S.C. Code Regs. § § 61-58.10.K
Current through Register Vol. 48, No. 10, October 25, 2024
Section 61-58.10.K - Enhanced Treatment for Cryptosporidium (Long Term 2 Surface Water Treatment Rule)(1) General Requirements (a) The requirements of R.61-58.10.K are National Primary Drinking Water Regulations that establish or extend treatment technique requirements in lieu of maximum contaminant levels for Cryptosporidium. These requirements are in addition to requirements for filtration and disinfection in R.61-58.10 A through I.(b) Applicability. The requirements of R.61-58.10.K apply to all subpart H systems.
(i) Wholesale systems, as defined in R.61-58.B, must comply with the requirements of R.61-58.10.K based on the population of the largest system in the combined distribution system.(ii) The requirements of R.61-58.10.K for filtered systems apply to systems required by State Primary Drinking Water Regulations to provide filtration treatment, whether or not the system is currently operating a filtration system.(iii) The requirements of R.61-58.10.K for unfiltered systems apply only to unfiltered systems that timely met and continue to meet the filtration avoidance criteria in R.61-58.10.A through I, as applicable.(c) Requirements. Systems subject to R.61-58.10.K must comply with the following requirements:
(i) Systems must conduct an initial and a second round of source water monitoring for each plant that treats a surface water or ground water under direct influence (GWUDI) source. This monitoring may include sampling for Cryptosporidium, E. coli, and turbidity as described in R.61-58.10.K(2) through R.61-58.10.K(7), to determine what level, if any, of additional Cryptosporidium treatment they must provide.(ii) Systems that plan to make a significant change to their disinfection practice must develop disinfection profiles and calculate disinfection benchmarks, as described in R.61-58.10.K(9) and (10).(iii) Filtered systems must determine their Cryptosporidium treatment bin classification as described in R.61-58.10.K(11) and provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium, if required, as described in R.61-58.10.K(12). All unfiltered systems must provide treatment for Cryptosporidium as described in R.61-58.10.K(13). Filtered and unfiltered systems must implement Cryptosporidium treatment according to the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(14).(iv) Systems with uncovered finished water storage facilities must comply with the requirements to cover the storage facility or treat the discharge from the storage facility as described in R.61-58.10.K(15).(v) Systems required to provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium must implement microbial toolbox options that are designed and operated as described in R.61-58.10.K(16) through R.61-58.10.K(21).(vi) Systems must comply with the applicable recordkeeping and reporting requirements described in R.61-58.10.K(22) through R.61-58.10.K(23).(vii) Systems must address significant deficiencies identified in sanitary surveys performed by EPA as described in R.61-58.10.K(24).(2) Source Water Monitoring. (a) Initial Source Monitoring. Systems must conduct the following monitoring on the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c) unless they meet the monitoring exemption criteria in R.61-58.10.K(2)(d).
(i) Filtered systems serving at least 10,000 people must sample their source water for Cryptosporidium, E. coli, and turbidity at least monthly for 24 months.(ii) Unfiltered systems serving at least 10,000 people must sample their source water for Cryptosporidium at least monthly for 24 months.(iii) E.Coli Monitoring for Filtered Systems Serving Fewer Than 10,000 People. (A) Filtered systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must sample their source water for E. coli at least once every two weeks for 12 months.(B) A filtered system serving fewer than 10,000 people may avoid E. coli monitoring if the system notifies the Department that it will monitor for Cryptosporidium as described in R.61-58.10.K(2)(a)(4). The system must notify the Department no later than 3 months prior to the date the system is otherwise required to start E. coli monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(c).(iv) Filtered systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must sample their source water for Cryptosporidium at least twice per month for 12 months or at least monthly for 24 months if they meet one of the following criteria in (A) through (D) below, based on monitoring conducted under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a)(iii). (A) For systems using lake/reservoir sources, the annual mean E. coli concentration is greater than 10 E. coli per 100 mL.(B) For systems using flowing stream sources, the annual mean E. coli concentration is greater than 50 E. coli per 100 mL.(C) The system does not conduct E. coli monitoring as described in R.61-58.10.K(2)(a)(iii).(D) Systems using a GWUDI source must comply with the requirements of R.61-58.10.K(2)(a)(iv) based on the E. coli level that applies to the nearest surface water body. If no surface water body is nearby, the system must comply based on the requirements that apply to systems using lake or reservoir sources.(v) For filtered systems serving fewer than 10,000 people, the Department may approve monitoring for an indicator other than E. coli under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a)(iii). The Department also may approve an alternative to the E. coli concentration in paragraph R.61-58.10.K(2)(a)(iv)(A), (B) or (D) to trigger Cryptosporidium monitoring. This approval by the Department must be in writing and will include the basis for the Department's determination that the alternative indicator and/or trigger level will provide a more accurate identification of whether a system will exceed the Bin 1 Cryptosporidium level in R.61-58.10.K(11).(vi) Unfiltered systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must sample their source water for Cryptosporidium at least twice per month for 12 months or at least monthly for 24 months.(vii) Systems may sample more frequently than required under this section if the sampling frequency is evenly spaced throughout the monitoring period.(b) Second round of source water monitoring. Systems must conduct a second round of source water monitoring that meets the requirements for monitoring parameters, frequency, and duration described in R.61-58.10.K(2)(a), unless they meet the monitoring exemption criteria in R.61-58.10.K(2)(d). Systems must conduct this monitoring on the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c).
(c) Monitoring Schedule Systems must begin the monitoring required in R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) and (b) no later than the month beginning with the date listed in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c)(i) through (v).
(i) Systems that serve at least 100,000 people must begin the first round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning October 1, 2006, and must begin the second round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning April 1, 2015.(ii) Systems that serve from 50,000 to 99,999 people must begin the first round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning April 1, 2007, and must begin the second round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning October 1, 2015.(iii) Systems that serve from 10,000 to 49,999 people must begin the first round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning April 1, 2008, and must begin the second round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning October 1, 2016.(iv) Systems that serve fewer than 10,000 people and monitor for E. coli (applies only to filtered systems) must begin the first round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning October 1, 2008, and must begin the second round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning October 1, 2017.(v) Systems that serve fewer than 10,000 people and monitor for Cryptosporidium must begin the first round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning April 1, 2010, and must begin the second round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning April 1, 2019. (Applies to filtered systems that meet the conditions of R.61-58.10.K(2)(a)(iv) and unfiltered systems).(d) Monitoring Avoidance. (i) Filtered systems are not required to conduct source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K if the system will provide a total of at least 5.5-log of treatment for Cryptosporidium, equivalent to meeting the treatment requirements of Bin 4 in R.61-58.10.K(12).(ii) Unfiltered systems are not required to conduct source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K if the system will provide a total of at least 3-log Cryptosporidium inactivation, equivalent to meeting the treatment requirements for unfiltered systems with a mean Cryptosporidium concentration of greater than 0.01 oocysts per L in R.61-58.10.K(13).(iii) If a system chooses to provide the level of treatment in R.61-58.10.K(2)(d)(1) or (2), as applicable, rather than start source water monitoring, the system must notify the Department in writing no later than the date the system is otherwise required to submit a sampling schedule for monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(3). Alternatively, a system may choose to stop sampling at any point after it has initiated monitoring if it notifies the Department in writing that it will provide this level of treatment. Systems must install and operate technologies to provide this level of treatment by the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(e) Plants Operating Only Part of the Year. Systems with subpart H plants that operate for only part of the year must conduct source water monitoring in accordance with R.61-58.10.K with the following modifications:
(i) Systems must sample their source water only during the months that the plant operates unless the Department specifies another monitoring period based on plant operating practices.(ii) Systems with plants that operate less than six months per year and that monitor for Cryptosporidium must collect at least six Cryptosporidium samples per year during each of two years of monitoring. Samples must be evenly spaced throughout the period the plant operates.(f) New Sources. (i) A system that begins using a new source of surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water after the system is required to begin monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(c) must monitor the new source on a schedule approved by the Department. Source water monitoring must meet the requirements of R.61-58.10.K. The system must also meet the bin classification and Cryptosporidium treatment requirements of R.61-58.10.K(11) and R.61-58.10.K(12) or R.61-58.10.K(13), as applicable, for the new source on a schedule approved by the Department.(ii) The requirements of R.61-58.10.K(2)(f) apply to subpart H systems that begin operation after the monitoring start date applicable to the system's size under R.61-58.10.K(2)(c).(iii) The system must begin a second round of source water monitoring no later than 6 years following initial bin classification under R.61-58.10.K(11) or determination of the mean Cryptosporidium level under R.61-58.10.K(13), as applicable.(g) Failure to collect any source water sample required under R.61-58.10.K(2) in accordance with the sampling schedule, sampling location, analytical method, approved laboratory, and reporting requirements of R.61-58.10.K(3) through R.61-58.10.K(7) is a monitoring violation.(h) Grandfathering Monitoring Data. Systems may use (grandfather) monitoring data collected prior to the applicable monitoring start date in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c) to meet the initial source water monitoring requirements in R.61-58.10.K(2)(a). Grandfathered data may substitute for an equivalent number of months at the end of the monitoring period. All data submitted under this paragraph must meet the requirements in R.61-58.10.K(8).
