Teamsters Local 287 (Granite Rock Co.)

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

May 31, 2006

347 N.L.R.B. 339 (N.L.R.B. 2006)

TEAMSTERS LOCAL 287 (GRANITE ROCK CO.)
347 NLRB No. 32
339
Teamsters Local 287, International Brotherhood of
Teamsters1 and Granite Rock Company. Case
32–CB–5817–1
May 31, 2006
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN BATTISTA AND MEMBERS
LIEBMAN AND SCHAUMBER
On July 14, 2005, Administrative Law Judge Jay R.
Pollack issued the attached decision. The Respondent-
Union and the Charging Party-Employer each filed ex-
ceptions and supporting briefs. The Employer and the
General Counsel each filed an answering brief to the
Respondent-Union’s exceptions.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings, and conclusions, and
to adopt the recommended Order as modified.
The judge found that the Respondent violated Section
8(b)(3) of the Act, by unduly delaying a ratification vote
on the tentative agreement reached with the Employer on
July 2, 2004,2 and by unilaterally imposing conditions on
the submission of that agreement to a ratification vote by
the employees. To remedy the violation, the judge rec-
ommended a cease-and-desist order against the Respon-
dent. He rejected the Employer’s request that the Re-
spondent also be ordered to honor the collective-
bargaining agreement retroactively to July 2, 2004.
Rather, because the parties had agreed that employee
ratification was a condition precedent to a final binding
agreement, and because that ratification did not occur
until August 22, that judge determined that a final and
binding agreement was not formed until that latter date.3
The Employer excepts, renewing its argument that,
remedially, the Board should require that the tentative

1 We have amended the caption to reflect the disaffiliation of the In-
ternational Brotherhood of Teamsters from the AFL–CIO effective July
25, 2005.
2 All dates are 2004, unless otherwise specified.
3 The judge, citing Teamsters Local 282 (E. G. Clemente Contract-
ing), 335 NLRB 1253 (2001), held that the General Counsel, not the
Charging Party, determines the theory of the case and that a judge has
no authority to amend a complaint without the General Counsel’s con-
sent. He declined to recommend a retroactive remedy because the
General Counsel’s theory was that the Respondent unlawfully delayed
the ratification vote, not that it was bound to a contract as of July 2.
We agree that, in light of the complaint, we cannot and do not find that
the failure to execute the July 2 contract was unlawful under Sec.
8(b)(3). However, this does not preclude us from ordering the imple-
mentation of that contract as a remedy for the 8(b)(3) violations that are
found. We do not pass on the validity of any claim of breach of con-
tract.
agreement be made retroactive to July 2. Under the par-
ticular circumstances of this case, we agree.4
Discussion
It is well settled that nothing in the Act imposes an ob-
ligation on statutory bargaining agents to obtain em-
ployee ratification before final and binding agreement
occurs. North Country Motors, Ltd., 146 NLRB 671,
674 (1964). The parties, however, may agree that em-
ployee ratification is a condition precedent to a final and
binding contract. See, e.g., Hertz Corp., 304 NLRB 469
(1991); Sunderland’s Inc., 194 NLRB 118, 118 fn. 1
(1971). Employee ratification becomes a condition prece-
dent to the formation of a contract only when the parties
have reached an express agreement to that effect. Ob-
server-Dispatch, 334 NLRB 1067, 1072 (2001). Where
there is such an express bilateral agreement, the Board
finds that a contract cannot become effective until ratifi-
cation occurs. Hertz Corp., supra.
In the instant case, ratification did not occur until Au-
gust 22. Thus, the judge found that the remedy for the
violation should be to make the contract effective only as
of that date. We disagree, and we shall make the contract
effective as of July 2. But for the unlawful failure to
submit the contract for ratification on July 2, the employ-
ees would have ratified it on that date (as they did at the
ratification vote of August 22).
It is well established that the Board has broad discre-
tion to fashion “a just remedy” to fit the circumstances of
each case it confronts. Maramont Corp., 317 NLRB
1035, 1037 (1995). Campbell Electric Co., 340 NLRB
825, 826 (2003) (a “remedy should restore the status that
would have obtained if Respondent had committed no
unfair labor practice . . . [and] any uncertainty and ambi-
guity regarding the status that would have obtained with-
out the unlawful conduct must be resolved against the
Respondent, the wrongdoer who is responsible for the
existence of the uncertainty and ambiguity.” (Citation
omitted).)5
Following these principles, the Board has ordered a re-
spondent-employer to reinstate its unlawfully withdrawn
bargaining proposals and, if those proposals are ac-
cepted, retroactively give them effect, even though a fi-
nal agreement had not been reached, and even though
there was “no absolute certainty” that the parties would
have reached a final agreement. TNT Skypak, Inc., 328
NLRB 468, 469 (1999), enfd. 208 F. 3d 362 (2d Cir.
2000).

