La. Admin. Code tit. 40 § I-2021

Current through Register Vol. 50, No. 11, November 20, 2024

Section I-2021 - Therapeutic Procedures-Non-Operative

A. All treatment plans begin with shared decision making with the patient. Before initiation of any therapeutic procedure, an authorized treating healthcare provider, employer, and insurer should consider these important issues in the care of the injured worker.

B. First, patients undergoing therapeutic procedure(s) should be released or returned to modified or restricted duty during their rehabilitation at the earliest appropriate time. Refer to "Return-to-Work" in this section for detailed information.

C. Second, cessation and/or review of treatment modalities should be undertaken when no further significant subjective or objective improvement in the patient's condition is noted.

1. Reassessment of the patient's status in terms of functional improvement should be documented after each treatment. If patients are not responding within the recommended time periods, alternative treatment interventions, further diagnostic studies or specialist and/or surgeon consultations should be pursued. Continued treatment should be monitored using objective measures such as:

a. return-to-work or maintaining work status;

b. fewer restrictions at work or performing activities of daily living (ADL);

c. decrease in usage of medications; related to the work injury; and

d. measurable functional gains, such as increased range of motion, documented increase in strength;, increased ability to stand, sit or lift, or patient completed functional evaluations.

D. Third, providers should provide and document education to the patient. No treatment plan is complete without addressing issues of individual and/or group patient education as a means of facilitating self-management of symptoms.

E. Lastly, formal psychological or psychosocial evaluation should be performed on patients not making expected progress within 6 to 12 weeks following injury and whose subjective symptoms do not correlate with objective signs and tests.

F. Home therapy is an important component of therapy and may include active and passive therapeutic procedures, as well as, other modalities to assist in alleviating pain, swelling, and abnormal muscle tone.

G. Non-operative treatment procedures for low back pain can be divided into two groups: conservative care and rehabilitation. Conservative care is treatment applied to a problem in which spontaneous improvement is expected in 90 percent of the cases within three months. It is usually provided during the tissue-healing phase and lasts no more than six months, and often considerably less. Rehabilitation is treatment applied to a more chronic and complex problem in a patient with de-conditioning and disability. It is provided during the period after tissue healing to obtain maximal medical recovery. Treatment modalities may be utilized sequentially or concomitantly depending on chronicity and complexity of the problem, and anticipated therapeutic effect. Treatment plans should always be based on a diagnosis utilizing appropriate diagnostic procedures.

H. The following procedures are listed in alphabetical order.

1. Acupuncture

a. Acupuncture: the insertion and removal of filiform needles to stimulate acupoints (acupuncture points). Needles may be inserted, manipulated, and retained for a period of time. Acupuncture can be used to reduce pain, reduce inflammation, increase blood flow, increase range of motion, decrease the side effect of medication-induced nausea, promote relaxation in an anxious patient, and reduce muscle spasm.

i. Indications include joint pain, joint stiffness, soft tissue pain and inflammation, paresthesia, post-surgical pain relief, muscle spasm, and scar tissue pain.

b. Acupuncture with Electrical Stimulation: is the use of electrical current (micro-amperage or milli-amperage) on the needles at the acupuncture site. It is used to increase effectiveness of the needles by continuous stimulation of the acupoint. Physiological effects (depending on location and settings) can include endorphin release for pain relief, reduction of inflammation, increased blood circulation, analgesia through interruption of pain stimulus, and muscle relaxation.

i. It is indicated to treat chronic pain conditions, radiating pain along a nerve pathway, muscle spasm, inflammation, scar tissue pain, and pain located in multiple sites.

c. Total Time Frames for Acupuncture and Acupuncture with Electrical Stimulation: Time frames are not meant to be applied to each of the above sections separately. The time frames are to be applied to all acupuncture treatments regardless of the type or combination of therapies being provided.

i. time to produce effect: three to six treatments;

ii. frequency: one to three times per week;

iii. optimum duration: one to two months;

iv maximum duration: 14 treatments within six months.

(a). Any of the above acupuncture treatments may extend longer if objective functional gains can be documented or when symptomatic benefits facilitate progression in the patient's treatment program. Treatment beyond 14 treatments must be documented with respect to need and ability to facilitate positive symptomatic or functional gains. Such care should be re-evaluated and documented with each series of treatments.

d. Other Acupuncture Modalities. Acupuncture treatment is based on individual patient needs and therefore treatment may include a combination of procedures to enhance treatment effect. Other procedures may include the use of heat, soft tissue manipulation/massage, and exercise. Refer to Active Therapy (Therapeutic Exercise) and Passive Therapy sections (Massage and Superficial Heat and Cold Therapy) for a description of these adjunctive acupuncture modalities and time frames.

2. Biofeedback. A form of behavioral medicine that helps patients learn self-awareness and self-regulation skills for the purpose of gaining greater control of their physiology, such as muscle activity, brain waves, and measures of autonomic nervous system activity. Electronic instrumentation is used to monitor the targeted physiology and then displayed or fed back to the patient visually, auditorially, or tactilely, with coaching by a biofeedback specialist. Biofeedback is provided by clinicians certified in biofeedback and/or who have documented specialized education, advanced training, or direct or supervised experience qualifying them to provide the specialized treatment needed (e.g., surface EMG, EEG, or other). There is good evidence that biofeedback or relaxation therapy is equal in effect to cognitive behavioral therapy for low back pain. There is good evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy, but not behavioral therapy (e.g., biofeedback), shows weak to small effects in reducing pain and small effects on improving disability, mood, and catastrophizing in patients.

a. Treatment is individualized to the patient's work-related diagnosis and needs. Home practice of skills is required for mastery and may be facilitated by the use of home training tapes. The ultimate goal of biofeedback treatment is to normalize physiology to the pre-injury status to the extent possible, and involves transfer of learned skills to the workplace and daily life. Candidates for biofeedback therapy or training must be motivated to learn and practice biofeedback and self-regulation techniques.

b. Indications for biofeedback include individuals who are suffering from musculoskeletal injury in which muscle dysfunction or other physiological indicators of excessive or prolonged stress response affects and/or delays recovery. Other applications include training to improve self-management of emotional stress/pain responses such as anxiety, depression, anger, sleep disturbance, and other central and autonomic nervous system imbalances. Biofeedback is often used in conjunction with other treatment modalities.

i. time to produce effect: three to four sessions;

ii. frequency: one to two times per week;

iii. optimum duration: five to six sessions;

iv. maximum duration: 10 to 12 sessions. Treatment beyond 12 sessions must be documented with respect to need, expectation, and ability to facilitate functional gains.

3. Injections-Therapeutic

a. Therapeutic Spinal Injections. Description - Therapeutic spinal injections may be used after initial conservative treatments, such as physical and occupational therapy, medication, manual therapy, exercise, acupuncture, etc., have been undertaken. Therapeutic injections should be used only after imaging studies and diagnostic injections have established pathology. Injections are invasive procedures that can cause serious complications; thus clinical indications and contraindications should be closely adhered to. The purpose of spinal injections is to facilitate active therapy by providing short-term relief through reduction of pain and inflammation. All patients should continue appropriate exercise with functionally directed rehabilitation. Active treatment, which patients should have had prior to injections, will frequently require a repeat of the sessions previously ordered (Refer to Active Therapy). Injections, by themselves, are not likely to provide long-term relief. Rather, active rehabilitation with modified work achieves long-term relief by increasing active ROM, strength, and stability. Subjective reports of pain response (via a recognized pain scale) and function should be considered and given relative weight when the pain has anatomic and physiologic correlation. Anatomic correlation must be based on objective findings.

i. Special Considerations. For all injections (excluding trigger point), multi-planar fluoroscopic guidance during procedures is required to document technique and needle placement, and should be performed by a physician experienced in the procedure. Permanent images are required to verify needle replacement,

ii. Complications. General complications of spinal injections may include transient neurapraxia, local pain, nerve injury, infection, headache, urinary retention, and vasovagal effects. Epidural hematoma, permanent neurologic damage, dural perforation and CSF leakage; and/or spinal meningeal abscess may also occur. Permanent paresis, anaphylaxis, and arachnoiditis have been rarely reported with the use of epidural steroids. With steroid injections, there may be a dose-dependent suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis lasting between one and three months.

iii. Contraindications. Absolute contraindications to therapeutic injections include: bacterial infectionsystemic or localized to region of injection; bleeding diatheses; hematological conditions, and possible pregnancy.

