C.S. Telecom, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Dec 10, 2001

336 N.L.R.B. 1193 (N.L.R.B. 2001)

C.S. TELECOM, INC. 1193
C.S. Telecom, Inc. and International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers, Local Union 98, AFL–CIO.
Case 4–CA–28871
December 10, 2001
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN HURTGEN AND MEMBERS
LIEBMAN
AND WALSH
On February 27, 2001, Administrative Law Judge Joel
P. Biblowitz issued the attached decision. The General
Counsel and the Charging Party filed exceptions and
supporting briefs, and the Respondent filed an answering
brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has considered
the decision and the record in light of the exceptions and
briefs and has decided to affirm the judge’s rulings, find-
ings,1 and conclusions only to the extent consistent with
this Decision and Order.
For the reasons given below, we find that the judge
erred in dismissing the allegations that Company Presi-
dent John Yoast III on December 10, 1999,2 and his
brother, Vice President Michael Yoast, on December 13
unlawfully interrogated employee Bryan Galie. In addi-
tion, for the reasons given below, we agree with, or find
it unnecessary to pass on, the judge’s dismissal of other
unfair labor practice allegations.
1. The judge found that interrogations of Galie by John
and Michael Yoast were not unlawful because Galie had
not engaged in concerted activity. We reverse.
On December 10, at a company Christmas party in a
local hotel, John Yoast engaged Galie in a conversation.
The credited testimony is that, during the conversation,
John Yoast asked Galie whether he was giving informa-
tion to the Union about the Respondent’s jobsite loca-
tions. Galie denied it, and John Yoast said, “I know it’s
you.” Galie again denied it. John Yoast then stated, “I
know it’s you. I’m not an idiot.” Galie then put his head
down, and John Yoast said, “Why? Explain it to me.”
Galie replied, “I can’t. I’m caught in the middle.”

1 The General Counsel and the Charging Party have excepted to
some of the judge’s credibility findings. The Board’s established pol-
icy is not to overrule an administrative law judge’s credibility resolu-
tions unless the clear preponderance of all the relevant evidence con-
vinces us that they are incorrect. Standard Dry Wall Products, 91
NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362 (3d Cir. 1951). We have care-
fully examined the record and find no basis for reversing the findings.
In addition, some of the General Counsel’s exceptions imply that the
judge’s rulings, findings, and conclusions demonstrate bias and preju-
dice. On careful examination of the judge’s decision and the entire
record, we are satisfied that the General Counsel’s contentions are
without merit.
The judge failed to include in the “Jurisdiction” section of his deci-
sion commerce facts establishing the Board’s jurisdiction over the
Respondent. Accordingly, we add the following commerce facts,
which the Respondent admitted. The Respondent, a Pennsylvania
corporation, with an office and principal place of business in Fort
Washington, Pennsylvania, engages in the installation and service of
telecommunications, data, and voice cabling equipment. During the
past year, the Respondent purchased and received at its Fort Washing-
ton, Pennsylvania facility goods and services valued in excess of
$50,000 directly from points outside the Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania.
2 All dates hereafter refer to 1999 unless otherwise specified.
On December 13, Michael Yoast similarly asked Galie
if he was disclosing company information to the Union.
This conversation took place in Michael Yoast’s office.
Michael Yoast also apologized for his brother’s conduct
at the Christmas party.
Employer interrogation of an employee violates Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) if, under all the circumstances, it “reasonably
tends to restrain, coerce, or interfere with rights guaran-
teed by the Act.” Rossmore House, 269 NLRB 1176,
1177 (1984), affd. sub. nom. Hotel & Restaurant Em-
ployees Local 11 v. NLRB, 760 F.2d 1006 (9th Cir.
1985). Here, despite his obvious reluctance to answer,
Galie was repeatedly pressured by high-ranking company
officials to reveal whether he had assisted the Union by
providing it with information on the locations where he
was working. The Respondent’s inquiries were not ac-
companied by any assurances against reprisal, even
though they clearly probed into conduct protected by
Section 7 of the Act. See Ridgely Mfg. Co., 207 NLRB
193, 196–197 (1993) (“[E]mployees are entitled to use
for self-organizational purposes information and knowl-
edge which comes to their attention in the normal course
of work activity and association, but are not entitled to
their employer’s private or confidential records”), enfd.
510 F.2d 185 (D.C. Cir. 1975). Indeed, the judge himself
found that Galie’s conduct in notifying the Union of the
Respondent’s jobsites was protected by Section 7 of the
Act, and the Respondent has not excepted to that finding.
Nevertheless, the judge dismissed the complaint alle-
gations of unlawful interrogations on the ground that
Galie’s conduct, although protected, was not concerted.
In this regard, the judge erred in two respects. First, he
failed to recognize that Section 7 “defines both joining
and assisting labor organizations—actions in which a
single employee can engage—as concerted activities.”
NLRB v. City Disposal Systems, 465 U.S. 822, 831
(1984). Accordingly, by definition, Galie’s conduct was
concerted without regard to the fact that he may have
acted alone.3 Second, without any evidentiary support,
3 The judge’s reliance on fn. 2 of the Board’s decision in A.S.I., Inc.,
333 NLRB 70 (2001), is misplaced. In that footnote, the Board ad-
dressed an allegation that an employee’s discharge was motivated by
his protected concerted activity, not his union activity. For that reason,
the Board emphasized that the employee had acted alone. By contrast,
336 NLRB No. 126
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1194
the judge speculated that Galie’s actions were “meant to
force the Respondent to recognize the Union so that the
Union would stop threatening its customers.” Because
there is nothing in the record indicating that Galie was a
knowing participant in any threatening conduct in which
the Union may have engaged, the judge’s speculation
must be rejected.
For all these reasons, we conclude, contrary to the
judge, that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) by
coercively interrogating Galie about his union activities.
2. The Union excepts to the judge’s failure to find that
John Yoast also threatened Galie on December 10. Galie
claimed that, in addition to interrogating him, Yoast told
him that if he found out Galie was talking to the Union,
Galie would be “done.” Yoast testified only that he
asked whether Galie was disclosing information to the
Union and, when Galie denied it, said, “I know it’s you.”
The judge credited Yoast and did not credit Galie where
their testimony differed. Thus, the credited evidence is
that Yoast made no threat. We therefore find no merit to
the Union’s exception.
3. The General Counsel excepts to the judge’s failure
to find that Installation Manager Sean Brennan and In-
stallation Technician Dennis Murphy interrogated Galie
and that Murphy also threatened Galie. The judge dis-
missed the allegations based on his finding that Brennan
and Murphy were neither agents nor supervisors.
As discussed in section 1 above, we have found that
John and Michael Yoast unlawfully interrogated Galie.
We therefore find it unnecessary to pass on whether
Brennan and Murphy also interrogated Galie in violation
of the Act; the finding of such additional violations
would be cumulative and would not affect the Order.
With respect to the alleged threat, Galie claimed that
Murphy told employees that the Respondent was think-
ing of going out of the cable business because of the Un-
ion and that the Respondent would sell the business be-
fore becoming unionized. Murphy testified that he told
employees there would be less work for them if the Un-
ion continued to have them removed from jobsites of the
Respondent’s customers. The judge credited Murphy
and did not credit Galie where their testimony differed.
Thus, the threat Galie attributed to Murphy did not occur.
Further, we do not agree with the General Counsel that
Murphy’s own testimony establishes that he unlawfully
threatened Galie. The natural import of Murphy’s com-
ment was not that the Respondent would take reprisals
against employees for their union activities, but simply