4 The Employer has requested oral argument on this issue. The re-
quest is denied as the record, exceptions, and briefs adequately present
the issues and positions of the parties
5 See also NLRB v. J. H. Rutter-Rex Mfg. Co., 396 U.S. 258, 265
(1969); Phelps Dodge Corp. v. NLRB, 313 U.S. 177, 196 (1941).
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD340
In TNT Skypak, the judge found that the respondent-
employer unlawfully withdrew from tentative agree-
ments reached with the union when it became apparent
that the union was about to accept the employer’s pro-
posals, “thereby making a contract inevitable.” 328
NLRB at 468. The judge’s remedy granted the union an
option of accepting the employer’s contract proposals to
form a contract that would be effective retroactive to the
date of the unfair labor practice. The employer argued
that the judge improperly ordered that the contract be
given retroactive effect, because all of the employer pro-
posals expressly provided for prospective application.
The Board concluded that, even though the contract
proposals themselves expressly provided for only pro-
spective application, the collective-bargaining agree-
ment’s effective date should not be the date that it was
physically executed. Rather, the Board found that the
critical date was the “‘initial date upon which, but for
Respondent’s unlawful conduct, the agreement would
have been executed.’” (Quoting Crimptex, Inc., 221
NLRB 595(1975) (emphasis in original), 328 NLRB at
469. It so found even though there was “no absolute
certainty that the parties would have immediately
reached a final and complete agreement had the Respon-
dent’s proposal not been unlawfully retracted . . . .”
However, the Board, quoting the judge, specifically
found that the Union had “‘essentially accepted the Com-
pany’s demands.’” The Board drew the reasonable infer-
ence that, but for the respondent’s unlawful conduct, the
parties would have reached accord on the collective-
bargaining agreement. Id. at 469–470.
Moreover, the Board said that its remedy was not con-
trary to the Supreme Court’s holding in H. K. Porter Co.
v. NLRB, 397 U.S. 99, 102 (1970), that the Board can not
“compel a company or a union to agree to any substan-
tive contractual provision of a collective-bargaining
agreement.” The Board observed that the respondent-
employer had voluntarily agreed to a proposal that the
collective-bargaining agreement would become effective
upon “execution.” Thus, the Board’s remedial Order
“merely provides that where the Respondent’s unlawful
conduct frustrates the formation of a contract, the ‘execu-
tion date’ is the date the agreement would have been
executed but for the Respondent’s unfair labor practice.”
328 NLRB at 470.
Although TNT Skypak did not involve employee ratifi-
cation as a precondition to the formation of a binding
contract, the Board’s remedial measures to restore the
status quo are equally appropriate here. Indeed, the facts
here offer an even more compelling case for giving retro-
active effect to the tentative agreement in order to rem-
edy the Respondent’s unlawful conduct.
In the present case, there is no dispute that a complete
agreement, subject to employee ratification, was reached
on July 2. The Respondent agreed to hold a ratification
vote on July 2 and to recommend ratification to employ-
ees. The Respondent’s negotiator expressed uncertainty
only whether one provision, concerning Saturday work,
would be agreeable to the bargaining unit employees.
That provision was accepted by the employees in a straw
poll at the meeting on July 2. The Union did not hold the
ratification vote until August 22. That delay was unlaw-
ful under Section 8(b)(3). On August 22, the employees
ratified the tentative agreement reached by the parties on
July 2. Thus, but for the Respondent’s unlawful delay of
the ratification vote, the tentative agreement would have
been ratified and become final as of that date. To the
extent there is any uncertainty about whether the em-
ployees would have ratified the tentative agreement if
they had voted on July 2, it should be resolved against
the Respondent as the wrongdoer. TNT Sky Pak, supra at
470. See also Campbell Electric, supra at 826.6 Accord-
ingly, we will issue an appropriate Order.
THE AMENDED REMEDY
As the Respondent violated its obligations under the
Act by unlawfully delaying the ratification vote on the
tentative agreement reached with the Employer, we shall
order that the Respondent give retroactive effect to the
terms of the agreement reached with the Employer on
July 2, 2004, as if ratified on that date.
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge as
modified below and orders that the Respondent, Team-
sters Local 287, International Brotherhood of Teamsters,
its officers, agents, and representatives, shall take the
action set forth in the Order as modified.
1. Insert the following as paragraph 2(a) and reletter
subsequent paragraphs.
“(a) Give retroactive effect to the terms of the tentative
agreement reached with the Employer on July 2, 2004, as
if ratified on that date.”

6 We find Long Island Day Care Services, 303 NLRB 112 (1991),
relied on by the judge, to be distinguishable. In that case, the Board
found that the employer violated Sec. 8(a)(5) by delaying the submis-
sion of a tentative contract for ratification by its board of directors,
which was a precondition for a binding contract. The contract had not
been ratified, and the Board therefore had no basis to order its imple-
mentation as a remedy. See 303 NLRB at 127–128, 129, and 134. In
the present case, by contrast, the employees did ratify the contract, and
thus, the pertinent question is whether, in order to remedy the Respon-
dent’s unlawful delaying of the ratification, the agreement should be
considered final as of the date of the Respondent’s unfair labor practice.
