Section 21 - Taxable Possessory Interests-Valuation(a) Definitions. For the purposes of this regulation: (1) "Real property" is defined in rule 20(c)(1).(2) "Possession" is defined in rule 20(c)(2).(3) A "right" to the possession of real property includes a "claim to a right" to the possession of real property within the meaning of rule 20(c)(3).(4) "Possessor" is defined in rule 20(c)(4).(5) The "term of possession" of a taxable possessory interest means the term of possession for valuation purposes.(6) The "stated term of possession" for a taxable possessory interest as of a specific date is the remaining period of possession as of that date as specified in the lease, agreement, deed, conveyance, permit, or other authorization or instrument that created, extended, or renewed the taxable possessory interest, including any option or options to renew or extend the specified period of possession if it is reasonable to assume that the option or options will be exercised.(7) "Contract rent" means any compensation or payments, in cash or its equivalent, that are required to be paid or provided by a possessor under an authorization or instrument that creates a taxable possessory interest for the rights in real property provided by the taxable possessory interest.(8) "Economic rent" means the estimated amount that would be paid by the possessor, on the valuation date in cash or its equivalent, for the rights in real property provided by the taxable possessory interest if (i) the rights to possession were offered in an open and competitive market and (ii) the public owner's interest in the property were not exempt or immune from taxation. Economic rent does not include payments by the possessor to the public owner that are not paid as consideration for rights in real property, such as payments for the rental of personal property, for the provision of security services, and for advertising and promotional services.(9) "Creation" means the creation of a taxable possessory interest. Creation includes (i) an initial grant or other conveyance of a taxable possessory interest; (ii) a subsequent grant or other conveyance of additional land or improvements to a preexisting taxable possessory interest; or (iii) a subsequent grant or other conveyance of additional valuable property rights or uses to a preexisting taxable possessory interest.(10) "Extension or renewal" means the lengthening of the period of possession of a taxable possessory interest, such as by the exercise of an option to extend or to renew a lease or permit.(b) Rights to be Valued. Except as provided in subsection (f) or specifically provided otherwise by law, the rights to be valued in a taxable possessory interest are all rights in real property held by the possessor. (1) The fair market value of a taxable possessory interest is not diminished by any obligation of the possessor to pay rent or to retire debt secured by the taxable possessory interest. In other words, the fair market value of a taxable possessory interest is the fair market value of the fee simple absolute interest reduced only by the value of the property rights, if any, granted by the public owner to other persons and by the value of the property rights retained by the public owner (excluding the public owner's right to receive rent).(2) Examples of rights in real property that may be granted or retained by the public owner include the following: (i) the right to take possession of the property upon the termination of the taxable possessory interest due to the occurrence of an event such as the expiration of the contract term, a breach of agreement, or the happening of a condition that terminates the possessor's right to possession;(ii) the right to put the property to a higher and better use or otherwise restrict the possessor's use of the property;(iii) the right to terminate possession upon notice;(iv) the right to approve a sublessee or assignee;(v) the right to approve a loan secured by the taxable possessory interest; and(vi) the right to allow other possessors to use the property.(c) Standard of Value. Assessors shall value a taxable possessory interest consistent with the requirements of subsections (a), (d), (e), and (f) of section 110 of the Revenue and Taxation Code. A taxable possessory interest subject to article XIII A of the California Constitution shall also be valued consistent with the requirements of section 110.1 of the Revenue and Taxation Code.(d) Term of Possession for Valuation Purposes (1) The term of possession for valuation purposes shall be the reasonably anticipated term of possession. The stated term of possession shall be deemed the reasonably anticipated term of possession unless it is demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence that the public owner and the private possessor have reached a mutual understanding or agreement, whether or not in writing, such that the reasonably anticipated term of possession is shorter or longer than the stated term of possession. If so demonstrated, the term of possession shall be the stated term of possession as modified by the terms of the mutual understanding or agreement.(2) If there is no stated term of possession, the reasonably anticipated term of possession shall be demonstrated by the intent of the public owner and the private possessor, and by the intent of similarly situated parties, using criteria such as the following: (A) The sale price of the subject taxable possessory interest and sales prices of comparable taxable possessory interests.(B) The rules, policies, and customs of the public owner and of similarly situated public owners.(C) The customs and practices of the private possessor and of similarly situated private possessors.(D) The history of the relationship of the public owner and the private possessor and the histories of the relationships of similarly situated public owners and private possessors.