal Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, 25 U.S.C. § 5101 et seq. (formerly 25 U.S.C. 461 et seq.), and within the Tribal Constitution at Article X, that a minimum of 30 percent of adult members must participate in any election to amend the Tribal Constitution. Confusing and contradictory ballot information distributed by Defendants contributed to the minimal turnout by discouraging off-reservation voting in the election. Defendants’ actions injured the rights of Plaintiff, and of the Tribe as a sovereign nation, by sanctioning a major alteration to the Tribe’s Constitution − its fundamental governing document − by a trivial turnout of voters in direct violation of federal and tribal law. That result must be rejected and set aside. Defendants’ misinterpretation and misapplication of the statutory and constitutional tribal quorum requirement has been ongoing over the course of 42 years and eight Secretarial Elections while evading judicial scrutiny. The turnout in these elections has progressed from bad to worse, from 15.2% in 1974, reaching a high of 23.6% in 1975 (Decision on Remand, Docket No, 30-1 at Attachment A) and ultimately reaching dismal new lows of lows of 5.5% in 2013 and 8% in Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 4 of 37 3 2016. Despite Defendants’ claim of “50 years of tribal acquiescence,” at least three of these elections elicited protest based on low turnout and the IRA and Tribal Constitutional violations. Defendants’ practice in elections of other tribes has also elicited similar challenges. In order to preserve his own rights and to preclude Defendants from continuing to disregard the specific requirements of the IRA and Tribal Constitution, Plaintiff brings this challenge to place Defendants’ regulations and statutory interpretation of the tribal quorum under direct federal court review for the first time. Plaintiff has exhausted his administrative remedies within the Department and before the Interior Board of Indian Appeals (“IBIA”), has standing and this issue is ripe for review.1 STANDARD OF REVIEW Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states that summary judgment shall be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In judicial review of agency action under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 551, et seq. (“APA”), “the district judge sits as an appellate tribunal. The ‘entire case’ on review is a question of law.” Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson, 269 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2001). In these cases, summary judgment is “the mechanism for deciding, as a matter of law, whether the agency action is supported by the administrative record and otherwise consistent with the APA standard of review.” Hosp. of Univ. of Pa. v. Sebelius, 847 F. Supp. 2d 125, 133 (D.D.C. 2012). The APA provides that “[a] person suffering legal wrong because of agency action, or adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action within the meaning of a relevant statute, is entitled to judicial review thereof.” 5 U.S.C § 702. “To the extent necessary to decision and 1 Defendants again raise the defense that Hudson lacks standing and has failed to state a justiciable claim. Answer, Docket No. 33 at 14. Defendants did not pursue these arguments in the previous iteration of this litigation, Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 5 of 37 4 when presented, the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the terms of an agency action.” 5 U.S.C. § 706. The reviewing court must hold unlawful and set aside agency actions that are, inter alia, “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion or otherwise not in accordance with law,” “in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory right,” or that are adopted “without observance of procedure required by law.” 5 U.S.C. §§ 706(2)(A), (C) and (D). In this case, the substantive legal standards for judicial review of the 2013 Secretarial Election are codified in the IRA, Bureau of Indian Affairs regulations interpreting that Act, and the Constitution of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. STATEMENT OF FACTS The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was established in 1870 for the “Three Affiliated Tribes” – the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara − that resided in the Missouri River basin in what is now North and South Dakota. Plaintiff Charles K. Hudson is a non-resident enrolled member of the Tribe residing in Portland, Oregon. On June 18, 1934, Congress passed the IRA and designated it as “[a]n Act to conserve and develop Indian lands and resources; to extend to Indians the right to form business and other organizations; to establish a credit system for Indians; to grant certain rights of home rule to Indians; to provide for vocational education for Indians; and for other purposes.” 48 Stat. 987 (1934). The IRA reflected a major reversal and repudiation of the previous Indian policy of the “Allotment Era” which sought to eliminate Indian reservations and integrate Native Americans into the larger society. See Atkinson Trading Co. v. Shirley, 532 U.S. 645, 651 n.1 (2001). Instead, the IRA sought “to foster and encourage self-government by the various Indian tribes.” Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 6 of 37 5 Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe v. Kleppe, 424 F. Supp. 448, 450 (D.S.D.), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe v. Andrus, 566 F.2d 1085 (8th Cir. 1977). On November 17, 1934, the Indians living on the Fort Berthold Reservation voted to accept the application of the IRA to their Tribe in an election conducted pursuant to IRA Section 18, which provided that the IRA’s framework will be applied to a group of Indians unless a majority of adult tribal members affirmatively voted against it. THEODORE HAAS, TEN YEARS OF TRIBAL GOVERNMENT UNDER I.R.A., United States Indian Service, 1947 (“Haas Report”). The Department of Interior Indian Service, subsequently reconstituted as the BIA, recorded the Tribe’s total population at the time of the election to be 1,569. Id. at Table A, p. 21. Of 661 adult members, 477 voted in favor of acceptance of the IRA. Id. Because a majority of the adult Indians on the Fort Berthold reservation did not vote to reject it, the IRA became applicable to the Tribe pursuant to IRA Section 18. Id. On May 15, 1936, the Tribe adopted a Tribal Constitution “by a vote of 366 for, 220 against, in an election in which over 30 percent of those entitled to vote cast their ballots, in accordance with section 16 of the Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934 (48 Stat. 984), as amended by the Act of June 15, 1935 (49 Stat. 378).” Certificate of Adoption, AR 91. Those 586 members casting ballots in the Constitutional Election represented over 88 percent of the adult voting population of 661 recorded by the Indian Service in 1934. Haas Report at Table B, p. 26. Because a majority of those voting in an election in which over 30 percent of the adult membership voted, the Constitution was ratified pursuant to IRA Sections 16 and 18a, 25 U.S.C. §§ 5123, 5127 (formerly 476, 478a). On June 29, 1936, Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes approved the Constitution of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation pursuant to his authority under Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 7 of 37 6 Section 16 of the IRA and under advisement of John Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. AR 91. On July 20-21, 1955, the Tribe conducted a Secretarial Election to amend its Tribal Constitution, but, despite a majority voting in favor of amendment, the Tribe and Defendants declined to adopt the amendment due to the election’s failure to achieve a tribal quorum of 30 percent pursuant to 25 U.S.C. § 478a. Report of Election Returns and Certification, AR 107. The election results document, signed by both the Chairman and Secretary of the Tribal Business Council and by the BIA Agency Superintendent, stated “[w]e further certify that 281 votes does not constitute 30% of those entitled to cast their ballots in accordance with Section 16 of the [IRA],” demonstrating that the Tribe and Defendants (a) believed “those entitled to cast their ballots” meant the adult membership of the Tribe and (b) acted accordingly. The following year, the Department of the Interior recognized that its policy of prohibition of absentee voting by off-reservation members was an obstacle to the Tribe’s ability to reach the required 30 percent tribal quorum and ordered that a new Secretarial Election be held on the Fort Berthold Reservation. Letter from Department of the Interior Asst. Sec’y D’Ewart to Chairman, Ft. Berthold Business Council (July 23, 1956), AR 105. On October 16, 1956, the Tribe amended its Constitution to allow absentee voting. Constitution and Bylaws of Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, AR 82. Between 1974 and 2010, Defendants conducted and certified six Secretarial Elections on the reservation, none of which met the tribal quorum of 30% participation of adult members of the Tribe. AR 316-386. On April 16, 2013, BIA Great Plains Regional Director Welton Loudermilk authorized BIA Fort Berthold Agency Superintendent Timothy LaPointe to conduct a Secretarial Election Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 8 of 37 7 for the Tribe in accordance with the agency’s regulations at 25 CFR Part 81. The Secretarial Election proposed two amendments to the Tribe’s Constitution and Bylaws. Notice of Secretarial Election and Need to Register, AR 129. Proposed Amendment 1 would amend the Constitution to modify the composition of the Tribal Business Council (the Tribe’s governing body) by increasing the number of representatives from each voting district from a single representative to a number based on the population in each voting district, and change the legal quorum for Council action to two-thirds of the Tribal Business Council. Election Packet, AR 132. Proposed Amendment 2 would amend the Constitution to prohibit felons from serving on the Tribal Business Council and to provide for recall of Tribal Business Council representatives. Election Packet, AR 134. Prior to the Election, Fort Berthold Agency Superintendent Timothy LaPointe mailed a cover letter entitled “NOTICE OF SECRETARIAL ELECTION AND NEED TO REGISTER” (“Cover Letter”) along with various other materials (“Election Packet”), to members of the Tribe. AR 129. The Election Packet included the Cover Letter, the text of the Proposed Amendments, a tri-fold document entitled “Notice and Rules of Secretarial Election,” (“Election Brochure”), a Voter Registration Form, and an Absentee Ballot Request Form. Id. The Election Brochure enumerated three circumstances allowing absentee voting, including “temporary absence from the reservation, illness or physical disability” but made no mention of the eligibility of qualified tribal members to vote by absentee ballot by reason of living off-reservation. AR 137. On July 2, 2013, the BIA received Plaintiff’s completed Voter Registration Form and Absentee Ballot Request Form. AR 71. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 9 of 37 8 On July 19, 2013, the BIA published its Secretarial Election Registered Voters List. AR 74. Defendants’ own records indicate that only 1,249 members registered to vote in the July 30, 2013 Election. Certification of Results of Secretarial Election, AR 145. Because the registration failed to reach the required tribal quorum of 2,781 voters pursuant to the IRA and the Tribal Constitution, the Superintendent should have canceled the Election. Notwithstanding the registration deficiency and Defendants’ prior practice of enforcing the IRA tribal quorum, Defendants proceeded to hold the Election (“2013 Election”) on July 30, 2013. Id. Defendants’ records indicate that of the 1,249 members registered, 510 ballots were cast. Id. Accordingly, instead of the 30 percent tribal quorum necessary to amend the Tribal Constitution, only 5.5 percent of eligible members cast a ballot in the July 30, 2013 Election. On July 31, 2013, Election Board Chairman Timothy LaPointe certified the election “in accordance with 25 CFR Part 81” and reported that Proposed Amendment 1 passed with 303 votes in favor (only 3.2 percent of eligible voters) and that Proposed Amendment 2 passed with 443 votes in favor (only 4.7 percent of eligible voters). Id. On August 5, 2013, Plaintiff contacted LaPointe and reached an understanding that an appeal filed that day would be timely and that such appeal could be accepted via email. Email from Charles Hudson to Timothy LaPointe (Aug. 5, 2013, 2:55pm MST), AR 142. Plaintiff filed his challenge by email that same day at 2:55pm, challenging the Secretarial Election on the basis that, inter alia, the number of votes cast fell short of the requirement that 30 percent of qualified voters participate, and that the conflicting information regarding eligibility to vote by absentee ballot likely dissuaded otherwise qualified off-reservation voters from requesting absentee ballots and participating in the 2013 Election. Id. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 10 of 37 9 On August 13, 2013, the Fort Berthold Tribal Council passed Resolution 13-122-VJB which formally requested on behalf of the Tribe that the BIA decertify the 2013 Election on the basis that the number of voters was disproportionately low relative to the number of qualified voters, and transmitted the Resolution to Defendants on August 19, 2013. Docket No. 1-4. On September 13, 2013, Regional Director Weldon Loudermilk denied the Tribe’s request by letter to the Tribe’s Chairman Tex Hall, approved both Proposed Amendments and formally designated them as Amendments to the Tribe’s Constitution. AR 164. That same day, on September 13, 2013, Regional Director Loudermilk sent Plaintiff a letter rejecting his challenge as untimely and failing to provide substantiating evidence. AR 160. On January 22, 2014, Plaintiff appealed the Regional Director’s decision to the IBIA Hudson v. Great Plains Regional Director, Bureau of Indians Affairs, 61 IBIA 253 (Sept. 15, 2015). In their February 13, 2014 Answer Brief before the IBIA, Defendants conceded that Plaintiff’s challenge was in fact timely and properly filed but asserted that Plaintiff had failed to include substantiating evidence supporting his claims. AR 64. On September 15, 2015, the IBIA entered an order dismissing Plaintiff’s claims (“IBIA Order”) without a hearing. AR 2. On November 12, 2015, Plaintiff timely filed this action. Docket No. 1. On July 22, 2016, Defendants conducted another Secretarial Election (“2016 Secretarial Election”) despite the lack of a tribal quorum. Defendants’ records indicate that of the 1,673 members registered, only 796 ballots were cast in that election. AR 287. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 11 of 37 10 On July 27, 2016, Plaintiff challenged the 2016 Secretarial Election on the basis that the number of votes cast fell short of the IRA and Tribal Constitution’s 30 percent quorum, because only eight percent of the 10,088 voting age members actually voted. AR 269. On August 3, 2016, Regional Director Tim LaPointe rejected Hudson’s challenge. The 2016 Decision Letter informed Plaintiff that the decision was a final agency action. AR 271. On August 29, 2016, Hudson brought a new lawsuit challenging the 2016 Secretarial Election, Hudson v. Zinke et al, No.16-cv-01747 (D.D.C. filed Aug. 29, 2016) (TSC), and moved to consolidate that case with the instant case. On December 26, 2016, this Court granted Defendant’s motion for remand of the instant case, denied consolidation, stayed Case No.16-cv-01747, and retained jurisdiction over the instant case. Docket No. 28. On February 24, 2017, Defendants entered their Decision on Remand, again rejecting Hudson’s challenge. Docket No. 30-1. On March 17, 2017, Hudson filed an Amended Complaint based on the Decision on Remand. Docket No. 32. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 12 of 37 11 ARGUMENT I. Defendants’ Misleading Ballot Materials Disenfranchised Off-Reservation Voters in Violation of the IRA and BIA Regulations. Two distinct types of elections are conducted at Fort Berthold. The Tribe regularly conducts internal Tribal Business Council elections to determine Council membership. The BIA also periodically supervises “Secretarial Elections” which are federal elections required in order to amend the Tribe’s Constitution. The 2013 Secretarial Election at issue here was conducted under the supervision of the BIA and certified by the BIA. There is no dispute that off-reservation voters are entitled to vote in Secretarial Elections. BIA regulations expressly entitle those members residing off-reservation to vote in Secretarial Elections. The regulation reads, in pertinent part: Nonresident members who have registered may vote by absentee ballot except as prohibited by § 81.6. Also, whenever, due to temporary absence from the reservation, illness, or physical disability, a registered and otherwise eligible voter is not able to vote at the polls and notifies the election board, the voter shall be entitled to vote by absentee ballot. 25 C.F.R. § 81.7. Similarly, the Tribal Constitution provides: Any member of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, who is eighteen (18) years of age and over, shall be eligible to vote at any tribal election. Tribal Constitution Article IV, Section 2(a). The Tribal Constitution does provide, however, that absentee voting is not permitted in Tribal Business Council elections, and that off-reservation residents must return to the reservation to participate in such elections. Id. at Section 2(b). While Secretarial Elections are rare, Tribal Council elections are held every two years. Id. at Section 3(a). Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 13 of 37 12 Accordingly, an otherwise qualified voter permanently living off the reservation, having read that absentee voting is available only in cases of “temporary absence from the reservation, illness, or physical disability,” would likely believe, incorrectly, that permanent absence rendered non-resident members ineligible to vote in the Secretarial Election, just as they are in biannual tribal elections. . Defendants, by providing a brochure that failed to inform off-reservation voters of their right to participate by absentee ballot in a Secretarial Election, reinforced this perception. The brochure provided to Fort Berthold members provided: Absentee Voting: A registered voter may vote by absentee ballot if they are unable to vote at the polling place because of temporary absence from the reservation, illness, or physical disability. An Absentee Ballot Request Form is enclosed. Absentee Ballot Request Forms may also be obtained from the Secretarial Election Board at any time prior to July 20, 2013. “Notice and Rules of Election,” AR 137. Only if an off-reservation member ignored this clear indication that he was ineligible to vote and continued to inspect the Absentee Ballot Request Form itself would he be presented with an option to request an absentee ballot stating “I am a non-resident voter. I do not live on the reservation.” AR 139. But, even after being offered this option, a reasonable reader could still believe that he would not receive an absentee ballot even if he checked this box and returned the form, having already been presented with the brochure which enumerated the eligibility criteria for absentee voting but omitted off-reservation residence. Nor did the Cover Letter clarify that permanent off-reservation voters were entitled to vote by absentee ballot, referring only to “submission of Absentee ballots for those eligible to submit such ballots” without further clarification. AR 129. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 14 of 37 13 The IBIA held that Plaintiff failed to meet his burden of production by providing any substantiating evidence. IBIA Order, 61 IBIA at 258. The IBIA stated that Plaintiff failed its two-part test in which he must “present evidence that supports both (1) the particular claim being made, i.e., that an alleged procedural error occurred in the conduct of the election, and (2) the conclusion that the procedural error likely affected or tainted the election results in such a way as to cast doubt on the fairness of the election and the integrity of the ultimate results.” Id., quoting Wadena v. Midwest Regional Director, 47 IBIA 21, 29 (2008). Plaintiff unquestionably alleged Defendants’ procedural error with specificity: the Election Brochure misrepresented the eligibility requirements. Petitioner’s Opening IBIA Brief, AR 96. Plaintiff directed the IBIA to the misleading language in the Election Brochure and demonstrated the inconsistency of the eligibility information therein with Defendants’ regulations. Although there is scant law providing standards proving that a Secretarial Election has been fatally compromised, this evidence should at least have placed the IBIA on notice that irregularities had occurred, shifting the burden to Defendants to prove that the election was not tainted by the Election Brochure. See, e.g., Warf v. Bd. of Elections of Green Cty., Ky., 619 F.3d 553, 561 (6th Cir. 2010) (burden of production shifts to election clerk after a showing of voting irregularity has been made in state election); see also Usery v. Stove, Furnace & Allied Appliance Workers Int'l Union of N. Am., AFL-CIO, 547 F.2d 1043, 1046 (8th Cir. 1977) (violation of federal labor election statute establishes a prima facie case that the violation may have affected the outcome of election and must be met by evidence which supports a finding that the violation did not affect the result). The IBIA indicated that affidavits from those off-reservation voters declaring that they failed to request absentee ballots due to confusion regarding their eligibility may have been Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 15 of 37 14 “substantiating evidence,” 61 IBIA at 258, AR 7, but it would have been extremely difficult, if not impossible, for Plaintiff to collect such sworn affidavits from other off-reservation voters residing around the country in the three days following the posting of election results allowed in 25 C.F.R. § 81.22. After setting an impossible bar, the IBIA rejected Plaintiff’s claim, stating that “[i]n light of the speculative nature of Appellant’s claim, we must also conclude that that he has failed to provide evidence of any kind that the election results were tainted to the extent that the fairness of the election was in doubt.” IBIA Order, 61 IBIA at 257. As described below, the election was already tainted by having been conducted without the required tribal quorum. The disenfranchisement caused by Defendants’ misleading eligibility information could have exacerbated the deficiency of voters resulting in the failure to reach the quorum. The IBIA erred in refusing to even consider whether the misleading information affected the fairness of the election. II. Defendants’ Certification of the 2013 Secretarial Election Without a 30 Percent Tribal Quorum Violated the IRA and Tribal Constitution. The IRA provides that, in a Secretarial Election to amend a tribal constitution, “the total vote cast shall not be less than 30 per centum of those entitled to vote.” 25 U.S.C. § 5127 (formerly 25 U.S.C. §478a). Likewise, Article X of the Fort Berthold Tribal Constitution requires that “at least thirty (30) percent of those entitled to vote shall vote” in any election to amend its text. These provisions unequivocally and unambiguously impose a 30 percent tribal quorum on any amendment vote – no action may be taken unless 30 percent of the adult tribal members actually vote. Constitutional amendment is difficult by design. In the formulation of the United States Constitution, Alexander Hamilton referred to the necessity of “a solemn and authoritative act” Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 16 of 37 15 for amendment of the proposed document in order to prevent the representatives of the people, “whenever a momentary inclination happens to lay hold of a majority of their constituents incompatible with the provisions in the existing constitution,” from changing it. The Federalist, no. 78. Accordingly, amendment of our United States Constitution requires passage by two- thirds majority in both chambers of Congress and approval by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States. U.S. CONST. art. V. Similarly, an election with a minimum 30 percent tribal quorum is the “solemn and authoritative act” required to amend IRA tribal constitutions. Similarly, Congress has