(a). Relative contraindications to diagnostic injections may include: allergy to contrast, poorly controlled Diabetes Mellitus, and hypertension. Drugs affecting coagulation may require restriction from use. Anti-platelet therapy and anti-coagulations should be addressed individually by a knowledgeable specialist. It is recommended to refer to Am Society of Regional Anesthesia for anticoagulation guidelines.

b. Epidural Steroid Injection (ESI)

i. Description. Epidural steroid injections are injections of corticosteroid into the epidural space. The purpose of ESI is to reduce pain and inflammation in the acute or sub-acute phases of injury, restoring range of motion and, thereby, facilitating progress in more active treatment programs. ESI uses three approaches: transforaminal/Spinal Selective Nerve Block (SNRB), interlaminar (midline), and caudal. The transforaminal/ Spinal Selective Nerve Root Block approach is the preferred method for unilateral, single-level pathology and for post-surgical patients. There is good evidence that the transforaminal/ Spinal Selective Nerve Root Block approach can deliver medication to the target tissue with few complications and can be used to identify the specific site of pathology. The interlaminar approach is the preferred approach for multi-level pathology or spinal stenosis. Caudal therapeutic injections may be used, but it is difficult to target the exact treatment area, due to diffuse distribution.

ii. Needle Placement. Multi-planar fluoroscopic imaging is required for all epidural steroid injections. Contrast epidurograms allow one to verify the flow of medication into the epidural space. Permanent images are required to verify needle replacement.

iii. Indications

(a). There is some evidence that epidural steroid injections are effective for patients with radicular pain or radiculopathy (sensory or motor loss in a specific dermatome or myotome). Up to 80 percent of patients with radicular pain may have initial relief. However, only 25-57 percent are likely to have excellent long-term relief.

(b). Although there is no evidence regarding the effectiveness of ESI for non-radicular disc herniation, it is an accepted intervention. Only patients who have pain affected by activity and annular tears verified by appropriate imaging may have injections for axial pain.

(c). There is some evidence that ESI injections are not effective for spinal stenosis without radicular findings. Additionally, there is some evidence that patients who smoke or who have pain unaffected by rest or activity are less likely to have a successful outcome from ESIs.

iv. Timing/Frequency/Duration

(a). Epidural injections may be used for radicular pain or radiculopathy. If an injection provides at least 50 percent relief, a repeat of the same pain relieving injection may be given at least two weeks apart with fluoroscopic guidance. No more than two levels may be injected in one session. If there is not a minimum of 50 percent pain reduction as measured by a numerical pain index scale and documented functional improvement, similar injections should not be repeated, although the practitioner may want to consider a different approach or different level depending on the pathology. Maximum of two series (six months apart) of three effective pain relieving injections may be done in one year based upon the patient's response to pain and function.

(b). Spinal Stenosis Patients

(i). Patients with claudication: The patient has documented spinal stenosis, has attempted active therapy, has persistent claudication symptoms and difficulty with some activities, thus meeting criteria for surgical intervention. The patient may have diagnostic injection as indicated. Patients who have any objective neurologic findings should proceed as the above patient with radicular findings for whom an early surgical consultation is recommended including indirect or direct decompression. Refer to C.1. Those who have mild claudication, or moderate or severe claudication and who do not desire surgery, may continue to receive additional injections if the original diagnostic intervention was successful per guideline standards.

(c). Optimum duration: usually one to three injection(s) over a period of six months depending upon each patient's response and functional gain.

(d). Maximum duration: two sessions (consisting of up to three injections each) may be done in one year, as per the patient's response to pain and function. Patients should be reassessed after each injection for an 50 percent improvement in pain (as measured by accepted pain scales) and evidence of functional improvement.

c. Zygapophyseal (Facet) Injection

i. Description-an accepted intra-articular or pericapsular injection of local anesthetic and corticosteroid with very limited uses. Up to three joints. Either unilaterally or bilaterally. Injections may be repeated only, when there is 50 percent initial improvement in pain scales as measured by accepted pain scales (such as VAS), and a functional documented response lasts for three months. An example of a positive result would include a return to baseline function as established at MMI, return to increased work duties, or a measurable improvement in physical activity goals including retrun to baseline after an exacerbation. Injections may only be repeated when these functional and time goals are met and verified. May be repeated up to two times a year. There is no justification for a combined facet and medial branch block. Monitored Anesthesia Care is accepted for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

ii. Indications-patients with pain suspected to be facet in origin based on exam findings and affecting activity; or, patients who have refused a rhizotomy; or, patients who have facet findings with a thoracic component. In these patients, facet injections may be occasionally useful in facilitating a functionally-directed rehabilitation program and to aid in identifying pain generators. Patients with recurrent pain should be evaluated with more definitive diagnostic injections, such as medial nerve branch injections, to determine the need for a rhizotomy. Facet injections are not likely to produce long-term benefit by themselves and are not the most accurate diagnostic tool.

iii. Timing/Frequency/Duration

(a). Time to produce effect: up to 30 minutes for local anesthetic; corticosteroid up to 72 hours.

(b). Frequency: one injection per level with a diagnostic response. If the first injection does not provide a diagnostic response of temporary and sustained pain relief substantiated by accepted pain scales, (i.e., 50 percent pain reduction substantiated by tools such as VAS), and improvement in function, similar injections should not be repeated. At least four to six weeks of functional benefit should be obtained with each therapeutic injection.

(c). Optimum duration: two to three injections for each applicable joint per year. Not to exceed two joint levels.

(d). Maximum Duration: four per level per year. Prior authorization must be obtained for injections beyond two levels.

(e). Facet injections may be repeated if they result in increased documented functional benefit for at least four to six weeks and at least an 50 percent initial improvement in pain scales as measured by accepted pain scales (such as VAS).

d. Sacroiliac Joint Injection

i. Description-a generally accepted injection of local anesthetic in an intra-articular fashion into the sacroiliac joint under fluoroscopic guidance. May include the use of corticosteroids. Sacroiliac joint injections may be considered either unilaterally or bilaterally. The injection may only be repeated with 50 percent improvement in Visual Analog Scale with documented functional improvement. For Sacroiliac Joint (lateral Branch Neurotomy), the diagnostic SI-S3 lateral branch blocks would need to be documented with 80 percent to 100 percent improvement in symptoms for the duration of the local anesthetic. Should the diagnostic lateral branch nerve blocks only result in 50 percent to 80 percent improvement in symptoms then the confirmatory nerve blocks are recommended. In the event that the diagnostic lateral nerve blocks result in less than 50 percent improvement, then the lateral branch neurotomy is not recommended. SI Joint fusion can be considered if multiple SI joint injections or RF Sacral Lateral Branches are ineffective to maintain function. Monitored Anesthesia Care is accepted for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures,

ii. Indications-primarily diagnostic to rule out sacroiliac joint dysfunction vs. other pain generators. Intra-articular injection can be of value in diagnosing the pain generator. There should be documented relief from previously painful maneuvers (e.g., Patrick's test) on post-injection physical exam. These injections may be repeated if they result in increased documented functional benefit for at least 6 weeks and at least a 50 percent initial improvement in pain scales as measured by accepted pain scales (such as VAS). Sacroiliac joint blocks should facilitate a functionally directed rehabilitation program.

iii. Timing/Frequency/Duration

(a). Frequency and optimum duration: two to three injections per year. If the first injection does not provide a diagnostic response of temporary and sustained pain relief substantiated by accepted pain scales, (i.e.,50 percent pain reduction substantiated by tools such as VAS), and improvement in function, similar injections should not be repeated. At least six weeks of functional benefit should be obtained with each therapeutic injection. If there is a 50 percent reduction in pain that lasts less than six weeks, the injection can be considered as part of the series of two injections used for the purpose of confirming the sacroiliac pain generator prior to sacroiliac fusion.