(3) Sampling Schedules. (a) Systems required to conduct source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2) must submit a sampling schedule that specifies the calendar dates when the system will collect each required sample. (i) Systems must submit sampling schedules no later than 3 months prior to the applicable date listed in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c) for each round of required monitoring.(ii) Electronic Submittal of Sample Schedules for Systems Serving at Least 10,000 People. (A) Systems serving at least 10,000 people must submit their sampling schedule for the initial round of source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) to EPA electronically.(B) If a system is unable to submit the sampling schedule electronically, the system may use an alternative approach for submitting the sampling schedule that EPA approves.(iii) Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must submit their sampling schedules for the initial round of source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) to the Department.(iv) Systems must submit sampling schedules for the second round of source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(b) to the Department.(v) If EPA or the Department does not respond to a system regarding its sampling schedule, the system must sample according to the submitted schedule.(b) Systems must collect samples within two days before or two days after the dates indicated in their sampling schedule (i.e., within a five-day period around the schedule date) unless one of the conditions of R.61-58.10.K(3)(b)(i) or (ii) applies. (i) If an extreme condition or situation exists that may pose danger to the sample collector, or that cannot be avoided and causes the system to be unable to sample in the scheduled five-day period, the system must sample as close to the scheduled date as is feasible unless the Department approves an alternative sampling date. The system must submit an explanation for the delayed sampling date to the Department at the same time the sample is shipped to the laboratory.(ii) Replacement Samples. (A) If a system is unable to report a valid analytical result for a scheduled sampling date due to equipment failure, loss of or damage to the sample, failure to comply with the analytical method requirements, including the quality control requirements in R.61-58.10.K(5), or the failure of an approved laboratory to analyze the sample, then the system must collect a replacement sample.(B) The system must collect the replacement sample not later than 21 days after receiving information that an analytical result cannot be reported for the scheduled date unless the system demonstrates that collecting a replacement sample within this time frame is not feasible or the Department approves an alternative resampling date. The system must submit an explanation for the delayed sampling date to the Department at the same time the sample is shipped to the laboratory.(c) Systems that fail to meet the criteria of R.61-58.10.K(3)(b) for any source water sample required under R.61-58.10.K(2) must revise their sampling schedules to add dates for collecting all missed samples. Systems must submit the revised schedule to the Department for approval prior to when the system begins collecting the missed samples.(4) Sampling Locations. (a) Systems required to conduct source water monitoring under R.61-58.K(2) must collect samples for each plant that treats a surface water or a GWUDI source. Where multiple plants draw water from the same influent, such as the same pipe or intake, the Department may approve one set of monitoring results to be used to satisfy the requirements of R.61-58.10.K(2) for all plants.(b) Sampling Prior to Chemical Treatment. (i) Systems must collect source water samples prior to chemical treatment, such as coagulants, oxidants and disinfectants, unless the system meets the condition of R.61-58.10.K(4)(b)(ii).(ii) The Department may approve a system to collect a source water sample after chemical treatment if the Department determines that collecting a sample prior to chemical treatment is not feasible for the system and that the chemical treatment is unlikely to have a significant adverse effect on the analysis of the sample.(c) Systems that recycle filter backwash water must collect source water samples prior to the point of filter backwash water addition.(d) Bank Filtration. (i) Systems that receive Cryptosporidium treatment credit for bank filtration under R.61-58.10.H(4)(b) or R.61-58.10.I(6)(c), as applicable, must collect source water samples in the source water prior to bank filtration.(ii) Systems that use bank filtration as pretreatment to a filtration plant must collect source water samples from the well (i.e., after bank filtration). Use of bank filtration during monitoring must be consistent with routine operational practice. Systems collecting samples after a bank filtration process may not receive treatment credit for the bank filtration under R.61-58.10.K(18)(c).(e) Multiple Sources. Systems with plants that use multiple water sources, including multiple surface water sources and blended surface water and ground water sources, must collect samples as specified in R.61-58.10.K(4)(e)(i) or (ii). The use of multiple sources during monitoring must be consistent with routine operational practice.
(i) If a sampling tap is available where the sources are combined prior to treatment, systems must collect samples from the tap.(ii) If a sampling tap where the sources are combined prior to treatment is not available, systems must collect samples at each source near the intake on the same day and must follow either R.61-58.10.K(4)(e)(ii)(A) or (B) for sample analysis. (A) Systems may composite samples from each source into one sample prior to analysis. The volume of sample from each source must be weighted according to the proportion of flow from each source in the total plant flow at the time the sample is collected.(B) Systems may analyze samples from each source separately and calculate a weighted average of the analysis results for each sampling date. The weighted average must be calculated by multiplying the analysis result for each source by the fraction that each source contributed to total plant flow at the time the sample was collected and then summing these values.(f) Additional Requirements. Systems must submit a description of their sampling location(s) to the Department at the same time as the sampling schedule required under R.61-58.10.K(3). This description must address the position of the sampling location in relation to the system's water source(s) and treatment processes, including pretreatment, points of chemical treatment, and filter backwash recycle. If the Department does not respond to a system regarding sampling location(s), the system must sample at the submitted location(s).
(5) Analytical Methods. (a) Cryptosporidium. Systems must analyze for Cryptosporidium using EPA-approved methods listed in 40 CFR 141.704. (i) Systems must analyze at least a 10 L sample or a packed pellet volume of at least 2 mL. Systems unable to process a 10 L sample must analyze as much sample volume as can be filtered by two filters approved by EPA, up to a packed pellet volume of at least 2 mL.(ii)(A) Matrix spike (MS) samples, must be spiked and filtered by a laboratory approved for Cryptosporidium analysis under R.61-58.10.K(6).(B) If the volume of the matrix spike sample is greater than 10 L, the system may filter all but 10 L of the matrix spike sample in the field, and ship the filtered sample and the remaining 10 L of source water to the laboratory. In this case, the laboratory must spike the remaining 10 L of water and filter it through the filter used to collect the balance of the sample in the field.(iii) Flow cytometer-counted spiking suspensions must be used for matrix spike samples and ongoing precision and recovery (OPR) samples.(b)E. coli. Systems must use methods for enumeration of E. coli in source water approved in 40 CFR 136.3(a).
(i) The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not exceed 30 hours unless the system meets the condition of R.61-58.10.K(5)(b)(ii).(ii) The Department may approve on a case-by-case basis the holding of an E. coli sample for up to 48 hours between sample collection and initiation of analysis if the Department determines that analyzing an E. coli sample within 30 hours is not feasible. E. coli samples held between 30 to 48 hours must be analyzed by the Colilert reagent version of Standard Methods 9223B as listed in 40 CFR 136.3(a).(iii) Samples must be maintained between 0 degrees Celsius and 10 degrees Celsius during storage and transit to the laboratory.(c) Turbidity. Systems must use methods for turbidity measurement approved in 40 CFR 141.74(a)(1).(6) Approved Laboratories (a) Cryptosporidium. Systems must have Cryptosporidium samples analyzed by a laboratory that is approved under EPA's Laboratory Quality Assurance Evaluation Program for Analysis of Cryptosporidium in Water or a laboratory that has been certified for Cryptosporidium analysis by the Department's laboratory certification program.(b)E. coli. E. coli analyses for compliance with R.61-58.10.K must be performed by a certified laboratory.
(c) Turbidity. Measurements of turbidity must be made by a party approved by the Department.(7) Reporting Source Water Monitoring Results. (a) Systems must report results from the source water monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(2) no later than 10 days after the end of the first month following the month when the sample is collected.(b) Electronic Reporting for Systems Serving at Least 10,000 People. (i) All systems serving at least 10,000 people must report the results from the initial source water monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) to EPA electronically.(ii) If a system serving at least 10,000 people is unable to report monitoring results electronically, the system may use an alternative approach for reporting monitoring results that EPA approves.(c) Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must report results from the initial source water monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) to the Department.(d) All systems must report results from the second round of source water monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(2)(b) to the Department.(e) Systems must report the applicable information in R.61-58.10.K(7)(e)(i) and (ii) for the source water monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(2). (i) Systems must report the following data elements for Cryptosporidium analysis: PWS ID, Facility ID, Sample collection date, Sample type (field or matrix spike), Sample volume filtered (to nearest one quarter of a L), Whether or not 100 percent of the filtered volume was examined, and the Number of oocysts counted. (A) For matrix spike samples, systems must also report the sample volume spiked and estimated number of oocysts spiked. These data are not required for field samples.(B) For samples in which less than 10 L is filtered or less than 100 percent of the sample volume is examined, systems must also report the number of filters used and the packed pellet volume.(C) For samples in which less than 100 percent of sample volume is examined, systems must also report the volume of resuspended concentrate and volume of this resuspension processed through immunomagnetic separation.(ii) Systems must report the following data elements for each E. coli analysis: PWS ID, Facility ID, Sample collection date, Analytical method number, Method type, Source type (flowing stream, lake or reservoir, GWUDI), E. coli per100 mL, and Turbidity. Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people that are not required to monitor for turbidity under R.61-58.10.K(2) are not required to report turbidity with their E. coli results.(8) Grandfathering Previously Collected Data. (a) Sample Requirements. (i) Systems may comply with the initial source water monitoring requirements of R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) by grandfathering sample results collected before the system is required to begin monitoring (i.e., previously collected data). To be grandfathered, the sample results and analysis must meet the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(8) and be approved by the Department.(ii) A filtered system may grandfather Cryptosporidium samples to meet the requirements of R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) when the system does not have corresponding E. coli and turbidity samples. A system that grandfathers Cryptosporidium samples without E. coli and turbidity samples is not required to collect E. coli and turbidity samples when the system completes the requirements for Cryptosporidium monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a).(b)E. coli sample analysis. The analysis of E. coli samples must meet the analytical method and approved laboratory requirements of R.61-58.10.K(5) and R.61-58.10.K(6).
(c) Cryptosporidium sample analysis. Cryptosporidium samples must be analyzed as outlined in 40 CFR 141.707(c).(d) Sampling Location. The sampling location must meet the conditions in R.61-58.10.K(4).(e) Sampling Frequency. Cryptosporidium samples must have been collected no less frequently than each calendar month on a regular schedule, beginning no earlier than January 1999. Sample collection intervals may vary for the conditions specified in R.61-58.10.K(3)(b)(i) and (ii) if the system provides documentation of the condition when reporting monitoring results.