required that Secretarial Elections involving tribal constitutions “must reflect majoritarian values,” California Valley Miwok Tribe v. United States, 515 F.3d 1262,1267-8 (D.C. Cir. 2008), and tribal members must be “fully and fairly” involved in the proceedings leading to constitutional reform. Id. (quoting Morris v. Watt, 640 F.2d 404, 414 (D.C. Cir. 1981)). The BIA’s interpretation, however, defies the intent of the IRA and of those adopting the Tribal Constitution that amendment be performed with solemnity and in conformance with majoritarian values. In conducting the 2013 Election pursuant to their unlawful misinterpretation, Defendants certified a constitutional amendment with less formality than a routine tribal council election. Examination of the history and context of the IRA demonstrates that Defendants’ regulations (and application thereof), requiring only that 30 percent of those registered to vote actually vote, are not only contrary to federal and tribal law but also contradict the Secretary’s historical interpretation and practice. By shifting the denominator in the tribal quorum of 30 percent from those entitled to vote to those registered to vote, Defendants have drastically defied Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 17 of 37 16 Congress’ clear intent that a substantial and representative portion of an Indian tribe cast a vote to amend its Constitution, rather than a handful. A. The Indian Reorganization Act Expressly Requires a Tribal Quorum of 30 Percent to Amend a Tribal Constitution. The animating purpose of the IRA was to “establish machinery whereby Indian tribes would be able to assume a greater degree of self-government, both politically and economically.” Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535, 542 (1973). The “machinery” included a role for the Department to supervise tribal elections and ensure that they were conducted with requisite formality. See IRA §§ 16, 18, 25 U.S.C. §§5123, 5127. The Supreme Court has also stated that the purpose of the Indian Reorganization Act is to foster, encourage and revitalize self-government by the various Indian tribes. Fisher v. District Court of Sixteenth Judicial District of Montana, 424 U.S. 382 (1976), Mescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones, 411 U.S. 145, 151 (1973). In the context of the IRA, “the process of creating and amending a constitution is basic to the concept of self-government.” Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe v. Kleppe, 424 F. Supp. 448, 450 (D.S.D.), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe v. Andrus, 566 F.2d 1085 (8th Cir. 1977). While the BIA historically enforced the provisions of the IRA ensuring that tribal constitutions were adopted and amended with a tribal quorum, Defendants’ subsequent departure from that legal requirement directly interferes with the IRA’s text and Congress’ intent to promote tribal self-government and majoritarian values. 1. In 1934, Congress Imposed a Simple Majority Quorum to Adopt and Amend Tribal Constitutions. Congress passed the original IRA on June 18, 1934 to end the disastrous “allotment” policy under which tribal communities lost two-thirds of tribally-held lands, with the majority of those lands passing to non-Indians. ROBERT J. MILLER, RESERVATION CAPITALISM: ECONOMIC Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 18 of 37 17 DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN COUNTY 45-46 (2012). Section 16 of the IRA allowed tribes or those residing on reservations to (a) formally organize as a tribe and adopt a tribal constitution, (b) amend an existing constitution, or (c) revoke an existing constitution by a simple majority vote of the entire adult membership or those residing on the reservation so long as a majority of adult members (i) participated in the election and (ii) voted in favor. IRA § 16, 48 Stat. 987. Section 18 allowed tribes to vote to reject the application of the IRA altogether with a tribal quorum (meaning that a majority of adult members had to (a) vote and (b) vote against the IRA in order to reject its application to a tribe). While the IRA has been amended several times since its enactment, Congress has never removed the requirement of a tribal quorum from the law. IRA Section 16 as passed in 1934 provided: Any Indian tribe, or tribes, residing on the same reservation, shall have the right to organize for its common welfare, and may adopt an appropriate constitution and bylaws, which shall become effective when ratified by a majority vote of the adult members of the tribe, or of the adult Indians residing on such reservation as the case may be, as a special election authorized and called for by the Secretary of the Interior under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe. Such constitution and bylaws when ratified as aforesaid and approved by the Secretary of the Interior shall be revocable by an election open to the same voters and conducted in the same manner as hereinabove provided. Amendments to the constitution and bylaws may be ratified and approved by the Secretary in the same manner as the original constitution and bylaws. IRA Sec. 16, as enacted June 18, 1934, 48 Stat. 987 (emphasis supplied). The original IRA thus imposed a hard requirement on Defendants that a simple majority of adult tribe members must (i) actually vote and (ii) vote in favor of IRA rejection, organization, or the adoption, amendment or rejection of a tribal constitution. 2. In 1935, Congress Lowered the Tribal Quorum to the Current 30 Percent of Adult Members. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 19 of 37 18 On June 15, 1935, Congress revisited the IRA and fine-tuned the voting requirements. IRA Section 18 allowed tribal groups to reject the application of the IRA to their tribe if “a majority of the adult Indians… shall vote against its application.” 25 U.S.C. § 5125. The Indian Service counted those not voting as having voted in favor of application of the IRA. Curtis Berkey, Implementation of the Indian Reorganization Act, 2 Am. Indian J. 2, 2 1976. Many Indians who had withheld their vote in opposition were surprised to find themselves counted by the Indian Service as having voted in favor. Id. In response to the objection of tribes, Congress modified the majority tribal quorum to a 30 percent tribal quorum in any vote to reject the IRA or to adopt or amend tribal constitutions. The amendment resulted in a new IRA Section 18a, which maintained the simple majority but added a separate 30 percent quorum, stating: In any election heretofore or hereafter held under the Act of June 18, 1934 (48 Stat. 984) 25 U.S.C. 461 et seq.], on the question of excluding a reservation from the application of the said Act or on the question of adopting a constitution and bylaws or amendments thereto or on the question of ratifying a charter, the vote of a majority of those actually voting shall be necessary and sufficient to effectuate such exclusion, adoption, or ratification, as the case may be: Provided, however, That in each instance the total vote cast shall not be less than 30 per centum of those entitled to vote. 25 U.S.C. § 5127 (June 15, 1935, ch. 260, § 1, 49 Stat. 378) (emphasis added). The 1935 Amendment clarified that IRA rejection, constitutional adoption and amendment all require a “vote of a majority of those actually voting,” provided that “the total vote cast shall not be less than 30 per centum of those entitled to vote.” Id. Rules promulgated by the Secretary contemporaneously with the 1935 Amendment described the process the BIA would follow in light of the amendment, and demonstrate that the Secretary’s understanding of “entitled” was the same as the statute: Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 20 of 37 19 When the members of an Indian tribe or tribes residing on the same reservation shall vote in an election on a proposed constitution and by-laws, the following rules shall determine the eligibility of voters in such election: (a) Any member of the tribe or tribes shall be entitled to vote, regardless of whether or not he is a resident of the reservation at the time of such election. AR 192. Section 5127 has not been amended since its 1935 enactment. Accordingly, the 30 percent tribal quorum has been in place since 1935, and the Secretary properly applied the statutory 30 percent tribal quorum in conducting elections to amend tribal constitutions until 1974. At least two Secretarial elections failed due to lack of a 30 percent tribal quorum, including the 1952 election on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in Montana and the 1955 Election on the Fort Berthold Reservation. 