(E) The actions of the parties to the subject taxable possessory interest, including any amounts invested in improvements by the public owner or the private possessor.(3) For the purposes of this regulation, a taxable possessory interest that runs from month to month, a taxable possessory interest without fixed term, or a taxable possessory interest of otherwise unspecified duration shall be deemed to be a taxable possessory interest with no stated term of possession.(e) Valuation of Post-De Luz Taxable Possessory Interests. Except as specifically provided otherwise by law, and excluding a taxable possessory interest involving the production of gas, petroleum, or other hydrocarbons, the value of a taxable possessory interest created, extended, or renewed after December 24, 1955 (i.e., a "Post-De Luz" taxable possessory interest) may be estimated using one or more of the following methods, as appropriate for the taxable possessory interest being valued.(1) Comparative Sales Approach to Value. In the comparative sales approach, a taxable possessory interest is valued using the sale price of the subject taxable possessory interest or sales prices of comparable taxable possessory interests, provided such interests shall have sold under the conditions of fair market value described in subsection (a) of section 110. A taxable possessory interest may be valued by the direct comparison method or the indirect comparison method. (A) Direct Comparison Method In the direct comparison method, the appraiser shall add the following to the sale price of the subject taxable possessory interest, or to the sale price of a comparable taxable possessory interest, to derive an indicator of the fair market value of the subject taxable possessory interest:
(i) the present value on the sale date of any unpaid future contract rent for the term of possession;(ii) the fair market value on the sale date of any debt assumed by the buyer of the taxable possessory interest; and(iii) the present value on the sale date of any future costs that the buyer is contractually obligated to pay for the right of possession (e.g., the cost of site restoration at the end of the term of possession) less the present value on the sale date of any future benefits in addition to the right of possession or use that the buyer is contractually entitled to receive (e.g., the salvage value of, or reimbursement value for, improvements existing at the end of the term of possession). The unpaid future contract rent in (i) above shall be reduced by any expense necessary to maintain the income from the taxable possessory interest, including any element of "gross outgo" as defined in subsection (c) of rule 8. When valuing a taxable possessory interest by comparison with the sales of other taxable possessory interests, the other taxable possessory interests shall be located sufficiently near the subject taxable possessory interest and shall be sufficiently alike in respect to character, size, situation, usability, zoning or other enforceable government restrictions on use (unless rebutted pursuant to subdivision (c) of section 402.1 of the Revenue and Taxation Code), and restrictions on possession or use contained in the legal authorization or instrument that created, extended or renewed the taxable possessory interest to make it clear that the comparable taxable possessory interests and the subject taxable possessory interest are comparable in value and that the cash equivalent price realized for the comparable taxable possessory interests may fairly be considered as shedding light on the value of the subject taxable possessory interest. The comparable sales also shall be sufficiently near in time to the valuation date of the subject taxable possessory interest. "Near in time to the valuation date" does not include any sale more than 90 days after the valuation date.
(B) Indirect Comparison Method. In the indirect comparison method, a taxable possessory interest is valued by (i) estimating the fair market value on the valuation date of the possessor's rights in real property in the taxable possessory interest as if owned in perpetuity (i.e., the value of the fee simple absolute interest in such rights) using sales of fee simple absolute interests in properties that are comparable to the subject property as prescribed in section 402.5 of the Revenue and Taxation Code and whose highest and best use corresponds to, or is comparable with, the permitted use of the subject taxable possessory interest; and (ii) reducing this value by both the present value of those property rights for the period subsequent to the term of possession (i.e., the value of the fee simple absolute interest in such rights at the end of the term of possession) and the present value of all other rights of fee simple absolute ownership, if any, that are not provided to the possessor.(2) Cost Approach to Value. In the cost approach, a taxable possessory interest is valued by (i) adding the estimated replacement cost new less depreciation of improvements that meet the requirements of the possessor's permitted use to the estimated value of the taxable possessory interest in land; and (ii) reducing this amount by the estimated present value of the improvements that shall revert to or be retained by the public owner at the end of the term of possession. (A) The replacement cost new less depreciation of the improvements may be estimated as prescribed in subsections (d) and (e) of rule 6. The estimated value of the taxable possessory interest in land may be estimated using the comparative sales approach (direct or indirect method) or the income approach (direct or indirect method), as prescribed in subsections (e)(1) and (e)(3).