(b). Maximum duration: three injections per year.

e. Intradiscal Steroid Therapy

i. Intradiscal Steroid Therapy consists of injection of a steroid preparation into the intervertebral disc under fluoroscopic guidance at the time of discography. There is good evidence that it is not effective in the treatment of suspected discogenic back pain and its use is not recommended.

f. Radio Frequency (RF)-Medial Branch Neurotomy/Facet Denervation

i. Description-a procedure designed to denervate the facet joint (Thoracic and Lumbar) by ablating the corresponding sensory medial branches. Percutaneous radiofrequency is the method generally used. Pulsed radiofrequency at 42 degrees C should not be used as it may result in incomplete denervation. Cooled radiofrequency is generally not recommended due to current lack of evidence.

(a). If the medial branch blocks provide 80 percent or more pain reduction as measured by a numerical pain index scale within one hour of the medial branch blocks, then rhizotomy of the medial branch nerves, up to four nerves per side, may be done. If the first medial branch block provides less than 80 percent but at least 50 percent pain reduction as measured by a numerical pain index scale or documented functional improvement, the medial branch block should be repeated before a rhizotomy is performed. If 50 percent or greater pain reduction is achieved with two sets of medial branch blocks for facet joint pain, then rhizotomy may be performed.

(b). Generally, RF pain relief lasts at least six months and repeat radiofrequency neurotomy can be successful and last longer. RF neurotomy is the procedure of choice over alcohol, phenol, or cryoablation. Permanent images should be recorded to verify placement of the needles.

ii. Needle placement: multi-planar fluoroscopic imaging is required for all injections.

iii. Indications-those patients with proven, significant, facetogenic pain by medial branch block (as defined previously). This procedure is not recommended for patients with multiple pain generators except in those cases where the facet pain is deemed to be greater than 50 percent of the total pain in the given area.

iv. All patients should continue appropriate exercise with functionally directed rehabilitation. Active treatment, which patients will have had prior to the procedure, will frequently require a repeat of the sessions that may have been previously ordered prior to the facet treatment (Refer to Therapy-Active).

v. Complications-bleeding, infection, or neural injury. The clinician must be aware of the risk of developing a localized neuritis, or rarely, a deafferentation centralized pain syndrome as a complication of this and other neuroablative procedures.

vi. Post-Procedure Therapy-active therapy. Implementation of a gentle aerobic reconditioning program (e.g., walking) and back education within the first postprocedure week, barring complications. Instruction and participation in a long-term home-based program of ROM, core strengthening, postural or neuromuscular re-education, endurance, and stability exercises should be accomplished over a period of four to ten visits post-procedure.

vii. Requirements for Repeat Radiofrequency Medial Branch Neurotomy (or other peripheral nerve ablation). In some cases pain may recur. Successful RF neurotomy usually provides from six to eighteen months of relief.

(a). Before a repeat RF neurotomy is done, a confirmatory medial branch injection or diagnostic nerve block should be performed if the patient's pain pattern presents differently than the initial evaluation. In occasional patients, additional levels of medial branch blocks and RF neurotomy may be necessary. The same indications and limitations apply.

g. Radio Frequency Denervation-Sacro-iliac (SI) joint. This procedure requires neurotomy of multiple nerves, such as L5 dorsal ramus, and/or lateral branches of SI-S3 under C-arm fluoroscopy.

i. Needle Placement: Multi-planar fluoroscopic imaging is required. Permanent images are suggested to verify needle placement,

ii. Indications

(a). The patient has physical exam findings of at least three positive physical exam maneuvers (e.g., Patrick's sign, Faber's test, Gaenslen distraction or gapping, or compression test). Insufficient functional progress during an appropriate program that includes active therapy and/or manual therapy.

(b). For sacroiliac joint (lateral branch neurotomy), the diagnostic SI-S3 lateral branch blocks would need to be documented with 80 percent to 100 percent improvement in symptoms for the duration of the local anesthetic. Should the diagnostic lateral branch nerve blocks only result in 50 percent to 80 percent improvement in symptoms then the confirmatory nerve blocks are recommended. In the event that the diagnostic lateral nerve blocks result in less than 50 percent improvement, then the lateral branch neurotomy is not recommended. SI Joint fusion can be considered for those unable to return to function due to with SI injections or RF sacral lateral branches.

iii. Complications: damage to sacral nerve roots- issues with bladder dysfunction etc. Bleeding, infection, or neural injury. The clinician must be aware of the risk of developing a localized neuritis, or rarely, a deafferentation centralized pain syndrome as a complication of this and other neuroablative procedures.

iv. Post-Procedure Therapy-active therapy: implementation of a gentle aerobic reconditioning program (e.g., walking) and back education within the first postprocedure week, barring complications. Instruction and participation in a long-term home-based program of ROM, core strengthening, postural or neuromuscular re-education, endurance, and stability exercises should be accomplished over a period of 4 to 10 visits post-procedure.

v. Requirements for Repeat Radiofrequency SI Joint Neurotomy. In some cases, pain may recur. Successful RF neurotomy usually provides from 6 to 18 months of relief. Repeat neurotomy should only be performed if the initial procedure resulted in improved function for six months. There is no need for repeat Sacroiliac joint or lateral branch injection before RF. SI Joint fusion can be considered for those unable to return to function due to RF Sacral Lateral Branches that no longer last for six months.

h. Trigger Point Injections

i. Description. Trigger point injections are generally accepted treatment. Trigger point treatment can consist of injection of local anesthetic, with or without corticosteroid, into highly localized, extremely sensitive bands of skeletal muscle fibers. These muscle fibers produce local and referred pain when activated. Medication is injected in a four-quadrant manner in the area of maximum tenderness. Injection can be enhanced if treatments are immediately followed by myofascial therapeutic interventions, such as vapo-coolant spray and stretch, ischemic pressure massage (myotherapy), specific soft tissue mobilization and physical modalities. There is conflicting evidence regarding the benefit of trigger point injections. There is no evidence that injection of medications improves the results of trigger-point injections. Needling alone may account for some of the therapeutic response of injections. Needling must be performed by practitioners with the appropriate credentials in accordance with state and other applicable regulations.