(i) The Department may approve grandfathering of previously collected data where there are time gaps in the sampling frequency if the system conducts Department-specified additional monitoring to ensure that the data used to comply with R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) are seasonally representative and unbiased.(ii) Systems may grandfather previously collected data where the sampling frequency within each month varied. If the Cryptosporidium sampling frequency varied, systems must follow the monthly averaging procedure in R.61-58.10.K(11)(b)(v) or R.61-58.10.K(13)(a)(iii), as applicable, when calculating the bin classification for filtered systems or the mean Cryptosporidium concentration for unfiltered systems.(f) Reporting Monitoring Results for Grandfathering. Systems that request to grandfather previously collected monitoring results must report the following information specified in R.61-58.10.K(8)(f)(i) and (ii) by the applicable dates listed. Systems serving at least 10,000 people must report this information to EPA unless the Department approves reporting directly to the Department rather than EPA. Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must report this information to the Department.
(i) Systems must report that they intend to submit previously collected monitoring results for grandfathering. This report must specify the number of previously collected results the system will submit, the dates of the first and last sample, and whether a system will conduct additional source water monitoring to meet the requirements of R.61-58.10.K(2)(a). Systems must report this information no later than the date the sampling schedule found in R.61-58.10.K(3) is required.(ii) Systems must report previously collected monitoring results for grandfathering, along with the associated documentation listed in R.61-58.10.K(8)(f)(ii)(A) through (D) , no later than two months after the applicable date listed in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c). (A) For each sample result, systems must report the applicable data elements in R.61-58.10.K(7).(B) Systems must certify that the reported monitoring results include all results that the system generated during the time period beginning with the first reported result and ending with the final reported result. This applies to samples that were collected from the sampling location specified for source water monitoring, not spiked, and analyzed using the laboratory's routine process for the analytical methods.(C) Systems must certify that the samples were representative of a plant's source water(s) and the source water(s) have not changed. Systems must report a description of the sampling location(s), which must address the position of the sampling location in relation to the system's water source(s) and treatment processes, including points of chemical addition and filter backwash recycle.(D) For Cryptosporidium samples, the laboratory or laboratories that analyzed the samples must provide a letter certifying that the quality control criteria specified in the methods listed in 40 CFR 141.707 were met for each sample batch associated with the reported results. Alternatively, the laboratory may provide bench sheets and sample examination report forms for each field, matrix spike, IPR, OPR, and method blank sample associated with the reported results.(g) If the Department determines that a previously collected data set submitted for grandfathering was generated during source water conditions that were not normal for the system, such as a drought, the Department may disapprove the data. Alternatively, the Department may approve the previously collected data if the system reports additional source water monitoring data, as determined by the Department, to ensure that the data set used under R.61-58.10.K(11) or R.61-58.10.K(13) represents average source water conditions for the system.(h) If a system submits previously collected data that fully meet the number of samples required for initial source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) and some of the data are rejected due to not meeting the requirements of R.61-58.10.K(8), systems must conduct additional monitoring to replace rejected data on a schedule the Department approves. Systems are not required to begin this additional monitoring until two months after notification that data have been rejected and additional monitoring is necessary.(9) Requirements When Making a Significant Change in Disinfection Practice. (a) Following the completion of initial source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a), a system that plans to make a significant change to its disinfection practice, as defined in R.61-58.10.K(9)(b), must develop a disinfection profile and calculate a disinfection benchmark for Giardia lamblia and viruses as described in R.61-58.10.K(10). Prior to changing the disinfection practice, the system must notify the Department and must include in this notice the information listed in R.61-58.10.K(9)(a)(i) through (iii). (i) A completed disinfection profile and disinfection benchmark for Giardia lamblia and viruses as described in R.61-58.10.K(10).(ii) A description of the proposed change in disinfection practice.(iii) An analysis of how the proposed change will affect the current level of disinfection.(b) Significant changes to disinfection practice are defined as follows: (i) Changes to the point of disinfection;(ii) Changes to the disinfectant(s) used in the treatment plant;(iii) Changes to the disinfection process; or(iv) Any other modification identified by the Department as a significant change to disinfection practice.(10) Developing the Disinfection Profile and Benchmark. (a) Systems required to develop disinfection profiles under R.61-58.10.K(9) must follow the requirements of R.61-58.10.K(10). Systems must monitor at least weekly for a period of 12 consecutive months to determine the total log inactivation for Giardia lamblia and viruses. If systems monitor more frequently, the monitoring frequency must be evenly spaced. Systems that operate for fewer than 12 months per year must monitor weekly during the period of operation. Systems must determine log inactivation for Giardia lamblia through the entire plant, based on CT99.9 values in Tables 1.1 through 1.6, 2.1 and 3.1 of R.61-58.10.F as applicable. Systems must determine log inactivation for viruses through the entire treatment plant based on a protocol approved by the Department.(b) Systems with a single point of disinfectant application prior to the entrance to the distribution system must conduct the monitoring in R.61-58.10(K)(10)(b)(i) through (iv)(K)(10)(b)(i) through (iv). Systems with more than one point of disinfectant application must conduct the monitoring in R.61-58.10(K)(10)(b)(i) through (iv)(K)(10)(b)(i) through (iv) for each disinfection segment. Systems must monitor the parameters necessary to determine the total inactivation ratio, using analytical methods in 40 CFR 141.74(a). (i) For systems using a disinfectant other than UV, the temperature of the disinfected water must be measured at each residual concentration sampling point during peak hourly flow or at an alternative location approved by the Department.(ii) For systems using chlorine, the pH of the disinfected water must be measured at each chlorine residual sampling point during peak hourly flow or at an alternative location approved by the Department.(iii) The disinfectant contact time(s) (t) must be determined during peak hourly flow.(iv) The residual disinfectant concentration(s) (C) of the water before or at the first customer and prior to each additional point of disinfectant application must be measured during peak hourly flow.(c) In lieu of conducting new monitoring under R.61-58.10(K)(10)(b)(K)(10)(b), systems may elect to meet the requirements of R.61-58.10(K)(10)(c)(i) or (ii)(K)(10)(c)(i) or (ii). (i) Systems that have at least one year of existing data that are substantially equivalent to data collected under the provisions of R.61-58.10(K)(10)(b)(K)(10)(b)may use these data to develop disinfection profiles if the system has neither made a significant change to its treatment practice nor changed sources since the data were collected. Systems may develop disinfection profiles using up to three years of existing data.(ii) Systems may use disinfection profile(s) developed under R.61-58.10.H or R.61-58.10.I in lieu of developing a new profile if the system has neither made a significant change to its treatment practice nor changed sources since the profile was developed. Systems that have not developed a virus profile under R.61-58.10.H or R.61-58.10.I must develop a virus profile using the same monitoring data on which the Giardia lamblia profile is based.(d) Systems must calculate the total inactivation ratio for Giardia lamblia as specified in R.61-58.10(K)(10)(d)(i) through (iii)(K)(10)(d)(i) through (iii). (i) Systems using only one point of disinfectant application may determine the total inactivation ratio for the disinfection segment based on either of the methods in R.61-58.10(K)(10)(d)(i)(A) or (B)(K)(10)(d)(i)(A) or (B). (A) Determine one inactivation ratio (CTcalc/CT99.9) before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow.(B) Determine successive CTcalc/CT99.9 values, representing sequential inactivation ratios, between the point of disinfectant application and a point before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow. The system must calculate the total inactivation ratio by determining (CTcalc/CT99.9) for each sequence and then adding the (CTcalc/CT99.9) values together to determine the sum of CTcalc/CT99.9.(ii) Systems using more than one point of disinfectant application before the first customer must determine the CT value of each disinfection segment immediately prior to the next point of disinfectant application, or for the final segment, before or at the first customer, during peak hourly flow. The (CTcalc/CT99.9) value of each segment and the sum of CTcalc/CT99.9 must be calculated using the method in R.61-58.10.K(10)(d)(i)(B).(iii) The system must determine the total logs of inactivation by multiplying the value calculated in R.61-58.10.K(10)(d)(i) or (ii) by 3.0.(iv) Systems must calculate the log of inactivation for viruses using a protocol approved by the Department.(e) Systems must use the procedures specified in R.61-58.10.K(10)(e)(i) and (ii) to calculate a disinfection benchmark. (i) For each year of profiling data collected and calculated under R.61-58.10.K(10)(a) through (d), systems must determine the lowest mean monthly level of both Giardia lamblia and virus inactivation. Systems must determine the mean Giardia lamblia and virus inactivation for each calendar month for each year of profiling data by dividing the sum of daily or weekly Giardia lamblia and virus log inactivation by the number of values calculated for that month.(ii) The disinfection benchmark is the lowest monthly mean value (for systems with one year of profiling data) or the mean of the lowest monthly mean values (for systems with more than one year of profiling data) of Giardia lamblia and virus log inactivation in each year of profiling data.(11) Bin Classification for Filtered Systems. (a) Following completion of the initial round of source water monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a), filtered systems must calculate an initial Cryptosporidium bin concentration for each plant for which monitoring was required. Calculation of the bin concentration must use the Cryptosporidium results reported under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) and must follow the procedures in R.61-58.10.K(11)(b)(i) through (v).(b) Cryptosporidium bin concentrations. Bin concentration is the cryptospridium concentration(s) used to determine bin classification (i) For systems that collect a total of at least 48 samples, the bin concentration is equal to the arithmetic mean of all sample concentrations.(ii) For systems that collect a total of at least 24 samples, but not more than 47 samples, the bin concentration is equal to the highest arithmetic mean of all sample concentrations in any 12 consecutive months during which Cryptosporidium samples were collected.(iii) For systems that serve fewer than 10,000 people and monitor for Cryptosporidium for only one year (i.e., collect 24 samples in 12 months), the bin concentration is equal to the arithmetic mean of all sample concentrations.(iv) For systems with plants operating only part of the year that monitor fewer than 12 months per year under R.61-58.10.K(2)(e), the bin concentration is equal to the highest arithmetic mean of all sample concentrations during any year of Cryptosporidium monitoring.(v) If the monthly Cryptosporidium sampling frequency varies, systems must first calculate a monthly average for each month of monitoring. Systems must then use these monthly average concentrations, rather than individual sample concentrations, in the applicable calculation for bin classification in R.61-58.10.K(11)(b)(i) through (iv).(c) Filtered systems that are required to monitor under R.61-58.10.K(2) must determine their initial bin classification from the Bin Classification Table that follows and using the Cryptosporidium bin concentration calculated under R.61-58.10.K(11)(a) and (b). The bin classification for filtered systems that serve fewer than 10,000 people and are not required to monitor under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a)(iv)is Bin 1. Bin Classification Table For Filtered Systems
