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Louisiana Administrative Code
Title 22 - CORRECTIONS, CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND LAW ENFORCEMENTPart XV - Public Defender Board
Chapter 21 - Performance Standards for Attorneys Representing Juveniles in Life without Parole Cases
Section XV-2133 - Special Circumstances

La. Admin. Code tit. 22 § XV-2133

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Current through Register Vol. 50, No. 9, September 20, 2024
Section XV-2133 - Special Circumstances
A. Duties of Counsel at Re-Trial

The standards for trial level representation apply fully to counsel assigned to represent a client at a re-trial of the guilt or sentencing phase. Counsel should be careful to clarify on the record the status of prior rulings made and orders issued in the proceedings. Where appropriate, counsel should seek to renew and re-litigate pre-trial claims, and to raise any new claims which have developed or been discovered since the first trial. Counsel should not rely on the investigation or presentation of evidence from the first trial, but rather should start anew and seek to develop and present all available evidence, with the knowledge gained from the results of the first trial. Except in circumstances where counsel has substantial reason to believe the results will be different or no other witnesses are available, counsel should not present witnesses who provided unhelpful testimony earlier in the case.

B. Continuing Responsibility to Raise Issue of Clients Incompetence
1. Competence is a common issue for a juvenile facing a possible sentence of life without parole due to age and its attendant circumstances, including adolescent brain development, the nature of the charge, complexity of the case and the gravity of the decisions with which the client is faced. As a result, counsel should proceed with increased sensitivity to the question of competency and ensure that the defense team has members with sufficient skill and experience to identify and respond to issues relating to competency.
2. Counsel should be sensitive to the increased risk that, given the nature of the charge, the complexity of the case, the unique nature of the sentencing hearing, and the possibility of a life without parole sentence, a client may not sufficiently understand and appreciate: the nature of the charge and its seriousness; the defenses available at guilt and sentencing phase and how each affects the other; the consequences of each available plea on both guilt and sentencing; and, the range of possible verdicts and the consequences of those verdicts at guilt and sentencing.
3. In considering a juvenile clients ability to assist counsel in a JLWOP case, counsel should have particular regard to the requirement that the client be able to assist counsel not only as to the guilt phase but in the development of the mitigation case and the presentation of the sentencing phase case; a process that will include an exhaustive investigation of the clients character, history, record, the offense and other factors which may provide a basis for a sentence less than life without parole. The possibility of a sentence of life without parole and the necessity to prepare for and present a sentencing phase case greatly increase the complexity and weight of the demands placed upon the client in assisting counsel, including considerations of whether the client: is able to recall and relate facts pertaining to his actions and whereabouts at certain times; is able to maintain a consistent defense; is able to listen to the testimony of witnesses and inform counsel of any distortions or misstatements; has the ability to make simple decisions in response to well explained alternatives; is capable of testifying in his own defense; and, is apt to suffer a deterioration of his mental condition under the stress of trial or at a later stage of the case.
4. Counsel involved in a juvenile life without parole case at stages following the trial should be alert to additional concerns regarding the clients mental state, functioning and ability including existing issues that could be exacerbated by the reality that a life without parole sentence has been imposed, as well as by the effects of confinement on a juvenile, particularly prolonged confinement, such as the development or progression of depression or other mental illnesses. Similarly, counsel at later stages should have particular regard to issues such as the clients ability to establish relationships with new counsel at later stages in the case, especially where earlier relationships were difficult for the client, and the clients ability to assist counsel with tasks such as investigations taking place years after the trial when deficiencies such as memory loss may become more pervasive.
5. In every JLWOP case, counsel should conduct a thorough, sensitive and ongoing inquiry into the competence of the client. Where concerns exist about a clients competence, counsel should ensure that the defense team documents in the clients file observations and interactions relevant to the clients competence.
6. Recognizing that raising competency may expose the client himself and otherwise confidential information to state actors, counsel should not raise competency unless satisfied that: a sufficient investigation has been conducted to make a reliable strategic decision in this regard; the client is likely not competent; and, the benefits to the client of raising competency outweigh the negatives. Counsel should consider the possibility that any information disclosed in competency proceedings will become admissible at trial as a result of the clients mental health being placed in issue.
7. In considering whether to raise competence, counsel should take into account all relevant circumstances, including: the likely outcome of an assessment by a sanity commission; the likely outcome of an assessment by a state expert; any negative findings, including malingering findings, that may arise from an assessment of the client; any negative information that may be divulged to the state from a review of records; any waiver of confidentiality arising from raising competence; the impact upon counsels relationship with the client and his family of raising competence; the impact of raising competence before or during trial on any subsequent guilt or sentencing phase presentation; and, the effect on any subsequently available claim that the client was incompetent.
8. The delay caused by raising a question of competence with the court is not a proper reason for raising competence. Seeking to defray defense costs by having a court appointed mental health examination is not a proper reason for raising competence.
9. Prior to raising competence with the court, counsel should consult with a defense mental health expert, including having the expert review the available information and records relating to the client and, where appropriate, assessing the client.