3. Defendants Required a 30 Percent Tribal Quorum in the 1952 Secretarial Election on the Blackfeet Reservation. In 1952, the Blackfeet Tribe held an election to amend its tribal constitution. Out of a total of 606 voters who participated in the election, 460 voted in favor of the amendment and 146 voted against the amendment. M-Opinion Letter from Solicitor Mastin G. White to Interior Secretary Chapman, M-36141, July 18, 1952.2 Despite the clear majority vote of those voting, the Solicitor explained that amendment failed because the election failed to reach a 30 percent tribal quorum: In determining whether at least 30 per centum of the eligible Blackfeet voters participated in an election on a proposed amendment to the Black feet tribal constitution, it is necessary to include in the computation all the nonresident adult members of the tribe, as well as the adult members of the tribe residing in the voting districts which comprise the reservation…. As less than 30 2 All numbered M-opinions of the Solicitor of the Department of the Interior cited herein may be accessed at the University of Oklahoma’s online archive at http://thorpe.ou.edu/solicitor.html. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 21 of 37 20 per centum of the eligible members of the Blackfeet Tribe voted in the legal election on the adoption of proposed Amendment III to the tribal constitution, the proposed amendment was not adopted. Id. (emphasis added). Solicitor White’s calculation used “all the adult members of the tribe” as the denominator in the calculation of the 30 percent tribal quorum, starkly contradicting Defendants’ current unlawful process: As the Blackfeet Tribe in 1952 has a voting population of at least 2,800 adult members of the tribe, and as 30 per centum of this number is at least 840, it is clear that the 606 members of the tribe who participated in the election on May 9, 1952, did not constitute 30 per centum of those entitled to vote in the election, as is required by section 1 of the act of June 15, 1935. Id. Opinions of the Solicitor are binding in all matters within the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior. Binding Nature of Solicitor's M-Opinions on the Office of Hearings and Appeals, M-37003 (Jan. 18, 2001.) M-Opinion 36141 has not been superseded and unequivocally contradicts Defendants’ newfound position that Section 5127 simply imposes a requirement that 30 percent of those registered to vote do so. 4. Defendants Required a 30 Percent Tribal Quorum in the 1955 Secretarial Election on the Fort Berthold Reservation. Plaintiff, in his IBIA Opening Brief, submitted evidence that the Tribe and the Secretary rejected the results of a Secretarial Election to amend the Fort Berthold Tribal Constitution held on July 20th and 21st, 1955. AR 96-97. Despite voter overwhelming support for the amendment, approving 259 for and 22 against, the Chairman of the Tribal Business Council declined to adopt the amendment, reporting that “281 votes does not constitute 30% of those entitled to cast their ballots, in accordance with Section 16 [of the IRA].” AR 107. The report was also signed by the Superintendent of the Fort Berthold Agency. Id. The following year, Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 22 of 37 21 Assistant Secretary of the Interior Wesley D’Ewart sent a letter recognizing that the Department’s interpretation of the Tribal Constitution, which prohibited absentee voting, had prevented the voters from reaching a 30 percent tribal quorum: Even though an overwhelming majority of those voting were in favor of the constitutional amendments which have been submitted to Secretarial elections, this restriction against absentee balloting in such election resulted in the amendments failing of adoption because 30 percent of the qualified voters did not participate in the election as required by the Act of June 15, 1935 (49 Stat. 378). AR 105. Defendants misleadingly dismiss the 1955 election evidence on the basis that “nothing in this exhibit… explains which interpretation of the 30% quorum requirement was utilized by BIA in this election.” Decision on Remand, Docket No. 30-1 at 6. But obviously Assistant Secretary D’Ewart was referring to a failure to reach a quorum of 30% of all adult voters, and not registered voters, because his proposed remedy of allowing absentee voting to expand the voter base would not make sense otherwise. And, as Defendants state, their interpretation was not implemented until 1974. Id. B. Defendants’ Regulation and Interpretation Conflict with the IRA. BIA’s regulations at Title 25 Part 81 setting forth the procedures for carrying on Secretarial Elections were promulgated in 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 1670 (Jan. 7, 1981), and amended shortly thereafter, 46 Fed. Reg. 38352 (July 27, 1981). Section 81.6 limits voting eligibility to “any duly registered adult member.” Section 81.1 defines “registration” as “the act whereby persons, who are eligible to vote, become entitled or qualified to cast ballots by having their names placed on the list of persons who will be permitted to vote.” Section 81.11 provides that “[o]nly registered voters will be entitled to vote, and all determinations of the sufficiency of the number of ballots cast will be based upon the number of registered voters.” It is Section 81.11 Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 23 of 37 22 that directly contradicts the governing statute by misinterpreting the tribal quorum in 25 U.S.C. § 478a. While the Part 81 regulations may be read to not expressly eliminate the statutory tribal quorum, Defendants have consistently interpreted them as having done so. “In the interpretation of statutes, the function of the courts is easily stated. It is to construe the language so as to give effect to the intent of Congress.” United States v. Am. Trucking Ass'ns, 310 U.S. 534, 542, (1940). Judicial review of these regulations, as well as Defendants’ interpretation and application of them, requires statutory construction of the IRA in the process defined by the Supreme Court in Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842–45 (1984). The D.C. Circuit summarized this process as follows: Under Chevron, judicial review of an agency's interpretation of a statute under its administration is limited to a two-step inquiry. In the first step, the court analyzes whether it may, employing traditional tools of statutory construction, clearly ascertain how Congress intended the statute to apply to the facts before the tribunal.. If the court can affirmatively locate such a clear meaning, it should declare that meaning and reject any administrative constructions ... contrary to [this] clear congressional intent because the judiciary, not the agency, is the final authority on issues of statutory construction. If the court cannot determine such a clear intent, it then proceeds to the second step of Chevron. In this second step, a court must determine whether the agency's interpretation is a reasonable resolution of whatever ambiguity precluded a clear declaration of congressional intent in the first step. Com. of Mass. v. U.S. Dep't of Transp., 93 F.3d 890, 892-93 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (internal citations omitted). However, the agency may not put forth an ostensibly “reasonable” interpretation that violates the governing statute: Because the range of permissible interpretations of a statute is limited by the extent of its ambiguity, an agency cannot exploit some minor unclarity to put forth a reading that diverges from any realistic meaning of the statute lest the agency's action be held unreasonable. Id. at 893. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 24 of 37 23 The Defendants’ interpretation fails at Chevron’s first step. Congress made clear in the IRA that Secretarial Elections require a tribal quorum when it passed the original IRA in 1934 and again in 1935 when it lowered the tribal quorum to 30 percent. Chevron deference “is premised on the theory that a statute’s ambiguity constitutes an implicit delegation from Congress to the agency to fill in the statutory gaps.” King v. Burwell, 76 U.S. ___ (2015) (quoting FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U. S. 120, 159 (2000)). “In extraordinary cases, however, there may be reason to hesitate before concluding that Congress has intended such an implicit delegation.” Id. Because Congress spoke not once but twice to this precise issue, fine-tuning the quorum mechanism, there was no implicit delegation to the Defendants to craft a contrary interpretation. Should this Court determine that Congress’ intent in this regard was not clear in the IRA and 1935 Amendment, Defendants’ interpretation fails again at Chevron’s second step. Defendants’ regulations and application thereof – allowing a tiny minority of members to drastically alter the foundational document of the Tribe – are not only unreasonable, but in fact are so contrary to the statute, their own prior practice, and common sense as to be absurd. This is not an alarmist position: the 2013 constitutional amendment with only 5.5 percent turnout was egregious, but Defendants have insisted that they would certify an election “even though less than 1 percent of the eligible voters cast a vote.”3 Secretarial Election Procedures, 80 Fed. Reg. 63094-01, 63102 (Oct. 19, 2015). While an agency's interpretation of its own regulation is generally accorded deference by a reviewing court, Oglala Sioux Tribe v. Andrus, 603 F.2d 707, 718 (8th Cir. 1979), that principle has limits. In order for an agency regulation to be granted such deference, it must be 3 Defendants’ statement appeared in the Federal Register and is available at https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2015-26176/p-190. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 25 of 37 24 consistent with the congressional purpose of the governing statute. Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199, 237 (1974). In Oglala Sioux, the Eighth Circuit held that it need not accept an agency's interpretation of its own regulations if that interpretation is (a) inconsistent with the statute under which the regulations were promulgated, (b) is plainly inconsistent with the wording of the regulation or (c) otherwise deprives affected parties of fair notice of the agency's intentions. Cheyenne River Sioux, supra, 566 F.2d at 718 (emphasis supplied). The test for a “reasonable” interpretation of the IRA provisions implementing tribal self- government machinery is whether it reflects the majoritarian values intended by Congress. In California Valley Miwok Tribe v. United States, 515 F.3d 1262 (D.C. Cir. 2008), the Court held that the Secretary has authority under the IRA to reject the adoption, rather than the amendment, of a constitution in an election wherein only a small minority of the tribe voted. In affirming the Secretary’s rejection of the results, the court stated: Although CVM, by its own admission, has a potential membership of 250, only Burley and her small group of supporters had a hand in adopting her proposed constitution. This antimajoritarian gambit deserves no stamp of approval from the Secretary. As Congress has made clear, tribal organization under the Act must reflect majoritarian values. See 25 U.S.C. § 476(a) (requiring majority vote by tribe for adoption of a constitution); id. § 476(b) (requiring majority vote by tribe for revocation of a constitution); id. §§ 478, 478a (requiring majority vote by tribe in order to exclude itself from the Act). And as we have previously noted, tribal governments should “fully and fairly involve the tribal members in the proceedings leading to constitutional reform.” Morris v. Watt, 640 F.2d 404, 414 (D.C.Cir. 1981). Id. at 1267-8. The D.C. Circuit’s reasoning that the IRA reflects the intent of Congress to ensure majoritarian values in tribal self-government absolutely precludes Defendants’ position that it is free to conduct and certify Secretarial Elections in which only a small minority participate. That position fails the test of reasonableness because it is inherently anti-majoritarian. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 26 of 37 25 C. The Tribal Constitution Expressly Requires a Tribal Quorum of 30 Percent for Amendment. The Constitution of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation (“Tribal Constitution”) was approved by the Secretary on June 29, 1936 after an election with 88 percent tribal participation. AR 91. The Tribal Constitution expressly limited how amendments to its text may be made, and provides: Article X – Amendments. This Constitution and Bylaws may be amended by a majority vote of the qualified voters of the tribe voting at an election called for that purpose by the Secretary of the Interior, provided that at least thirty (30) percent of those entitled to vote shall vote in such election; but no amendment shall become effective until it shall have been approved by the Secretary of the Interior. It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior to call an election on any proposed amendment when requested by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Tribal Council, or upon presentation of a petition signed by one-third (1/3) of the qualified voters. Tribal Constitution Article X. Docket No. 1-1 at p. 9. The fact that the Tribal Constitution echoes the 1935 Amendment at 25 U.S.C. § 5127 is unsurprising, because IRA Tribal Constitutions were often prepared with the assistance of the Department. Haas Report at 2. The Tribal Constitution itself distinguishes between “qualified voters” and “those entitled to vote” and establishes two standards. First, Article X requires that a simple majority – anything over 50 percent - of “the qualified voters of the tribe voting at an election called for that purpose” cast an affirmative vote to amend the Constitution. Second, reflecting the gravity of an amendment to the fundamental governing document of the Tribe, Article X requires that “thirty (30) percent of those entitled to vote shall vote in such election.” The only reasonable construction of Article X is that “qualified” means “registered” and “those entitled to vote” means the pool of adult members that meet the requirements to register, or “qualify.” Construction of the Tribal Constitution as a whole demonstrates that it uses the Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 27 of 37 26 terms “entitled to vote” and “eligible to vote” interchangeably. Article IV, Section 2(a) of the Tribal Constitution, entitled “Nominations and Elections,” as amended, defines who is eligible to vote: Any member of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, who is eighteen (18) years of age and over, shall be eligible to vote at any tribal election. Tribal Constitution Docket No. 1-2 at p. 3 (emphasis added). A contextual reading of the Tribal Constitution further demonstrates the problem with Defendants’ position. Article VIII, related to referendums, also uses the term “eligible” to mean the adult pool of voters and provides that validity of a referendum on “any proposed or enacted ordinance” requires “that at least 30 percent of the eligible voters shall vote in such referendum.” Tribal Constitution Article VII, Docket No. 1-2 at p. 8. Because it would be absurd for a referendum to be performed with greater formality that an amendment to the Tribal Constitution, the only logical construction reconciling the drafters’ use of the words “eligible” and “entitled” is that “those entitled to vote” in Article X means the same thing as “eligible voters” in Article IV and Article VII: “Any member of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, who is eighteen (18) years of age and over.” Bizarrely, Defendants continue to base an adjacent provision of Article X on the denominator of the full adult membership. See May 18, 2017 Letter from BIA Superintendent Kayla Danks to Ray Cross, attached as Exhibit 1. Superintendent Danks’ recent letter responds to an inquiry requesting the number of petitioners required to compel a referendum under Article