Cryptosporidium Concentration | Bin Classification |
Less than 0.075 oocysts per L | Bin 1 |
0.075 to less than 1.0 oocysts per L | Bin 2 |
1.0 to less than 3.0 oocysts per L | Bin 3 |
Greater than or equal to 3.0 oocysts per L | Bin 4 |
(d) Following completion of the second round of source water monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(2)(b), filtered systems must recalculate their Cryptosporidium bin concentration using the Cryptosporidium results reported under R.61-58.10.K(2)(b) and following the procedures in R.61-58.10.K(11)(b)(i) through (iv). Systems must then redetermine their bin classification using this bin concentration and the table in R.61-58.10.K(11)(c).(e) Reporting Bin Classifications to the Department. (i) Filtered systems must report their initial bin classification under R.61-58.10.K(11)(c) to the Department for approval no later than 6 months after the system is required to complete initial source water monitoring based on the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c).(ii) Systems must report their bin classification under R.61-58.10.K(11)(d) to the Department for approval no later than 6 months after the system is required to complete the second round of source water monitoring based on the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c).(iii) The bin classification report to the Department must include a summary of source water monitoring data and the calculation procedure used to determine bin classification.(f) Failure to comply with the conditions of R.61-58.10.K(11)(e) is a violation of the treatment technique requirement.(12) Filtered System Additional Cryptosporidium Treatment Requirements. (a) Filtered systems must provide the level of additional treatment for Cryptosporidium specified in this paragraph (12)(a) based on their bin classification as determined under R.61-58.10.K(11) and according to the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(14). Bin Classification | Conventional Filtration (includes softening) | Direct Filtration | Slow sand or diatomaceous earth filtration | Alternative filtration technologies |
Bin 1 | No additional treatment | No additional treatment | No additional treatment | No additional treatment |
Bin 2 | 1-log treatment | 1.5-log treatment | 1-log treatment | See note 2 |
Bin 3 | 2-log treatment | 2.5-log treatment | 2-log treatment | See note 3 |
Bin 4 | 2.5-log treatment | 3-log treatment | 2.5-log treatment | See note 4 |
Notes:
1. The treatment requirements are valid provided that the water system is in full compliance with R.61-58.10.H & R.61-58.10.I2. As determined by the Department such that the total Cryptosporidium removal and inactivation is at least 4.0-log.3. As determined by the Department such that the total Cryptosporidium removal and inactivation is at least 5.0-log.4. As determined by the Department such that the total Cryptosporidium removal and inactivation is at least 5.5-log. (b) Cryptosporidium Treatment Requirements. (i) Filtered systems must use one or more of the treatment and management options listed in R.61-58.10.K(16), termed the microbial toolbox, to comply with the additional Cryptosporidium treatment required in R.61-58.10.K(12)(a).(ii) Systems classified in Bin 3 and Bin 4 must achieve at least 1-log of the additional Cryptosporidium treatment required under R.61-58.10.K(12)(a) of this section using either one or a combination of the following: bag filters, bank filtration, cartridge filters, chlorine dioxide, membranes, ozone, or UV, as described in R.61-58.10.K(17) through (21).(c) Failure by a system in any month to achieve treatment credit by meeting criteria in R.61-58.10.K(17) through (21) for microbial toolbox options that is at least equal to the level of treatment required in R.61-58.10.K(12)(a) is a violation of the treatment technique requirement.(d) If the Department determines during a sanitary survey or an equivalent source water assessment that after a system completed the monitoring conducted under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) or (b), significant changes occurred in the system's watershed that could lead to increased contamination of the source water by Cryptosporidium, the system must take actions specified by the Department to address the contamination. These actions may include additional source water monitoring and/or implementing microbial toolbox options listed in R.61-58.10.K(16).(13) Unfiltered system Cryptosporidium Treatment Requirements. (a) Determination of Mean Cryptosporidium Level. (i) Following completion of the initial source water monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a), unfiltered systems must calculate the arithmetic mean of all Cryptosporidium sample concentrations reported under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a). Systems must report this value to the Department for approval no later than 6 months after the month the system is required to complete initial source water monitoring based on the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c).(ii) Following completion of the second round of source water monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(2)(b), unfiltered systems must calculate the arithmetic mean of all Cryptosporidium sample concentrations reported under R.61-58.10.K(2)(b). Systems must report this value to the Department for approval no later than 6 months after the month the system is required to complete the second round of source water monitoring based on the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(2)(c).(iii) If the monthly Cryptosporidium sampling frequency varies, systems must first calculate a monthly average for each month of monitoring. Systems must then use these monthly average concentrations, rather than individual sample concentrations, in the calculation of the mean Cryptosporidium level in R.61-58.10.K(13)(a)(i) or (ii).(iv) The report to the Department of the mean Cryptosporidium levels calculated under R.61-58.10.K(13)(a)(i) and (ii) must include a summary of the source water monitoring data used for the calculation.(v) Failure to comply with the conditions of R.61-58.10.K(13)(a) is a violation of the treatment technique requirement.(b) Cryptosporidium Inactivation Requirements. Unfiltered systems must provide the level of inactivation for Cryptosporidium specified in this paragraph (b), based on their mean Cryptosporidium levels as determined under R.61-58.10.K(13)(a) and according to the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(14).
(i) Unfiltered systems with a mean Cryptosporidium level of 0.01 oocysts per L or less must provide at least 2-log Cryptosporidium inactivation.(ii) Unfiltered systems with a mean Cryptosporidium level of greater than 0.01 oocysts per L must provide at least 3-log Cryptosporidium inactivation.(c) Inactivation Treatment Technology Requirements. Unfiltered systems must use chlorine dioxide, ozone, or UV as described in R.61-58.10.K(21) to meet the Cryptosporidium inactivation requirements of R.61-58.10.K(13).
(i) Systems that use chlorine dioxide or ozone and fail to achieve the Cryptosporidium inactivation required in R.61-58.10.K(13)(b) on more than one day in the calendar month are in violation of the treatment technique requirement.(ii) Systems that use UV light and fail to achieve the Cryptosporidium inactivation required in R.61-58.10.K(13)(b) by meeting the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(21)(d)(iii)(B) are in violation of the treatment technique requirement.(d) Use of Two Disinfectants. Unfiltered systems must meet the combined Cryptosporidium inactivation requirements of R.61-58.10.K(13) and Giardia lamblia and virus inactivation requirements of R.61-58.10.D(1) using a minimum of two disinfectants, and each of two disinfectants must separately achieve the total inactivation required for either Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, or viruses.
(14) Schedule for compliance with Cryptosporidium Treatment Requirements. (a) Following initial bin classification under R.61-58.10.K(11)(c), filtered systems must provide the level of treatment for Cryptosporidium required under R.61-58.10.K(12) according to the schedule in R.61-58.10.K(14)(c).(b) Following initial determination of the mean Cryptosporidium level under R.61-58.10.K(13)(a)(i), unfiltered systems must provide the level of treatment for Cryptosporidium required under R.61-58.10.K(13) according to the schedule in R.61-58.10(K)(14)(c)(K)(14)(c).(c) Cryptosporidium treatment compliance dates. (i) Systems that serve at least 100,000 people must comply with Cryptosporidium treatment requirements no later than April 1, 2012.(ii) Systems that serve from 50,000 to 99,999 people must comply with Cryptosporidium treatment requirements no later than October 1, 2012.(iii) Systems that serve from 10,000 to 49,999 people must comply with Cryptosporidium treatment requirements no later than October 1, 2013.(iv) Systems that serve fewer than 10,000 people must comply with Cryptosporidium treatment requirements no later than October 1, 2014.(v) The Department may grant an additional two years for complying with the treatment technique requirements for systems making capital improvements.(d) If the bin classification for a filtered system changes following the second round of source water monitoring, as determined under R.61-58.10.K(11)(d), the system must provide the level of treatment for Cryptosporidium required under R.61-58.10.K(12) on a schedule the Department approves.(e) If the mean Cryptosporidium level for an unfiltered system changes following the second round of monitoring, as determined under R.61-58.10.K(13)(a)(ii), and if the system must provide a different level of Cryptosporidium treatment under R.61-58.10.K(13) due to this change, the system must meet this treatment requirement on a schedule the Department approves.(15) Requirements for uncovered finished water storage facilities. (a) Systems using uncovered finished water storage facilities must comply with the conditions of R.61-58.10.K(15).(b) Systems must notify the Department of the use of each uncovered finished water storage facility no later than April 1, 2008.(c) Systems must meet the conditions of R.61-58.10.K(15)(c)(i) or (ii) for each uncovered finished water storage facility or be in compliance with a Department-approved schedule to meet these conditions no later than April 1, 2009. (i) Systems must cover any uncovered finished water storage facility.(ii) Systems must treat the discharge from the uncovered finished water storage facility to the distribution system to achieve inactivation and/or removal of at least 4-log virus, 3-log Giardia lamblia, and 2-log Cryptosporidium using a protocol approved by the Department.(d) Failure to comply with the requirements of R.61-58.10.K(15) is a violation of the treatment technique requirement.(16) Microbial toolbox options for meeting Cryptosporidium treatment requirements. (a) Cryptosporidium Treatment Credits. (i) Systems may receive the treatment credits listed in R.61-58.10.K(16)(b) by meeting the conditions for microbial toolbox options described in R.61-58.10.K(17) through (21). Systems apply these treatment credits to meet the treatment requirements in R.61-58.10(K)(12)(K)(12) or R.61-58.10(K)(13), as applicable.(ii) Unfiltered systems are eligible for treatment credits for the microbial toolbox options described in R.61-58.10.K(21) only.(b) Microbial Toolbox Summary Treatment Credits and Criteria (i) Source Protection and Management Toolbox Options (A) Watershed control program: 0.5-log credit may be given for Department-approved programs that include the required elements, annual program status report to the Department, and regular watershed surveys. Unfiltered systems are not eligible for this credit. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(17)(a).(B) Alternative source or intake management: No prescribed credit is given. Systems may conduct simultaneous monitoring for treatment bin classification at alternative intake locations or under alternative intake management strategies. Specific criteria for this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(17)(b).