in other cases in which it is alleged that an employee was discharged
for engaging in union activity, the Board has squarely held that it is
irrelevant that the employee may have acted alone. E.g., Mauka, Inc.,
327 NLRB 803, 804 fn. 8 (1999).
the economic fact that to the extent the Union is success-
ful in having the Respondent removed from its custom-
ers’ jobsites, there is necessarily less work available for
the Respondent’s employees. Therefore, we affirm the
judge’s dismissal of this allegation.
Given our findings in the previous two paragraphs, we
find it unnecessary to pass on the judge’s discussion of
the agency or supervisory status of Brennan and Murphy.
4. The Union excepts to the judge’s dismissal of the al-
legation that Vice President David Nelson threatened
Galie on December 23. Galie claimed that Nelson told
him that he would be “pissed off” if he found out Galie
was communicating with the Union. Nelson testified
that he did not talk to Galie about any subject related to a
union. The judge credited Nelson and did not credit
Galie where their testimony differed. Thus, the credited
evidence is that Nelson made no threat. We therefore
find no merit to this exception.
5. The General Counsel excepts to the judge’s dis-
missal of the allegation that the Respondent violated Sec-
tion 8(a)(3) on December 23 by giving Galie a reduced
Christmas bonus because of his support for the Union.
We find no merit to the exception.
We agree with the judge that the bonus given to Galie
was proportional to the bonuses given to other techni-
cians, taking into account Galie’s length of employment
and skill. Thus, even assuming the General Counsel sat-
isfied the threshold burden under Wright Line4 of show-
ing that the bonus amount the Respondent gave to Galie
was motivated by antiunion considerations, we adopt the
judge’s finding that the Respondent has demonstrated
that it would have given him the same bonus even in the
absence of his protected activity.
6. The General Counsel and the Union except to the
judge’s dismissal of the allegation that the Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(3) on January 3, 2000, by laying off
Galie because of his support for the Union. We find no
merit to the exception.
We agree with the judge that the record shows that the
number of hours the Respondent’s employees spent per-
forming the only work for which Galie was qualified
declined precipitously in December 1999 and January
2000 and that the Respondent had good reason to believe
such work would not increase in future months. Thus,
even assuming the General Counsel satisfied the thresh-
old burden under Wright Line of showing that Galie’s
layoff was motivated by antiunion considerations, we
adopt the judge’s finding that the Respondent has dem-
4 251 NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir. 1981), cert.
denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982).
C.S. TELECOM, INC. 1195
onstrated that it would have laid him off even in the ab-
sence of his protected activity.5
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board orders that the
Respondent, C.S. Telecom, Inc., Fort Washington, Penn-
sylvania, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns,
shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Coercively interrogating employees about their un-
ion activities.
(b) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its Fort Washington, Pennsylvania facility copies of the
attached notice marked “Appendix.”6 Copies of the no-
tice, on forms provided by the Regional Director for Re-
gion 4, after being signed by the Respondent’s author-
ized representative, shall be posted by the Respondent
and maintained for 60 consecutive days in conspicuous
places including all places where notices to employees
are customarily posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken
by the Respondent to ensure that the notices are not al-
tered, defaced, or covered by any other material. In the
event that, during the pendency of these proceedings, the