As indicated above, we have answered that question in the affirmative.
TEAMSTERS LOCAL 287 (GRANITE ROCK CO.) 341
2. Substitute the attached notice for that of the admin-
istrative law judge.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey
this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join or assist a union
Choose representatives to bargain on your behalf
with your employer
Act together with other employees for your bene-
fit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected
activities.
WE WILL NOT refuse to bargain collectively with the
Employer, Granite Rock Company, by unduly delaying
the submission of a collective-bargaining agreement ne-
gotiated by our agent to the bargaining unit employees
for a ratification vote.
WE WILL NOT refuse to bargain collectively with the
Employer by unduly delaying the voting by the bargain-
ing unit employees on ratification of a proposed collec-
tive-bargaining agreement.
WE WILL NOT refuse to bargain collectively with the
Employer by unilaterally imposing conditions on the
submission of a bargaining agreement for ratification.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner restrain or
coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed
by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL give retroactive effect to the provisions of the
collective-bargaining agreement reached with the Em-
ployer on July 2, 2004, as if ratified on that date.
TEAMSTERS LOCAL 287. INTERNATIONAL
BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS
Valerie Hardy-Mahoney, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Duane B. Beeson, Esq. (Beeson, Tayer & Bodine), of Oakland,
California, for the Respondent.
Alan S. Levins, Esq. and Gabriel S. Levine, Esq. (Littler Men-
delson), of San Francisco, California, for the Employer.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
JAY R. POLLACK, Administrative Law Judge. I heard this
case in trial at Oakland, California, on May 11 and 12, 2005.
On July 8, 2004, Granite Rock Company (Employer) filed the
charge in the instant case alleging that Teamsters Local 287,
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, AFL–CIO (Respon-
dent), committed certain violations of Section 8(b)(3) of the
National Labor Relations Act (the Act). On October 21, 2004,
the Regional Director for Region 32 of the National Labor Re-
lations Board (the Board) issued a complaint and notice of
hearing against Respondent, alleging that Respondent violated
Section 8(b)(3) of the Act. Respondent filed a timely answer to
the complaint, denying all wrongdoing.
All parties have been afforded full opportunity to appear,
to introduce relevant evidence, to examine and cross-
examine witnesses, and to file briefs. On the entire record,
including observation of the demeanor of the witnesses, and
having considered the posthearing briefs of the parties, I
make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
Granite Rock Company is a California corporation with
an office and principal place of business located in San Jose,
California, where it is engaged in the manufacture and non-
retail distribution of concrete and related products. The
Employer, during the 12 months prior to the issuance of the
complaint, sold and shipped goods and products valued in
excess of $50,000 directly to customers who themselves
meet one of the Board’s jurisdictional standards, other than
the indirect inflow or indirect outflow standards. Accord-
ingly, Respondent admits and I find that Granite Rock
Company is an employer engaged in commerce within the
meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act. Respon-
dent admits and I find that it is a labor organization within
the meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
II. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. ISSUES
The Respondent and the Employer have been party to a
series of collective-bargaining agreements for Granite
Rock’s employees at its San Jose Concrete facility since at
least 1999. The most recent agreement between Respondent
and the Employer expired by its terms on April 30, 2004.
On March 23, 2004, the parties opened negotiations for a
contract to succeed the expiring contract. The parties met on
five occasions. On July 2, 2004, the parties reached agree-
ment on a new contract, subject to ratification. Ratification
of the contract was not held until August 22, 2004. The
collective-bargaining agreement was ratified by the bargain-
ing unit on August 22 and executed by the parties in De-
cember 2004. The General Counsel contends that Respon-
dent violated Section 8(b)(3) of the Act by refusing to sub-
mit the agreement for ratification from July 2 to August 22
and by conditioning ratification upon employer agreement
to a “back to work” or strike settlement agreement. Re-
spondent contends that the tentative agreement was not only
subject to ratification but also subject to agreement on a
back-to-work agreement. Further, Respondent contends that
it could lawfully condition final ratification and acceptance
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD342
of the collective agreement on reaching full agreement on a
back-to-work agreement. Respondent contends that the
back-to-work agreement vitally affected the terms and con-
ditions of employment of the bargaining unit employees and
further that the Employer consented to and fully participated
in negotiating a comprehensive back-to-work agreement.
Moreover, the Employer seeks a remedy which would re-
quire Respondent to apply the contract (particularly the no-
strike clause) retroactive to July 2, 2004. The General
Counsel and Respondent oppose that remedy.
