Section 217.324 - [Effective 3/27/2025] [Effective until 3/26/2030] Mitigation requirementsWhen conducting the specified activities in the specified geographical region, LOA Holder must implement the following mitigation measures contained in this section and any LOA issued under §§ 217.326 and 217.327. These mitigation measures include, but are not limited to:
(a)General conditions. LOA Holder must comply with the following general measures:(1) A copy of any issued LOA must be in the possession of LOA Holder and its designees, all vessel operators, visual protected species observers (PSOs), passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) operators, pile driver operators, and any other relevant designees operating under the authority of the issued LOA;(2) LOA Holder must conduct training for construction, survey, and vessel personnel and the marine mammal monitoring team (PSO and PAM operators) prior to the start of all in-water construction activities in order to explain responsibilities, communication procedures, marine mammal detection and identification, mitigation, monitoring, and reporting requirements, safety and operational procedures, and authorities of the marine mammal monitoring team(s). This training must be repeated for new personnel who join the work during the project. A description of the training program must be provided to NMFS at least 60 days prior to the initial training before in-water activities begin. Confirmation of all required training must be documented on a training course log sheet and reported to NMFS Office of Protected Resources prior to initiating project activities; (i) A copy of the Marine Mammal Monitoring Plan must be made available on all vessels and staffed platforms. A simple guide must be included with the Marine Mammal Monitoring Plan to aid personnel in identifying species if they are observed in the vicinity of the project area.(3) Prior to and when conducting any in-water activities and vessel operations, LOA Holder personnel and contractors (e.g., vessel operators, PSOs) must use available sources of information on North Atlantic right whale presence in or near the Project Area including daily monitoring of the Right Whale Sightings Advisory System, and monitoring of Coast Guard VHF Channel 16 throughout the day to receive notification of any sightings and/or information regarding the establishment of mandatory or voluntary speed restrictions (e.g., Dynamic Management Areas (DMAs), Seasonal Management Areas (SMAs), and/or acoustically-triggered slow zones),and any information regarding North Atlantic right whale sighting locations to provide situational awareness for both vessel operators, PSO(s), and PAM operators; The marine mammal monitoring team must monitor these systems no less than every 4 hours;(4) Any marine mammal observed by project personnel must be immediately communicated to any on-duty PSOs, PAM operator(s), and all vessel captains. Any large whale observation or acoustic detection by PSOs or PAM operators must be conveyed to all vessel captains;(5) LOA Holder must establish and implement minimum visibility, clearance, and shutdown zones as described in the LOA. For North Atlantic right whales, any visual detection by a PSO at any distance or acoustic detection by PAM operators within the PAM monitoring zone (where applicable for the specified activities) must trigger a delay to the commencement of pile driving (i.e., impact pile driving and vibratory pile driving) and drilling;(6) PSOs and PAM operators have the authority to call for a delay or shutdown to an activity, and LOA Holder must instruct all vessel personnel regarding the authority of the PSOs and PAM operators. If a delay to commencing an activity is called for by the Lead PSO or PAM operator, LOA Holder must take the required mitigative action. If a shutdown of an activity is called for by a PSO or PAM operator, LOA Holder must take the required mitigative action unless shutdown would result in imminent risk of injury or loss of life to an individual, pile refusal, or pile instability. Any disagreement between the PSO, PAM operator, and the activity operator regarding delays or shutdowns must only be discussed after the mitigative action has occurred;(7) If an individual from a species for which authorization has not been granted, or a species for which authorization has been granted but the authorized take number has been met, is observed entering or within the relevant clearance zone prior to beginning a specified activity (e.g., pile driving (impact and vibratory), drilling, UXO/MEC detonations, and HRG acoustic sources), the activity must be delayed. If an activity is ongoing and individual from a species for which authorization has not been granted, or a species for which authorization has been granted but the authorized take number has been met, is observed entering or within the relevant shutdown zone, the activity must be shut down (i.e., cease) immediately, unless shutdown would result in imminent risk of injury or loss of life to an individual, pile refusal, or pile instability. The activity must not commence or resume until the animal(s) has been confirmed to have left the clearance area and is on a path away from the applicable zone or after 15 minutes with no further sightings for small odontocetes and pinnipeds or 30 minutes with no further sightings for all other species;(8) Foundation installation (i.e., impact and vibratory pile driving, drilling), UXO/MEC detonation, and HRG survey activities must only commence when minimum visibility zones (for UXO/MEC detonations the visual clearance zones) are fully visible (e.g., not obscured by darkness, rain, fog, etc.) and the clearance zones are clear of marine mammals, as determined by the Lead PSO, for at least 30 minutes immediately prior to initiation of equipment (i.e., vibratory and impact pile driving, drilling, UXO/MEC detonations, and HRG surveys that use boomers, sparkers). Any marine mammals observed within a clearance or shutdown zone must be allowed to remain in the area (i.e., must leave of their own volition) prior to commencing foundation installation activities, UXO/MEC detonation, or HRG surveys;(9) In the event that a large whale species is sighted or acoustically detected that cannot be confirmed as a non-North Atlantic right whale, it must be treated as if it were a North Atlantic right whale for purposes of mitigation;(10) For in-water construction heavy machinery activities listed in § 217.320(c), if a marine mammal is on a path towards or comes within 10 meters (m; 32.8 feet (ft)) of equipment, LOA Holder must cease operations until the marine mammal has moved more than 10 m on a path away from the activity to avoid direct interaction with equipment;(11) All vessels must be equipped with a properly installed, operational Automatic Identification System (AIS) device and LOA Holder must report all Maritime Mobile Service Identify (MMSI) numbers to NMFS Office of Protected Resources;(12) By accepting the LOA, LOA Holder consents to on-site observation and inspections by Federal agency personnel (including NOAA personnel) during activities described in this subpart, for the purposes of evaluating the implementation and effectiveness of measures contained within the LOA and this subpart; and(13) It is prohibited to assault, harm, harass (including sexually harass), oppose, impede, intimidate, impair, or in any way influence or interfere with a PSO, PAM operator, or vessel crew member acting as an observer, or attempt the same. This prohibition includes, but is not limited to, any action that interferes with an observer's responsibilities, or that creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment. Personnel may report any violations to the NMFS Office of Law Enforcement.