(B) If a possessor's property use is limited to specified time periods (e.g., certain hours of the day or certain days of the week) or is shared with other possessors, the value determined by the cost approach shall be reasonably allocated to each possessor in a manner that reflects each possessor's proportionate value of the right to possession.(3) Income Approach to Value. In the income approach, a taxable possessory interest is valued by discounting the future net income that the interest in real property is capable of producing. A taxable possessory interest may be valued using the direct income method or the indirect income method. (A) Direct Income Method. In the direct income method, a taxable possessory interest is valued by capitalizing the future net income that the taxable possessory interest is capable of producing under typical, prudent management for the term of possession.(B) Indirect Income Method. In the indirect income method, a taxable possessory interest is valued by (i) estimating the fair market value of the possessor's rights on the valuation date as if owned in perpetuity (i.e., the value of the fee simple absolute interest in such rights) using the income approach to value as prescribed in rule 8; and (ii) reducing this value by the present value of the those rights for the period subsequent to the term of possession (i.e., the present value of the value of the fee simple interest in such rights at the end of the term of possession).(C) Income to be Capitalized. The income to be capitalized in the valuation of a taxable possessory interest is the "net return" (as defined in subsection (c) of rule 8) attributable to the taxable possessory interest. The income to be capitalized may be based on either (i) the estimated economic rent for the subject taxable possessory interest or (ii) if the estimated economic rent is unreliable or unavailable, the estimated net operating income of a typical, prudent operator of the property subject to the taxable possessory interest. Rental income is preferable to operating income (i.e., income from operating a business) because operating income may be influenced by managerial skills and may derive, in part, from nontaxable property. The income to be capitalized must be attributable to the rights in real property in the subject taxable possessory interest and must reflect the restrictions on use inherent in the subject taxable possessory interest. Economic rent
a. The economic rent of the subject taxable possessory interest may be estimated by reference to (i) the contract rent for the subject taxable possessory interest; (ii) contract rents for comparable taxable possessory interests; (iii) contract rents for comparable fee simple absolute interests in real property; or (iv) contract rents for other comparable interests in real property. All such contract rents shall have been negotiated in an open and competitive market involving real property reasonably comparable to the subject taxable possessory interest in terms of physical attributes, location, legally enforceable restrictions on the property's use, term of possession, and risk of cancellation of the taxable possessory interest by public owner. In addition, the contract rents shall have been negotiated sufficiently near in time to the valuation date as to shed light on the economic rent of the subject taxable possessory interest.b. When using the contract rent of a taxable possessory interest as an indicator of the economic rent, the assessor shall add to the contract rent (i) an estimate of the amount, if any, by which the contract rent has been reduced because improvements have been constructed at the possessor's expense that will revert to the public owner at the end of the term of possession; and (ii) an estimate of the amount, if any, by which the contract rent has been reduced because the possessor will bear the cost of restoring the real property to its original condition on reversion to the public owner, including the cost of removing improvements (less any estimated salvage value of, or reimbursement value for, the improvements), or the cost of any similar obligation.c. To arrive at the income to be capitalized, any expense necessary to maintain the income from the subject taxable possessory interest, including any element of "gross outgo" as defined in subsection (c) of rule 8, whether paid by the public owner or the possessor, must be deducted from the estimated economic rent if the expense will be paid out of the estimated economic rent. Net Operating Income
a. Net operating income is gross operating income less allowed expenses. Gross operating income, allowed expenses, and net operating income are defined herein consistent with "gross return," "gross outgo," and "net return," respectively, in subsection (c) of rule 8.b. When valuing a taxable possessory interest using operating income, allowed expenses include the following: cost of goods sold (if applicable), typical operating expenses, typical management expense, an allowance for a return on working capital, and an allowance for a return on the value of any nontaxable property that contributes to the gross operating income. Typical operating expenses may include expenses for the rental of personal property, for the provision of security services, and for advertising and promotional services, provided such expenses are necessary for the production of the gross income. Typical operating expenses and typical management expense include expenses that an owner/operator typically would bear to maintain the property and to continue the production of income from the property but are borne by the public owner in the case of the subject taxable possessory interest.c. Allowed expenses do not include the following: amortization, depreciation, depletion charges, debt retirement, interest on funds invested in the taxable possessory interest, the contract rent for the taxable possessory interest, property taxes on the taxable possessory interest, income taxes, or state franchise taxes measured by income.