5 In their exceptions, the General Counsel and the Union also argue
that the Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(3) by failing to recall Galie from
layoff. We find no merit to this argument.
The judge credited the testimony of Vice President Michael Yoast
that in July 2000, due to an increase in cable work, he hired his brother-
in-law, and in September 2000, Michael Yoast hired his wife’s godson.
Neither employee had any cabling experience or any certifications in
the industry. The judge also credited Michael Yoast’s testimony that
the Respondent has a policy of giving preference in employment to
family members recommended for hire by him, by his brother, or by
David Nelson, another vice president.
There is no contention that the Respondent’s employment policy is
unlawful, and no showing that it was not applied in a neutral manner.
Applying Wright Line, we will assume that the General Counsel met
the initial burden of proving discriminatory motivation for the Respon-
dent’s failure to recall Galie in July and September 2000. However, we
also find that the Respondent has shown that, based on its nondiscrimi-
natory employment policy, it would have made the same hiring deci-
sions even in the absence of Galie’s union activity. Accordingly, we
conclude that the Respondent’s failure to recall Galie did not violate the
Act.
Chairman Hurtgen agrees that there is no violation with respect to
the failure to recall Galie in July–September 2000. The complaint did
not allege such a violation; it alleged only the layoff of Galie on or
about January 2000.
6 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of the United States court
of appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the
National Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a
Judgment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of
the National Labor Relations Board.”
Respondent has gone out of business or closed the facil-
ity involved in these proceedings, the Respondent shall
duplicate and mail, at its own expense, a copy of the no-
tice to all current employees and former employees em-
ployed by the Respondent at any time since December
10, 1999.
(b) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file
with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a re-
sponsible official on a form provided by the Region at-
testing to the steps that the Respondent has taken to
comply.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to
post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.

To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives
of their own choice
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected
concerted activities.

WE WILL NOT coercively interrogate you about your
union activities.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.

C.S. TELECOM, INC.

Donna Brown, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Michael Avakian, Esq. (Smetana & Avakian), for the Respon-
dent.
Richard McNeill, Esq. (Sagot, Jennings & Sigmond), for the
Charging Party.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
JOEL P. BIBLOWITZ, Administrative Law Judge. This case
was tried before me in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Novem-
ber 28 and 29, 2000. The complaint herein, which issued on
May 12, 2000, and was based on an unfair labor practice charge
that was filed on January 18, 2000 by International Brother-
hood of Electrical Workers, Local Union 98, AFL–CIO (the
Union), alleges that C.S. Telecom (the Respondent) interro-
gated an employee about his union activities and threatened to
discharge him if he continued to engage in these activities,
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1196
threatened that it would go out of the cabling business and sell
its business if its employees selected the Union as their bargain-
ing representative, threatened an employee with unspecified
reprisals if he engaged in union activities, and laid off em-
ployee Bryan Galie because of his support for the Union. At the
conclusion of the hearing, counsel for the General Counsel
amended the complaint to allege that the Respondent gave
Galie a reduced Christmas bonus on December 23, 1999,1 be-
cause of his support for the Union. All of these activities are
alleged to violate Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act.
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
The Respondent admits, and I find, that it has been an em-
ployer engaged in commerce within the meaning of Section
2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
II. LABOR ORGANIZATION STATUS
The Respondent admits, and I find, that the Union has been a
labor organization within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the
Act.
III. THE FACTS
A. Background
The Respondent is a nonunion employer engaged in the in-
stallation, service, and upgrading of telecommunications, data,
and voice cabling equipment. Its unit employees range from
highly skilled technicians to other technicians who principally
carry telephone cable from one location to another. Alleged
discriminatee Galie came within this latter category; his prior
employment experience was solely as a cook. Although the
Union was his impetus in applying to work for the Respondent,
this is not the usual “salting” case. Galie never attempted to
convince his fellow employees to join or meet with the Union.
Rather, his union activities apparently consisted of notifying the
Union of the jobs that the Respondent was performing, or was
about to perform. On learning of these jobs, the Union then
spoke to, or threatened these customers of the Respondent. It is
the Respondent’s position herein, that incidents that counsel for
the General Counsel alleges as threats or interrogation, were
actually situations where it was trying to determine if Galie was
the “mole” at the company, and therefore was not a threat or
interrogation in violation of the Act. The Respondent also de-
fends that Galie was laid off on about January 3 because of lack
of work.
Galie began working for the Respondent in August; although
his job classification was technician, the work that he per-
formed was pulling cable for telephones and computers through
walls and dropped ceilings and putting a jack on the end of the
cable. During his employment with the Respondent he pos-
sessed no electronic certifications and was the least experienced
technician employed by the Respondent.