(b)Vessel strike avoidance measures. LOA Holder must comply with the following vessel strike avoidance measures while in the specified geographical region, unless a deviation is necessary to maintain safe maneuvering speed and justified because the vessel is in an area where oceanographic, hydrographic, and/or meteorological conditions severely restrict the maneuverability of the vessel; an emergency situation presents a threat to the health, safety, life of a person; or when a vessel is actively engaged in emergency rescue or response duties, including vessel-in distress or environmental crisis response. An emergency is defined as a serious event that occurs without warning and requires immediate action to avert, control, or remedy harm. (1) Prior to the start of the Project's activities involving vessels, all vessel personnel must receive a protected species training that covers, at a minimum: Identification of marine mammals that have the potential to occur in the specified geographical region; detection and observation methods in good weather conditions (i.e., clear visibility, low winds, low sea states) and bad weather conditions (i.e., fog, high winds, high sea states, with glare); sighting communication protocols; all vessel strike avoidance mitigation requirements; and information and resources available to the project personnel regarding the applicability of Federal laws and regulations for protected species. This training must be repeated for any new vessel personnel who join the Project.(i) Confirmation of the vessel personnel's training and understanding of the LOA requirements must be documented on a training course log sheet and reported to NMFS Office of Protected Resources prior to vessel activities.(2) All vessel operators and dedicated visual observers must maintain a vigilant watch for all marine mammals and slow down, stop their vessel, or alter course to avoid striking any marine mammal;(3) All underway vessels operating at any speed must have a dedicated visual observer on duty at all times to monitor for marine mammals within a 180 degree direction of the forward path of the vessel (90 degree port to 90 degree starboard) located at an appropriate vantage point for ensuring vessels are maintaining appropriate separation distances. Dedicated visual observers may be third-party observers (i.e., NMFS-approved PSOs; see § 217.325(a)) or trained crew members (see paragraph (b)(1) of this section). Dedicated visual observers must be equipped with alternative monitoring technology (e.g., night vision devices, infrared cameras) for periods of low visibility (e.g., darkness, rain, fog, etc.). The dedicated visual observer must not have any other duties while observing for marine mammals and must receive prior training on protected species detection and identification, vessel strike avoidance procedures, how and when to communicate with the vessel captain, and reporting requirements in this subpart;(4) All vessel operators and dedicated visual observers on each transiting vessel must continuously monitor U.S. Coast Guard VHF Channel 16, at the onset of transiting through the duration of transiting, over which North Atlantic right whale sightings are broadcasted. At the onset of transiting and at least once every 4 hours, vessel operators and/or trained crew member(s) must also monitor the project's Situational Awareness System (if applicable), WhaleAlert, and relevant NOAA information systems such as the Right Whale Sighting Advisory System (RWSAS) for the presence of North Atlantic right whales. Any large whale sighting by any Project personnel must be communicated immediately to all project-associated vessels;(5) Any observations of any large whale by any LOA Holder staff or contractor, including vessel crew, must be communicated immediately to on-duty PSOs, PAM operators, and all vessel captains to increase situational awareness;(6) All vessel operators must abide by existing applicable vessel speed regulations (50 CFR 224.105 ). Nothing in this subpart exempts vessels from any other applicable marine mammal speed or approach regulations;(7) Vessels, regardless of size, must not travel over 10 kn (11.5 mph) from November 1st through April 30th, annually, in the specified geographical region. During all other time periods, all vessels must transit active Slow Zones (i.e., DMAs or acoustically-triggered slow zone), and SMAs at 10 kn or less (11.5 mph);(i) If vessel(s) are traveling at speeds greater than 10 kn (11.5 mph) (i.e., no speed restrictions are enacted) in the transit corridor (defined as from a port to the Lease Area or return), in addition to the required dedicated visual observer, LOA Holder must monitor the transit corridor in real-time with PAM prior to and during transits.(8) All vessels operators, regardless of their vessel's size, must immediately reduce speed to 10 kn or less when any large whale (other than a North Atlantic right whale), mother/calf pairs, or large assemblages of cetaceans are observed within 500 m (0.31 mi) of a transiting vessel;(9) All vessels, regardless of size, must immediately reduce speed to 10 kn (11.5 mph) or less for at least 24 hours when a North Atlantic right whale is sighted at any distance by any project related personnel or acoustically detected by any project-related PAM system. Each subsequent observation or acoustic detection in the Project area must trigger an additional 24-hour period. If a North Atlantic right whale is reported via any of the monitoring systems (described in paragraph (b)(4) of this section) within 10 km of a transiting vessel(s), that vessel must operate at 10 kn (11.5 mph) or less for 24 hours following the reported detection. A slowdown in the transit corridor expires when there has been no further visual or acoustic detection in the transit corridor in the past 24 hours;(10) All vessels must maintain a minimum separation distance of 500 m from North Atlantic right whales. If underway, all vessels must steer a course away from any sighted North Atlantic right whale at 10 kn (11.5 mph) or less such that the 500-m minimum separation distance requirement is not violated. If a North Atlantic right whale is sighted within 500 m of an underway vessel, that vessel must turn away from the whale(s), reduce speed and shift the engine to neutral. Engines must not be engaged until the whale has moved outside of the vessel's path and beyond 500 m. All vessels must comply with North Atlantic right whale approach restrictions at 50 CFR 224.103(c) ;(11) All vessels must maintain a minimum separation distance of 100 m (328 ft) from sperm whales and non-North Atlantic right whale baleen whales. If one of these species is sighted within 100 m of a transiting vessel, that vessel must turn away from the whale(s), reduce speed, and shift the engine(s) to neutral. Engines must then not be engaged until the whale has moved outside of the vessel's path and beyond 100 m;(12) All vessels must maintain a minimum separation distance of 50 m from all delphinid cetaceans and pinnipeds with an exception made for those that approach the vessel (e.g., bow-riding dolphins). If a delphinid cetacean or pinniped is sighted within 50 m of a transiting vessel, that vessel must turn away from the animal(s), reduce speed, and shift the engine to neutral, with an exception made for those that approach the vessel (e.g., bow-riding dolphins). Engines must not be engaged until the animal(s) has moved outside of the vessel's path and beyond 50 m;(13) When a marine mammal(s) is sighted while a vessel is transiting, the vessel must take action as necessary to avoid violating the relevant separation distances (e.g., attempt to remain parallel to the animal's course, slow down, and avoid abrupt changes in direction until the animal has left the area). This measure does not apply to any vessel towing gear or any situation where respecting the relevant separation distance would be unsafe (i.e., any situation where the vessel is navigationally constrained);(14) All vessels underway must not divert or alter course to approach any marine mammal; and(15) LOA Holder must submit a Marine Mammal Vessel Strike Avoidance Plan to NMFS Office of Protected Resources for review and approval at least 180 days prior to the planned start of vessel activity. The plan must provide details on the vessel-based observer and PAM protocols for transiting vessels. The plan must also provide details on the transit corridor. If a plan is not submitted and approved by NMFS prior to vessel operations, all project vessels must travel at speeds of 10 kn (11.5 mph) or less. LOA Holder must comply with any approved Marine Mammal Vessel Strike Avoidance Plan.