(D) Capitalization Rate. Subsection (g) of rule 8 provides that a capitalization rate may be developed by either comparing the anticipated net incomes of recently sold comparable properties with their sales prices, or by deriving a weighted average of the capitalization rates (rates of return) for debt and equity capital appropriate to California money markets. In accordance with rule 8, the capitalization rate used in the valuation of a taxable possessory interest may be developed by (i) comparing the anticipated net incomes from comparable taxable possessory interests with their sales prices stated in cash or its equivalent and adjusted as described in subsection (e)(1)(A); (ii) comparing the anticipated net incomes of comparable fee simple absolute interests in real property with their sales prices stated in cash or its equivalent, provided the comparable fee properties are not expected to produce significantly higher net incomes subsequent to the subject taxable possessory interest's term of possession than during it; or (iii) by deriving a weighted average of the capitalization rates for debt and equity capital appropriate for the subject taxable possessory interest, weighting the separate rates of debt and equity by the relative amounts of debt and equity capital expected to be used by a typical purchaser of the subject taxable possessory interest. Consistent with subsection (f) of rule 8, the capitalization rate shall contain a component for property taxes where applicable(f) Valuation of Pre-De Luz Taxable Possessory Interests. Except as specifically provided otherwise by law, and excluding a taxable possessory interest involving the production of gas, petroleum, or other hydrocarbons, the value of a taxable possessory interest created prior to December 24, 1955, and not since renewed or extended (i.e., a "Pre-De Luz" taxable possessory interest) is the excess of the fair market value on the valuation date of the taxable possessory interest over the present value of unpaid future contract rent for the unexpired term of possession (i.e., for the term of possession). This value may be estimated using one or more of the following methods, as appropriate for the taxable possessory interest being valued.(1) Comparative Sales Approach to Value. A Pre-De Luz taxable possessory interest may be valued by the comparative sales approach using the direct comparison method or the indirect comparison method, as described in subsection (e)(1), but with the following modifications:(A) Direct Comparison Method. In the direct comparison method, the present value of the unpaid future contract rent is not added to the sale price of the taxable possessory interest.(B) Indirect Comparison Method. In the indirect comparison method, the value of the possessor's rights as if owned in fee is reduced by the present value of the unpaid future contract rent of the taxable possessory interest, as well as by the value of those property rights for the period subsequent to the term of possession.(2) Cost Approach to Value. A Pre-De Luz taxable possessory interest may be valued by the cost approach as described in subsection (e)(2), but the present value of any unpaid future contract rent of the taxable possessory interest in land for the term of possession is also deducted.(3) Income Approach to Value. A Pre-De Luz taxable possessory interest may be valued by the income approach using the direct income method or the indirect income method, as described in subsection (e)(3), but with the following modifications: (A) Direct Income Method. In the direct income method, the net income to be capitalized is reduced by the unpaid future contract rent for the term of possession, as well as by allowed expenses.(B) Indirect Income Method. In the indirect income method, the present value of the unpaid future contract rent for the term of possession is deducted from the value of the fee interest, as well as the deduction of the present value of the property rights for the period subsequent to the term of possession.Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 18, § 21
1. New section filed 1-19-71; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 71, No. 4).
2. Amendment of subsection (b) filed 12-26-75; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 75, No. 52).
3. Amendment of NOTE filed 10-26-77; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 77, No. 44).
4. Amendment of first paragraph, repealer of subsections (a)-(e)(6), subsection relettering, and amendment of NOTE filed 4-6-98; operative 5-6-98 (Register 98, No. 15).
5. Amendment of section heading and repealer and new section filed 6-11-2002; operative 7-11-2002 (Register 2002, No. 24).
6. Change without regulatory effect amending subsection (e)(1)(A) filed 1-14-2003 pursuant to section 100, title 1, California Code of Regulations (Register 2003, No. 3). Note: Authority cited: Section 15606, Government Code. Reference: Sections 107 and 107.1, Revenue and Taxation Code.
1. New section filed 1-19-71; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 71, No. 4).
2. Amendment of subsection (b) filed 12-26-75; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 75, No. 52).
3. Amendment of NOTEfiled 10-26-77; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 77, No. 44).
4. Amendment of first paragraph, repealer of subsections (a)-(e)(6), subsection relettering, and amendment of Notefiled 4-6-98; operative 5-6-98 (Register 98, No. 15).
5. Amendment of section heading and repealer and new section filed 6-11-2002; operative 7-11-2002 (Register 2002, No. 24).
6. Change without regulatory effect amending subsection (e)(1)(A) filed 1-14-2003 pursuant to section 100, title 1, California Code of Regulations (Register 2003, No. 3).