B. Facts
1. Background
The Employer and its affiliates are suppliers of construction
materials, including concrete, aggregate, and asphalt. The Em-
ployer and its affiliates have facilities in 22 locations including
San Jose, Redwood City, Gilroy, Salinas, Monterey, Watson-
ville, and Santa Cruz. The Employer has at least 17 collective-
bargaining agreements with various unions, including locals of
the Operating Engineers, the Machinists, the Laborers, and the
IBEW in addition to four separate locals of the Teamsters un-
ion. This case involves the Employer’s San Jose concrete plant
and Respondent, Teamsters Local 287. However, some back-
ground, regarding the Employer’s other facilities and collec-
tive-bargaining agreements, is necessary due to certain defenses
raised by the Union.
As stated earlier, the most recent agreement between Re-
spondent and the Employer covering the San Jose concrete
facility expired by its terms on March 31, 2004. That agree-
ment covered approximately 25 ready mix drivers employed
at the San Jose concrete plant. In addition, the Employer
and the Union had a separate collective-bargaining agree-
ment covering drivers and yardmen at the Employer’s facil-
ity in Gilroy, California. Respondent also was party to a mul-
tiunion agreement with the Employer covering the Employer’s
quarry operations in San Benito County. The Operating Engi-
neers, Laborers, Machinists, and Respondent were all party to
this collective-bargaining agreement with the Employer. The
multiunion quarry collective-bargaining agreement expired on
July 15, 2004. Three other Teamsters local unions have agree-
ments with the Employer including Teamsters Local 853 which
has an agreement covering drivers employed at the Employer’s
Redwood City or Peninsula plant.
Respondent notes that each of the collective-bargaining
agreements referred to above contained a no-strike clause rele-
vant to its defense. Although the wording of the no-strike
clauses is not identical for all agreements, in general terms the
no-strike clauses allow employees to honor a picket line of
another union at any of the Employer’s facilities only upon the
following conditions: (1) if the picketing is lawful and primary;
and (2) if the picketing is sanctioned by the appropriate re-
gional labor council; and (3) if there has been 15 full working
days of “both withholding services [at the struck facility] and
primary picketing at the Employer’s facility where the picket-
ing occurs.”
2. Negotiations and tentative agreement
On March 23, the parties commenced negotiations for a col-
lective-bargaining agreement to succeed the agreement which
was set to expire on April 30. Respondent was represented by
George Netto, business agent, and two employee-members of
the negotiating team, Brian Driscoll and Christopher Nowak.
The Employer was represented by Bruce Woolpert, president
and CEO, and Shirley Ow, director of human resources. By
June 9, the parties had not reached agreement and the Union
went on strike in support of its bargaining demands. Pickets
were established at the San Jose concrete plant and also at the
Employer’s Redwood City, San Benito County, and Gilroy
facilities. Picketing was later extended to the Employer’s fa-
cilities in Salinas, Monterey, and Santa Cruz.
On June 20, the parties met again in negotiations, but little
progress was made. On July 1, Woolpert and Ow attended a
meeting with a Federal Mediator involving negotiations with
the Operating Engineers, Machinists, Laborers, and Respondent
concerning the Employer’s quarry in San Benito County.1 At
the end of the discussions regarding the quarry, the mediator
told Woolpert that Netto wished to remain and discuss the Em-
ployer’s San Jose concrete plant. Woolpert inquired about the
Union’s wage proposal and believing that the Union’s proposal
was too high, Woolpert declined the invitation to bargain.
However, while Woolpert and Ow were having lunch, Wool-
pert called Netto to obtain an explanation of Netto’s wage pro-
posal. Netto told Woolpert that the mediator was mistaken and
gave Woolpert the Union’s correct proposal. Woolpert then
responded that the parties were not that far apart and that
Woolpert thought that he and Netto could reach agreement that
day. Netto and Woolpert agreed to meet and negotiate that
evening at the Employer’s facility in San Jose.
Prior to the meeting on the evening of July 1, Ow prepared a
new employer proposal and a separate “back to work” or strike
settlement agreement. At the meeting on July 1, the Union was
represented by Netto along with employees Driscoll and
Nowak. The Employer was represented by Woolpert and Ow.
Woolpert presented the Union with the Employer’s May 20
proposals and July 1 proposals, which taken together, consti-
tuted a proposal for a full collective-bargaining agreement.
Woolpert stated that his purpose was to reach a settlement
agreement so that the employees could return to work. Wool-
pert, having a history with this Union and with other locals of
the Teamsters union, knew that the agreement had to be ratified
by the bargaining unit employees.2 Therefore, the Employer’s
July 1 proposal contained the following language: “This sup-
posal is subject to formal acceptance by the Union and the Em-
ployees no later than Friday, July 2, by 6:00 a.m., otherwise
this Supposal is withdrawn.”
Netto, Nowak, and Driscoll reviewed Woolpert’s proposals
and took a union caucus. When the Union returned from its
caucus Netto objected to the severance language and made a
counterproposal regarding the Employer’s wage package. In

1 The multiunion collective-bargaining agreement covering the
quarry was set to expire on July 15, 2004.
2 The Union’s constitution requires ratification by the bargaining
unit employees.