1 Unless indicated otherwise, all dates referred to herein relate to the
year 1999.
B. The 8(a)(1) Allegations
It is alleged that on December 10, 1999, the Respondent’s
president, John Yoast, interrogated Galie about his union activi-
ties and threatened him with discharge if he continued to en-
gage in those activities. December 10, 1999, was the date of the
Respondent’s Christmas party at a local hotel; employees and
customers were invited. J. Yoast and Galie agree that they had
both been drinking at the party. Galie testified that J. Yoast
approached him at the party and said that he wanted to talk to
him outside. They walked outside and J. Yoast told him that he
suspected that one of his workers was talking to the Union and
he suspected that person was Galie. Galie said that he did not
know what J. Yoast was talking about. Yoast said that he
wanted to know the “fucking truth,” and if he found out that it
was Galie who was talking to the Union, “that I’m done.” J.
Yoast said that if he wanted to be “a little fucking snitch for the
Union,” he could do so, but: “No one in the Union makes
money.” That was the extent of the conversation. J. Yoast testi-
fied that he told Galie that he wanted to speak to him; they
walked to the hotel entrance and J. Yoast asked Galie if he was
disclosing information about where the Respondent was work-
ing to the Union; Galie denied it and Yoast said: “I know it’s
you,” and Galie again denied it. J. Yoast then said: “I know it’s
you, I’m not an idiot.” Galie then put his head down, and J.
Yoast said, “Why? Explain it to me.” Galie said, “I can’t. I’m
caught in the middle.” That was the extent of the conversation.
James Daly, who operates James Daly Insurance Company,
is a very good friend and a client of John Yoast and the Re-
spondent. In late 1999, Daly needed some work performed to
connect his computers and J. Yoast said that he would perform
the work for Daly at cost. Daly agreed, without asking J. Yoast
what the cost would be. On December 8, the Respondent’s
employees arrived at Daly’s premises to perform the work; later
that day, Daly was told that he had an important phone call
from Union Representative Ray Della Vella, and for him to call
him back. When Daly did so, Della Vella identified himself as
the union business agent and asked if Daly was doing business
with J. Yoast and the Respondent. Daly said that he was, and
that the Respondent was installing his phone system that day.
Della Vella then threatened to put a picket line around his
building.2 Daly said that he had no idea that the phone system
had anything to do with Unions, and Della Vella said that it did,
and that Daly should talk to Yoast about becoming Union; Daly
said: “Well, that’s your job.” After this conversation, Daly
called John Yoast and told him of this conversation with Della
Vella. John Yoast testified that after receiving this call from
2 In Electrical Workers Local 98 (Telephone Man), 327 NLRB 593,
602 (1999), the Board adopted the recommended Order of Administra-
tive Law Judge Margaret Kern, who stated:
Respondent’s unlawful actions toward 10 separate neutral employers
in a 19-month period, involving picketing, threats to picket, and work
stoppages at six locations in the Philadelphia area, demonstrates Re-
spondent’s proclivity for violating the Act and its general disregard for
the fundamental rights of employees and neutral employers. A narrow
order, confined to the instant case, would not sufficiently deter further
misconduct. I therefore recommend that the Board issue a broad order
requiring the Respondent to cease and desist from infringing in any
other manner on rights guaranteed employees by Section 7 of the Act.
C.S. TELECOM, INC. 1197
Daly he was “ticked off” and discussed the matter with his
brother Michael. They determined that the informant was either
Galie, Marcy or Brennan, although he did not speak to either of
them about the subject until the discussion with Galie at the
Christmas party. He testified further that earlier in 1999 he had
received similar reports of threats to his customers, but he had
not discussed the issue with his employees because: “I wasn’t
really concerned about it.” He had met with Della Vella in
about February and was given a sample union contract. He told
his employees about it, and told them that if they wanted to
meet with the Union they should do so. The difference between
those earlier incidents and the one in December was that Daly
was a personal friend. “I was angry about Mr. Daly getting
hassled by the union.”
It is further alleged that on about December 13, Respondent,
by Michael Yoast, interrogated an employee about his union
activities. Galie testified that on that day, Michael Yoast, vice
president, owner, and brother of John Yoast, asked to speak to
Galie in his office. He questioned him about what was said at
the Christmas party, and apologized for John Yoast’s actions.
He told Galie that he had told John that he suspected Galie of
talking to the Union, but he didn’t want him speaking to him
about it at the party. He also asked Galie if he was leaking in-
formation to the Union, and if he was satisfied working for the
Respondent. Michael Yoast testified that he called Galie into
his office on December 13 to find out whether he was disclos-
ing company information to other people. He also apologized to
Galie for John Yoast’s questioning him at the Christmas party:
“I didn’t think that it was the time or place for Jack to talk to
Brian.”
It is next alleged that on about December 13 Sean Brennan
interrogated an employee about his union activities. The com-
plaint alleges that Brennan was Respondent’s installation man-
ager and that Dennis Murphy was its installation technician and
that they have been agents of the Respondent within the mean-
ing of Section 2(13) of the Act; there is no complaint allegation
that they were supervisors under Section 2(11) of the Act. Galie
testified that on December 13, Brennan asked him what oc-
curred between he and John Yoast, Brennan’s cousin, at the
party; Galie told him that Yoast accused him of being a “Union
rat and a spy.” Brennan testified that in December he received a
telephone call from Della Vella asking him if he wanted to join
the Union. After receiving this call, Brennan asked the other
employees, including Galie, if they had also received a tele-
phone call from Della Vella. Sometime after receiving these
calls, these employees got together and took a vote amongst
themselves and decided that they did not want to join the Un-
ion. Murphy testified that he also received a number of tele-
phone calls from Della Vella. In addition, Murphy was attempt-
ing to arrange a meeting for the employees with Della Vella,
but it never worked out.
It is next alleged that on about December 15, Murphy inter-
rogated employees about their union activities, and threatened
the employees that the Respondent would go out of the cabling
business and sell its business if the employees selected the Un-
ion as their bargaining representative. Galie testified that on
about December 15, all of the technicians met on the Respon-
dent’s premises after work; none of the bosses were present. He
testified that at this meeting Murphy said that John (Yoast) was
thinking of going out of the cabling business “because the Un-
ion’s been coming down on him really hard.” He also said that
John would rather sell the Company before going Union, and
he asked the person who was passing the information to the
Union to come forward and to admit it. Murphy testified that
after receiving a call from Della Vella, he asked all the techni-
cians to stay after work on November 25, for a meeting without
the bosses. Prior to this, he asked Michael Yoast if he could use
the conference room for a meeting with the technicians, without
telling him the purpose of the meeting. At this meeting, he said
that the Union was showing up on all their jobs and it was af-
fecting their work: “just on a personal level . . . I just found it
kind of rude.” He said that the Union seemed to know every-
thing they were doing, and if it continued, they would not be
able to do any work, and wouldn’t need as many employees. He
recommended that the person speaking to the Union come for-
ward and admit it but, apparently, nobody did.
Finally, it is alleged that David Nelson, Respondent’s vice
president and admitted agent, on about December 23, threat-
ened an employee with unspecified reprisals if he engaged in
union activities. Nelson met separately with all of the techni-
cians on December 23, to give them their Christmas bonuses.
Galie testified that when he met with Nelson on that day, Nel-
son said that he hoped what John (Yoast) accused him of was
not true, but if he found out that it was true, he would be pissed
off. He also told Galie that he had a good future with the Re-
spondent and looked forward to working with him and training
him.
C. Agency Status of Brennan and Murphy
When Respondent’s technicians were performing installation
or service work at a customer’s jobsite, it is with from one to
three employees. Galie testified that when Brennan is present,
he was in charge. If Murphy, rather than Brennan is present,
Murphy was in charge. Galie has worked on jobs for the Re-
spondent when neither Brennan nor Murphy was present. He
testified that on jobs where either Brennan or Murphy was pre-
sent: “They did the same type of work we did. They also did
more sophisticated work.” Technician Scott Marcy testified:

Mr. Brennan or Mr. Murphy would go over the job with all of
us who was present at the time. And we pretty much know
what has to be done. I mean, each person that’s on the job site
knows what they have to do. If they don’t, then they approach
somebody that does know what’s going on so they could help
you.
But if they stay at that particular job site, then you
could confront them and they could give you more direc-
tion. But we pretty much know what’s going on.

He testified that he considers Brennan and Murphy to be tech-
nicians, rather than a part of management. Technician Pat
Coonan testified that Brennan and Murphy were “coworkers”
who performed “pretty much the same” work as he did. He
testified that Mike Yoast gives the employees detailed instruc-
tions on what job to go to and, when necessary, what job to
perform. Brennan does not assign them to specific jobs be-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1198
cause, “Everybody knows their job limits.” When he first began
working for the Respondent, Brennan taught him cabling.
Brennan has been employed by the Respondent for 8 years;
his job title is installation manager. He testified:

I first go out and meet the customer before a job starts, figure
out what needs to be done and the best way to go about in-
stalling a new phone system. Ask questions on how to setup a
phone system, do cabling issues, see it all the way through
from beginning to end.

He spends about 50 percent of his time installing equipment,
about 25 percent overseeing other employees installing equip-
ment and, apparently, 25 percent preparing jobs as discussed
above. He assigns work to technicians based on the work that
needs to be done and the work that the employees are capable
of performing. He testified: “[T]he newer hires usually start out
doing cabling. It’s a little more physical stuff before you get
into the actual technical end of the wiring and the program-
ming. You kind of work your way up to that.” If he sees that an
employee is performing a job incorrectly, he will discuss it with
the employee. On one occasion he gave a written warning to
Galie and Coonan for lateness. He could approve an em-
ployee’s request to report to work late or leave early.
Murphy has been employed by the Respondent for 5 years;
he testified that his title also is installation manager. If there is a
lot of work, he spends most of his time on jobsites doing instal-
lations. If work is slow, he is in the office doing remotes,
changing customers’ services from the Respondent’s office,
whenever possible. If neither Brennan nor Mike Yoast is at his
jobsite, he is responsible to “make sure that my jobs are done
right.” However, he receives daily voice mails from Michael
Yoast that are “very detailed” on how to perform particular
jobs; Michael Yoast’s nickname is “Message Mike.” When he
has new employees working with him, it is sometimes neces-
sary to give them detailed instructions on what to do. “But guys
usually catch on pretty quick what they need to do.” The Re-
spondent gave him business cards with the title “Manager.” He
testified: “That’s just a title that I have on my business card that
I give out to customers, that they can get a hold of me.” He was
then asked what he does that is different from technicians that
makes him a manager, but he could not think of anything.
The uncontradicted testimony is that neither Brennan nor
Murphy can hire, fire, transfer, suspend, layoff, reward, pro-
mote or discipline employees, or effectively recommend such
action.
D. The Alleged 8(a)(3) Violations
It is alleged that the Respondent gave Galie a reduced
Christmas bonus on about December 23, and unlawfully laid
him off on about January 3, 2000, because of his activity on
behalf of the Union. The employees were given their Christmas
bonus on December 23 and Galie received a gross bonus of
$500. When Nelson gave him the bonus he told him that he
needed to take courses in his spare time to be certified to oper-
ate the advanced equipment, and that Respondent was planning
to train him. Unlike the other technicians, Galie had no certifi-
cations for Respondent’s advanced systems. Brennan, who has
been employed by the Respondent for 8 years and has two or
three certifications, received a $7000 Christmas bonus. Mur-
phy, who was employed by the Respondent for 5-1/2 years and
has eight or nine certifications, received a $9000 bonus. Em-
ployee Scott Marcy, who has been employed by the Respon-
dent for 2-1/2 years, and has a certification for one system,
received a $3000 Christmas bonus. Coonan, who has been em-
ployed for 5 years and has two certifications, received $2500.
Other employees, not further identified in the record, received
bonuses ranging from $2200 to $5000. Michael Yoast testified
that bonuses are determined by “how much work did they do. I
mean, the guys that are technical and helped the business grow,
they get more.” Nelson testified that the bonuses are based
upon work ethics, willingness to learn and job performance. At
the time that he distributed the bonuses, he was aware that
Galie was suspected of being the Union “mole.” John Yoast
testified that the principal factors in determining bonuses are
work ethic and technical ability.
As previously stated, Galie had no technical experience prior
to his employment with the Respondent, and learned of the job
from the Union. He made no attempt to convince Respondent’s
other technicians to sign for the Union and, in fact, denied to
the other employees that he supported the Union because he felt
that they were against the Union. Coonan testified that he
worked with Galie regularly and Galie never discussed the
Union with him. Michael Yoast testified that after he and his
brother John received calls from customers notifying them that
they had been threatened by the Union, they concluded that