(c)WTG and ESP foundation installation. The following requirements apply to impact and vibratory pile driving and drilling activities associated with the installation of WTG and ESP foundations: (1) Impact pile driving and drilling must not occur January 1 through April 30, annually. Impact pile driving and drilling must not be planned in December; however, it may only occur if necessary to complete the Project within a given year with prior approval by NMFS. LOA Holder must notify NMFS in writing by September 1 of that year that pile driving or drilling cannot be avoided and circumstances are expected to necessitate pile driving or drilling in December;(2) Vibratory pile driving (e.g., vibratory setting of piles) must not occur December 1-May 31, annually;(3) Monopiles must be no larger than 13-m in diameter. Pin piles must be no larger than 4 m in diameter. During all monopile and pin pile installation, the minimum amount of hammer energy necessary to effectively and safely install and maintain the integrity of the piles must be used. Hammer energies must not exceed 6,000 kilojoules (kJ) for monopile installations and 3,500 kJ for pin pile installation. No more than two monopiles or four pin piles may be installed per day. No concurrent pile driving (i.e., impact pile driving or vibratory pile driving) or drilling may occur. All mitigation measures required for or applicable to jacket foundations are required for bottom-frame foundations that utilize pile foundations;(i) LOA Holder must not initiate foundation installation (impact pile driving, vibratory pile driving, and drilling) except during daylight hours; daylight hours are defined as no earlier than 1 hour after civil sunrise and no later than 1.5 hours prior to civil sunset. Foundation installation may only continue into darkness if stopping operations represents a risk to human health, safety, and/or pile stability; and(ii) LOA Holder must not initiate pile driving or drilling earlier than 1 hour after civil sunrise or later than 1.5 hours prior to civil sunset, unless LOA Holder submits, and NMFS approves, an Alternative Monitoring Plan for Nighttime Foundation Installation (i.e., Nighttime Foundation Installation Plan), that demonstrates the efficacy of their night vision devices to effectively monitor the mitigation zones. LOA Holder must submit this plan or plans (if separate Daytime Reduced Visibility and Nighttime Monitoring Plans are prepared) at least 180 calendar days before foundation installation is planned to begin. This plan(s) must include, but is not limited to, a complete description of how LOA Holder will monitor foundation installation activities during reduced visibility conditions (e.g., rain, fog) and at night, including proof of the efficacy of monitoring devices (e.g., mounted thermal/infrared camera systems, hand-held or wearable night vision devices NVDs, spotlights) in detecting marine mammals over the full extent of the required clearance and shutdown zones, including demonstration that the full extent of the minimum visibility zones can be effectively and reliably monitored. The plan must identify the efficacy of the technology at detecting marine mammals in the clearance and shutdown zones under all the various conditions anticipated during construction, including varying weather conditions, sea states, and in consideration of the use of artificial lighting. If the plan does not include a full description of the proposed technology, monitoring methodology, and data demonstrating to NMFS Office of Protected Resources' satisfaction that marine mammals can reliably and effectively be detected within the clearance and shutdown zones for monopiles and pin pile before and during pile driving and drilling, nighttime foundation installation (unless a pile was initiated 1.5 hours prior to civil sunset) may not occur. Additionally, this plan must contain a thorough description of how LOA Holder will monitor foundation installation activities during daytime when unexpected changes to lighting or weather occur during pile driving (i.e., impact or vibratory) or drilling that prevent visual monitoring of the full extent of the clearance and shutdown zones.(4) LOA Holder must utilize soft-start at the beginning of monopile and pin pile impact pile driving and at any time following a cessation of impact pile driving of 30 minutes or longer;(5) LOA Holder must establish clearance and shutdown zones, which must be measured using the radial distance around the pile driving or drilling location;(6) LOA Holder must utilize PSO(s) and PAM operator(s), as described in § 217.325. At least nine on-duty PSOs must be actively observing marine mammals before, during, and after installation of foundation piles (i.e., monopiles and pin piles). At least three on-duty PSOs must be stationed and observing on the foundation installation vessel/platform. A minimum of three PSOs must be active on each of the two dedicated PSO vessels. On-duty PSOs must be located at the best vantage point to observe and document marine mammal sightings in proximity to the clearance and, if applicable, shutdown zones. Concurrently, at least one PAM operator must be actively monitoring for marine mammals with PAM 60 minutes before, during, and 30 minutes after pile driving and drilling in accordance with a NMFS-approved PAM Plan;(7) PSOs must visually monitor clearance zones for marine mammals for a minimum of 60 minutes prior to commencing pile driving or drilling. At least one PAM operator must review data from at least 24 hours prior to pile driving or drilling and actively monitor hydrophones for 60 minutes prior to, at all times during, and for 30 minutes after pile driving and drilling. The entire minimum visibility zone must be visible (i.e., not obscured by dark, rain, fog, etc.) for a full 60 minutes immediately prior to commencing pile driving or drilling. All clearance zones must be confirmed to be free of marine mammals for 30 minutes immediately prior to the beginning of pile driving, drilling, and soft-start procedures. PAM operators must immediately communicate all detections of marine mammals at any distance to the Lead PSO, including any determination regarding species identification, distance, and bearing and the degree of confidence in the determination;(8) If a marine mammal is detected within or about to enter the applicable clearance zones during the clearance periods defined in paragraph (c)(7) of this section, activities must be delayed until the animal has been visually observed exiting the clearance zone or until a specific time period has elapsed with no further sightings. The specific time periods are 15 minutes for small odontocetes and pinnipeds and 30 minutes for all other species; (i) For foundation installation activities between May 1-May 14 and November 1-December 31, if a North Atlantic right whale is observed at any distance or acoustically detected within the PAM monitoring zone of the pile being driven (impact or vibratory) or area being drilled, pile driving and drilling must be delayed or stopped (unless activities must proceed for human safety or installation feasibility concerns) and may not resume until the following day or until the animal is confirmed to have exited the zone via aerial or additional vessel surveys;(9) LOA Holder must deploy at least two functional noise abatement systems that reduce noise levels to the modeled harassment isopleths, assuming 10-dB attenuation, during all pile driving and drilling and comply with the following measures: (i) A single bubble curtain must not be used;(ii) A big double bubble curtain may be used without being paired with another noise attenuation device;(iii) The bubble curtain(s) must distribute air bubbles using an air flow rate of at least 0.5 m3 /(min*m). The bubble curtain(s) must surround 100 percent of the piling perimeter throughout the full depth of the water column. In the unforeseen event of a single compressor malfunction, the offshore personnel operating the bubble curtain(s) must adjust the air supply and operating pressure such that the maximum possible noise attenuation performance of the bubble curtain(s) is achieved;(iv) The lowest bubble ring must be in contact with the seafloor for the full circumference of the ring, and the weights attached to the bottom ring must ensure 100-percent seafloor contact;(v) No parts of the ring or other objects may prevent full seafloor contact with a bubble curtain