10. Counsel should fully advise the client concerning the procedures for mental examinations, the reasons competence is in question, the possibility of hospitalization, and the consequences of an incompetency determination.
11. Where the court or the state raises the issue of competency, counsel should consider whether it is appropriate to resist any competency examination or advise the client not to cooperate with any such examination.
12. Where a sanity commission is appointed, counsel should ensure that the members of the sanity commission are independent and appropriately qualified to evaluate an adolescent. Counsel should ensure that the scope of any examination is limited to the proper purposes for which it has been ordered. Counsel should consider seeking to be present, have a defense expert present or have recorded any examination of the client. Counsel should consider which records and witnesses, if any, should be identified and made available to the sanity commission.
13. Where the state seeks an examination of the client by a physician or mental health expert of the states choice, counsel should consider opposing or seeking to limit such an examination and should also consider whether to advise the client not to cooperate with any such examination. Counsel should ensure that the scope of any examination is limited to the proper purposes for which it has been ordered. Counsel should consider seeking to be present, have a defense expert present or have recorded any examination of the client. Counsel should consider which records and witnesses, if any, should be identified and made available to the states expert.
14. Counsel should obtain copies of: each examiners report, all underlying notes and test materials; and, all records and materials reviewed. Where the client is hospitalized or otherwise placed under observation, counsel should obtain copies of all records of the hospitalization or observation.
15. Counsel should not stipulate to the clients competence where there appears a reasonable possibility that the client is not competent. Counsel is not obligated to develop frivolous arguments in favor of incompetency but must investigate and advocate in a way that ensures that there is meaningful adversarial testing where there is a good faith basis to doubt the clients competency.
16. At the competency hearing, counsel should protect and exercise the client's constitutional and statutory rights, including cross-examining the sanity commissioners and the state's witnesses, calling witnesses on behalf of the client including experts, and making appropriate evidentiary objections. Counsel should make sure that the inquiry does not stray beyond the appropriate boundaries. Counsel should consider the advantages and disadvantages to the clients whole case when determining how to conduct the competency hearing.
17. Counsel may elect to relate to the court personal observations of and conversations with the client to the extent that counsel does not disclose client confidences. Counsel may respond to inquiries about the attorney-client relationship and the client's ability to communicate effectively with counsel to the extent that such responses do not disclose confidential or privileged information.
18. If a client is found to be incompetent, counsel should advocate for the least restrictive level of supervision and the least intrusive treatment.
19. Where competency is at issue, or where the client has been found incompetent, counsel has a continuing duty to investigate and prepare the case. Where a client has been found irrestorably incompetent, counsel should continue to investigate and prepare the case sufficiently to ensure that the client will not be prejudiced by any delay or hiatus in the preparation of the case should he subsequently be returned to competence and the prosecution resumed.
20. A previously competent client may become incompetent over the course of a case and particularly under the stress of hearings and trial. Counsel should be vigilant and constantly reassess the clients competence and be prepared to raise the matter when appropriate. It is never untimely to raise a question concerning a clients competence.
21. Some clients object strenuously to taking psychotropic medication and counsel may be called upon to advocate for protection of the clients qualified right to refuse medication.
C. Duties of Counsel When Client Attempts to Waive Right to Counsel, and Duties of Standby and Hybrid Counsel
1. When a client expresses a desire to waive the right to counsel, counsel should take steps to protect the clients interests, to avoid conflicts and to ensure that the client makes a knowing, voluntary and intelligent decision in exercise of his rights under the Sixth Amendment and La. Const. art. I, § 13. In particular, counsel should:
a. meet with the client as soon as possible to discuss the reasons the client wishes to proceed pro se and to advise the client of the many disadvantages of proceeding pro se. Such advice should include: the full nature of the charges; the range of punishments; the possible defenses; the role of mitigation prior to and at trial; the complexities involved and the rights and interests at stake; and the clients capacity to perform the role of defense attorney. Such advice should also include an explanation of the stages of appellate, post-conviction and habeas corpus review of any conviction or sentence, the effect of failing to effectively preserve issues for review and the impact of waiver of counsel on any possible ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
b. if the client maintains an intention or inclination to waive counsel, counsel should immediately request that an attorney with experience representing juveniles consult with the defendant and provide independent advice on the exercise of his Sixth Amendment rights. The role of independent counsel in this situation is not to represent the client in the exercise of his Sixth Amendment rights but instead to ensure that the client receives full and independent legal advice before choosing whether to waive his right to counsel.
c. in addition to seeking the assignment of independent counsel, counsel assigned to represent the defendant should immediately commence a thorough investigation into the question of the defendants competence to waive counsel and whether, in the circumstances, any such waiver would be knowing, voluntary and intelligent. Such an investigation should not be limited to information obtained from interaction with the client but should include a detailed examination of available collateral sources (including documents and witnesses) as well as consultation with relevant experts.