(a). Conscious sedation for patients receiving trigger point injections may be considered. However, the patient must be alert to help identify the site of the injection,

ii. Indications. Trigger point injections may be used to relieve myofascial pain and facilitate active therapy and stretching of the affected areas. They are to be used as an adjunctive treatment in combination with other treatment modalities such as active therapy programs. Trigger point injections should be utilized primarily for the purpose of facilitating functional progress. Patients should continue in an aggressive aerobic and stretching therapeutic exercise program, as tolerated, while undergoing intensive myofascial interventions. Myofascial pain is often associated with other underlying structural problems. Any abnormalities need to be ruled out prior to injection.

iii. Trigger point injections are indicated in patients with consistently observed, well circumscribed trigger points. This demonstrates a local twitch response, characteristic radiation of pain pattern and local autonomic reaction, such as persistent hyperemia following palpation. Generally, trigger point injections are not necessary unless consistently observed trigger points are not responding to specific, noninvasive, myofascial interventions within approximately a six-week time frame. However, trigger point injections may be occasionally effective when utilized in the patient with immediate, acute onset of pain or in a post-operative patient with persistent muscle spasm or myofascial pain.

iv. Complications. Potential but rare complications of trigger point injections include infection, pneumothorax, anaphylaxis, penetration of viscera, neurapraxia, and neuropathy. If corticosteroids are injected in addition to local anesthetic, there is a risk of local myopathy. Severe pain on injection suggests the possibility of an intraneural injection, and the needle should be immediately repositioned.

v. Timing/Frequency/Duration

(a). Time to produce effect: Local anesthetic 30 minutes; 24 to 48 hours for no anesthesia;

(b). Frequency: no more than four injection sites per session per week for acute exacerbations only to avoid significant post-injection soreness;

(c). Optimum duration/Maximum duration: four sessions per year. Injections may only be repeated when the above functional and time goals are met.

i. Prolotherapy. Also known as sclerotherapy consists of a series of injections of hypertonic dextrose, with or without glycerine and phenol, into the ligamentous structures of the low back. Its proponents claim that the inflammatory response to the injections will recruit cytokine growth factors involved in the proliferation of connective tissue, stabilizing the ligaments of the low back when these structures have been damaged by mechanical insults.

i. There are conflicting studies concerning the effectiveness of Prolotherapy in the low back. Lasting functional improvement has not been shown. The injections are invasive, may be painful to the patient, and are not generally accepted or widely used. Therefore, the use of Prolotherapy for low back pain is not recommended.

j. Basivertebral Nerve Ablation (BVN). This procedure is approved for a subgroup of chronic low back pain patients who have vertebrogenic-related symptomology.

i. Procedure is indicated if all of the following are met:

(a). Main symptom is low back pain, has had chronic low back pain for a minimum of 6 months, and patient is mature skeletally;

(b). Despite attempts at nonsurgical management, the patient has failed to satisfactorily improve; and

(c). Type 1 (hypointensity) or Type 2 (hyperintensity) Modic changes are reported at the endplates that are the suspected pain generators by the reading radiologist and/or treating physician. If MRI is contra-indicated in the patient, a CT/SPET merge with increased uptake at the suspected endplate is acceptable.

ii. Procedure is not indicated if any of the following occurs:

(a). Patients has implantable pulse generators (pacemakers, defibrillators) or other electronic implants unless specific precautions are taken to maintain safety;

(b). Active systemic infection or spine infection;

(c). Severe cardiac or pulmonary compromise;

(d). Lumbar radiculopathy or radicular pain due to neurocompression (for example, HNP, stenosis), neurogenic claudication, as primary symptoms;

(e). Metabolic bone disease (for example, osteoporosis), trauma/compression fracture or spinal cancer, treatment of spine fragility fracture; or

(f). Evidence on imaging implies another cause for the patient's low back pain symptoms, including but not limited to degenerative scoliosis or facet arthropathy or effusion with clinically suspected facet joint pain, disc herniation, segmental instability, lumbar stenosis.

(g). Prior basivertebral denervation at the suspected level.

4. Epiduroscopy and Epidural Lysis of Adhesions: An investigational treatment of low back pain. It involves the introduction of a fiberoptic endoscope into the epidural space via the sacral hiatus. With cephalad advancement of the endoscope under direct visualization, the epidural space is irrigated with saline. Adhesiolysis may be done mechanically with a fiberoptic endoscope. The saline irrigation is performed with or without epiduroscopy and is intended to distend the epidural space in order to obtain an adequate visual field. It is designed to produce lysis of adhesions, which are conjectured to produce symptoms due to traction on painful nerve roots. Saline irrigation is associated with risks of elevated pressures which may impede blood flow and venous return, possibly causing ischemia of the cauda equina and retinal hemorrhage.

a. Other complications associated with instrumented lysis include catheter shearing, need for catheter surgical removal, infection (including meningitis), hematoma, and possible severe hemodynamic instability during application. Although epidural adhesions have been postulated to cause chronic low back pain, studies have failed to find a significant correlation between the level of fibrosis and pain or difficulty functioning. Studies of epidural lysis demonstrate no transient pain relief from the procedure. Given the low likelihood of a positive response, the additional costs and time requirement, and the possible complications from the procedure, epidural injection, or mechanical lysis, is not recommended.

b. Epiduroscopy - directed steroid injections are also not recommended as there is no evidence to support an advantage for using an epiduroscope with steroid injections.

5. Medications/Pharmacy. Medication use in the treatment of low back injuries is appropriate for controlling acute and chronic pain and inflammation. Use of medications will vary widely due to the spectrum of injuries from simple strains to post-surgical healing. All drugs should be used according to patient needs. A thorough medication history, including use of alternative and over the counter medications, should be performed at the time of the initial visit and updated periodically. Treatment for pain control is initially accomplished with acetaminophen and/or NSAIDs. The patient should be educated regarding the interaction with prescription and over-the-counter medications as well as the contents of over-the-counter herbal products. The following are listed in alphabetical order:

a. Acetaminophen: is an effective analgesic with antipyretic but not anti-inflammatory activity. Acetaminophen is generally well tolerated, causes little or no gastrointestinal irritation, and is not associated with ulcer formation. Acetaminophen has been associated with liver toxicity in overdose situations or in chronic alcohol use. Patients may not realize that many over-the-counter preparations may contain acetaminophen. The total daily dose of acetaminophen is recommended not to exceed 2250 mg per 24-hour period, from all sources, including narcotic-acetaminophen combination preparations:

i. optimum duration: 7 to 10 days;

ii. maximum duration: chronic use as indicated on a case-by-case basis. Use of this substance long-term for 3 days per week or greater may be associated with rebound pain upon cessation.

b. Muscle Relaxants: are appropriate for muscle spasm with pain. There is strong evidence that muscle relaxants are more effective than placebo for providing short-term pain relief in acute low back pain. When prescribing these agents, physicians must seriously consider side effects of drowsiness or dizziness and the fact that benzodiazepines may be habit-forming.

i. optimum duration: one week;

ii. maximum duration: two weeks (or longer if used only at night).

c. Narcotics: should be primarily reserved for the treatment of severe low back pain. In mild to moderate cases of low back pain, narcotic medication should be used cautiously on a case-by-case basis. Adverse effects include respiratory depression, the development of physical and psychological dependence, and impaired alertness.

i. Narcotic medications should be prescribed with strict time, quantity, and duration guidelines, and with definitive cessation parameters. Pain is subjective in nature and should be evaluated using a scale to rate effectiveness of the narcotic prescribed. Any use beyond the maximum should be documented and justified based on the diagnosis and/or invasive procedures:

(a). optimum duration: three to seven days;

(b). maximum duration: two weeks. Use beyond two weeks is acceptable in appropriate cases. Refer to Chronic Pain Guidelines which gives a detailed discussion regarding medication use in chronic pain management.

(c). Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are useful for pain and inflammation. In mild cases, they may be the only drugs required for analgesia. There are several classes of NSAIDs, and the response of the individual injured worker to a specific medication is unpredictable. For this reason, a range of NSAIDs may be tried in each case with the most effective preparation being continued. Patients should be closely monitored for adverse reactions. The US Food and Drug Administration advise that many NSAIDs may cause an increased risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. Naproxen sodium does not appear to be associated with increased risk of vascular events. Administration of proton pump inhibitors, Histamine 2 Blockers or prostaglandin analog misoprostol along with these NSAIDs may reduce the risk of duodenal and gastric ulceration but do not impact possible cardiovascular complications. Due to the cross-reactivity between aspirin and NSAIDs, NSAIDs should not be used in aspirin-sensitive patients, and should be used with caution in all asthma patients. NSAIDs are associated with abnormal renal function, including renal failure, as well as, abnormal liver function. Certain NSAIDs may have interactions with various other medications. Individuals may have adverse events not listed above. Intervals for metabolic screening are dependent upon the patient's age, general health status and should be within parameters listed for each specific medication. Complete Blood Count (CBC), and liver and renal function should be monitored at least every six months in patients on chronic NSAIDs and initially when indicated.