ring;(vi) Construction contractors must train personnel in the proper balancing of airflow to the bubble curtain ring. LOA Holder must provide NMFS Office of Protected Resources with a bubble curtain performance test and maintenance report to review within 72 hours after each pile using a bubble curtain is installed. Additionally, a full maintenance check (e.g., manually clearing holes) must occur prior to each pile being installed;(vii) Corrections to the bubble ring(s) to meet the performance standards in this paragraph (c)(9) must occur prior to pile driving and drilling of foundation piles. For any noise mitigation device in addition to the bubble curtain, LOA Holder must inspect and carry out appropriate maintenance on the system and ensure the system is functioning properly prior to every pile driving event; and(viii) LOA Holder must inspect and carry out appropriate maintenance on the noise attenuation system prior to every foundation installation event (i.e., for each pile driven foundation) and UXO/MEC detonation and prepare and submit a Noise Attenuation System (NAS) inspection/performance report to NMFS Office of Protected Resources. For piles for which Thorough sound field verification (SFV) is carried out, this report must be submitted as soon as it is available, but no later than when the interim SFV report is submitted for the respective pile.(10) PAM operator(s) must review data from at least 24 hours prior to pile driving and drilling and actively monitor hydrophones for 60 minutes prior to pile driving and drilling. All clearance zones must be acoustically confirmed to be free of marine mammals for 60 minutes before activities can begin immediately prior to starting vibratory pile driving, drilling, and a soft-start of impact pile driving. PAM operators will continue to monitor for marine mammals for at least 30 minutes after pile driving or drilling concludes. The exact details for PAM requirements must be submitted to NMFS within the PAM plan; (i) LOA Holder must implement PAM in accordance with the NMFS-approved PAM Plan, as described in § 217.325(c)(9). The PAM system components (i.e., acoustic buoys) must not be placed closer than 1 km (0.6 mi) to the pile being driven so that the activities do not mask the PAM system. LOA Holder must demonstrate and prove the detection range of the system they plan to deploy while considering potential masking from concurrent pile-driving and vessel noise. The PAM system must be designed to detect all marine mammals to the maximum extent practicable, maximize baleen whale detections, and must be capable of detecting North Atlantic right whales within the PAM monitoring zone;(11) For North Atlantic right whales, any visual observation by a PSO at any distance or acoustic detection within the PAM Monitoring Zone must trigger a delay to the commencement of pile driving. The North Atlantic right whale clearance zone may only be declared clear if no North Atlantic right whale acoustic or visual detections have occurred within the clearance zone during the 60-minute monitoring period. Any large whale sighting by a PSO or detected by a PAM operator that cannot be identified as a non-North Atlantic right whale must be treated as if it were a North Atlantic right whale;(12) If a marine mammal is detected (visually or acoustically) entering or within the respective shutdown zone after pile driving has begun, the PSO or PAM operator must call for a shutdown of pile driving or drilling. If a marine mammal is detected entering or within the respective shutdown zone after pile driving or drilling has begun, LOA Holder must stop pile driving or drilling immediately unless shutdown is not practicable due to imminent risk of injury or loss of life to an individual or risk of damage to a vessel that creates risk of injury or loss of life for individuals, or the lead engineer determines there is pile refusal or pile instability. If pile driving or drilling is not shut down, LOA Holder must reduce hammer energy to the lowest level practicable and the reason(s) for not shutting down must be documented and reported to NMFS Office of Protected Resources within the applicable monitoring reports (e.g., weekly, monthly) (see § 217.325(f));(13) A visual observation or acoustic detection of a North Atlantic right whale at any distance by PSOs or an acoustic detection within the PAM monitoring zone triggers shutdown requirements under paragraph (c)(12) of this section. If pile driving or drilling has been shut down due to the presence of a North Atlantic right whale, pile driving or drilling may not restart until the North Atlantic right whale has neither been visually or acoustically detected by on-duty PSOs and PAM operators for 30 minutes;(14) If pile driving or drilling has been shut down due to the presence of a marine mammal other than a North Atlantic right whale, pile driving or drilling must not restart until either the marine mammal(s) has voluntarily left the specific clearance zones and has been visually or acoustically confirmed beyond that clearance zone, or, when specific time periods have elapsed with no further sightings or acoustic detections have occurred. The specific time periods are 15 minutes for small odontocetes and pinnipeds and 30 minutes for all other marine mammal species. In cases where these criteria are not met, pile driving may restart only if necessary to maintain pile stability at which time LOA Holder must use the lowest hammer energy practicable to maintain stability; and(15) LOA Holder must conduct SFV during the following foundation installation activities in accordance with the following requirements:(i) For the first construction year, Thorough SFV must be conducted for the first three monopiles installed with only an impact hammer (i.e., impact pile driving); the first three monopiles installed with a vibratory hammer (i.e., vibratory pile driving or setting) followed by an impact hammer; the first two jacket foundations (all piles) installed; the first foundation (regardless of type) where drilling is used; the first monopile and first jacket foundation (all piles) installed in December (winter sound speed profile); and, the first foundation for any foundation scenarios that were modeled for the exposure analysis (e.g., rated hammer energy, number of strikes, representative location) that does not fall into one of the previously listed categories (e.g., if the first two jacket foundation are installed with only an impact hammer, Thorough SFV would be required for the first jacket foundation installed with vibratory and impact pile driving);(ii) For any subsequent construction year, Thorough SFV must be conducted on the first monopile and first jacket foundation (all piles) if there are no changes to the pile driving equipment (e.g., same hammer, same Noise Attenuation System); Thorough SFV requirements for the first construction year apply if a revised Facilities Design Report and Fabrication and Installation Report (FDR/FIR) or other information is submitted to BOEM and Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) that details changes to the equipment (e.g., different hammer, different noise attenuation system); if any foundation type or technique included in the requirements for the first construction year that was not installed until a subsequent construction year (e.g., if drilling is not used until year 2 or 3, the first foundation where relief drilling is used must have Thorough SFV);(iii) During Thorough SFV, installation of the next foundation (of the same type/foundation method) may not proceed until LOA Holder has reviewed the initial results from the Thorough SFV and determined that there were no exceedances of any distances to the identified thresholds based on modeling assuming 10 dB attenuation. Subsequent SFV measurements are also required should larger piles be installed or if additional monopiles are driven that may produce louder sound fields than those previously measured (e.g., higher hammer energy, greater number of strikes, etc.). If any of the Thorough SFV measurements from any pile indicate that the distance to any isopleth of concern for any species is greater than those modeled assuming 10 dB attenuation, LOA Holder must notify NMFS within 24 hours of reviewing the Thorough SFV measurements and must