TEAMSTERS LOCAL 287 (GRANITE ROCK CO.) 343
addition, Netto proposed changes regarding the collection of
dues and Saturday overtime. Thereafter, Woolpert and Ow
caucused. Ow made changes to the July 1 proposal on sever-
ance and economics. She also changed the date on the proposal
since it was the past midnight and already July 2.
Netto and Woolpert reviewed the July 2 proposal. Netto ex-
pressed a desire to retain the previous contract’s Saturday work
language. Woolpert’s proposal contained revisions in that lan-
guage. They negotiated a change in the language and reduced it
to writing. Netto then requested a deletion of certain language
on the July 2 proposal and Woolpert agreed. By 4 a.m. the
parties had agreed to a tentative contract. While Netto ex-
pressed some uncertainty as to whether the Saturday work lan-
guage would be agreeable to the employees, he agreed to rec-
ommend ratification of the contract. Woolpert knew, and Netto
stated, that the collective-bargaining agreement would not be
final and binding until ratified by the bargaining unit employ-
ees. Netto informed Woolpert and Ow that he did not believe
he could get the employees together and the contract ratified by
the 6 a.m. deadline. Netto said he needed to remove the pickets
from the Employer’s facilities and get all the employees to the
meeting. He told Woolpert that he could not get everything
done by 6 a.m. but he believed he could get it done by 9 a.m.
Woolpert agreed and asked Ow to change the ratification dead-
line to 9 a.m. that morning. Netto noticed that certain language
was missing regarding dues and Woolpert agreed to correct that
matter.
Thereafter, Ow attempted to consolidate the various propos-
als into one document. However, she encountered some prob-
lems with her printer. After Ow printed out the final draft pro-
posal, Netto stated that the parties needed a back-to-work
agreement. This was the first time that a back-to-work agree-
ment was mentioned.3 Netto suggested that the parties proceed
the way they had done for the Gilroy agreement in 2003. In
2003, the Union ratified an agreement for the Gilroy facility
and the employees abandoned their strike and returned to work.
Thereafter, Woolpert and Netto negotiated a back-to-work
agreement. Woolpert, desiring that the San Jose employees
return to work immediately, agreed that the parties could nego-
tiate a back-to-work agreement over the next week. Woolpert
stated that he had a draft of a back-to-work agreement and had
Ow give Netto a copy of that draft. Netto stated that he saw a
problem regarding the Employer’s retention of subcontractors
whom he labeled “scabs.” Netto said that he would forward the
draft to the Union’s attorney and then he would contact Wool-
pert.
3. Events subsequent to tentative agreement
After tentatively agreeing to a new collective-bargaining
agreement, Netto had the employees cease picketing and come
to meeting. In addition, Netto faxed a copy of Woolpert’s pro-

3 Netto testified that earlier during negotiations for the quarry
agreement, he had told Woolpert that Respondent needed a back-to-
work agreement in order to ratify the San Jose concrete agreement.
That testimony is not credited. Such testimony was not included in
Netto’s prehearing affidavit. Further, this testimony was not corrobo-
rated by any of the union representatives present at the alleged conver-
sation. Finally, both Woolpert and Ow credibly denied this testimony.
posed back-to-work agreement to the Union’s attorney. At
9:30 that morning, Netto passed out the tentative contract and
reviewed its terms with the bargaining unit employees. How-
ever, Netto did not hold a ratification vote. A poll was taken
regarding the new language concerning Saturday work. Dris-
coll and Nowak reported to Netto that the employees had ac-
cepted the Saturday work proposal.
The Employer contends that the employees did in fact ratify
the contract on the morning of July 2. However, the record
does not support such a finding. Netto, Driscoll, and Nowak all
testified that the only vote that took place at the meeting on
July 2 was strictly on the one page proposal concerning Satur-
day work. There is no evidence to contradict that testimony.
Later on the morning of July 2, Netto faxed Woolpert a copy
of the Union’s counterproposal on a back-to-work agreement.
The proposal included provisions requiring the Employer to
withdraw any and all unfair labor practice charges, lawsuits,
other administrative proceedings, grievances, or claims involv-
ing the San Jose Concrete unit or other bargaining units repre-
sented by other labor organizations.4 The proposal also pro-
vided that the Employer could not file future actions against the
Union or against sympathizing labor unions arising out of the
strike. Finally, Respondent also sought amnesty for striking
employees and sympathy strikers for alleged misconduct. Ap-
parently, Woolpert did not receive this proposal until July 3.
On July 5, Netto contacted the employees and informed them
that the strike would continue.
On July 6, the first workday after the holiday weekend, pick-
ets returned to the San Jose facility. Woolpert spoke with Netto
and took the position that the employees should return to work.
Netto said that the employees would not return to work without
a back-to-work agreement. Woolpert said he would review the
Union’s proposal.