(i). Non-Selective Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

[a]. Includes NSAIDs and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Serious GI toxicity, such as bleeding, perforation, and ulceration can occur at any time, with or without warning symptoms in patients treated with traditional NSAIDs. Physicians should inform patients about the signs and/or symptoms of serious gastrointestinal toxicity and what steps to take if they occur. Anaphylactoid reactions may occur in patients taking NSAIDs. NSAIDs may interfere with platelet function. Fluid retention and edema have been observed in some patients taking NSAIDs.

[i]. optimal duration: one week;

[ii]. maximum duration: one year. Use of these substances long-term (three days per week or greater) is associated with rebound pain upon cessation.

[iii]. Selective Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inhibitors

[b]. COX-2 inhibitors are more recent NSAIDs and differ in adverse side effect profiles from the traditional NSAIDs. The major advantages of selective COX-2 inhibitors over traditional NSAIDs are that they have less gastrointestinal toxicity and no platelet effects. COX-2 inhibitors can worsen renal function in patients with renal insufficiency, thus renal function may need monitoring.

[c]. COX-2 inhibitors should not be first-line for low risk patients who will be using an NSAID short term but are indicated in select patients for whom traditional NSAIDs are not tolerated. Serious upper GI adverse events can occur even in asymptomatic patients. Patients at high risk for GI bleed include those who use alcohol, smoke, are older than 65, take corticosteroids or anti-coagulants, or have a longer duration of therapy. Celecoxib is contraindicated in sulfonamide allergic patients.

[i]. Optimal Duration: 7 to 10 days.

[ii]. Maximum Duration: Chronic use is appropriate in individual cases. Use of these substances long-term (three days per week or greater) is associated with rebound pain upon cessation.

d. Oral Steroids: have limited use but are accepted in cases requiring potent anti-inflammatory drug effect. There is no evidence supporting oral steroids for patients with low back pain with or without radiculopathy and are not recommended.

e. Intravenous Steroids: the risks of permanent neurological damage from acute spinal cord compression generally outweigh the risks of pharmacologic side effects of steroids in an emergent situation.

f. Psychotropic/anti-anxiety/hypnotic agents may be useful for treatment of mild and chronic pain, dysesthesias, sleep disorders, and depression. Antidepressant medications, such as tricyclics and, Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs) are useful for affective disorder and chronic pain management. Tricyclic antidepressant agents, in low dose, are useful for chronic pain but have more frequent side effects. Anti-anxiety medications should generally be limited to short-term use. Combinations of the above agents may be useful. As a general rule, providers (i.e., physician or medical psychologist) should access the patient's prior history of substance abuse or depression prior to prescribing any of these agents. Due to the habit-forming potential of the benzodiazepines and other drugs found in this class, they are not routinely recommended. Refer to the Chronic Pain Guidelines which give a detailed discussion regarding medication use in chronic pain management:

i. optimum duration: one to six months;

ii. maximum duration: 6 to 12 months, with monitoring.

g. Tramadol is useful in relief of low back pain and has been shown to provide pain relief equivalent to that of commonly prescribed NSAIDs. Although Tramadol may cause impaired alertness, it is generally well tolerated, does not cause gastrointestinal ulceration, or exacerbate hypertension or congestive heart failure. Tramadol should be used cautiously in patients who have a history of seizures or who are taking medication that may lower the seizure threshold, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, SSRIs, and tricyclic antidepressants. This medication has physically addictive properties and withdrawal may follow abrupt discontinuation and is not recommended for those with prior opioid addiction.

i. optimum duration: three to seven days;

ii. maximum duration: two weeks. Use beyond two weeks is acceptable in appropriate cases.

h. Lofexidine (Lucemyra)

i. Description: Central Alpha 2 Agonist,

ii. Indications: mitigation of opioid withdrawal symptoms to facilitate abrupt opioid discontinuation in adults.

iii. Major Contraindications: severe coronary insufficiency, recent myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, renal failure, marked bradycardia, or prolonged QT Syndrome.

iv. Dosing and Time to Therapeutic Effect: three 0.18mg tablets 4 times a day for 7 days.

v. Major Side Effects: insomnia, orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, somnolence, sedation, dry mouth.

vi. Drug Interactions. Any medications that decrease pulse or blood pressure to avoid the risk of excessive bradycardia and hypotension.

vii. Laboratory Monitoring. Monitor ECG in patients with congestive heart failure, bradyarrythmis, hepatic impairment, renal impairment, or patients taking othermedicinal products that lead to QT Prolongation.

6. Occupational Rehabilitation Programs

a. Non-Interdisciplinary. These generally accepted programs are work-related, outcome-focused, individualized treatment programs. Objectives of the program include, but are not limited to, improvement of cardiopulmonary and neuromusculo skeletal functions (strength, endurance, movement, flexibility, stability, and motor control functions), patient education, and symptom relief. The goal is for patients to gain full or optimal function and return to work. The service may include the time-limited use of passive modalities with progression to active treatment and/or simulated/real work.

i. Work Conditioning

(a). These programs are usually initiated once reconditioning has been completed but may be offered at any time throughout the recovery phase. Work conditioning should be initiated when imminent return of a patient to modified or full duty is not an option, but the prognosis for returning the patient to work at completion of the program is at least fair to good:

(i). length of visit: one to two hours per day;

(ii). frequency: two to five visits per week;

(iii). optimum duration: two to four weeks

(iv). maximum duration: six weeks. Participation in a program beyond six weeks must be documented with respect to need and the ability to facilitate positive symptomatic or functional gains.

ii. Work Simulation

(a). Work simulation is a program where an individual completes specific work-related tasks for a particular job and return to work. Use of this program is appropriate when modified duty can only be partially accommodated in the work place, when modified duty in the work place is unavailable, or when the patient requires more structured supervision. The need for work place simulation should be based upon the results of a Functional Capacity Evaluation and/or Jobsite Analysis.

(i). length of visit: two to six hours per day;

(ii). frequency: two to five visits per week;

(iii). optimum duration: two to four weeks;

(iv). maximum duration: six weeks. Participation in a program beyond six weeks must be documented with respect to need and the ability to facilitate positive symptomatic or functional gains.

(b). Interdisciplinary: programs are well-established treatment for patients with sub-acute and functionally impairing low back pain. They are characterized by a variety of disciplines that participate in the assessment, planning, and/or implementation of an injured worker's program with the goal for patients to gain full or optimal function and return to work. There should be close interaction and integration among the disciplines to ensure that all members of the team interact to achieve team goals. Programs should include cognitive-behavioral therapy as there is good evidence for its effectiveness in patients with chronic low back pain. These programs are for patients with greater levels of disability, dysfunction, de-conditioning and psychological involvement. For patients with chronic pain, refer to the OWCA's Chronic Pain Disorder Medical Treatment Guidelines.

(i). Work Hardening

[a]. Work Hardening is an interdisciplinary program addressing a patient's employability and return to work. It includes a progressive increase in the number of hours per day that a patient completes work simulation tasks until the patient can tolerate a full workday. This is accomplished by addressing the medical, psychological, behavioral, physical, functional, and vocational components of employability and return-to-work.

[b]. This can include a highly structured program involving a team approach or can involve any of the components thereof. The interdisciplinary team should, at a minimum, be comprised of a qualified medical director who is board certified with documented training in occupational rehabilitation; team physicians having experience in occupational rehabilitation; occupational therapist; physical therapist; case manager; and psychologist. As appropriate, the team may also include: chiropractor, RN, vocational specialist or Certified Biofeedback Therapist:

[i]. length of visit: Up to 8 hours/day;

[ii]. frequency: two to five visits per week;

[iii]. optimum duration: two to four weeks;

[iv]. maximum duration: six weeks. Participation in a program beyond six weeks must be documented with respect to need and the ability to facilitate positive symptomatic or functional gains.

