Kan. R. Rel. Disc. Att. 1.15

As amended through September 4, 2024

Rule 1.15 - Client-Lawyer Relationship: Safekeeping Property

(a) A lawyer shall hold property of clients or third persons that is in a lawyer's possession in connection with a representation separate from the lawyer's own property. Funds shall be kept in a separate account maintained in the state of Kansas. Other property shall be identified as such and appropriately safeguarded. Complete records of such account funds and other property shall be kept by the lawyer and shall be preserved for a period of five years after termination of the representation.

(b) Upon receiving funds or other property in which a client or third person has an interest, a lawyer shall promptly notify the client or third person. Except as stated in this Rule or otherwise permitted by law or by agreement with the client, a lawyer shall promptly deliver to the client or third person any funds or other property that the client or third person is entitled to receive and, upon request by the client or third person, shall promptly render a full accounting regarding such property.

(c) When in the course of representation a lawyer is in possession of property in which both the lawyer and another person claim interests, the property shall be kept separate by the lawyer until there is an accounting and severance of their interests. If a dispute arises concerning their respective interests, the portion in dispute shall be kept separate by the lawyer until the dispute is resolved.

(d) Preserving identity of funds and property of a client.

(1) All funds of clients paid to a lawyer or law firm, including advances for costs and expenses, shall be deposited in one or more identifiable accounts maintained in the State of Kansas with a federal or state chartered or licensed financial institution and insured by an agency of the federal or state government, and no funds belonging to the lawyer or law firm shall be deposited therein except as follows:

(i) Funds reasonably sufficient to pay bank charges may be deposited therein.

(ii) Funds belonging in part to a client and in part presently or potentially to the lawyer or law firm must be deposited therein, but the portion belonging to the lawyer or law firm may be withdrawn when due unless the right of the lawyer or law firm to receive it is disputed by the client, in which event the disputed portion shall not be withdrawn until the dispute is finally resolved.

(2) The lawyer shall:

(i) Promptly notify a client of the receipt of the client's funds, securities, or other properties.

(ii) Identify and label securities and properties of a client promptly upon receipt and place them in a safe deposit box or other place of safekeeping as soon as practicable.

(iii) Maintain complete records of all funds, securities, and other properties of a client coming into the possession of the lawyer and render appropriate accountings to the client regarding them.

(iv) Promptly pay or deliver to the client as requested by a client the funds, securities, or other properties in the possession of the lawyer which the client is entitled to receive.

(v) Produce all trust account records for examination by the Disciplinary Administrator upon request of the Disciplinary Administrator in compliance with Rule 216A.

(3) Except as provided in subsection (3)(iv), any lawyer or law firm that creates or maintains an account for funds of clients or third persons that are nominal in amount or that are expected to be held for a short period of time and on which interest is not paid to the clients or third persons shall comply with the following provisions:

(i) Such an account shall be established and maintained with a federal or state chartered or licensed financial institution located in Kansas and insured by an agency of the federal or state government. Funds shall be subject to withdrawal upon request and without delay.

(ii) If the account bears interest, the rate of interest payable shall not be less than the rate paid by the institution to regular, nonattorney depositors. Higher rates offered by the institution to customers whose deposits exceed certain time or quantity minima, such as those offered in the form of certificates of deposit, may be obtained by a lawyer or law firm so long as there is no impairment of the right to withdraw or transfer principal immediately.

(iii) If the account bears interest, lawyers or law firms that deposit client funds in such an account shall direct the depository institution:

(aa) to remit at least quarterly, to the Kansas Bar Foundation, Inc., interest or dividends, as the case may be, on the average monthly balance in the account or as otherwise computed in accordance with the institution's standard accounting practice; and

(bb) to transmit with each remittance to the Foundation a statement showing the name of the lawyer or law firm for whom the remittance is sent and the rate of the interest applied; and

(cc) to transmit to the depositing lawyer or law firm at the same time a report showing the amount paid to the Foundation, the rate of interest applied, and the average account balance of the period for which the report is made.

(iv) A lawyer or law firm that elects not to comply with Rule 1.15(d)(3)(iii):

(aa) shall file a Notice of Declination with the Clerk of the Appellate Courts on or before the beginning of the next annual registration period under Supreme Court Rule 208; or

(bb) notwithstanding the foregoing, may file a Notice of Declination with the Clerk of the Appellate Courts at such other time, after July 1, 1992, that a decision to decline is effected.

(v) Every lawyer who has not previously registered or who is required to register under Supreme Court Rule 208 shall be provided the opportunity, at the time of initially registering, to elect or decline to comply with Rule 1.15(d)(3)(iii) (the IOLTA program) on such forms as the Clerk of the Appellate Courts may prescribe.

(e) Every Kansas lawyer engaged in the private practice of law in Kansas shall, as a part of his or her annual registration, certify to the following:

"I am familiar with and have read Kansas Supreme Court Rule 226, KRPC 1.15, and I and/or my law firm comply/complies with KRPC 1.15 pertaining to preserving the identity of funds and property of a client."