Also on July 6, Netto held a meeting with employees at
which he told them that they could not go back to work without
a back-to-work agreement. According to Netto, Respondent
had to protect the people outside the bargaining unit who had
helped the employees during their strike. Later that day, Wool-
pert faxed Netto a proposed back-to-work agreement which
confined its terms to the San Jose bargaining unit employees.
Netto faxed a letter to Woolpert in which he stated “[I]t is in the
interest of all concerned to return our members to work as soon
as possible, now that we have reached a tentative agreement.
But it is necessary for you to understand that the return to work
agreement has to be settled before [emphasis in original] your
proposal will be put to the membership for ratification.” Netto
then stated the basis of the Union’s refusal to submit the tenta-
tive agreement to a ratification vote:
By confining the back-to-work agreement to the San Jose fa-
cility, and leaving open Graniterock’s right to retaliate against
Union members elsewhere, and start lawsuits and grievances
against Locals that adhered to union principles during the
strike, you have raised issues of principle that are a basic part

4 At the time of the Union’s July 2 proposed back-to-work agree-
ment, there were numerous pending grievances filed by the Employer
against the various unions that had engaged in sympathy strike action in
other bargaining units.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD344
of the union movement. You simply don’t understand what
our brotherhood and sisterhood is all about if you think this
Local Union doesn’t give a damn about our unity and the idea
of helping one another. We are not about to give up our
commitment to labor history and its ideals in order to make
peace with Graniterock.
Woolpert faxed a response to Netto stating that “back to
work matters with regard to other unions and locations is not a
required subject of bargaining.” That same date, the Em-
ployer’s attorney faxed a letter to the Union’s attorney stating
that the Employer and Respondent had reached a new collec-
tive-bargaining agreement on July 2, subject only to ratification
by the union membership. The Employer’s attorney contended
that based on Netto’s suggestion the parties had agreed to nego-
tiate a back-to-work agreement during the week of July 12,
after the employees had returned to work on July 6. The Em-
ployer then contended that on Monday July 5, for the first time,
Respondent took the position that a back-to-work agreement
was required before the employees could return to work. The
Employer also contended that the tentative contract had, in fact,
been ratified at the union meeting of July 2.5 While this letter
sought to negotiate a back-to-work agreement, relevant here is
the fact that the attorney’s letter indicated that Respondent by
seeking to bargain about other bargaining units, was seeking to
bargain about permissive subjects of bargaining.
4. The resumption of the strike and subsequent events
On July 7, Respondent began picketing at the San Jose facil-
ity and at other facilities of the Employer. On July 8, the Em-
ployer filed the instant unfair labor practice charges. On July 9,
the Employer filed to enjoin the Union’s strike and picketing
activities in the United States District Court in San Jose.6
Thereafter, the parties continued to negotiate over a back-to-
work agreement and the Union continued to insist that no ratifi-
cation vote would take place until agreement was reached on a
back-to-work agreement. However, while the Employer en-
gaged in such negotiations it attempted to preserve its positions
that the employees had ratified the contract and that the Union
was demanding bargaining over non-mandatory subjects of
bargaining.
On July 15, the bargaining agreement for the quarry expired.
On August 22, while negotiations were still in progress for a
collective-bargaining agreement covering the quarry, Respon-
dent finally conducted a ratification vote on the tentative
agreement at issue herein. The employees ratified the contract.
However, at that time a strike at the quarry was in progress for
more than 15 days. The San Jose concrete employees honored
that strike and picket line and, therefore, did not return to work
until September 13. The agreed upon collective-bargaining
agreement was not executed by the parties until December 17,
2004. The parties never did reach agreement on a back-to-work
agreement.

5 As indicated above, I find no evidence that the employees ratified
the contract on July 2.
6 The district court case was still pending at the time of the instant
hearing.
C. Analysis and Conclusions
Section 8(b)(3) of the Act provides: “It shall be an unfair la-
bor practice for a labor organization or its agents— (3) to refuse
to bargain collectively with an employer, provided it is the
representative of its employees subject to the provisions of
Section 9(a).” Section 8(d) of the Act explicitly requires the
parties to a collective-bargaining relationship to to meet at rea-
sonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages,
hours, and other terms and conditions of employment, or the
negotiation of an agreement or any question arising thereunder,
and the execution of a written contract incorporating any
agreement reached if requested by either party, H. J. Heinz Co.
v. NLRB, 311 U.S. 514 (1941). “When an oral agreement is
reached as to the terms of a collective-bargaining contract, each
party is obligated, at the request of the other, to execute that
contract when reduced to writing, and a failure or refusal to do
so constitutes” a violation of Section 8(b)(3) of the Act. Liberty
Pavilion Nursing Home, 259 NLRB 1249 (1982); Interprint
Co., 273 NLRB 1863 (1985). “It is well established that techni-
cal rules of contract do not control whether a collective-
bargaining agreement has been reached.” Pepsi-Cola Bottling
Co. v. NLRB, 659 F.2d 87, 89 (8th Cir. 1981). Rather, the cru-
cial inquiry is whether there “is conduct manifesting an inten-
tion to abide and be bound by the terms of an agreement.”
