(a) Methods for well construction shall: - (i) Be approved by the Administrator and included in the permit or Research and Development License application (per Section 5(c)(v) of this Chapter);
- (ii) Constitute a requirement of the permit;
- (iii) Construction requirements listed in Sections 8(a) through 8(f) of this Chapter are applicable to all wells installed for activities related to in situ mining. Additional requirements for Class III injection wells are included in Section 8(g). Additional requirements for monitoring wells are included in Section 8(h).
- (iv) The Administrator may grant a deviation from the requirements, except those in Section 8(g), provided the operator can supply documentation of reliability, mechanical integrity, design, and construction to protect groundwater of the State in accordance with the water quality standards contained in Chapter 8, Wyoming Water Quality Rules and Regulations.
(b) In selecting well locations, protecting wells, and maintaining well covers, the following requirements apply: - (i) The top of the casing shall end above grade. Where possibly the top of the casing shall end above any known high-water conditions of flooding from runoff or ponded water, and the immediate area around the collar of the well shall slope away from the well to direct surface runoff away from the well. Installation of wells in the channels and flood plains of perennial drainages is prohibited. If a wells must be located in an ephemeral or intermittent drainage:
- (A) The well shall not be located in the streambed (i.e. the channel) of the drainage;
- (B) During well construction and use, steps shall be taken to minimize the potential for damage to the channel, such as from erosion and sedimentation, and to protect the well from damage due to erosion and to prevent surface water runoff from entering the well;
- (ii) The well opening shall be closed with a cover to prevent the introduction of undesirable material into the well.
(c) Annular seals shall be installed to protect the casing against corrosion, assure structural integrity of the casing, stabilize the upper formations; protect against contamination or pollution of the well from the surface; and prevent migration of groundwater from one aquifer or water-bearing strata to another. - (i) The drill hole shall be of sufficient diameter for adequate sealing and, at any given depth, at least three inches greater in nominal diameter than the diameter of the outer casing at that depth;
- (ii) Before placing the annular seal, all loose drill cuttings, rock chips, or other obstructions shall be removed from the annular space by circulating the borehole with water or drilling mud slurry;
- (iii) The annular sealing material shall be placed from the bottom to the top of the well casing. The displacement fluid used to force the final sealing material through the casing shall remain shut-in, to prevent back flow, until the sealing material is set. If settling occurs during setting of the sealing material, additional material must be placed into the annular space, to bring the level of the sealing material to the groundwater surface. If, during cementing, the cement does not return to the surface and settling during curing of the cement is more than forty feet, then a tremie pipe must be used to complete the cement to the surface to ensure that bridging does not occur.
- (iv) Annular seals shall meet the standards of Land Quality Division, Rules and Regulations - Coal, Chapter 14.
(d) The casing of all wells shall be sufficient strength and diameter to prevent casing collapse during installation, convey liquid or gas at specified injection/recovery rate, pressure and temperature; and allow for sampling. Casing materials must be compatible with injection/recovery rates, pressure and temperature and must meet the relevant standards of ASTM International.
(e) Casing shall be placed with sufficient care to avoid damage to casing sections and joints. All joints in the casing above the perforation or screens shall be water tight. The uppermost perforations or top of the screen shall be below the bottom of the annular seal. Casing shall be equipped with centralizers placed at a maximum spacing of one per forty feet to ensure even thickness of annular seal and gravel pack. - (i) Casing shall be joined in a manner that is compatible with injection fluids, formation fluids, recovery fluids, process by-products, and injection/recovery fluid pressures.
- (ii) Documentation of compatibility with paragraph (i) above will be provided prior to well installation.
- (iii) Steel casing may be joined by either threading or coupling.
- (iv) PVC casing may be glued or mechanically joined (no metal screws), depending on the type of material and its fabrication. Compatibility between injection fluids, formations fluids, process by-products, recovery fluids, and the glue shall be demonstrated.
(f) Well development shall be done by methods which will not cause damage to the well or cause adverse subsurface conditions that may destroy barriers to the vertical movement of water between water-bearing strata.