either Galie or Marcy, both of whom worked on the jobs in
question, was the one passing the information to the Union.
Galie, who began working for the Respondent in August,
principally pulled cables. In December 1999, he spent 3 days
stocking shelves in the Respondent’s stock room because busi-
ness was slow at the time. He was laid off on January 3. On the
prior evening, Brennan left him a voice mail to meet him in the
shop with his tools the following morning. Brennan told him
that work was slow and that they were going to have to lay him
off. He told Galie that as soon as work picked up they would
call him. He never was recalled. Brennan testified that he had
been told by Michael Yoast that work had slowed down be-
cause of Y2K and that they had to lay off Galie and he asked
Brennan to tell Galie of the layoff. As to the economic defense,
Brennan testified: “It was pretty busy before the year 2000,
with a lot of installation of voice-mails and phone systems. But
then it died down after the first of the year, and towards the end
of the year it was getting slower. It was very slow at the begin-
ning of the year.” Murphy testified that he spent a little time in
December counting stock in the stock room. Marcy testified
that he performed less cabling work in December than he had
earlier in the year.
Michael and John Yoast each testified that 1999 was a very
busy year because of the Y2K issue resulting in a large number
of voice-mail upgrades and phone installs that had to be per-
formed prior to the end of the year. In about August, Michael
Yoast determined that he needed additional cabling help be-
cause a lot of the employees were working a substantial amount
of overtime. That is when they hired Galie. He testified that he
told Galie to first learn cabling, to ask questions and take books
home to read and train himself on the more advanced aspects of
C.S. TELECOM, INC. 1199
the job, but he, apparently, never did so. Michael Yoast identi-
fied and explained numerous Respondent exhibits supporting
the Respondent’s economic defense herein. The technicians call
in the number of hours performed for different tasks, together
with the job number and their employee identification number.
The Respondent’s records state that the number of employee
hours spent cabling was 456 in September. For the following 4
months the hourly figures were 391, 345, 125, and 103. For the
following 8 months, the hours worked cabling were 152, 149,
200, 95, 331, 272, 117, and 411 in September 2000. Further,
the percentage of the Respondent’s business that cabling repre-
sented was 31 percent from January through August, 29 percent
from September through December, 17 percent from January
through March 2000, 25 percent from April through June 2000,
and 36 percent from July through November 2000. In Decem-
ber he told Nelson that they did not have much work lined up
and they had to do something, so they decided to lay off Galie;
he waited until January 3, 2000, because he did not want to lay
him off during the holiday season. They chose Galie because
the only work that he performed was cabling, and there was a
big decrease in that work.
After Galie was hired, the Respondent had nine technical
employees, including Brennan and Murphy; Galie was the least
senior of these employees. One of these employees transferred
to the sales department in October, another left of his own ac-
cord in December; they expected him to return, but he never
did, and Galie was laid off on January 3, 2000. Michael Yoast
testified that in July 2000, because of an increase in cable work,
he hired his brother-in-law, Michael Rue, and in September
they hired William Littleton, his wife’s godson. Neither Rue
nor Littleton had any cabling experience or any certifications in
the industry. When I asked why he did not recall Galie rather
than hiring Rue and Littleton, he testified:

Because it’s company procedure that in order to hire
somebody, it would be either somebody that I recommend,
Jack or Dave Nelson, the other partner. Friends of other
people. I mean, that’s how we got 90% of our employees,
are family members or friends of the company who are ex-
neighbors.

John Yoast is in charge of sales for the Respondent; he and
his brother, Michael, had some disagreements, including Mi-
chael Yoast’s sentiment that John Yoast should not have ques-
tioned Galie at the Christmas party. John Yoast testified:

There was a lot of family disputes regarding the business.
Him and I did not see eye to eye on things and I was ex-
tremely disappointed that he didn’t take action to find out
why a good friend of mine was being hassled. You know, I
am not concerned about the union going after my employ-
ees. I am not concerned about the union going after my
clients. I am confident we have enough relationship with
those. When they go after a friend, the witch hunt has to
stop.

At a regular meeting with Nelson on December 15, John Yoast
announced for the first time that he was taking a leave of ab-
sence, effective immediately. The reasons for the leave were:

Stress in the business, stress on the family, and my wife
was in the last month of her pregnancy. She was due in
mid-January. I had a three and a half year old at home. It
was a little difficult on my wife during her pregnancy.

When he left on his leave of absence, he did not tell Nelson or
Michael Yoast when he would return or even if he would re-
turn: “I told them I didn’t know what I was doing.” As to the
sales and the sales pending at the time:

There was relatively none. It had been a blockbuster year.
People had already spent their money on upgrades and it
was very slow. I don’t believe I was working on anything
substantial, however, if some of our major clients needed
to get in touch with me, I told them to let me know and
that I would call them. I wasn’t going to leave my clients
in the dark.