(ii) Pre Filtration Toolbox Options (A) Presedimentation basin with coagulation: 0.5-log credit may be given during any month that presedimentation basins achieve a monthly mean reduction of 0.5-log or greater in turbidity or alternative Department-approved performance criteria. To be eligible, basins must be operated continuously with coagulant addition and all plant flow must pass through the basins. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(18)(a).(B) Two-stage lime softening: 0.5-log credit for two-stage softening may be given where chemical addition and hardness precipitation occur in both stages. All plant flow must pass through both stages. Single stage softening is credited as equivalent to conventional treatment. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(18)(b).(C) Bank filtration: 0.5-log credit may be given for a 25-foot setback; 1.0-log credit may be given for a 50-foot setback. The aquifer must be unconsolidated sand consisting of at least 10 percent fines. The average turbidity in the wells must be less than 1 NTU. Systems using wells followed by filtration when conducting source water monitoring must sample the well to determine bin classification and are not eligible for additional credit. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(18)(c).(iii) Treatment Performance Toolbox Options (A) Combined filter performance: 0.5-log credit may be given for combined filter effluent turbidity less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95 percent of measurements each month. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(19)(a).(B) Individual filter performance: 0.5-log credit (in addition to 0.5-log combined filter performance credit) may be given if individual filter effluent turbidity is less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95 percent of samples each month in each filter and is never greater than 0.3 NTU in two consecutive measurements in any filter. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(19)(b).(C) Demonstration of performance: Credit may be given to unit processes or treatment trains based on a demonstration to the Department with a Department-approved protocol. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(19)(c).(iv) Additional Filtration Toolbox Options (A) Bag or cartridge filters (individual filters): Up to 2-log credit may be given based on the removal efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing with a 1.0-log factor of safety. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(20)(a).(B) Bag or cartridge filters (in series): Up to 2.5-log credit may be given based on the removal efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing with a 0.5-log factor of safety. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(20)(a).(C) Membrane filtration: The log credit that may be given is equal to the removal efficiency demonstrated in challenge testing for a specific device if supported by direct integrity testing. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b).(D) Second stage filtration: 0.5-log credit may be given for a second separate granular media filtration stage if the treatment train includes coagulation prior to the first filter. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(20)(c).(E) Slow sand filters: 2.5-log credit may be given if it is a secondary filtration step. 3.0-log credit may be given if it is a primary filtration process. Neither option can include chlorination before the filters. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(20)(d).(v) Inactivation Toolbox Options (A) Chlorine dioxide: Log credit given is based on the measured CT in relation to the CT table. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(21)(b).(B) Ozone: Log credit given is based on the measured CT in relation to the CT table. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(21)(b).(C) UV: Log credit given is based on validated UV dose in relation to UV dose table. Reactor validation testing is required to establish UV dose and associated operating conditions. Specific criteria for obtaining and maintaining this credit are detailed in R.61-58.10.K(21)(d).(17) Source Toolbox Components. (a) Watershed Control Program. Systems receive 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for implementing a watershed control program that meets the following requirements:
(i) Systems that intend to apply for the watershed control program credit must notify the Department of this intent no later than two years prior to the treatment compliance date applicable to the system in R.61-58.10.K(14).(ii) Systems must submit to the Department a proposed watershed control plan no later than one year before the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14). The Department must approve the watershed control plan for the system to receive treatment credit. The watershed control plan must include the elements in R.61-58.10.K(17)(a)(ii)(A) through (D). (A) Identification of an "area of influence" outside of which the likelihood of Cryptosporidium or fecal contamination affecting the treatment plant intake is not significant. This is the area to be evaluated in future watershed surveys under R.61-58.10.K(17)(a)(v)(B).(B) Identification of both potential and actual sources of Cryptosporidium contamination and an assessment of the relative impact of these sources on the system's source water quality.(C) An analysis of the effectiveness and feasibility of control measures that could reduce Cryptosporidium loading from sources of contamination to the system's source water.(D) A statement of goals and specific actions the system will undertake to reduce source water Cryptosporidium levels. The plan must explain how the actions are expected to contribute to specific goals, identify watershed partners and their roles, identify resource requirements and commitments, and include a schedule for plan implementation with deadlines for completing specific actions identified in the plan.(iii) Systems with existing watershed control programs (i.e., programs in place on January 5, 2006) are eligible to seek this credit. Their watershed control plans must meet the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(17)(a)(ii) and must specify ongoing and future actions that will reduce source water Cryptosporidium levels.(iv) If the Department does not respond to a system regarding approval of a watershed control plan submitted under R.61-58.10.K(17) and the system meets the other requirements of R.61-58.10.K(17), the watershed control program will be considered approved and 0.5 log Cryptosporidium treatment credit will be awarded unless and until the Department subsequently withdraws such approval.(v) Systems must complete the actions in R.61-58.10.K(17)(a)(v)(A) through (C) to maintain the 0.5-log credit. (A) Submit an annual watershed control program status report to the Department. The annual watershed control program status report must describe the system's implementation of the approved plan and assess the adequacy of the plan to meet its goals. It must explain how the system is addressing any shortcomings in plan implementation, including those previously identified by the Department or as the result of the watershed survey conducted under R.61-58.10.K(17)(a)(v)(B). The report must also describe any significant changes that have occurred in the watershed since the last watershed sanitary survey. If a system determines during implementation that making a significant change to its approved watershed control program is necessary, the system must notify the Department prior to making any such changes. If any change is likely to reduce the level of source water protection, the system must also list in its notification the actions the system will take to mitigate this effect.(B) Undergo a watershed sanitary survey every three years for community water systems and every five years for non-community water systems and submit the survey report to the Department. The survey must be conducted according to Department guidelines and by persons approved by the Department. (1) The watershed sanitary survey must meet the following criteria: encompass the region identified in the Department-approved watershed control plan as the area of influence; assess the implementation of actions to reduce source water Cryptosporidium levels; and identify any significant new sources of Cryptosporidium.(2) If the Department determines that significant changes may have occurred in the watershed since the previous watershed sanitary survey, systems must undergo another watershed sanitary survey by a date the Department requires, which may be earlier than the regular date in R.61-58.10.K(17)(a)(v)(B).(C) The system must make the watershed control plan, annual status reports, and watershed sanitary survey reports available to the public upon request. These documents must be in a plain language style and include criteria by which to evaluate the success of the program in achieving plan goals. The Department may approve systems to withhold from the public portions of the annual status report, watershed control plan, and watershed sanitary survey based on water supply security considerations.(vi) If the Department determines that a system is not carrying out the approved watershed control plan, the Department may withdraw the watershed control program treatment credit.(b) Alternative Source. (i) A system may conduct source water monitoring that reflects a different intake location (either in the same source or for an alternate source) or a different procedure for the timing or level of withdrawal from the source (alternative source monitoring). If the Department approves, a system may determine its bin classification under R.61-58.10.K(11) based on the alternative source monitoring results.(ii) If systems conduct alternative source monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(17)(b)(i), systems must also monitor their current plant intake concurrently as described in R.61-58.10.K(2).(iii) Alternative source monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(17)(b)(i) must meet the requirements for source monitoring to determine bin classification, as described in R.61-58.10.K(2) through (7). Systems must report the alternative source monitoring results to the Department, along with supporting information documenting the operating conditions under which the samples were collected.(iv) If a system determines its bin classification under R.61-58.10.K(11) using alternative source monitoring results that reflect a different intake location or a different procedure for managing the timing or level of withdrawal from the source, the system must relocate the intake or permanently adopt the withdrawal procedure, as applicable, no later than the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(18) Pre-filtration Treatment Toolbox Components. (a) Presedimentation. Systems receive 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for a presedimentation basin during any month the process meets the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(18)(a).
(i) The presedimentation basin must be in continuous operation and must treat the entire plant flow taken from a surface water or GWUDI source.(ii) The system must continuously add a coagulant to the presedimentation basin.(iii) The presedimentation basin must achieve the performance criteria in R.61-58.10.K(18)(iii)(A) or (B). (A) The system must demonstrate at least 0.5-log mean reduction of influent turbidity. This reduction must be determined using daily turbidity measurements in the presedimentation process influent and effluent and must be calculated as follows: log10 (monthly mean of daily influent turbidity)-log10 (monthly mean of daily effluent turbidity).(B) The system must comply with Department-approved performance criteria that demonstrate at least 0.5-log mean removal of micron-sized particulate material through the presedimentation process.(b) Two-stage Lime Softening. Systems receive an additional 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for a two-stage lime softening plant if chemical addition and hardness precipitation occur in two separate and sequential softening stages prior to filtration. Both softening stages must treat the entire plant flow taken from a surface water or GWUDI source.
(c) Bank Filtration. Systems receive Cryptosporidium treatment credit for bank filtration that serves as pretreatment to a filtration plant by meeting the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(18)(c). Systems using bank filtration when they begin source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) must collect samples as described in R.61-58.10.K(4)(d) and are not eligible for this credit.