(g) For Class III injection wells, the following construction requirements are in addition to the requirements listed in (a) through (f) of this Section: - (i) Appropriate logs and other tests shall be conducted during the drilling and construction of new Class III wells. A descriptive report prepared by a knowledgeable log analyst interpreting the results of such logs and tests shall be compiled and maintained by the operator and made available to the Division for inspection. The logs and tests appropriate to each type of Class III well shall be determined based on the intended function, depth, construction, and other characteristics of the well, availability of similar data in the area of the drilling site and the need for progresses. Deviation checks shall be conducted on all holes where pilot holes and reaming are used, unless the hole will be cased and sealed by circulating the sealing material to the surface. Where deviation checks are necessary, they shall be conducted at sufficiently frequent intervals to assure that vertical avenues for fluid migration are not created during drilling.
- (ii) All Class III wells shall be constructed to prevent the migration of fluids to unauthorized zones. The casing and annular sealing material used in the construction of each newly drilled well shall be designed for the life expectancy of the well. In determining and specifying casing and annular sealing requirements, the following factors shall be considered:
- (A) Depth to production zone;
- (B) Injection pressure, external pressure, internal pressure, axial loading, or other factors as determined by the Administrator;
- (C) Injection and recovery fluid temperature and chemical characteristics;
- (E) Size and grade of all casing strings (wall thickness, diameter, nominal weight, length, joint specification and construction material;
- (F) Corrosiveness of injected fluids, formation fluids, process byproducts, and recovery fluids;
- (G) Lithology of the receiving strata and confining zones; and
- (H) Type and grade of sealing material.
(h) The following monitoring well construction requirements are in addition to the requirements listed in (a) through (f) of this Section. - (i) Where injection is into a receiving strata which contains water with less than 10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), monitoring wells shall be completed into the production zone and any unauthorized zone or water-bearing strata which could be adversely affected by the mining operation. These wells shall be located in such a fashion as to detect any excursion of injection fluids, formation fluids, process by-products, or recovery fluids. If the operation may be affected by subsidence or catastrophic collapse, the monitoring wells shall be located so that they will not be physically affected.
- (ii) Where injection is into a receiving strata which contains water with greater than 10,000 mg/L TDS, no monitoring wells are necessary in the production zone.
- (iii) Where the injection wells penetrate an USW in an area subject to subsidence or catastrophic collapse, an adequate number of monitoring wells shall be completed into the USW to detect any movement of injection fluids, formation fluids, process by-products, or recovery fluids into the USW. The monitoring wells shall be located outside the physical influence of the subsidence or catastrophic collapse.
- (iv) In determining the number, location, and construction of the monitoring wells and frequency of monitoring, the following criteria shall be considered:
- (A) The uses for which the groundwater in the receiving strata is suitable under premining conditions, in any aquifer affected or potentially affected by the is situ mining operation;
- (B) The proximity of the injection operation to points of withdrawal;
- (C) The local geology and hydrology;
- (D) The operating pressures and whether a negative pressure gradient is being maintained;
- (E) The chemical nature and volume of the injection fluids, formation fluids, process by-products, and recovery fluids; and
- (F) The injection and recovery well density.
(i) No Class III well construction may commence until a permit or Research and Development License has been issued which includes well construction information in accordance with the requirements of Section 8 of this Chapter. Construction of wells needed to obtain the information required in Section 4 of this Chapter may be: - (i) Allowed with approval of the Administrator; but
- (ii) May not be used for injection until after permit issuance and only if those wells were constructed in accordance with the requirements of Section 8(g).
(j) The operator may not commence injection in a new injection well until construction is complete and the operator has demonstrated mechanical integrity. The operator shall submit notice of completion of construction and demonstrated mechanical integrity in the quarterly monitoring reports. Except for all new wells authorized by an area permit or well field data package under Section 2(e) of this chapter, the operator may not commence injection in a new injection well until: - (i) The operator has submitted notice of completion of construction to the Administrator: and
- (ii) With respect to inspection and review:
- (A) The Administrator has inspected or otherwise reviewed the new injection well and finds the well is in compliance with the permit or Research and Development Testing License; or
- (B) The operator has not received notice from the Administrator of the intent to inspect or otherwise review the new injection wells within 13 days of the date of the notice in paragraph (b)(i) of this subjection, in which case prior inspection or review is waived and the operator may commence injection. If notice is given, the Administrator shall include in the notice a reasonable time period in which he or she shall inspect the well.
020-18 Wyo. Code R. § 18-8
Amended, Eff. 11/13/2018.