He returned to the facility briefly on December 23, to decide on
the Christmas bonuses with Nelson and Michael Yoast. After
that, he was in and out briefly in January, and returned full time
on about February 1, 2000. He did not discuss the decision to
lay off Galie with Michael Yoast and did not learn about it until
later that week.
Michael Yoast testified that when he hired Galie he assumed
that he would be a permanent employee; in fact, the Respon-
dent had never before laid off an employee. However, even
more important than the post Y2K drop-off in business, was the
fact that John Yoast took a leave of absence in the middle of
December; this was important because John Yoast handles the
Respondent’s sales and he, Michael Yoast, and Nelson were not
experienced in sales.
IV. ANALYSIS
It is alleged that Brennan and Murphy are agents of the Re-
spondent within the meaning of Section 2(13) of the Act. This
issue relates to the two allegations in the complaint wherein
Brennan and Murphy are alleged to have interrogated and
threatened Galie in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. The
Board may find agency based on either actual or apparent au-
thority to act for the employer. In Southern Bag Corp., 315
NLRB 725 (1994), the Board stated:

The Board applies common law principals when examin-
ing whether an employee is an agent of the employer. Ap-
parent authority results from a manifestation by the princi-
pal to a third party that creates a reasonable basis for the
latter to believe that the principal has authorized the al-
leged agent to perform the acts in question. The test is
whether, under all the circumstances, the employees
“would reasonably believe that the employee in question
[the alleged agent] was reflecting company policy and
speaking and acting for management.” As stated in Section
2(13) of the Act, when making the agency determination,
“the question of whether the specific acts performed were
actually authorized or subsequently ratified shall not be
controlling.” [Citations omitted.]

An employer may have an employee’s statements attributed to
it if the employee is “held out as a conduit for transmitting
information [from management] to the other employees.” Deb-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 1200
ber Electric, 313 NLRB 1094, 1095 fn. 6 (1994). Tim Foley
Plumbing Service, 332 NLRB 1432 (2000). Finally, as stated
rather succinctly in Service Employees Local 87 (West Bay
Maintenance), 291 NLRB 82 (1988): “Two conditions, there-
fore, must be satisfied before apparent authority is deemed
created: (1) there must be some manifestation by the principal
to a third party, and (2) the third party must believe that the
extent of the authority granted to the agent encompasses the
contemplated activity.” The burden of proof is placed on the
party alleging the agency status, the General Counsel herein.
I find the evidence herein insufficient to establish that either
Brennan or Murphy were supervisors or agents of the Respon-
dent. In a similar situation in Knogo Corp., 265 NLRB 935
(1982), the Board stated: “Gonzales’ transmittal of working
orders from Rizzi to the employees is of a purely routine na-
ture. We find it indicates no more than that Gonzales is an ex-
perienced employee entrusted with nonsupervisory lead author-
ity.” That is precisely the situation herein as well. Brennan and
Murphy are experienced and capable technicians who, when
necessary, trained and assisted the other technicians. There is
also no reasonable basis for a belief that John or Michael Yoast
authorized Brennan and Murphy to speak to Galie or the other
employees about the Union. Rather, Brennan and Murphy
spoke to the employees because they were solicited by Della
Vella to join the Union, and they wanted to learn how the other
employees felt about it; Murphy spoke to the employees be-
cause he was annoyed that the Union was disrupting their jobs.
It is highly unlikely that if Della Vella viewed them as prospec-
tive union members and rank-and-file employees, their fellow
employees saw them as acting for the Respondent.
The powers enumerated in Section 2(11) of the Act are to be
read in the disjunctive. NLRB v. McEver Engineering, 784 F.2d
634, 642 (5th Cir. 1986). If an employee possesses any of these
forms of authority, he is a supervisor for purposes of the Act.
Debber Electric, supra. The only enumerated powers that are
present herein are “assign” and “responsibly to direct.” How-
ever, Section 2(11) requires that the exercise of these powers
involve the use of independent judgment, and not be merely
routine. The direction of work herein is similar to that in Loyal-
hanna Health Care Associates, 332 NLRB 933 (2000), wherein
the Board stated: “Such direction reflects nothing more than the
exercise of the nurses’ greater training, skill and experience in
helping less skilled employees perform their job correctly.”
Further, Michael Yoast gives them daily detailed instructions
on how the jobs are to be performed and they generally simply
transmit these instructions to the other employees. I therefore
find that Brennan and Murphy are neither agents or supervisors
of the Respondent and recommend that the 8(a)(1) allegations
involving them be dismissed.
It is next alleged that John Yoast’s interrogation of Galie at
the Respondent’s Christmas party violated Section 8(a)(1) of
the Act.3 Counsel for the General Counsel and counsel for the

3 I found John and Michael Yoast, as well as Nelson, Brennan, and
Murphy to be credible witnesses. Their testimony was reasonable and
they appeared open and direct in their cross-examination as well as the
direct examination. Although I did not find Galie to be an incredible
witness, whenever necessary, I would credit their testimony over his.
Charging Party view this situation differently than does counsel
for the Respondent. Counsel for the General Counsel and coun-
sel for the Charging Party allege that John Yoast was question-
ing Galie about protected concerted activities that he was en-
gaging in, giving the Union the location of the Respondent’s
jobsites, to assist the Union in organizing its employees. The
Respondent alleges that the questions were not meant to coerce
Galie in the exercise of his Section 7 rights. Rather, John Yoast
was angry that Daly, his friend and customer, was getting
threatened and hassled by the Union and he wanted to learn
who was giving the information to the Union that resulted in
these threats.
Normally, an employee who contacts a union is engaged in
concerted activities if he is acting on behalf of at least one other
employee. Wilson Trophy Co. v. NLRB, 989 F.2d 1502, 1507
(8th Cir. 1993). And unless there is a specific reason why the
conduct loses its protected nature, it is protected as well. The
first issue is whether Galie’s notification to the Union of the
Respondent’s jobsites was concerted activity. Clearly, he was
acting alone in passing the information to the Union and, ap-
parently, had little or no union supporters among the other
technicians. However, that does not mean that his activities
were not concerted. In NLRB v. Henry Colder Co., 907 F.2d
765, 768 (7th Cir 1990), the Court, citing NLRB v. City Dis-
posal Systems, 465 U.S. 822 (1984), stated: “Section 7 of the
Act protects the concerted activity of an individual even when
he acts alone, so long as he intends to induce group activity or
acts as another employee’s representative.” Were Galie’s ac-
tions meant to induce group activity, i.e., get the other techni-
cians interested in the Union, or was it meant to force the Re-
spondent to recognize the Union so that the Union would stop
threatening its customers? I find the latter to be the case. If
Galie had really wanted to induce group action of the techni-
cians, he would have attempted to convince them to sign cards
for the Union; he never did so and, in fact, denied that he sup-
ported the Union. In Asbestos Services, 333 NLRB 70 fn. 2
(2001), the Board stated:

The judge found that the Respondent established that it
would have discharged Nelson even in the absence of his
protected concerted activity for several reasons, including
his complaining to the legal department at Vandenburg Air
Force Base about the Respondent’s alleged noncompliance
with the Davis-Bacon Act. In adopting this finding, we
note that the judge discredited Nelson’s claim that he
spoke to other employees about the issue. Consequently,
although Nelson’s activity at Vandenburg Air Force Base
may have been protected, it was not concerted in this in-
stance.” [Citations omitted.]

I therefore find that by notifying the Union of the Respondent’s
jobsites, resulting in the Union threatening its customers, in
violation of the broad Board order against it, Galie was not
engaged in concerted activities. I therefore recommend that the
allegation involving John Yoast’s interrogation of and threats to
Galie at the Christmas party be dismissed. For the same reason,
I would recommend that the allegations involving Michael
Yoast’s interrogation of, and apology to, Galie, and Nelson’s
statement to him on December 23, be dismissed.
C.S. TELECOM, INC. 1201
Although I have found that Galie’s actions were not of a
concerted nature, I find that his activities in notifying the Union
of the Respondent’s jobsites do not justify the loss of the pro-
tection under the Act. It is only conduct that is egregious, op-
probrious or flagrant that takes conduct outside the protection
of the Act. Consumers Power Co., 282 NLRB 130 (1986);
Health Care & Retirement Corp. of America, 306 NLRB 63
(1992); and Earle Industries, 315 NLRB 310 (1994). The situa-
tions where the Board has most often found that an employee
loses the protection of the Act are where employees pilfer or
read private correspondence or records of his employer, even if
the subject of the documents relates to bargaining subjects.
Uniform Rental Service, 161 NLRB 187 (1966); Canyon
Ranch, 321 NLRB 937 (1996). As the Court stated in NLRB v.
Brookshire Grocery Co., 919 F.2d 359, 363 (5th Cir. 1990):
“Quite simply, wrongfully obtaining information from a com-
pany’s private file is not a protected activity.” Galie’s actions
did not reach this level. They may have been inappropriate or
“sneaky,” but they were not egregious, opprobrious or flagrant.
I therefore find that had his actions been concerted, they would
have constituted protected concerted activities.
The final allegations involve the reduced Christmas bonus
paid to Galie on December 23, and his layoff on January 3; it is
alleged that each violates Section 8(a)(3) of the Act because
they were done in retaliation for Galie’s actions on behalf of the
Union. I have previously found that Galie’s activities of notify-
ing the Union of the Respondent’s jobsites did not constitute
concerted activities. Therefore, even if the Respondent had
reduced his Christmas bonus and laid him off for that reason, it
would not constitute a violation of the Act. However, I need not
get to that. Galie was the Respondent’s least experienced tech-
nician, having been employed by the Respondent for about 4 or
5 months. He had no certifications, and only did cabling work.
Marcy, who had been employed for 2-1/2 years and had one
certification, received a $3000 bonus. Coonan, employed for 5
years with two certifications, received $2500. Brennan and
Murphy, with 8 and 5-1/2 years of employment and two or
three and eight or nine certifications, received $7000 and
$9000. I fail to see any discrimination in the awarding of the
Christmas bonus. Considering his length of employment and
skill, Galie’s bonuses was, at least, proportional to the other
technicians. I therefore recommend that this allegation be dis-
missed.
Finally, even if Galie had been engaged in protected con-
certed activities, I would recommend that the allegation that he
was unlawfully laid off on January 3 be dismissed. The testi-
mony, together with the exhibits, establishes an extreme drop in
the Respondent’s business beginning in about September. In
December and January 2000, the number of hours the Respon-
dent’s employees spent performing cabling work (the only
work that Galie was able to perform) was about 25 percent of
what it had been in September. Further, in January, cabling
represented about half of Respondent’s business compared to
what it had been during the first half of 1999. Brennan, Murphy
and Marcy corroborate this evidence that work generally, and
cabling work in particular, was slow in December and January
2000. The final factor supporting the Respondent’s defense, but
more nebulous than the others, is John Yoast’s leave of ab-
sence. It was not previously scheduled and was open ended.
Since he handled all of the Respondent’s sales, the Respondent
had reason to be concerned about its business and payroll over
the next few months. I therefore recommend that the allegation
that Galie’s layoff violated Section 8(a)(1)(3) of the Act be
dismissed.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent, C.S. Telecom has been an employer en-
gaged in commerce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6),
and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union has been a labor organization within the mean-
ing of Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. The Respondent did not violate Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of
the Act as alleged in the complaint.
[Recommended Order for dismissal omitted from publica-
tion.]