(ii). Spinal Cord Programs

[a]. Spinal Cord Systems of Care provide coordinated, case-managed, and integrated service for people with spinal cord dysfunction, whether due to trauma or disease. The system includes an inpatient component in an organization licensed as a hospital and an outpatient component. Each component endorses the active participation and choice of the persons served throughout the entire program. The Spinal Cord System of Care also provides or formally links with key components of care that address the lifelong needs of the persons served.

[b]. This can include a highly structured program involving a team approach or can involve any of the components thereof. The interdisciplinary team should, at a minimum, be comprised of a qualified medical director who is board certified and trained in rehabilitation, a case manager, occupational therapist, physical therapist, psychologist, rehabilitation RN and MD, and therapeutic recreation specialist. As appropriate, the team may also include: rehabilitation counselor, respiratory therapist, social worker, or speech-language pathologist,

[c]. Timeframe durations for any spinal cord program should be determined based upon the extent of the patient's injury and at the discretion of the rehabilitation physician in charge.

7. Orthotics

a. Foot Orthoses and Inserts are accepted interventions for spinal disorders that are due to aggravated mechanical abnormalities, such as leg length discrepancy, scoliosis, or lower extremity misalignment. Shoe insoles or inserts may be effective for patients with acute low back problems who stand for prolonged periods of time.

b. Lumbar support devices include backrests for chairs and car seats. Lumbar supports may provide symptomatic relief of pain and movement reduction in cases of chronic low back problems.

c. Lumbar Corsets and Back Belts. There is insufficient evidence to support their use.

d. Lumbosacral Bracing. Rigid bracing devices are well accepted and commonly used for post-fusion, scoliosis, and vertebral fractures.

8. Patient Education. No treatment plan is complete without addressing issues of individual and/or group patient education as a means of prolonging the beneficial effects of treatment, as well as facilitating self-management of symptoms and injury prevention. The patient should be encouraged to take an active role in the establishment of functional outcome goals. They should be educated on their specific injury, assessment findings, and plan of treatment. Instruction on proper body mechanics and posture, positions to avoid, self-care for exacerbation of symptoms, and home exercise should also be addressed:

a. time to produce effect: varies with individual patient;

b. frequency: should occur at every visit.

9. Personality/Psychological/Psychiatric/ Psychosocial Intervention. Psychosocial treatment is generally accepted, widely used, and well-established Intervention. This group of therapeutic and diagnostic modalities includes, but is not limited to, individual counseling, group therapy, stress management, psychosocial crises intervention, hypnosis, and meditation. Any evaluation or diagnostic workup should clarify and distinguish between pre-existing versus aggravated versus purely causative psychological conditions. Psychosocial intervention is recommended as an important component in the total management program that should be implemented as soon as the problem is identified. There is some evidence that early cognitive-behavioral treatment reduces health care use in comparison to written information alone. This can be used alone, or in conjunction with other treatment modalities. Providers treating patients with chronic pain should refer to the OWCA's Chronic Pain Disorder Medical Treatment Guidelines:

a. time to produce effect: two to four weeks;

b. frequency: one to three times weekly for the first four weeks (excluding hospitalization, if required), decreasing to one to two times per week for the second month. Thereafter, two to four times monthly;

c. optimum duration: six weeks to three months;

d. maximum duration: 3 to 12 months. Counseling is not intended to delay but to enhance functional recovery. For select patients, longer supervised treatment may be required and if further counseling beyond three months is indicated, extensive documentation addressing which pertinent issues are pre-existing versus aggravated versus causative, as well as projecting a realistic functional prognosis, should be provided by the authorized treating provider every four to six weeks during treatment.

10. Restriction of Activities. Continuation of normal daily activities is the recommendation for acute and chronic low back pain without neurologic symptoms. There is good evidence against the use of bed rest in cases without neurologic symptoms. Bed rest may lead to de-conditioning and impair rehabilitation. Complete work cessation should be avoided, if possible, since it often further aggravates the pain presentation. Modified return-to-work is almost always more efficacious and rarely contraindicated in the vast majority of injured workers with low back pain.

11. Return-to-Work. Early return-to-work should be a prime goal in treating occupational injuries given the poor return-to-work prognosis for an injured worker who has been out of work for more than six months. It is imperative that the patient be educated regarding the benefits of return-to-work, work restrictions, and follow-up if problems arise. When attempting to return a patient to work after a specific injury, clear objective restrictions of activity level should be made. An accurate job description with detailed physical duty restrictions is often necessary to assist the physician in making return-to-work recommendations. This may require a jobsite evaluation.

a. Employers should be prepared to offer transitional work. This may consist of temporary work in a less demanding position, return to the regular job with restrictions, or gradual return to the regular job. Company policies which encourage return-to-work with positive communication are most likely to have decreased worker disability.

b. Return-to-work is defined as any work or duty that the patient is able to perform safely. It may not be the patient's regular work. Due to the large spectrum of injuries of varying severity and varying physical demands in the work place, it is not possible to make specific return-to-work guidelines for each injury. Therefore, the OWCA recommends the following.

c. Establishment of a Return-To-Work Status: Ascertaining a return-to-work status is part of medical care, should be included in the treatment and rehabilitation plan, and addressed at every visit. A description of daily activity limitations is part of any treatment plan and should be the basis for restriction of work activities. In most non-surgical cases, the patient should be able to return-to-work in some capacity or in an alternate position consistent with medical treatment within several days unless there are extenuating circumstances. Injuries requiring more than two weeks off work should be thoroughly documented.

d. Establishment of Activity Level Restrictions. Communication is essential between the patient, employer, and provider to determine appropriate restrictions and return-to-work dates. It is the responsibility of the physician to provide clear concise restrictions, and it is the employer's responsibility to determine if temporary duties can be provided within the restrictions. For low back pain injuries, the following should be addressed when describing the patient's activity level:

i. lifting limits with the maximum amount of weight to be lifted. This may vary depending on the frequency of the lifting and/or the object height level. Pushing, pulling, as well as bending and twisting at the waist should be considered as well;

ii. lower body postures such as squatting, kneeling, crawling, stooping, awkward or static positions, and climbing ladders or stairs should include duration and frequency;

iii. ambulatory level for distance, frequency, and terrain should be specified;

iv. duration and frequency of sitting, standing, and walking should be delineated. Balance issues should also be considered in these determinations;

v. use of adaptive devices or equipment for proper office ergonomics to enhance capacities can be included;

vi. the effect of any medications that may pose a safety risk to the patient, co-workers or the general public should be considered with regard to the workplace and home.

e. Compliance with Activity Restrictions: In some cases, compliance with restriction of activity levels may require a complete jobsite evaluation, a functional capacity evaluation (FCE) or other special testing. Refer to the "Special Tests" section of this guideline.