Capital-Husting Co. v. NLRB, 671 F.2d 237, 243 (7th Cir.
1982). In determining whether underlying oral agreement has
been reached, the Board is not strictly bound by technical rules
of contract law but is free to use general contract principles
adopted to the bargaining context. Americana Healthcare Cen-
ter, 273 NLRB 1728 (1985). The burden of proof is on the
party alleging the existence of the contract. Cherry Valley
Apartments, 292 NLRB 38 (1988).
It is equally clear however, that a union (or an employer for
that matter) may establish a condition precedent for final accep-
tance of a contract. Hinney Printing Co., 262 NLRB 157, 164–
165 (1992); Painters Local 850 (Morgantown Glass & Mirror,
Inc.) 177 NLRB 155 (1969). Moreover, when a party asserts
that approval of the negotiated agreement by another party was
a condition precedent to a final and binding contract, notice of
this condition must be clear and unambiguous. Auto Workers
Local 365 (Cecilware Corp.) 307 NLRB 189, 193–194 (1992);
Kasser Distiller Products Corp., 307 NLRB 899 (1992);
Induction Services, Inc., 292 NLRB 863, 865 (1984); Ben
Franklin National Bank, 278 NLRB 986 fn. 2 (1985); Univer-
sity of Bridgeport, 229 NLRB 1074 (1977). In the instant case,
both parties agreed to the collective-bargaining agreement sub-
ject to one condition; ratification by the bargaining unit em-
ployees. Both parties understood that there was no agreement
unless and until the bargaining unit employees ratified the con-
tract. Netto agreed to recommend ratification of the agreement
and to hold a meeting on July 2 in order to do so.
Under common law principles, there is an implied covenant
of good faith and fair dealing between the parties to a contract.
While essential terms of a contract on which the minds of the
parties have not met cannot be supplied by the implication of
good faith and fair dealing, it does not appear unreasonable to
expect a contracting party, in this case the Union, to hold the
ratification vote as promised. I find that Respondent’s failure
TEAMSTERS LOCAL 287 (GRANITE ROCK CO.) 345
to hold the ratification vote unreasonably delayed the bargain-
ing process in violation of Section 8(b)(3) of the Act
In Long Island Day Care Services, 303 NLRB 112 (1991),
the Board found that the respondent-employer violated Section
8(a)(5) of the Act by unreasonably delaying the submission of a
tentative agreement to its board of directors for ratification.
The Board held that the delay in submitting the proposed con-
tract to the respondent-employer’s directors constituted an un-
warranted and unjustified delay in a crucial aspect of the bar-
gaining process. Thus, the Board found a violation of Section
8(a)(5) and (1) of the Act. The similar actions by the Union in
this case constitute an unwarranted and unjustified delay con-
trary to the Union’s obligations under Section 8(b)(3) and Sec-
tion 8(d) of the Act.
The Union contends that the tentative agreement was also
conditioned on a back-to-work agreement. As stated above,
notice of such a condition must be clear and unambiguous. See
Active Transportation Co., 340 NLRB 426 (2003), In this case
the evidence is clear that on the morning of July 2 there was a
tentative collective-bargaining agreement, subject only to ratifi-
cation by the employees. The Respondent and Employer
agreed to negotiate a back-to-work agreement the following
week. Thus, the parties contemplated that the contract would
be ratified and that the employees would return to work prior to
resolution of the back to work issues. If the employees rejected
the contract and did not ratify it, the parties would have re-
turned to the bargaining table. It was not until after the time
had passed for the agreed upon ratification vote that Netto de-
manded a back-to-work agreement before he would hold the
promised ratification vote.
Under the common law of contracts, a party to a contract
cannot take advantage of his own act or omission to escape
contract liability. In the instant case, the Union and Respon-
dent had agreed to a contract subject to ratification by the bar-
gaining unit employees. The Union should not be able to take
advantage of its own failure to submit the contract for ratifica-
tion. Respondent prevented the condition precedent from being
satisfied.
The General Counsel further argues that Respondent violated
Section 8(b)(3) by conditioning the holding of the ratification
vote on the Employer’s willingness to reach agreement on non-
mandatory subjects of bargaining. The Union contends that
even though the back-to-work agreement it sought covered
other unions and other bargaining units, it was a mandatory
subject of bargaining. That dispute is irrelevant to the resolu-
tion of the instant case. As the evidence clearly shows, the
Union from July 2 to August 22, refused to conduct the prom-
ised ratification vote prior to agreement on a back-to-work
agreement. I find that the Union could not condition the holding
of a ratification vote on any matter, mandatory or non-
mandatory. The agreement of the parties was that they had a
collective-bargaining contract subject to only one condition,
ratification by the bargaining unit employees, which was to
take place on the morning of July 2. The Union was not privi-
leged to place any further conditions on ratification or on the
contract.