implement the following measures for the next pile of the same type/installation methodology, as applicable;(iv) If any of the Thorough SFV measurements indicate that the distances to level A thresholds for marine mammals (peak or cumulative) are greater than the modeled distances (assuming 10 dB attenuation), the clearance and shutdown zones for subsequent piles of the same type (e.g., if triggered by SFV results for a monopile, for the next monopile) must be increased so that they are at least the size of the distances to those thresholds as indicated by SFV. For every 1,500 m that a marine mammal clearance or shutdown zone is expanded, additional PSOs must be deployed from additional platforms/vessels to ensure adequate and complete monitoring of the expanded shutdown and/or clearance zone; LOA Holder must deploy any additional PSOs consistent with the approved Marine Mammal Monitoring Plan in consideration of the size of the new zones and the species that must be monitored use of the expanded clearance and shutdown zones must continue for additional piles until LOA Holder requests and receives concurrence from NMFS Office of Protected Resources and Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO) to revert to the original clearance and shutdown zones. LOA Holder must identify one or more additional, modified, and/or alternative noise attenuation measure(s) and/or operational change(s) included in the approved SFV plan that is expected to reduce sound levels to the modeled distances and must implement that measure for the next pile of the same type and pile driving method that is installed (e.g., if triggered by SFV results for a monopile installed with vibratory pile driving followed by impact pile driving, for the next monopile with vibratory pile driving followed by impact pile driving). Attenuation measures that could reduce sound levels to the modeled distances include but are not limited to adding a noise attenuation device, adjusting hammer operations, and adjusting or otherwise modifying the noise mitigation system. LOA Holder must provide written notification to NMFS Office of Protected Resources of the changes implemented within 24 hours of their implementation. Following installation of a pile with additional, alternative, or modified noise attenuation measures/operational changes if Thorough SFV results indicate that all isopleths of concern are within distances to isopleths of concern modeled assuming 10 dB attenuation, Thorough SFV must be conducted on two additional piles of the same type/installation method (for a total of at least three piles with consistent noise attenuation measures). If the Thorough SFV results from all three of those piles are within the distances to isopleths of concern modeled assuming 10 dB attenuation, then LOA Holder must continue to implement the approved additional, alternative, or modified noise attenuation measures/operational changes. LOA Holder can request concurrence from NMFS Office of Protected Resources to return to the original clearance and shutdown zones;(v) In addition to this SFV monitoring, which will follow a specific comprehensive methodology described in the SFV Plan required in § 217.325(c)(8), LOA Holder also must conduct Abbreviated SFV for all other foundations, using at least one acoustic recorder for every foundation for which thorough SFV monitoring is not conducted. Abbreviated SFV consists of: SFV measurements made at a single acoustic recorder, consisting of a near-bottom and mid-water hydrophone, at approximately 750 m from the pile, in the direction of lowest modeled transmission loss, to record sounds throughout the duration of all pile driving (inclusive of relief drilling) of each foundation. If measured levels from Abbreviated SFV for any pile are greater than expected levels, LOA Holder must evaluate the available information from the pile installation to determine if there is an identifiable cause of the exceedance (i.e., a failure of the noise attenuation system), identify and implement corrective action, and report this information to NMFS Office of Protected Resources within 48 hours of completion of the installation of the pile (inclusive of all pile driving and drilling), during which the exceedance occurred. If LOA Holder can demonstrate that the exceedance was the result of a failure of the noise attenuation system (e.g., loss of a generator supporting a bubble curtain such that one bubble curtain failed during pile driving) that can be remedied in a way that returns the noise attenuation system to pre-failure conditions, LOA Holder can request concurrence from NMFS Office of Protected Resources to proceed without Thorough SFV monitoring that would otherwise be required within 72 hours. LOA Holder is required to remedy any such failure of the noise attenuation system prior to carrying out any additional pile driving or drilling.(vi) Thorough SFV measurements must be made at a minimum of four distances from the pile(s) being driven, along a single transect, in the direction of lowest transmission loss (i.e., projected lowest transmission loss coefficient), including, but not limited to, 750 m (2,460 ft) and three additional ranges, including at least, the modeled Level B harassment isopleth zones assuming 10 dB attenuation. At least one additional measurement at an azimuth 90 degrees from the array at 750 m must be made. At each location, there must be a near bottom and mid-water column hydrophone (measurement system).(vii) The recordings must be continuous throughout the duration of all pile driving and drilling of each foundation.(viii) The SFV measurement systems must have a sensitivity appropriate for the expected sound levels from pile driving and drilling received at the nominal ranges throughout the installation of the pile. The frequency range of SFV measurement systems must cover the range of at least 20 hertz (Hz) to 20 kilohertz (kHz); The SFV measurement systems must be designed to have omnidirectional sensitivity and so that the broadband received level of all pile driving and drilling activities exceeds the system noise floor by at least 10 dB. The dynamic range of the SFV measurement system must be sufficient such that at each location, and the signals avoid poor signal-to-noise ratios for low amplitude signals and avoid clipping, nonlinearity, and saturation for high amplitude signals.(ix) All hydrophones used in SFV measurements systems are required to have undergone a full system, traceable laboratory calibration conforming to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60565, or an equivalent standard procedure, from a factory or accredited source to ensure the hydrophone receives accurate sound levels, at a date not to exceed 2 years before deployment. Additional in situ calibration checks using a pistonphone are required to be performed before and after each hydrophone deployment. If the measurement system employs filters via hardware or software (e.g., high-pass, low-pass, etc.), which is not already accounted for by the calibration, the filter performance (i.e., the filter's frequency response) must be known, reported, and the data corrected before analysis.(x) LOA Holder must be prepared with additional equipment (hydrophones, recording devices, hydrophone calibrators, cables, batteries, etc.), which exceeds the amount of equipment necessary to perform the measurements, such that technical issues can be mitigated before measurement.(xi) LOA Holder must submit interim reports within 48 hours after each foundation is measured with Thorough SFV (§ 217.325(10) for interim and final reporting requirements).(xii) If any of the interim Thorough SFV reports submitted indicate that SFV measurements exceed the modeled distances to Level A harassment and Level B harassment thresholds assuming 10-dB attenuation, then LOA Holder must implement additional measures on all subsequent foundations to ensure the measured Level A and Level B harassment isopleths do not exceed those modeled for foundation installation, assuming 10dB attenuation. LOA Holder must also increase clearance and shutdown zone sizes to those identified by NMFS until SFV measurements on at least three additional foundations demonstrate acoustic distances to harassment thresholds meet or are less than those modeled assuming 10-dB of attenuation. For every 1,500 m that a marine mammal clearance or shutdown zone is expanded, additional PSOs must be deployed from additional platforms/vessels to ensure adequate and complete monitoring of the expanded shutdown and/or clearance zone; LOA Holder must optimize the noise attenuation systems (e.g., ensure hose maintenance, pressure testing, etc.) to, at least, meet noise levels modeled, assuming 10-dB attenuation, within three piles or else foundation installation activities must cease until NMFS and LOA Holder can evaluate the situation and ensure future piles will not exceed noise levels modeled assuming 10-dB attenuation.