12. Therapy-Active. The following active therapies are widely used and accepted methods of care for a variety of work-related injuries. They are based on the philosophy that therapeutic exercise and/or activity are beneficial for restoring flexibility, strength, endurance, function, range of motion, and can alleviate discomfort. Active therapy requires an internal effort by the individual to complete a specific exercise or task. This form of therapy requires supervision from a therapist or medical provider such as verbal, visual, and/or tactile instruction(s). At times, the provider may help stabilize the patient or guide the movement pattern but the energy required to complete the task is predominately executed by the patient.

a. On occasion, specific diagnoses and post-surgical conditions may warrant durations of treatment beyond those listed as "maximum". Factors such as exacerbation of symptoms, re-injury, interrupted continuity of care and co-morbidities may also extend durations of care. Specific goals with objectively measured functional improvement during treatment must be cited to justify extended durations of care. It is recommended that, if no functional gain is observed after the number of treatments under "time to produce effect" has been completed alternative treatment interventions, further diagnostic studies or further consultations should be pursued.

b. Patients should be instructed to continue active therapies at home as an extension of the treatment process in order to maintain improvement levels. Follow-up visits to reinforce and monitor progress and proper technique are recommended. Home exercise can include exercise with or without mechanical assistance or resistance and functional activities with assistive devices. The following active therapies are listed in alphabetical order:

c. Activities of daily living (ADL) are well-established interventions which involve instruction, active-assisted training, and/or adaptation of activities or equipment to improve a person's capacity in normal daily activities such as self-care, work re-integration training, homemaking, and driving.

i. time to produce effect: four to five treatments;

ii. frequency: three to five times per week;

iii. optimum duration: four to six weeks;

iv. maximum duration: six weeks.

d. Aquatic Therapy is a well-accepted treatment which consists of the therapeutic use of aquatic immersion for therapeutic exercise to promote strengthening, core stabilization, endurance, range of motion, flexibility, body mechanics, and pain management. Aquatic therapy includes the implementation of active therapeutic procedures in a swimming or therapeutic pool. The water provides a buoyancy force that lessens the amount of force gravity applies to the body. The decreased gravity effect allows the patient to have a mechanical advantage and more likely have a successful trial of therapeutic exercise. The therapy may be indicated for individuals who:

i. cannot tolerate active land-based or full-weight bearing therapeutic procedures;

ii. require increased support in the presence of proprioceptive deficit;

iii. are at risk of compression fracture due to decreased bone density;

iv. have symptoms that are exacerbated in a dry environment;

v. would have a higher probability of meeting active therapeutic goals than in a dry environment.

(a). The pool should be large enough to allow full extremity range of motion and fully erect posture. Aquatic vests, belts and other devices can be used to provide stability, balance, buoyancy, and resistance:

(i). time to produce effect: four to five treatments;

(ii). frequency: three to five times per week;

(iii). optimum duration: four to six weeks;

(iv). maximum duration: eight weeks;

(b). A self-directed program is recommended after the supervised aquatics program has been established, or, alternatively a transition to a self-directed dry environment exercise program.

e. Functional activities are well-established interventions which involve the use of therapeutic activity to enhance mobility, body mechanics, employability, coordination, balance, and sensory motor integration.

i. time to produce effect: four to five treatments;

ii. frequency: three to five times per week;

iii. optimum duration: four to six weeks;

iv. maximum duration: six weeks.

f. Functional electrical stimulation is an accepted treatment in which the application of electrical current to elicit involuntary or assisted contractions of atrophied and/or impaired muscles. It may be indicated for muscle atrophy due to radiculopathy:

i. time to produce effect: two to six treatments;

ii. frequency: three times per week;

iii. optimum duration: eight weeks;

iv. maximum duration: eight weeks. If beneficial, provide with home unit.

g. Neuromuscular re-education is a generally accepted treatment. It is the skilled application of exercise with manual, mechanical, or electrical facilitation to enhance strength; movement patterns; neuromuscular response; proprioception, kinesthetic sense, coordination; education of movement, balance, and posture. Indications include the need to promote neuromuscular responses through carefully timed proprioceptive stimuli, to elicit and improve motor activity in patterns similar to normal neurologically developed sequences, and improve neuromotor response with independent control:

i. time to produce effect: two to six treatments;

ii. frequency: three times per week;

iii. optimum duration: four to eight weeks;

iv. maximum duration: eight weeks.

h. Spinal stabilization is a generally well-accepted treatment. The goal of this therapeutic program is to strengthen the spine in its neural and anatomic position. The stabilization is dynamic which allows whole body movements while maintaining a stabilized spine. It is the ability to move and function normally through postures and activities without creating undue vertebral stress:

i. time to produce effect: four to eight treatments;

ii. frequency: three to five times per week;

iii. optimum duration: four to eight weeks;

iv. maximum duration: eight weeks.

i. Therapeutic exercise is a generally well-accepted treatment. There is some evidence to support the effectiveness of yoga therapy in alleviating symptoms and decreasing medication use in uncomplicated low back pain. Therapeutic exercise, with or without mechanical assistance or resistance, may include isoinertial, isotonic, isometric and isokinetic types of exercises. Indications include the need for cardiovascular fitness, reduced edema, improved muscle strength, improved connective tissue strength and integrity, increased bone density, promotion of circulation to enhance soft tissue healing, improvement of muscle recruitment, improved proprioception, and coordination, increased range of motion. Therapeutic exercises are used to promote normal movement patterns, and can also include complementary/alternative exercise movement therapy (with oversight of a physician or appropriate healthcare professional):

i. time to produce effect: two to six treatments;

ii. frequency: three to five times per week;

iii. optimum duration: four to eight weeks;

iv. maximum duration: eight weeks.

13. Therapy-passive. Most of the following passive therapies and modalities are generally accepted methods of care for a variety of work-related injuries. Passive therapy includes those treatment modalities that do not require energy expenditure on the part of the patient. They are principally effective during the early phases of treatment and are directed at controlling symptoms such as pain, inflammation and swelling and to improve the rate of healing soft tissue injuries. They should be used adjunctively with active therapies such as postural stabilization and exercise programs to help control swelling, pain, and inflammation during the active rehabilitation process. Please refer to General Guideline Principles, Active Interventions. Passive therapies may be used intermittently as a therapist deems appropriate or regularly if there are specific goals with objectively measured functional improvements during treatment,

a. On occasion, specific diagnoses and post-surgical conditions may warrant durations of treatment beyond those listed as "maximum." factors such as exacerbation of symptoms, re-injury, interrupted continuity of care, and comorbidities may also extend durations of care. Specific goals with objectively measured functional improvement during treatment must be cited to justify extended durations of care. It is recommended that, if no functional gain is observed after the number of treatments under "time to produce effect" have been completed, alternative treatment interventions, further diagnostic studies, or further consultations should be pursued.

b. The following passive therapies are listed in alphabetical order.

i. Electrical stimulation (unattended) is an accepted treatment. Once applied, unattended electrical stimulation requires minimal on-site supervision by the physical therapist, occupational therapist, or other provider. Indications include pain, inflammation, muscle spasm, atrophy, decreased circulation, and the need for osteogenic stimulation. A home unit should be purchased if treatment is effective and frequent use is recommended:

(a). time to produce effect: two to four treatments;

(b). frequency: Varies, depending upon indication, between two to three times/day to one time/week. Home unit should be purchased if treatment is effective and frequent use is recommended;

(c). optimum duration: four treatments for clinic use;

(d). maximum duration: eight treatments for clinic use.

ii. Iontophoresis is an accepted treatment which consists of the transfer of medication, including, but not limited to, steroidal anti-inflammatories and anesthetics, through the use of electrical stimulation. Indications include pain (Lidocaine), inflammation (hydrocortisone, salicylate), edema (mecholyl, hyaluronidase, salicylate), ischemia (magnesium, mecholyl, iodine), muscle spasm (magnesium, calcium), calcific deposits (acetate), scars, and keloids (sodium chloride, iodine, acetate). There is no proven benefit for this therapy in the low back:

(a). time to produce effect: one to four treatments;

(b). frequency: three times per week with at least 48 hours between treatments;

(c). optimum duration: four to six weeks;

(d). maximum duration: six weeks.

iii. Manipulation is generally accepted, well-established and widely used therapeutic intervention for low back pain. Manipulative Treatment (not therapy) is defined as the therapeutic application of manually guided forces by an operator to improve physiologic function and/or support homeostasis that has been altered by the injury or occupational disease, and has associated clinical significance.