2. Where a client asserts his right to self-representation counsel has an obligation both to investigate the question of the clients competence and the quality of the purported waiver and to bring before the court evidence raising doubts about these matters. Counsel should submit the case for the clients competent, knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver to full adversarial testing. Counsel is not obligated to develop frivolous arguments in favor of incompetency but must investigate and advocate in a way that ensures that there is meaningful adversarial testing of the question of the waiver of representation by counsel. Counsel remains responsible for the representation of the client until such a time as the court grants the clients motion to proceed pro se and must continue to perform in compliance with these performance standards. Where appropriate, counsel should object to a courts ruling accepting a waiver of counsel, should ensure that the issue is preserved for appellate review and should seek interlocutory review of the decision.
3. Where a juvenile facing a possible sentence of life without parole has been permitted to proceed pro se, counsel should move for the appointment of standby counsel and should seek to persuade the defendant to accept the services of standby counsel. The court may appoint stand by counsel over the defendants objection and counsel should ordinarily accept such an appointment. The court may place constraints on the role of standby counsel and standby counsel should object to any constraints beyond those required by the Sixth Amendment. Where the quality of the defendants relationship with counsel assigned to represent the defendant is such that his or her ability to serve as standby counsel would be significantly impaired, counsel should request additional counsel and urge the court to appoint such additional counsel as are assigned to the role of standby counsel.
4. Attorneys acting as standby counsel shall comply with these performance standards to the extent possible within the limitations of their role as standby counsel. Counsel appointed as standby counsel shall be entitled to be remunerated and to have their expenses met in the same manner and to the same extent as they would if assigned to represent a defendant who was not proceeding pro se.
5. With the defendants consent, and subject to any prohibition imposed by the court, standby counsel may perform any role in the case that counsel would ordinarily perform whether in front of or in the absence of the jury.
6. In the absence of his consent to do otherwise, a pro se defendant must be allowed to preserve actual control over the case he chooses to present to the jury and is entitled to ensure that the jurys perception that he is representing himself is preserved. Accordingly, a defendant must be allowed to control the organization and content of his own defense, to make motions, to argue points of law, to participate in Voir dire, to question witnesses, and to address the court and the jury at appropriate points in the trial.
7. Where the defendant does not consent to the actions of standby counsel, the permissible conduct of standby counsel is different depending on whether the jury is present, the issue is raised solely before a judge or the action is taken entirely out of court.
a. Where the defendant does not consent to the actions of standby counsel, counsel must not in the presence of the jury make or substantially interfere with any significant tactical decisions, control the questioning of witnesses or speak instead of the defendant on any matter of importance. Participation by counsel to steer a defendant through the basic procedures of trial is, however, permissible. Standby counsel should assist the pro se defendant in overcoming routine procedural or evidentiary obstacles to the completion of some specific task, such as introducing evidence or objecting to testimony that the defendant has clearly shown he wishes to complete. Counsel should also assist to ensure the defendants compliance with basic rules of courtroom protocol and procedure.
b. Counsels participation outside the presence of the jury is far less constrained. Even without the consent of the defendant, counsel may proactively participate in proceedings outside of the presence of the jury as long as the pro se defendant is allowed to address the court freely on his own behalf and disagreements between counsel and the pro se defendant are resolved by the judge in the defendant's favor whenever the matter is one that would normally be left to the discretion of counsel. Counsel should, in the absence of the jury, take such actions in the case as are consistent with the best interests of the client, including making any objections, and motions as would be consistent with high quality representation of the defendant.
8. Where it appears to standby counsel during the course of the proceedings that the decision to permit the defendant to proceed pro se or any decision to constrain the role of standby counsel should be revisited, counsel should move for reconsideration of those decisions.
9. Without interfering with the defendants right to present his case in his own way, standby counsel should continue to fully prepare the case in order to be ready to assume responsibility for the representation of the defendant should the court or the defendant reverse the waiver of counsel. Where standby counsel is given or resumes responsibility for the representation of the defendant, counsel should move for all necessary time to prepare a defense for both the guilt and sentencing phases of the trial, as appropriate.
D. Counsels Additional Responsibilities when Representing a Foreign National
1. Counsel at every stage of the case should make appropriate efforts to determine whether any foreign country might consider the client to be one of its nationals. Unless predecessor counsel has already done so, counsel representing a foreign national should:
a. immediately explain the benefits that the client may obtain through consular assistance;
b. immediately notify the client of the right to correspond with and have access to consular officers from his or her country of nationality via the nearest Consulate;
c. with the permission of the client, contact the nearest Consulate, and inform the relevant consular officials about the clients arrest and/or detention. In cases where counsel is unable to secure informed permission, professional judgment should be exercised to determine whether it is nevertheless appropriate to inform the Consulate;
d. where contact is made with the relevant Consulate, counsel should discuss what specific assistance the Consulate may be able to provide to the client in the particular case;
e. research, consider and preserve any legal rights the client may have on account of foreign nationality status; and
f. consider whether the clients foreign accent, dialect or knowledge of English is such that the client requires an interpreter and, if so, take steps to secure one without delay for the duration of proceedings.
2. Where counsel has reason to believe that the client may be a foreign national, counsel should ensure that the defense team includes adequate expertise and experience in dealing with the defense of foreign nationals.

La. Admin. Code tit. 22, § XV-2133

Promulgated by the Office of the Governor, Public Defender Board, LR 431940 (10/1/2017).
AUTHORITY NOTE: Promulgated in accordance with R.S. 15:148.