(xiii) If SFV measurements collected during installation of foundation piles indicate ranges to the isopleths, corresponding to Level A harassment and Level B harassment thresholds, are greater than the ranges predicted by modeling (assuming 10 dB attenuation), LOA Holder must implement additional noise mitigation measures prior to installing the next foundation. Additional acoustic measurements must be taken after each modification.(xiv) If, after additional measurements conducted pursuant to requirements of paragraph (c)(15)(i) and (ii) of this section, acoustic measurements indicate that ranges to isopleths corresponding to the Level A harassment and Level B harassment thresholds are less than the ranges predicted by modeling (assuming 10-dB attenuation), LOA Holder may request to NMFS Office of Protected Resources a modification of the clearance and shutdown zones. For NMFS Office of Protected Resources to consider a modification request for reduced zone sizes, LOA Holder must have conducted SFV measurements on an additional three foundations and ensure that subsequent foundations would be installed under conditions that are predicted to produce smaller harassment zones than those modeled assuming 10-dB of attenuation.(xv) LOA Holder must conduct SFV measurements during turbine operations to estimate turbine operational source levels and transmission loss rates, in accordance with a NMFS-approved SFV Plan.(d)UXO/MEC detonations. The following requirements apply to Unexploded Ordnances and Munitions and Explosives of Concern (UXO/MEC) detonations: (1) Upon encountering a UXO/MEC, LOA Holder must only resort to high-order removal (i.e., detonation) if all other means of removal are impracticable (i.e., As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) risk mitigation procedure)) and this determination must be documented and submitted to NMFS; (i) LOA Holder may detonate a maximum of 10 UXO/MECs, of varying sizes but no larger than 1,000 pounds (lbs; 454 kilograms (kg)) charge weight (i.e., E12), over the effective period of this rulemaking and LOA(s);(ii) LOA Holder must provide NMFS Office of Protected Resources with notification of planned UXO/MEC detonation as soon as possible but at least 48 hours prior to the planned detonation, unless this 48-hour notification would create delays to the detonation that would result in imminent risk to human life or safety.(2) UXO/MEC detonations must not occur from December 1 through May 31, annually; however, LOA Holder may detonate a UXO/MEC in December or May with NMFS' approval on a case-by-case basis;(3) UXO/MEC detonations must only occur during daylight hours (1 hour after civil sunrise through 1.5 hours prior to civil sunset);(4) No more than one detonation can occur within a 24-hour period;(5) LOA Holder must deploy dual noise abatement systems during all UXO/MEC detonations and comply with the following requirements related to noise abatement: (i) A single bubble curtain must not be used;(ii) A big double bubble curtain may be used without being paired with another noise attenuation device;(iii) The bubble curtain(s) must distribute air bubbles using an air flow rate of at least 0.5 m3 /(min*m). The bubble curtain(s) must surround 100 percent of the UXO/MEC detonation perimeter throughout the full depth of the water column. In the unforeseen event of a single compressor malfunction, the offshore personnel operating the bubble curtain(s) must make appropriate adjustments to the air supply and operating pressure such that the maximum possible noise attenuation performance of the bubble curtain(s) is achieved;(iv) The lowest bubble ring must be in contact with the seafloor for the full circumference of the ring, and the weights attached to the bottom ring must ensure 100-percent seafloor contact;(v) No parts of the ring or other objects may prevent full seafloor contact;(vi) Construction contractors must train personnel in the proper balancing of airflow to the ring. Construction contractors must submit an inspection/performance report for approval by LOA Holder within 72 hours following the performance test. LOA Holder must then submit that report to NMFS Office of Protected Resources;(vii) Corrections to the bubble ring(s) to meet the performance standards in this paragraph (d)(5) must occur prior to UXO/MEC detonations. If LOA Holder uses a noise mitigation device in addition to the bubble curtain, LOA Holder must maintain similar quality control measures as described in this paragraph (d)(5); and(viii) LOA Holder must inspect and carry out appropriate maintenance on the noise attenuation system prior to every foundation installation event (i.e., for each pile driven foundation) and UXO/MEC detonation and prepare and submit a NAS inspection/performance report to NMFS Office of Protected Resources. For activities which Thorough SFV is carried out, this report must be submitted as soon as it is available, but no later than when the interim SFV report is submitted for the respective pile.(6) LOA Holder must conduct SFV during all UXO/MEC detonations at a minimum of three locations (at two water depths at each location) from each detonation in a direction toward deeper water in accordance with the following requirements: (i) LOA Holder must empirically determine source levels (peak and cumulative sound exposure level), the ranges to the isopleths corresponding to the Level A harassment and Level B harassment thresholds in meters, and the transmission loss coefficient(s). LOA Holder may estimate ranges to the Level A harassment and Level B harassment isopleths by extrapolating from in-situ measurements conducted at several distances from the detonation location monitored.(ii) The SFV measurement systems must have a sensitivity appropriate for the expected sound levels from detonations received at the nominal ranges throughout the detonation; the frequency range of the SFV measurement systems must cover the range of at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz; and the SFV measurement systems will be designed to have omnidirectional sensitivity and will be designed so that the predicted broadband received level of all UXO/MEC detonations exceeds the system noise floor by at least 10 dB. The dynamic range of the SFV measurement systems must be sufficient such that at each location, the signals avoid poor signal-to-noise ratios for low amplitude signals and the signals avoid clipping, nonlinearity, and saturation for high amplitude signals.(iii) All hydrophones used in SFV measurements systems are required to have undergone a full system, traceable laboratory calibration conforming to IEC 60565, or an equivalent standard procedure, from a factory or accredited source to ensure the hydrophone receives accurate sound levels, at a date not to exceed 2 years before deployment. Additional in situ calibration checks using a pistonphone are required to be performed before and after each hydrophone deployment. If the measurement system employs filters via hardware or software (e.g., high-pass, low-pass, etc.), which is not already accounted for by the calibration, the filter performance (i.e., the filter's frequency response) must be known, reported, and the data corrected before analysis.(iv) LOA Holder must be prepared with additional equipment (hydrophones, recording devices, hydrophone calibrators, cables, batteries, etc.), which exceeds the amount of equipment necessary to perform the measurements, such that technical issues can be mitigated before measurement.(v) LOA Holder must submit interim reports within 48 hours after each UXO/MEC detonation is measured (see § 217.325(f)(10) for interim and final reporting requirements).