(a). High velocity, low amplitude (HVLA) technique, chiropractic manipulation, osteopathic manipulation, muscle energy techniques, counter strain, and non-force techniques are all types of manipulative treatment. This may be applied by osteopathic physicians (D.O.), chiropractors (D.C.), properly trained physical therapists (P.T.), properly trained occupational therapists (O.T.), or properly trained medical physicians. Under these different types of manipulation exist many subsets of different techniques that can be described as direct- a forceful engagement of a restrictive/pathologic barrier; indirect- a gentle/non-forceful disengagement of a restrictive/pathologic barrier; the patient actively assists in the treatment; and the patient relaxing, allowing the practitioner to move the body tissues. When the proper diagnosis is made and coupled with the appropriate technique, manipulation has no contraindications and can be applied to all tissues of the body. Pre-treatment assessment should be performed as part of each manipulative treatment visit to ensure that the correct diagnosis and correct treatment is employed.

(b). High velocity, low amplitude (HVLA) manipulation is performed by taking a joint to its end range of motion and moving the articulation into the zone of accessory joint movement, well within the limits of anatomical integrity. There is good scientific evidence to suggest that HVLA manipulation can be helpful for patients with acute low back pain problems without radiculopathy when used within the first four to six weeks of symptoms. Although the evidence for sub-acute and chronic low back pain and low back pain with radiculopathy is less convincing, it is a generally accepted and well-established intervention for these conditions. Indications for manipulation include joint pain, decreased joint motion, and joint adhesions. Contraindications to HVLA manipulation include joint instability, fractures, severe osteoporosis, infection, metastatic cancer, active inflammatory arthritides, aortic aneurysm, and signs of progressive neurologic deficits.

(c). Manipulation/Grade I - V:

(i). time to produce effect for all types of manipulative treatment: one to six treatments;

(ii). frequency: Up to three times per week for the first four weeks as indicated by the severity of involvement and the desired effect, then up to two treatments per week for the next four weeks. For further treatments, twice per week or less to maintain function;

(iii). optimum duration: 8 to 12 weeks;

(iv). maximum duration: three months. Extended durations of care beyond what is considered "maximum" may be necessary in cases of re-injury, interrupted continuity of care, exacerbation of symptoms, and in those patients with comorbidities. Refer to the Chronic Pain Guidelines for care beyond three months.

(d). Manipulation under general anesthesia (MUA) refers to manual manipulation of the lumbar spine in combination with the use of a general anesthetic or conscious sedation. It is intended to improve the success of manipulation when pain, muscle spasm, guarding, and fibrosis appear to be limiting its application in patients otherwise suitable for their use. There have been no high quality studies to justify its benefits given the risks of general anesthetic and conscious sedation. It is not recommended.

(e). Manipulation under joint anesthesia (MUJA) refers to manipulation of the lumbar spine in combination with a fluoroscopically guided injection of anesthetic with or without corticosteroid agents into the facet joint at the level being manipulated. There are no controlled clinical trials to support its use. It is not recommended.

iv. Massage-Manual or Mechanical. Massage is manipulation of soft tissue with broad ranging relaxation and circulatory benefits. This may include stimulation of acupuncture points and acupuncture channels (acupressure), application of suction cups and techniques that include pressing, lifting, rubbing, pinching of soft tissues by, or with, the practitioner's hands. Indications include edema (peripheral or hard and non-pliable edema), muscle spasm, adhesions, the need to improve peripheral circulation and range of motion, or to increase muscle relaxation and flexibility prior to exercise.

(a). In sub-acute low back pain populations there is good evidence that massage can increase function when combined with exercise and patient education. Some studies have demonstrated a decrease in provider visits and pain medication use with combined therapy. One study indicated improved results with acupressure massage. It is recommended that all massage be performed by trained, experienced therapists and be accompanied by an active exercise program and patient education. In contrast to the sub-acute population, massage is a generally accepted treatment for the acute low back pain population, although no studies have demonstrated its efficacy for this set of patients:

(i). time to produce effect: immediate;

(ii). frequency: one to two times per week;

(iii). optimum duration: six weeks;

(iv). maximum duration: two months.

v. Mobilization (joint) is a generally well-accepted treatment. Mobilization is passive movement involving oscillatory motions to the vertebral segment(s). The passive mobility is performed in a graded manner (I, II, III, IV, or V), which depicts the speed and depth of joint motion during the maneuver. For further discussion on Level V joint mobilization please see section on HVLA manipulation [Refer to Clause 12.c.ii.]. It may include skilled manual joint tissue stretching. Indications include the need to improve joint play, segmental alignment, improve intracapsular arthrokinematics, or reduce pain associated with tissue impingement. Mobilization should be accompanied by active therapy. For Level V mobilization contraindications include joint instability, fractures, severe osteoporosis, infection, metastatic cancer, active inflammatory arthritides, aortic aneurysm, and signs of progressive neurologic deficits:

(a). time to produce effect: six to nine treatments;

(b). frequency: up to three times per week;

(c). optimum duration: four to six weeks;

(d). maximum duration: six weeks.

vi. Mobilization (soft tissue): is a generally well-accepted treatment. Mobilization of soft tissue is the skilled application of muscle energy, strain/counter strain, myofascial release, manual trigger point release, and manual therapy techniques designed to improve or normalize movement patterns through the reduction of soft tissue pain and restrictions. These can be interactive with the patient participating or can be with the patient relaxing and letting the practitioner move the body tissues. Indications include muscle spasm around a joint, trigger points, adhesions, and neural compression. Mobilization should be accompanied by active therapy:

(a). time to produce effect: four to nine treatments;

(b). frequency: up to three times per week;

(c). optimum duration: four to six weeks;

(d). maximum duration: six weeks.

vii. Intramuscular Manual Therapy: Dry Needling. IMT involves using filament needles to treat "trigger points" within muscle. It may require multiple advances of a filament needle to achieve a local twitch response to release muscle tension and pain. Dry needling is an effective treatment for acute and chronic pain of neuropathic origin with very few side effects. Dry needling is a technique to treat the neuro-musculoskeletal system based on pain patterns, muscular dysfunction and other orthopedic signs and symptoms:

(a). time to produce effect: immediate

(b). frequency: one to two times a week

(c). optimum duration: six weeks

(d). maximum duration: two months

ix. Superficial Heat and Cold Therapy (excluding Infrared Therapy) is a generally accepted treatment. Superficial heat and cold are thermal agents applied in various manners that lower or raise the body tissue temperature for the reduction of pain, inflammation, and/or effusion resulting from injury or induced by exercise. It includes application of heat just above the surface of the skin at acupuncture points. Indications include acute pain, edema and hemorrhage, need to increase pain threshold, reduce muscle spasm, and promote stretching/flexibility. Cold and heat packs can be used at home as an extension of therapy in the clinic setting. Continuous cryotherapy units with compression are allowable in post-surgical orthopedic patients.

(a). time to produce effect: Immediate;

(b). frequency: two to five times per week;

(c). maximum duration: thirty days

14. Vocational rehabilitation is a generally accepted intervention. Initiation of vocational rehabilitation requires adequate evaluation of patients for quantification highest functional level, motivation, and achievement of maximum medical improvement. Vocational rehabilitation may be as simple as returning to the original job or as complicated as being retrained for a new occupation.

a. It may also be beneficial for full vocational rehabilitation to be started before MMI if it is evident that the injured worker will be unable to return to his/her previous occupation. A positive goal and direction may aid the patient in decreasing stress and depression and promote optimum rehabilitation.

La. Admin. Code tit. 40, § I-2021

Promulgated by the Louisiana Workforce Commission, Office of Workers Compensation Administration, LR 37:1664 (June 2011), amended by the Louisiana Workforce Commission, Office of Workers Compensation, LR 40:1140 (June 2014), Amended LR 461452 (9/1/2020), Amended LR 49520 (3/1/2023), Amended LR 50692 (5/1/2024)

AUTHORITY NOTE: Promulgated in accordance with R.S. 23:1203.1.