(i) Wells with a ground water flow path of at least 25 feet receive 0.5-log treatment credit; wells with a ground water flow path of at least 50 feet receive 1.0-log treatment credit. The ground water flow path must be determined as specified in R.61-58.10.K(18)(c)(iv).(ii) Only wells in granular aquifers are eligible for treatment credit. Granular aquifers are those comprised of sand, clay, silt, rock fragments, pebbles or larger particles, and minor cement. A system must characterize the aquifer at the well site to determine aquifer properties. Systems must extract a core from the aquifer and demonstrate that in at least 90 percent of the core length, grains less than 1.0 mm in diameter constitute at least 10 percent of the core material.(iii) Only horizontal and vertical wells are eligible for treatment credit.(iv) For vertical wells, the ground water flow path is the measured distance from the edge of the surface water body under high flow conditions (determined by the 100 year floodplain elevation boundary or by the floodway, as defined in Federal Emergency Management Agency flood hazard maps) to the well screen. For horizontal wells, the ground water flow path is the measured distance from the bed of the river under normal flow conditions to the closest horizontal well lateral screen.(v) Systems must monitor each wellhead for turbidity at least once every four hours while the bank filtration process is in operation. If monthly average turbidity levels, based on daily maximum values in the well, exceed 1 NTU, the system must report this result to the Department and conduct an assessment within 30 days to determine the cause of the high turbidity levels in the well. If the Department determines that microbial removal has been compromised, the Department may revoke treatment credit until the system implements corrective actions approved by the Department to remediate the problem.(vi) Springs and infiltration galleries are not eligible for treatment credit under R.61-58.10.K(18), but are eligible for credit under R.61-58.10.K(19)(c).(vii) Bank Filtration Demonstration of Performance. The Department may approve Cryptosporidium treatment credit for bank filtration based on a demonstration of performance study that meets the criteria in this paragraph. This treatment credit may be greater than 1.0-log and may be awarded to bank filtration that does not meet the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(18)(c)(i) through (v).
(A) The study must follow a Department-approved protocol and must involve the collection of data on the removal of Cryptosporidium or a surrogate for Cryptosporidium and related hydrogeologic and water quality parameters during the full range of operating conditions.(B) The study must include sampling both from the production well(s) and from monitoring wells that are screened and located along the shortest flow path between the surface water source and the production well(s).(19) Treatment Performance Toolbox Components. (a) Combined Filter Performance. Systems using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration treatment may receive an additional 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit during any month the system meets the criteria in this paragraph. Combined filter effluent (CFE) turbidity must be less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements. Turbidity must be measured as described in 40 CFR 141.74(a) and (c).
(b) Individual Filter Performance. Systems using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration treatment may receive 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit, which can be in addition to the 0.5-log credit under R.61-58.10.K(19)(a), during any month the system meets the criteria in this paragraph (b). Compliance with these criteria must be based on individual filter turbidity monitoring as described in R.61-58.10.H(5) or R.61-58.10.I(7), as applicable.
(i) The filtered water turbidity for each individual filter must be less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements recorded each month.(ii) No individual filter may have a measured turbidity greater than 0.3 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart.(iii) Any system that has received treatment credit for individual filter performance and fails to meet the requirements of R.61-58.10.K(19)(b)(i) or (ii) during any month does not receive a treatment technique violation under R.61-58.10.K(12)(c) if the Department determines the following: (A) The failure was due to unusual and short-term circumstances that could not reasonably be prevented through optimizing treatment plant design, operation, and maintenance.(B) The system has experienced no more than two such failures in any calendar year.(c) Demonstration of Performance. The Department may approve Cryptosporidium treatment credit for drinking water treatment processes based on a demonstration of performance study that meets the criteria in this paragraph (c). This treatment credit may be greater than or less than the prescribed treatment credits in R.61-58.10.K(12) or R.61-58.10.K(18) through (21) and may be awarded to treatment processes that do not meet the criteria for the prescribed credits.
(i) Systems cannot receive the prescribed treatment credit for any toolbox box option in R.61-58.10.K(18) through R.61-58.10.K(21) if that toolbox option is included in a demonstration of performance study for which treatment credit is awarded under this paragraph.(ii) The demonstration of performance study must follow a Department-approved protocol and must demonstrate the level of Cryptosporidium reduction the treatment process will achieve under the full range of expected operating conditions for the system.(iii) Approval by the Department must be in writing and may include monitoring and treatment performance criteria that the system must demonstrate and report on an ongoing basis to remain eligible for the treatment credit. The Department may designate such criteria where necessary to verify that the conditions under which the demonstration of performance credit was approved are maintained during routine operation.(20) Additional Filtration Toolbox Components. (a) Bag and Cartridge Filters. With Department approval, systems may receive Cryptosporidium treatment credit of up to 2.0-log for individual bag or cartridge filters and up to 2.5-log for bag or cartridge filters operated in series by meeting the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(20)(a)(i) through (x). To be eligible for this credit, systems must report the results of challenge testing that meets the requirements of R.61-58.10.K(20)(a)(ii) through (ix) to the Department. The filters must treat the entire plant flow taken from a subpart H source.
(i) The Cryptosporidium treatment credit awarded to bag or cartridge filters must be based on the removal efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing that is conducted according to the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(20)(a)(ii) through (ix). A factor of safety equal to 1-log for individual bag or cartridge filters and 0.5-log for bag or cartridge filters in series must be applied to challenge testing results to determine removal credit. Systems may use results from challenge testing conducted prior to January 5, 2006 if the prior testing was consistent with the criteria specified in R.61-58.10.K(20)(a)(ii) through (ix).(ii) Challenge testing must be performed on full-scale bag or cartridge filters, and the associated filter housing or pressure vessel, that are identical in material and construction to the filters and housings the system will use for removal of Cryptosporidium. Bag or cartridge filters must be challenge tested in the same configuration that the system will use, either as individual filters or as a series configuration of filters.(iii) Challenge testing must be conducted using Cryptosporidium or a surrogate that is removed no more efficiently than Cryptosporidium. The microorganism or surrogate used during challenge testing is referred to as the challenge particulate. The concentration of the challenge particulate must be determined using a method capable of discreetly quantifying the specific microorganism or surrogate used in the test; gross measurements such as turbidity may not be used.(iv) The maximum feed water concentration that can be used during a challenge test must be based on the detection limit of the challenge particulate in the filtrate (i.e., filtrate detection limit) and must be calculated using the following equation: Maximum Feed Concentration = 10,000 x (Filtrate Detection Limit)
(v) Challenge testing must be conducted at the maximum design flow rate for the filter as specified by the manufacturer.(vi) Each filter evaluated must be tested for a duration sufficient to reach 100 percent of the terminal pressure drop. This maximum pressure drop is the pressure drop under which the filter may be used to comply with the requirements of R.61-58.10(K)(K).(vii) Removal efficiency of a filter must be determined from the results of the challenge test and expressed in terms of log removal values using the following equation: LRV = LOG10 (Cf)-LOG10 (Cp)
Where: LRV = log removal value demonstrated during challenge testing; Cf = the feed concentration measured during the challenge test; and Cp = the filtrate concentration measured during the challenge test. In applying this equation, the same units must be used for the feed and filtrate concentrations. If the challenge particulate is not detected in the filtrate, then the term Cp must be set equal to the detection limit.
(viii) Each filter tested must be challenged with the challenge particulate during three periods over the filtration cycle: within two hours of start-up of a new filter; when the pressure drop is between 45 and 55 percent of the terminal pressure drop; and at the end of the cycle after the pressure drop has reached 100 percent of the terminal pressure drop. A log removal value must be calculated for each of these challenge periods for each filter tested. The log removal value for the filter must be assigned the value of the minimum log removal value observed during the three challenge periods for that filter.(ix) If fewer than 20 filters are tested, the overall removal efficiency for the filter product line must be set equal to the lowest filter log removal value among the filters tested. If 20 or more filters are tested, the overall removal efficiency for the filter product line must be set equal to the 10th percentile of the set of filter log removal values for the various filters tested. The percentile is defined by (i/(n+" 1)) where i is the rank of n individual data points ordered lowest to highest. If necessary, the 10th percentile may be calculated using linear interpolation.(x) If a previously tested filter is modified in a manner that could change the removal efficiency of the filter product line, challenge testing to demonstrate the removal efficiency of the modified filter must be conducted and submitted to the Department. (b) Membrane Filtration. (i) Systems may receive Cryptosporidium treatment credit for membrane filtration that meets the criteria of this paragraph (b). Membrane cartridge filters that meet the definition of membrane filtration in R.61-58.B are eligible for this credit. The level of treatment credit a system receives is equal to the lower of the values determined under R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(i)(A) and (B). (A) The removal efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing conducted under the conditions in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(ii).(B) The maximum removal efficiency that can be verified through direct integrity testing used with the membrane filtration process under the conditions in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(iii).(ii) Challenge Testing. The membrane used by the system must undergo challenge testing to evaluate removal efficiency, and the system must report the results of challenge testing to the Department. Challenge testing must be conducted according to the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(ii)(A) through (G). Systems may use data from challenge testing conducted prior to January 5, 2006 if the prior testing was consistent with the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(ii)(A) through (G). (A) Challenge testing must be conducted on either a full-scale membrane module, identical in material and construction to the membrane modules used in the system's treatment facility, or a smaller-scale membrane module, identical in material and similar in construction to the full-scale module. A module is defined as the smallest component of a membrane unit in which a specific membrane surface area is housed in a device with a filtrate outlet structure.(B) Challenge testing must be conducted using Cryptosporidium oocysts or a surrogate that is removed no more efficiently than Cryptosporidium oocysts. The organism or surrogate used during challenge testing is referred to as the challenge particulate. The concentration of the challenge particulate, in both the feed and filtrate water, must be determined using a method capable of discretely quantifying the specific challenge particulate used in the test; gross measurements such as turbidity may not be used.(C) The maximum feed water concentration that can be used during a challenge test is based on the detection limit of the challenge particulate in the filtrate and must be determined according to the following equation: Maximum Feed Concentration = 3,160,000 x (Filtrate Detection Limit)
(D) Challenge testing must be conducted under representative hydraulic conditions at the maximum design flux and maximum design process recovery specified by the manufacturer for the membrane module. Flux is defined as the throughput of a pressure driven membrane process expressed as flow per unit of membrane area. Recovery is defined as the volumetric percent of feed water that is converted to filtrate over the course of an operating cycle uninterrupted by events such as chemical cleaning or a solids removal process (i.e., backwashing).(E) Removal efficiency of a membrane module must be calculated from the challenge test results and expressed as a log removal value according to the following equation: LRV = LOG10 (Cf) - LOG10 (Cp)
Where: LRV = log removal value demonstrated during the challenge test; Cf = the feed concentration measured during the challenge test; and Cp = the filtrate concentration measured during the challenge test. Equivalent units must be used for the feed and filtrate concentrations. If the challenge particulate is not detected in the filtrate, the term Cp is set equal to the detection limit for the purpose of calculating the log removal value. A log removal value must be calculated for each membrane module evaluated during the challenge test.