(vi) If SFV measurements collected during UXO/MEC detonation indicate ranges to the isopleths, corresponding to Level A harassment and Level B harassment thresholds, are greater than the ranges predicted by modeling (assuming 10 dB attenuation), LOA Holder must implement additional noise mitigation measures prior to the next UXO/MEC detonation. Additional acoustic measurements must be taken after each modification. LOA Holder must also increase the clearance zone size to reflect the results of SFV in collaboration with NMFS Office of Protected Resources. Use of the expanded clearance zone must continue for all additional detonations until LOA Holder requests and receives concurrence from NMFS Office of Protected Resources to revert to the original clearance zone. LOA Holder must provide written notification to NMFS Office of Protected Resources of the changes planned for the next detonation within 24 hours of implementation.(vii) LOA Holder must optimize the noise attenuation systems (e.g., ensure hose maintenance, pressure testing, etc.) to, at least, meet noise levels modeled, assuming 10-dB attenuation, UXO/MEC detonation activities must cease until NMFS and LOA Holder can evaluate the situation and ensure future detonations will not exceed noise levels modeled assuming 10-dB attenuation.(viii) LOA Holder must identify one or more additional, modified, and/or alternative noise attenuation measures or other change to the detonation plans (included in the SFV Plan) that is expected to reduce sound levels to the modeled distances. These measures must be implemented for the next detonation.(7) LOA Holder must establish and implement clearance zones for UXO/MEC detonation using both visual and acoustic monitoring, as described in the LOA;(8) At least six on-duty PSOs must be actively observing marine mammals before, during, and after any UXO/MEC detonation. At least three on-duty PSOs must be stationed and observing on a vessel as close as safely possible to the detonation site and, in addition, at least three on-duty PSOs must be stationed on an additional PSO-dedicated vessel or aerial platform. Concurrently, at least one acoustic monitoring PSO (i.e., passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) operator) must be actively monitoring for marine mammals with PAM before, during, and after detonation;(i) Clearance zones must be increased to reflect the results of SFV. For every 1,500 m that a clearance zone is expanded, additional PSOs must be deployed from additional platforms/vessels to ensure adequate and complete monitoring of the expanded zone.(9) If the clearance zone is larger than 2 km (based on charge weight), LOA Holder must deploy an additional PSO-dedicated vessel or aircraft with at least three on-duty PSOs stationed on it and actively observing for marine mammals. If the clearance zone is larger than 5 km (based on charge weight), an aerial platform must be used unless LOA Holder is unable to secure an aerial platform(s) with the appropriately trained pilots and PSOs. In such a case, the LOA Holder must submit an alternative monitoring plan at least 90 days before any UXO/MEC detonation that would describe how they would effectively monitor clearance zones beyond 5 km, including an explanation of additional vessels/platforms and PSO deployments. This plan must be approved by NMFS before any UXO/MEC detonation may occur; (i) If an aircraft is used, two on-duty PSOs must be used and located at the appropriate vantage point on the aircraft. These additional PSOs would maintain watch during the same time period as the PSOs on the primary monitoring vessel.(10) At least one PAM operator must review data from at least 24 hours prior to a detonation and actively monitor hydrophones for 60 minutes prior to detonation. All clearance zones must be acoustically confirmed to be free of marine mammals for 60 minutes prior to commencing a detonation. PAM operators will continue to monitor for marine mammals at least 30 minutes after a detonation;(11) All clearance zones must be visually confirmed to be free of marine mammals for 30 minutes before a detonation can occur. All on-duty PSOs must also maintain watch for 30 minutes after the detonation event;(12) If a marine mammal is observed entering or within the relevant clearance zone prior to the initiation of a detonation, detonation must be delayed and must not begin until either the marine mammal(s) has voluntarily left the specific clearance zones and have been visually and acoustically confirmed beyond that clearance zone, or, when specific time periods have elapsed with no further sightings or acoustic detections. The specific time periods are 15 minutes for small odontocetes and pinnipeds and 30 minutes for all other marine mammal species;(13) For North Atlantic right whales, any visual observation or acoustic detection must trigger a delay to the detonation of a UXO/MEC. Any large whale sighting by a PSO or detected by a PAM operator that cannot be identified by species must be treated as if it were a North Atlantic right whale; and(14) A pressure transducer must be used to monitor pressure levels during all UXO/MEC detonations.(e)HRG surveys. The following requirements apply to HRG surveys operating sub-bottom profilers (SBPs) (i.e., boomers, sparkers): (1) SBPs (hereinafter referred to as "acoustic sources") must be deactivated when not acquiring data or preparing to acquire data, except as necessary for testing. Acoustic sources must be used at the lowest practicable source level to meet the survey objective, when in use, and must be turned off when they are not necessary for the survey;(2) LOA Holder is required to have at least one PSO on active duty per HRG vessel during HRG surveys that are conducted during daylight hours (i.e., from 30 minutes prior to civil sunrise through 30 minutes following civil sunset) and at least two PSOs on active duty per vessel during HRG surveys that are conducted during nighttime hours;(3) LOA Holder is required to ramp-up SBPs prior to commencing full power, unless the equipment operates on a binary on/off switch, and ensure visual clearance zones are fully visible (e.g., not obscured by darkness, rain, fog, etc.) and clear of marine mammals, as determined by the Lead PSO, for at least 30 minutes immediately prior to the initiation of survey activities using acoustic sources specified in the LOA;(4) Ramp-ups must be scheduled so as to minimize the time spent with the source activated. Prior to a ramp-up procedure starting or activating acoustic sources, the acoustic source operator (operator) must notify a designated PSO of the planned start of ramp-up as agreed upon with the Lead PSO. The notification time should not be less than 60 minutes prior to the planned ramp-up or activation in order to allow the PSOs time to monitor the clearance zone(s) for 30 minutes prior to the initiation of ramp-up or activation (pre-start clearance). During this 30-minute pre-start clearance period, the entire applicable clearance zones must be visible. Ramp-up may occur at times of poor visibility, including nighttime, only if appropriate visual monitoring has occurred with no detections of marine mammals in the 30 minutes prior to beginning ramp-up; (i) A PSO conducting pre-start clearance observations must be notified again immediately prior to reinitiating ramp-up procedures and the operator must receive confirmation from the PSO to proceed.