The Union contends that the Employer bargained concerning
its back to work proposals and, therefore, that the Union did not
insist to impasse on nonmandatory subjects of bargaining. I
find the fact that the Employer engaged in various attempts to
resolve the dispute and the strike irrelevant. The Employer
never agreed that settlement of the back-to-work agreement
was a condition precedent to the holding of the agreed upon
ratification vote. The Employer consistently took the position
that the contract had been ratified and that the Union was seek-
ing to bargain about nonmandatory subjects of bargaining. No
clear and unmistakable waiver can be found. The Employer
never waived its right to insist that the Union present the tenta-
tive contract to the bargaining unit employees in accordance
with the understanding of the parties.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Employer is an employer engaged in commerce and
in a business affecting commerce within the meaning of Section
2(6) and (7) of the Act.
2. Respondent is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. Respondent violated Section 8(b)(3) of the Act, by unduly
delaying the submission of a collective-bargaining agreement
negotiated by its agent to the bargaining unit employees for a
ratification vote, unduly delaying the voting by the bargaining
unit employees on the aforementioned agreement, and by uni-
laterally imposing conditions on the submission of the bargain-
ing agreement for the ratification vote.
THE REMEDY
Having found that Respondent engaged in unfair labor prac-
tices, I shall recommend that it be ordered to cease and desist
therefrom and to take certain affirmative action designed to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
The Employer seeks a remedy which would require Respon-
dent to honor the collective-bargaining agreement retroactive to
July 2, 2004. Respondent contends that the traditional remedy
sought by the Board would not adequately remedy the Union’s
violations. The Employer seeks retroactive application of the
bargaining agreement so that it can attempt to apply the no-
strike provisions retroactively.
First, I note that this case was alleged by the General Coun-
sel as a unreasonable delay in bargaining and not a refusal to
sign an agreed upon contract. In Teamsters Local 282 (E. G.
Clemente Contracting), 335 NLRB 1253 (2001), the Board
reaffirmed the notion that the General Counsel, not the Charg-
ing Party, determines the theory of the case. Citing GPS Ter-
minal Services, 333 NLRB 968 (2001), the Board stated that a
judge has no authority to amend a complaint in a manner that
was neither sought nor consented to by the General Counsel,
even where the record evidence would support the additional
allegations. Here, contrary to the allegations of the Employer,
the evidence does not support a finding that the contract was
ratified on July 2. Thus, the evidence does not support a find-
ing that the Union refused to sign an agreed upon contract.
In Long Island Day Care Services, Inc., 303 NLRB 112,
(1991), relied on above, the remedy for the respondent-
employer’s unreasonable delay in submitting the tentative con-
tract to its board of directors was a cease and desist order and
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD346
the posting of a Board notice. I will recommend a correspond-
ing remedy in this case.
On these findings of fact and conclusions of law and on
the entire record, I issue the following recommended7
ORDER
The Respondent Teamsters Local 287, International
Brotherhood of Teamsters, AFL–CIO, its officers, agents,
and representatives, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Refusing to bargain collectively with the Employer,
Granite Rock Company, by unduly delaying the submission
of a collective-bargaining agreement negotiated by its agent
to the bargaining unit employees for a ratification vote.
(b) Refusing to bargain collectively with the Employer,
Granite Rock Company, by unduly delaying the voting by
the bargaining unit employees on the aforementioned
agreement.
(c) Refusing to bargain collectively with the Employer,
Granite Rock Company, by unilaterally imposing conditions
on the submission of the bargaining agreement for the ratifica-
tion.
(d) In any like or related manner restraining or coercing em-
ployees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed them by Section
7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effec-
tuate the policies of the Act.

7 All motions inconsistent with this recommended order are hereby
denied. In the event no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46
of the Board’s Rules and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and
recommended Order shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be
adopted by the Board and all objections to them shall be deemed
waived for all purposes.
(a) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at its hir-
ing hall, meeting rooms, and offices in San Jose, California,
copies of the attached notice marked Appendix.”8 Copies of the
Notice, on forms provided by the Regional Director for Region
32 after being signed by the Respondent’s authorized represen-
tative, shall be posted by the Respondent and maintained for 60
consecutive days in conspicuous places including all places
where notices to employees and members are customarily
posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken by the Respondent to
ensure that the Notices are not altered, defaced, or covered by
any other material.
(b) Within 14 days after service by the Region, sign and re-
turn to Regional Director for Region 32 sufficient copies of the
notice for posting by the Granite Rock Company, if willing, at
all places where notices to employees are customarily posted.
Further, Respondent-Union shall duplicate and mail, at its own
expense, a copy of the Notice to Employees and Members, to
all former bargaining unit employees employed by the Em-
ployer at any time since July 2, 2004, and to all current bargain-
ing unit employees employed at any work site at which the
Employer is unable for any reason to post the Notice to Em-
ployees and Members.
(c) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the
Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official
on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps that the
Respondent has taken to comply.

8 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”