(F) The removal efficiency of a membrane filtration process demonstrated during challenge testing must be expressed as a log removal value. If fewer than 20 modules are tested, then the challenge test log removal value is equal to the lowest of the representative log removal values among the modules tested. If 20 or more modules are tested, then the challenge test log removal value is equal to the 10th percentile of the representative log removal values among the modules tested. The percentile is defined by (i/(n+" 1)) where i is the rank of n individual data points ordered lowest to highest. If necessary, the 10th percentile may be calculated using linear interpolation.(G) The challenge test must establish a quality control release value for a non-destructive performance test that demonstrates the Cryptosporidium removal capability of the membrane filtration module. This performance test must be applied to each production membrane module used by the system that was not directly challenge tested in order to verify Cryptosporidium removal capability. Production modules that do not meet the established quality control release value are not eligible for the treatment credit demonstrated during the challenge test.(H) If a previously tested membrane is modified in a manner that could change the removal efficiency of the membrane or the applicability of the non-destructive performance test and associated quality control release value, additional challenge testing to demonstrate a new removal efficiency and quality control release value must be conducted and submitted to the Department. (iii) Direct integrity testing. Systems must conduct direct integrity testing in a manner that demonstrates a removal efficiency equal to or greater than the removal credit awarded to the membrane filtration process and meets the requirements described in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(iii)(A) through (F). A direct integrity test is defined as a physical test applied to a membrane unit in order to identify and isolate integrity breaches (i.e., one or more leaks that could result in contamination of the filtrate). (A) The direct integrity test must be independently applied to each membrane unit in service. A membrane unit is defined as a group of membrane modules that share common valving that allows the unit to be isolated from the rest of the system for the purpose of integrity testing or other maintenance.(B) The direct integrity method must have a resolution of 3 micrometers or less, where resolution is defined as the size of the smallest integrity breach that contributes to a response from the direct integrity test.(C) The direct integrity test must have a sensitivity sufficient to verify the log treatment credit awarded to the membrane filtration process by the Department, where sensitivity is defined as the maximum log removal value that can be reliably verified by a direct integrity test. Sensitivity must be determined using the approach in either R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(iii)(C)(1) or (2) as applicable to the type of direct integrity test the system uses. (1) For direct integrity tests that use an applied pressure or vacuum, the direct integrity test sensitivity must be calculated according to the following equation: LRVDIT = LOG10 (Qp /(VCF x Qbreach))
Where:LRVDIT = the sensitivity of the direct integrity test; Qp = total design filtrate flow from the membrane unit; Qbreach = flow of water from an integrity breach associated with the smallest integrity test response that can be reliably measured, and VCF = volumetric concentration factor. The volumetric concentration factor is the ratio of the suspended solids concentration on the high pressure side of the membrane relative to that in the feed water.
(2) For direct integrity tests that use a particulate or molecular marker, the direct integrity test sensitivity must be calculated according to the following equation: LRVDIT = LOG10 (Cf)-LOG10 (Cp)
Where:LRVDIT = the sensitivity of the direct integrity test; Cf = the typical feed concentration of the marker used in the test; and Cp = the filtrate concentration of the marker from an integral membrane unit.
(D) Systems must establish a control limit within the sensitivity limits of the direct integrity test that is indicative of an integral membrane unit capable of meeting the removal credit awarded by the Department.(E) If the result of a direct integrity test exceeds the control limit established under R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(iii)(D), the system must remove the membrane unit from service. Systems must conduct a direct integrity test to verify any repairs, and may return the membrane unit to service only if the direct integrity test is within the established control limit.(F) Systems must conduct direct integrity testing on each membrane unit at a frequency of not less than once each day that the membrane unit is in operation. The Department may approve less frequent testing, based on demonstrated process reliability, the use of multiple barriers effective for Cryptosporidium, or reliable process safeguards. (iv) Indirect integrity monitoring. Systems must conduct continuous indirect integrity monitoring on each membrane unit according to the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(iv)(A) through (E). Indirect integrity monitoring is defined as monitoring some aspect of filtrate water quality that is indicative of the removal of particulate matter. A system that implements continuous direct integrity testing of membrane units in accordance with the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(iii)(A) through (E) is not subject to the requirements for continuous indirect integrity monitoring. Systems must submit a monthly report to the Department summarizing all continuous indirect integrity monitoring results triggering direct integrity testing and the corrective action that was taken in each case. (A) Unless the Department approves an alternative parameter, continuous indirect integrity monitoring must include continuous filtrate turbidity monitoring.(B) Continuous monitoring must be conducted at a frequency of no less than once every 15 minutes.(C) Continuous monitoring must be separately conducted on each membrane unit.(D) If indirect integrity monitoring includes turbidity and if the filtrate turbidity readings are above 0.15 NTU for a period greater than 15 minutes (i.e., two consecutive 15-minute readings above 0.15 NTU), direct integrity testing must immediately be performed on the associated membrane unit as specified in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(iii)(A) through (E).(E) If indirect integrity monitoring includes a Department-approved alternative parameter and if the alternative parameter exceeds a Department-approved control limit for a period greater than 15 minutes, direct integrity testing must immediately be performed on the associated membrane units as specified in R.61-58.10.K(20)(b)(iii)(A) through (E). (c) Second stage filtration. With Department approval, systems may receive 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for a separate second stage of filtration that consists of sand, dual media, GAC, or other fine grain media following granular media filtration. To receive this credit, the first stage of filtration must be preceded by a coagulation step and both filtration stages must treat the entire plant flow taken from a surface water or GWUDI source. A cap, such as GAC, on a single stage of filtration is not eligible for this credit. The Department must approve the treatment credit based on an assessment of the design characteristics of the filtration process.(d) Slow Sand Filtration (as Secondary Filter). With Department approval, systems may receive 2.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for a slow sand filtration process that follows a separate stage of filtration if both filtration stages treat entire plant flow taken from a surface water or GWUDI source and no disinfectant residual is present in the influent water to the slow sand filtration process. The Department must approve the treatment credit based on an assessment of the design characteristics of the filtration process. This paragraph does not apply to treatment credit awarded to slow sand filtration used as a primary filtration process.
(21) Inactivation Toolbox Components. (a) Calculation of CT Values. (i) CT is the product of the disinfectant contact time (T, in minutes) and disinfectant concentration (C, in milligrams per liter). Systems with treatment credit for chlorine dioxide or ozone under R.61-58.10.K(21)(b) or (c) must calculate CT at least once each day, with both C and T measured during peak hourly flow as specified in R.61-58.10.F(1) and (2).(ii) Systems with several disinfection segments in sequence may calculate CT for each segment, where a disinfection segment is defined as a treatment unit process with a measurable disinfectant residual level and a liquid volume. Under this approach, systems must add the Cryptosporidium CT values in each segment to determine the total CT for the treatment plant.(b) CT values for Chlorine Dioxide and Ozone. (i) Systems may receive the Cryptosporidium treatment credit listed in the following table by meeting the corresponding chlorine dioxide CT value for the applicable water temperature, as described in R.61-58.10.K(21)(a). CT Values (mg-min/L) for Cryptosporidium Inactivation by Chlorine Dioxide
Water Temperature (degrees C) |
Log Credit | Less than or equal to 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 |
0.25 | 159 | 153 | 140 | 128 | 107 | 90 | 69 | 45 | 29 | 19 | 12 |
0.5 | 319 | 305 | 279 | 256 | 214 | 180 | 138 | 89 | 58 | 38 | 24 |
1.0 | 637 | 610 | 558 | 511 | 429 | 360 | 277 | 179 | 116 | 75 | 49 |
1.5 | 956 | 915 | 838 | 767 | 643 | 539 | 415 | 268 | 174 | 113 | 73 |
2.0 | 1275 | 1220 | 1117 | 1023 | 858 | 719 | 553 | 357 | 232 | 150 | 98 |
2.5 | 1594 | 1525 | 1396 | 1278 | 1072 | 899 | 691 | 447 | 289 | 188 | 122 |
3.0 | 1912 | 1830 | 1675 | 1534 | 1286 | 1079 | 830 | 536 | 347 | 226 | 147 |
Note: Systems may use this equation to determine log credit between the indicated values: Log credit = (0.001506 X (1.09116) Temp) X CT.
(ii) Systems may receive the Cryptosporidium treatment credit listed in the following table by meeting the corresponding ozone CT values for the applicable water temperature, as described in R.61-58.10.K(21)(a). CT Values (mg-min/L) for Cryptosporidium Inactivation by Ozone
Water Temperature (degrees C) |
Log Credit | Less than or equal to 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 |
0.25 | 6 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 | .39 |
0.5 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 1.2 | .78 |
1.0 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 19 | 16 | 13 | 9.9 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 1.6 |
1.5 | 36 | 35 | 31 | 29 | 24 | 20 | 15 | 9.3 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 2.4 |
2.0 | 48 | 46 | 42 | 38 | 32 | 26 | 20 | 12 | 7.8 | 4.9 | 3.1 |
2.5 | 60 | 58 | 52 | 48 | 40 | 33 | 25 | 16 | 9.8 | 6.2 | 3.9 |
3.0 | 72 | 69 | 63 | 57 | 47 | 39 | 30 | 19 | 12 | 7.4 | 4.7 |
Systems may use this equation to determine log credit between the indicated values: Log credit = (0.0397 X (1.09757) Temp) X CT
(c) Site-Specific Study. The Department may approve alternative chlorine dioxide or ozone CT values to those listed in R.61-58.10.K(21)(b) on a site-specific basis. The Department must base this approval on a site-specific study a system conducts that follows a Department-approved protocol.