(5) Prior to starting the survey and after receiving confirmation from the PSOs that the clearance zone is clear of any marine mammals, LOA Holder is required to ramp-up acoustic sources to half power for 5 minutes prior to commencing full power, unless the source operates on a binary on/off switch (in which case ramp-up is not required). LOA Holder must also ensure visual clearance zones are fully visible (e.g., not obscured by darkness, rain, fog, etc.) and clear of marine mammals, as determined by the Lead PSO, for at least 30 minutes immediately prior to the initiation of survey activities using acoustic sources; Ramp-up and activation must be delayed if a marine mammal(s) enters its respective shutdown zone. Ramp-up and activation may only be reinitiated if the animal(s) has been observed exiting its respective shutdown zone or until 15 minutes for small odontocetes and pinnipeds, and 30 minutes for all other species, has elapsed with no further sightings;(6) LOA Holder must establish and implement clearance and shutdown zones for HRG surveys using visual monitoring; LOA Holder must implement a 30-minute clearance period of the clearance zones immediately prior to the commencing of the survey or when there is more than a 30 minute break in survey activities or PSO monitoring. A clearance period is a period when no marine mammals are detected in the relevant zone;(7) If a marine mammal is observed within a clearance zone during the clearance period, ramp-up or acoustic surveys may not begin until the animal(s) has been observed voluntarily exiting its respective clearance zone or until a specific time period has elapsed with no further sighting. The specific time period is 15 minutes for small odontocetes and pinnipeds, and 30 minutes for all other species;(8) Any large whale sighted by a PSO within 1 km of the acoustic source(s) that cannot be identified by species must be treated as if it were a North Atlantic right whale and LOA Holder must apply the mitigation measure applicable to this species;(9) In any case when the clearance process has begun in conditions with good visibility, including via the use of night vision equipment (infrared (IR)/thermal camera), and the Lead PSO has determined that the clearance zones are clear of marine mammals, survey operations may commence (i.e., no delay is required) despite periods of inclement weather and/or loss of daylight.(10) Once the survey has commenced, LOA Holder must shut down acoustic sources if a marine mammal enters a respective shutdown zone, except in cases when the shutdown zones become obscured for brief periods due to inclement weather, survey operations may continue (i.e., no shutdown is required) so long as no marine mammals have been detected. The shutdown requirement does not apply to small delphinids of the following genera: Delphinus, Stenella, Lagenorhynchus, and Tursiops. If there is uncertainty regarding the identification of a marine mammal species (i.e., whether the observed marine mammal belongs to one of the delphinid genera for which shutdown is waived), the PSOs must use their best professional judgment in making the decision to call for a shutdown. Shutdown is required if a delphinid that belongs to a genus other than those specified in this paragraph (e)(10) is detected in the shutdown zone;(11) If an acoustic source has been shut down due to the presence of a marine mammal, the use of an acoustic source may not commence or resume until the animal(s) has been confirmed to have left the Level B harassment zone or until a full 15 minutes for small odontocetes and pinnipeds and 30 minutes for all other marine mammals have elapsed with no further sighting;(12) LOA Holder must immediately shutdown any acoustic source if a marine mammal is sighted entering or within its respective shutdown zones. If there is uncertainty regarding the identification of a marine mammal species (i.e., whether the observed marine mammal belongs to one of the delphinid genera for which shutdown is waived), the PSOs must use their best professional judgment in making the decision to call for a shutdown. Shutdown is required if a delphinid that belongs to a genus other than those specified in paragraph (e)(10) of this section is detected in the shutdown zone;(13) If an acoustic source is shut down for a period longer than 30 minutes, all clearance and ramp-up procedures must be initiated. If an acoustic source is shut down for reasons other than mitigation (e.g., mechanical difficulty) for less than 30 minutes, acoustic sources may be activated again without ramp-up only if PSOs have maintained constant observation and no additional detections of any marine mammal occurred within the respective shutdown zones; and(14) If multiple HRG vessels are operating concurrently, any observations of marine mammals must be communicated to PSOs on all nearby survey vessels.(f)Fisheries monitoring surveys. The following measures apply to fishery monitoring surveys: (1) All captains and crew conducting fishery surveys must be trained in marine mammal detection and identification. Marine mammal monitoring will be conducted by the captain and/or a member of the scientific crew before within 1 nautical mile (nmi) (1.85 km; 1.2 mi) and 15 minutes prior to deploying gear), during, and for 15 minutes after haul back;(2) Survey gear will be deployed as soon as possible once the vessel arrives on station. Gear must not be deployed if there is a risk of interaction with marine mammals. Gear may be deployed after 15 minutes of no marine mammal sightings within 1 nmi (1.85 km; 1.2 mi) of the sampling station;(3) LOA Holder and/or its cooperating institutions, contracted vessels, or commercially-hired captains must implement the following "move-on" rule: If marine mammals are sighted within 1 nmi (1.2 mi) of the planned location and 15 minutes before gear deployment, then LOA Holder and/or its cooperating institutions, contracted vessels, or commercially-hired captains, as appropriate, must move the vessel away from the marine mammal to a different section of the sampling area. If, after moving on, marine mammals are still visible from the vessel, LOA Holder and its cooperating institutions, contracted vessels, or commercially-hired captains must move again or skip the station;(4) If a marine mammal is at risk of interacting with deployed gear, all gear must be immediately removed from the water. If marine mammals are sighted before the gear is fully removed from the water, the vessel must slow its speed and maneuver the vessel away from the animals to minimize potential interactions with the observed animal;(5) LOA Holder must maintain visual marine mammal monitoring effort during the entire period of time that gear is in the water (i.e., throughout gear deployment, fishing, and retrieval). If marine mammals are sighted before the gear is fully removed from the water, LOA Holder must take the most appropriate action to avoid marine mammal interaction;(6) All fisheries monitoring gear must be fully cleaned and repaired (if damaged) before each use/deployment;(7) LOA Holder's fixed gear must comply with the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan regulations at 50 CFR 229.32 during fisheries monitoring surveys;(8) Trawl tows will be limited to a maximum of a 20-minute trawl time and must not exceed 3.0 kn (3.45 mph);(9) All gear must be emptied as close to the deck/sorting area and as quickly as possible after retrieval;(10) During trawl surveys, vessel crew must open the codend of the trawl net close to the deck in order to avoid injury to animals that may be caught in the gear;(11) During any survey that uses vertical lines, buoy lines will be weighted and will not float at the surface of the water and all groundlines will consist of sinking line. All groundlines must be composed entirely of sinking line. Buoy lines must utilize weak links. Weak links must break cleanly leaving behind the bitter end of the line. The bitter end of the line must be free of any knots when the weak link breaks. Splices are not considered to be knots. The attachment of buoys, toggles, or other floatation devices to groundlines is prohibited;(12) All in-water survey gear, including buoys, must be properly labeled with the scientific permit number or identification as LOA Holder-related research gear. All labels and markings on the gear, buoys, and buoy lines must also be compliant with the applicable regulations, and all buoy markings must comply with instructions received by the NOAA GARFO Protected Resources Division;(13) All survey gear must be removed from the water whenever not in active survey use (i.e., no wet storage);(14) All reasonable efforts, that do not compromise human safety, must be undertaken to recover gear; and(15) All lost gear associated with the fishery surveys must be reported to NOAA GARFO Protected Resources Division (nmfs.gar.incidental-take@noaa.gov) within 24 hours of the documented time of missing or lost gear. This report must include information on any markings on the gear and any efforts undertaken or planned to recover the gear. 89 FR 52301 , 3/27/2025through 3/26/2030; 89 FR 79778 , 3/27/2025