X of the Tribal Constitution, which requires “a petition signed by one-third (1/3) of the qualified voters.” Id. Danks states “We have a total of 10,340 living members aged 18+ as of today… therefore, 3777 signatures of qualified voters are required for a valid petition.” Id. Obviously, Danks calculated the relevant number by multiplying the adult membership by 1/3 and uses the Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 28 of 37 27 term “qualified” to mean adult members. The discord between Defendants’ interpretation of the two provisions of the same Article X leads to an absurd result in which valid petitions to amend the Tribal Constitution are much more difficult to obtain than amendments to the Tribal Constitution. Defendants’ current interpretation of the IRA changed after many years of consistent application. While Defendants have discretion to interpret their governing statute, they do not have discretion to reverse that interpretation so as to place it at war with the Department’s governing statute and Tribal constitutional law. D. The Tribal Constitution Controls over Conflicting BIA Regulations Defendants and the IBIA have disregarded the most relevant part of their own regulation, which expressly provides that the Tribal Constitution controls in the event of any conflict between Part 81 and a tribal constitution’s amendment article: (b) Secretarial elections will be conducted in accordance with the procedures in this part unless the amendment article of the tribe's governing document provides otherwise and is not contrary to Federal voting qualifications or substantive provisions, in which case the provisions of those documents shall rule, where applicable. 25 C.F.R. § 81.2 (emphasis added). Further reinforcing the intent of Congress that the Department should defer to tribal self-government, in certifying the Fort Berthold Tribal Constitution, Secretary Ickes declared any Department regulations which were “incompatible” with the Tribal Constitution to be inapplicable to the Tribe. AR 91. The Tribal Constitution required Defendants to observe the amendment procedure at Article X requiring a 30 tribal quorum. As described supra, the Tribal Constitution controls over Defendants’ conflicting regulation and application, which disregards the tribal quorum encoded in the Tribal Constitution and the IRA. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 29 of 37 28 E. Indian Canons of Construction Require Interpretation of Ambiguous Statutes in Favor of Indians. Even if Defendants were correct that the governing law is ambiguous, any ambiguity regarding the conduct of those Secretarial elections should be construed to strengthen tribal sovereignty with robust constitutional amendment procedures. Ambiguous provisions in statutes passed for the benefit of Indian tribes should be liberally construed in the interest of Indians with any doubt being resolved in their favor. Bryan v. Itasca Cty., Minnesota, 426 U.S. 373, 392 (1976). In this case, the Indian interest is Congress’ preference for tribal self- government in the enactment of the IRA. In analyzing such Indian statutes, “it should also be kept in mind that present federal policy favors the strengthening of tribal self-government.” Estate of Johnson, 178 Cal. Rptr. 823, 826 (Cal. Ct. App. 1981). Indian sovereignty “provides a backdrop against which the applicable treaties and federal statutes must be read.” McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'n, 411 U.S. 164, 172 (1973). “The canons of construction applicable in Indian law are rooted in the unique trust relationship between the United States and the Indians. Thus, it is well established that treaties should be construed liberally in favor of the Indians, with ambiguous provisions interpreted to their benefit.” Oneida County v. Oneida Ind. Nation, 470 U.S. 226, 247 (1985). “The Court has applied similar canons of construction in nontreaty matters,” id., including federal statutes. Because Congress clearly intended that greater sovereignty and majoritarian self- government is in the interest of Indians, the Indian canon dictates that the Court should reject Defendants’ newfound interpretation in favor of the plain and contemporaneous interpretation of the tribal quorum which reflects majoritarian values. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 30 of 37 29 F. Defendants’ Past Conduct Does Not Excuse Ongoing Violations or Demonstrate Tribal Waiver. The Decision on Remand and accompanying Administrative Record document seven instances between 1974 and 2013 in which Defendants conducted and certified Secretarial elections at Fort Berthold without meeting the statutory or tribal quorum, offered as evidence that the policy has been “in place and consistently implemented in all Secretarial elections for nearly half a century.” Decision on Remand, Docket No. 30-1 at 2. Half a century is not a long time in Indian country, and the Supreme Court has rejected the idea that time can excuse an extra-statutory agency interpretation: “[T]he weight of an administrative interpretation will depend, among other things, upon 'its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements' of an agency. Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199, 237 (1974) (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944)). In Morton, the Supreme Court rejected the BIA’s argument that deference was due its “longstanding interpretation” of a federal statute which limited BIA services to reservation residents, on the basis that “BIA's somewhat inconsistent posture [in which it had previously made services available to off-reservation Indians] belies its present assertion.” Id. Further, the Court stated that “[i]n order for an agency interpretation to be granted deference, it must be consistent with the congressional purpose.” Id. BIA’s current position carries no deferential weight because it is wholly inconsistent with its own former interpretation and Congress’ purpose. Defendants’ pre-1967 construction requiring a 30% tribal quorum and its current interpretation requiring only 30% of those registered cannot both be true. Defendants’ Decision on Remand glibly dismiss a 1956 Solicitor’s Opinion documenting their previous position, stating “[a]t most, the Opinion illustrates that the understanding of the 30% quorum requirement may have evolved over time.” Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 31 of 37 30 Docket No. 30-1 at 6. Defendants’ attempt to characterize their reversal as an “evolution” in a context of statutory ambiguity strains credulity. G. The Tribe Did Not and Could Not Waive Defendants’ Statutory Violation. Defendants assert that Hudson’s challenge “flies in the face of 50 years of Tribal acquiescence” to their interpretation. Decision on Remand, Docket No. 30-1 at 3. For the BIA to diminish the Tribe’s sovereignty over a course of decades, and then rely on its purported assent as justification for the violation, is repugnant and “flies in the face” of the Defendants’ role as trustee for the Tribe. No person’s purported acquiescence to repeated violation of a federal statute can waive its validity, and no amount of time can waive the enforceability of federal law. Defendants’ ugly “acquiescence” argument depends on the idea that the Tribe and the BIA are equally situated and able to research, interpret and apply the law equally. But Indian tribes are not always aware of their rights, and the BIA has a trust responsibility to assist them. In fact, as this Court itself has acknowledged, these issues are extraordinarily complex. For the Defendants to rely on the Tribe’s silence as evidence of assent is unavailing. There is no reason to think this Tribe was aware of the legal discrepancy between the IRA, Tribal Constitution and the Secretary’s post-1967 interpretation until Plaintiff Hudson raised it. However, there is concrete evidence that the Tribal Council has been disturbed by amendments with low turnout and moved to act. On two occasions, the Tribal Council resolved to revisit Secretarial Elections due to low turnout, and at least one other tribe has brought exactly the challenge raised here. Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 32 of 37 31 1. Tribal Objection to the Low Turnout in the 2008 Election. In 2010, the Three Affiliated Tribes Tribal Council in a resolution noted the low turnout of the 2008 Secretarial Election which modified the Tribe’s membership criteria: WHEREAS, Due to the low number of tribal members voting on the amendment to Article II adopting the lineal descent requirement the Tribal Business Council made a determination that the amendment should be reconsidered by tribal membership through a referendum vote and adopted Resolution 08-VJB on October… AR 319. The Tribal Council resolution requested a new Secretarial Election “in order to ensure that the will of the eligible voters of the Tribes is pursued on an issue of such importance as tribal enrollment criteria and to preserve the heritage o f the Three Tribes…” Id. But for Defendants’ unlawful practice, which removed an essential safety catch in the machinery of tribal self-government, the 2008 amendment would have been invalid. 2. Tribal Objection to the Low Turnout in the 2013 Election. On August 13, 2013, immediately after the Secretarial Election at issue here, the Fort Berthold Tribal Council passed Resolution 13-122-VJB which formally requested on behalf of the Tribe that the BIA decertify the 2013 Election on the basis that the actual number of voters was disproportionately low relative to the number of eligible voters. Docket No. 1-4. The Resolution stated in pertinent part: The total of actual voters in the Secretarial Election represents only 5.5% of all eighteen years and over enrolled members of the Tribe… the Tribal Business Council find this to be a disproportionate number of the eligible voters of the Three Affiliated Tribes to adequately and fairly indicate the wishes of the enrolled membership… NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, the Tribal Business Council of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation hereby requests the Bureau of Indian Affairs to decertify the July 30, 2013 Election Results due to a Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 33 of 37 32 disproportionate number of eighteen years and older enrolled members of the Three Affiliated Tribes participating… Id. at 1-2. On September 13, 2013, Regional Director Weldon Loudermilk denied the Tribe’s request by letter to the Tribe’s Chairman Tex Hall, approved both Proposed Amendments and formally designated them as Amendments to the Tribe’s Constitution. AR 164. Regional Director Loudermilk’s letter to Chairman Hall stated: We agree that the number of voters that participated in the election in comparison [to] the number of tribal members who are 18 years and older is small, however, 30% of those who registered to vote did cast ballots in the election, in accordance with 25 C.F.R. § 81.7. We cannot decertify the results of the July 30, 2013 election. Id. Again, but for Defendants’ practice, the 2013 would have never been certified and Council would not have been forced to ask for a decertification. 3. At Least One Other Tribe has Objected to Defendants’ Practice. Contrary to the Defendants’ reliance on tribal “acquiescence,” at least one other tribe has not acquiesced and directly challenged the BIA’s practice. Wadena v. Midwest Regional Director, 47 IBIA 21 (2008). In Wadena, three members of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe separately challenged a November 22, 2005 Secretarial Election conducted by Defendants in which only 6,552 out of 34,153 eligible members registered to vote, and 4,989 ballots were cast for 17 percent tribal participation. Wadena, 47 IBIA at 24. The appellants argument mirrored that of Plaintiff’s: Finally, all three Appellants argued that the election was invalid because both tribal and Federal law require 30% of the total number of tribal members entitled to vote to cast ballots. Appellants contended that all tribal members over the age of 18 who are afforded the right to vote under the Tribe’s Constitution Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 34 of 37 33 constitute the pool of voters “entitled to vote” for purposes of determining whether the 30% voter turnout was achieved for a valid election. Therefore, according to Appellants, since less than 30% of those tribal members who have a constitutional “right” to vote actually voted, the election is invalid. Id. at 25-26. In that case, the IBIA held that the election was valid because 76 percent of those registered voters actually voted – a holding based solely on a review of Defendants’ regulations. Id. at 30-31. Like here, the IBIA did not even attempt any examination of the legality of the regulations under the governing IRA or any construction of the Tribal Constitution that would admit a result in conflict with the regulations. The IBIA opinion was never appealed. Hudson’s four-year experience in the instant challenge dramatically illustrates Defendants’ glacial resistance to change, and explains why formal tribal opposition to unlawful BIA practices may be scarce. These challenges consume years and tremendous financial resources with no promise of remuneration, and are met with total resistance from Defendants. Finally, there is no way to know what other objections by members of the Three Affiliated Tribes or by other tribes are not in the record. The Administrative Record on Remand documents multiple protests filed by members of the Tribe to the 1974 election which were summarily dismissed by the Secretary, but does not describe the nature of those objections. AR 374. Those objections could easily have been related to turnout, to the IRA’s requirements, or to the Tribal Constitution. BIA’s historic recordkeeping is notoriously poor, as stipulated by Defendants in the Cobell litigaton, Cobell v. Babbitt, 91 F. Supp. 2d 1, 33 (D.D.C. 1999), and a lack of BIA records should never be used to prove a negative. III. The Appropriate Remedy is Decertification of the 2013 Secretarial Election. If this Court finds Defendants’ certification of the 2013 Secretarial Election to be unlawful under the APA, Plaintiff “is entitled to relief under that statute, which normally will be Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 35 of 37 34 a vacatur of the agency's order.” Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson, 269 F.3d 1077, 1084 (D.C. Cir. 2001). It would be entirely appropriate and lawful for this Court to order Defendants (a) to decertify the 2013 Secretarial Election and (b) discontinue its misapplication of the Indian Reorganization Act in order to preclude this ongoing problem from recurring. This Court has wide authority under the APA to intervene and correct unlawful agency action: “Such an intervention may ultimately have the effect of requiring a regulation, a series of regulations, or even a whole ‘program’ to be revised by the agency in order to avoid the unlawful result that the court discerns.” Lujan v. Nat'l Wildlife Fed'n, 497 U.S. 871, 894 (1990). CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, the BIA’s certification of the 2013 Election was, inter alia, arbitrary, capricious, in excess of statutory jurisdiction and authority, and short of statutory right. 5 U.S.C. § 706. Plaintiff Charles K. Hudson respectfully requests that this Court grant his Motion, declare that the Secretary’s certification of the 2013 Election violated the Indian Reorganization Act, BIA regulations and the Tribal Constitution, and set aside Defendants’ certification and any regulation which contradicts the IRA. DATED this 24th day of May 2017. WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA BY COUNSEL ___/s/_____________________________ Patrick M. Sullivan (D.C. Bar No. 1018119) LAW OFFICE OF PATRICK SULLIVAN 2146 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 Telephone: (202) 503-806-3770 patrick@sullivanlegalcounsel.com Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 36 of 37 35 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that on May 24, 2016, I electronically filed the foregoing with the Clerk of the Court by using the CM/ECF system, which will send a notice of electronic filing to all listed counsel of record. /s/ Patrick M. Sullivan Patrick M. Sullivan Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-1 Filed 05/24/17 Page 37 of 37 Case 1:15-cv-01988-TSC Document 35-2 Filed 05/24/17 Page 1 of 1