(d) Ultraviolet Light. Systems may receive Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and virus treatment credits for ultraviolet (UV) light reactors by achieving the corresponding UV dose values shown in R.61-58.10.K(21)(d)(i). Systems must validate and monitor UV reactors as described in R.61-58.10.K(21)(d)(ii) and (iii) to demonstrate that they are achieving a particular UV dose value for treatment credit.
(i) UV Dose Table. The treatment credits listed in this table are for UV light at a wavelength of 254 nanometers as produced by a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp. To receive treatment credit for other lamp types, systems must demonstrate an equivalent germicidal dose through reactor validation testing, as described in R.61-58.10.K(21)(d)(ii). The UV dose values in this table are applicable only to post-filter applications of UV in filtered systems and to unfiltered systems.
UV Dose Table for Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Virus Inactivation Credit
Log Credit | Cryptosporidium UV dose (mJ/cm2) | Giardia lamblia UV dose (mJ/cm2) | Virus UV dose (mJ/cm2) |
0.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 39 |
1.0 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 58 |
1.5 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 79 |
2.0 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 100 |
2.5 | 8.5 | 7.7 | 121 |
3.0 | 12 | 11 | 143 |
3.5 | 15 | 15 | 163 |
4.0 | 22 | 22 | 186 |
(ii) Reactor Validation Testing. Systems must use UV reactors that have undergone validation testing to determine the operating conditions under which the reactor delivers the UV dose required in R.61-58.10.K(21)(d)(i) (i.e., validated operating conditions). These operating conditions must include flow rate, UV intensity as measured by a UV sensor, and UV lamp status.
(A) When determining validated operating conditions, systems must account for the following factors: UV absorbance of the water; lamp fouling and aging; measurement uncertainty of on-line sensors; UV dose distributions arising from the velocity profiles through the reactor; failure of UV lamps or other critical system components; and inlet and outlet piping or channel configurations of the UV reactor.(B) Validation testing must include full scale testing of a reactor that conforms uniformly to the UV reactors used by the system. In addition, the validation testing must include inactivation information on a test microorganism whose dose response characteristics have been quantified with a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp.(C) The Department may approve an alternative approach to validation testing.(iii) Reactor Monitoring. (A) Systems must monitor their UV reactors to determine if the reactors are operating within validated conditions, as determined under R.61-58.10.K(21)(d)(ii). This monitoring must include UV intensity as measured by a UV sensor, flow rate, lamp status, and other parameters the Department designates based on UV reactor operation. Systems must verify the calibration of UV sensors and must recalibrate sensors in accordance with a protocol the Department approves.(B) To receive treatment credit for UV light, systems must treat at least 95 percent of the water delivered to the public during each month by UV reactors operating within validated conditions for the required UV dose, as described in R.61-58.10.K(21)(d)(i) and (ii). Systems must demonstrate compliance with this condition by the monitoring required under R.61-58.10.K(21)(d)(iii)(A). (22) Reporting Requirements. (a) Systems must report sampling schedules under R.61-58.10.K(3) and source water monitoring results under R.61-58.10.K(7) unless they notify the Department that they will not conduct source water monitoring due to meeting the criteria of R.61-58.10.K(2)(d).(b) Systems must report the use of uncovered finished water storage facilities to the Department as described in R.61-58.10.K(15).(c) Filtered systems must report their Cryptosporidium bin classification as described in R.61-58.10.K(11).(d) Unfiltered systems must report their mean source water Cryptosporidium level as described in R.61-58.10.K(13).(e) Systems must report disinfection profiles and benchmarks to the Department as described in R.61-58.10.K(9) through (10) prior to making a significant change in disinfection practice.(f) Systems must report to the Department in accordance with R.61-58.10.K(22)(f)(i) through (xv) for any microbial toolbox options used to comply with treatment requirements under R.61-58.10.K(12) or (13). Alternatively, the Department may approve a system to certify operation within required parameters for treatment credit rather than reporting monthly operational data for toolbox options. (i) Watershed Control Program Systems must submit the following information:
(A) A notice of intention to develop a new program or continue an existing watershed control program should be submitted no later than two years before the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(B) A watershed control plan should be submitted no later than one year before the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(C) An annual status report for the watershed control program must be submitted every 12 months beginning one year after the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(D) A watershed sanitary survey report must be submitted for community systems every three years beginning three years after the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14). For non-community water systems, the watershed sanitary survey report must be submitted every five years beginning five years after the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(ii) Alternative source or intake management: Systems must submit verification that the system has relocated the intake or adopted the intake withdrawal procedure reflected in the monitoring results. The verification must be sent no later than the applicable compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(iii) Presedimentation: A monthly report must be submitted within 10 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted that contains verification of continuous basin operation, treatment of 100 percent of the flow, continuous addition of a coagulant, and at least 0.5-log mean reduction of influent turbidity or compliance with alternative Department-approved performance criteria beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.K(14).(iv) Two-stage lime softening: A monthly report must be submitted that contains verification that chemical addition and hardness precipitation occurred in two separate and sequential softening stages prior to filtration and verification that both stages treated 100 percent of the plant flow. The monthly report must be submitted within 10 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.K(14).(v) Bank Filtration: (A) Systems must submit information that demonstrates that the aquifer is unconsolidated and predominantly sandy and that the setback distances of at least 25 ft for 0.5-log removal or 50 ft for 1.0-log removal are met. This information must be submitted no later than the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(B) If the monthly average of daily maximum turbidity is greater than 1 NTU then the system must report the result and submit an assessment of the cause within 30 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(vi) Combined filter performance: Systems must submit monthly verification of their combined filter effluent levels within 10 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14). The report must verify that the combined filter effluent turbidity levels were less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95 percent of the 4 hour combined filter effluent measurements taken each month.(vii) Individual filter performance: Systems must submit a report within 10 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14). The report must verify that the individual filter effluent turbidity levels were less than or equal to 0.15 in at least 95 percent of samples each month in each filter, and that no individual filter turbidity was greater than 0.3 NTU in two consecutive readings 15 minutes apart.(viii) Demonstration of Performance. (A) Systems must submit the results from testing following a Department-approved protocol no later than the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(B) As required by the Department, systems must submit monthly verification of operation within conditions of Department approval for demonstration of performance credit. This verification must be submitted within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(ix) Bag Filters and Cartridge Filters: (A) Systems must submit information that demonstrates that the process meets the definition of bag or cartridge filtration and that the removal efficiency established through challenge testing meets the criteria in R.61-58.10.K(20). This information must be submitted no later than the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(B) Systems must submit monthly verification that 100 percent of the plant flow was filtered. The monthly verification must be submitted within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(x) Membrane Filtration: (A) Systems must submit results of verification testing demonstrating that the removal efficiency established through challenge testing meets the requirements in R.61-58.10.K(20), the type of integrity test method, and the associated test parameters (resolution, sensitivity, test frequency, control limits, and associated baseline). This information must be submitted no later than the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(B) Systems must submit a monthly report that summarizes all direct integrity tests above the control limit, and, if applicable, any turbidity or alternative Department-approved indirect integrity monitoring results triggering direct integrity testing and the corrective action that was taken. This report must be submitted within 10 days following the month that testing was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(xi) Second stage filtration: Systems must submit monthly verification that 100 percent of the flow was filtered through both stages and that the first stage was preceded by coagulation. This verification must be submitted within 10 days following the month that monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(xii) Slow sand filtration (as secondary filter): Systems must submit monthly verification that both a slow sand filter and a preceding separate stage of filtration treated 100 percent of the flow from a subpart H source. This verification must be submitted within 10 days following the month that monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(xiii) Chlorine dioxide: Systems must submit a summary of CT values for each day as described in R.61-58.10.K(21). This summary must be submitted within 10 days following the month that monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(xiv) Ozone: Systems must submit a summary of CT values for each day as described in R.61-58.10.K(21). This summary must be submitted within 10 days following the month that monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(xv) UV: (A) Systems must submit validation test results demonstrating that the operating conditions achieved the required UV dose. This information must be submitted no later than the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(B) Systems must submit a monthly report summarizing the percentage of water entering the distribution system that was not treated by UV reactors operating within validated conditions for the required dose as specified in R.61-58.10.K(22)(d). This report must be submitted within 10 days following the month that monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in R.61-58.10.K(14).(23) Recordkeeping Requirements. (a) Systems must keep results from the initial round of source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(a) and the second round of source water monitoring under R.61-58.10.K(2)(b) until 3 years after bin classification under R.61-58.10.K(11) for filtered systems or determination of the mean Cryptosporidium level under R.61-58.10.K(11) for unfiltered systems for the particular round of monitoring.(b) Systems must keep any notification to the Department that they will not conduct source water monitoring due to meeting the criteria of R.61-58.10.K(2)(d) for 3 years.(c) Systems must keep the results of treatment monitoring associated with microbial toolbox options under R.61-58.10.K(17) through (21) and with uncovered finished water reservoirs under R.61-58.10.K(15), as applicable, for 3 years.(24) Requirements to Respond to Significant Deficiencies Identified in Sanitary Surveys Performed by EPA. (a) A sanitary survey is an onsite review of the water source (identifying sources of contamination by using results of source water assessments where available), facilities, equipment, operation, maintenance, and monitoring compliance of a PWS to evaluate the adequacy of the PWS, its sources and operations, and the distribution of safe drinking water.(b) For the purposes of this section, a significant deficiency includes a defect in design, operation, or maintenance, or a failure or malfunction of the sources, treatment, storage, or distribution system that EPA determines to be causing, or has the potential for causing the introduction of contamination into the water delivered to consumers.(c) For sanitary surveys performed by EPA, systems must respond in writing to significant deficiencies identified in sanitary survey reports no later than 45 days after receipt of the report, indicating how and on what schedule the system will address significant deficiencies noted in the survey.(d) Systems must correct significant deficiencies identified in sanitary survey reports according to the schedule approved by EPA, or if there is no approved schedule, according to the schedule reported under R.61-58.10.K(24)(c) if such deficiencies are within the control of the system.S.C. Code Regs. § 61-58.10.K