(f)

(1) Every federal or state chartered or licensed financial institution referred to in KRPC 1.15(d)(1) shall be approved as a depository for lawyer trust accounts if it files with the Disciplinary Administrator an agreement, in a form provided by the Disciplinary Administrator, to report to the Disciplinary Administrator in the event any properly payable instrument is presented against a lawyer trust account containing insufficient funds, whether or not the instrument is honored. Any such agreement shall apply to all branches of the financial institution and shall not be canceled except upon thirty (30) days' notice in writing to the Disciplinary Administrator. The Disciplinary Administrator shall annually publish a list of approved financial institutions.

(2) The overdraft notification agreement shall provide that all reports made by the financial institution shall contain the following information:

(i) the identity of the financial institution;

(ii) the identity of the lawyer or law firm;

(iii) the account number;

(iv) either (i) the amount of the overdraft and the date created; or (ii) the amount of returned instrument(s) and date returned.

The information required by the notification agreement shall be provided within five (5) banking days of the date the item(s) were paid or returned unpaid.

(3) Every lawyer admitted to practice in this jurisdiction shall, as a condition thereof, be conclusively deemed to have consented to the reporting and production requirements mandated by this rule.

(4) Nothing herein shall preclude a financial institution from charging a particular lawyer or law firm for the reasonable cost of producing the reports and records required by this rule. The Disciplinary Administrator's Office shall reimburse the financial institution for the reasonable cost of producing the reports and records required by this rule should the lawyer or law firm fail to do so.

(5) This rule shall not create any cause of action for any person or organization against the financial institution based upon the failure of the financial institution to provide the notices required by this rule.

Kan. R. Rel. Disc. Att. 1.15

Am. effective 6/1/1992; Am. effective 4/30/1993; Am. effective 3/11/1999; Am.effective 7/1/2007.

Comment

[1] A lawyer should hold property of others with the care required of a professional fiduciary. Securities should be kept in a safe deposit box, except when some other form of safekeeping is warranted by special circumstances. All property which is the property of clients or third persons should be kept separate from the lawyer's business and personal property and, if monies, in one or more trust accounts. Rule 1.15(a) requires that trust funds be deposited in an account separate and apart from the lawyer's, at a financial institution in the state of Kansas. Interest earned on client's funds shall not be retained by an attorney. The lawyer or law firm must deposit trust funds in one or more of the following insured accounts:

1. a separate interest-bearing account for each matter, on which the interest will be paid to the client or a third party; or

2. a pooled noninterest-bearing account for the deposit of all trust funds that are not invested for the benefit of the client or third person if the lawyer or law firm elects to decline under Rule 1.15(d)(3)(iv); or

3. a pooled interest-bearing account for the deposit of all trust funds that are nominal in amount or that are expected to be held for a short period of time, with interest earnings paid to the Kansas Bar Foundation under the IOLTA program (Interest on Lawyer Trust Account); or

4. a pooled interest-bearing account for the deposit of all trust funds that are nominal in amount or expected to be held for a short period of time, with interest earnings credited proportionately to the client or third party for the benefit of whom the funds are held.

[2] Separate trust accounts may be warranted when administering estate monies or acting in similar fiduciary capacities.

[3] Lawyers often receive funds from third parties from which the lawyer's fee will be paid. If there is risk that the client may divert the funds without paying the fee, the lawyer is not required to remit the portion from which the fee is to be paid. However, a lawyer may not hold funds to coerce a client into accepting the lawyer's contention. The disputed portion of the funds should be kept in trust and the lawyer should suggest means for prompt resolution of the dispute, such as arbitration. The undisputed portion of the funds shall be promptly distributed.

[4] Third parties, such as a client's creditors, may have just claims against funds or other property in a lawyer's custody. A lawyer may have a duty under applicable law to protect such third-party claims against wrongful interference by the client and, accordingly, may refuse to surrender the property to the client. However, a lawyer should not unilaterally assume to arbitrate a dispute between the client and the third party.

[5] The obligations of a lawyer under this Rule are independent of those arising from activity other than rendering legal services. For example, a lawyer who serves as an escrow agent is governed by the applicable law relating to fiduciaries even though the lawyer does not render legal services in the transaction.

[6] A "client's security fund" provides a means through the collective efforts of the bar to reimburse persons who have lost money or property as a result of dishonest conduct of a lawyer. Where such a fund has been established, a lawyer should participate.

[7] Rule 1.15 of the Kansas Rules of Professional Conduct requires that lawyers in the practice of law who are entrusted with the property of law clients and third persons must hold that property with the care required of a professional fiduciary. The basis for Rule 1.15 is the lawyer's fiduciary obligation to safeguard trust property and to segregate it from the lawyer's own property, and not to benefit personally from the possession of the property.

[8] Rule 1.15 specifically requires a lawyer to preserve "complete records" concerning the law firm's trust accounts. It also obligates a lawyer to "promptly render a full accounting" for the receipt and distribution of trust property. A violation of Rule 1.15 subjects a lawyer to professional discipline.

[9] Paragraph (e) requires lawyers who are engaged in private practice, as a part of their annual lawyer registration, to certify compliance with Rule 1.15 concerning their trust account(s).