AGENCY:
Office of Personnel Management.
ACTION:
Proposed rule.
SUMMARY:
The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) is proposing wide-ranging changes in the methodology used to determine nonforeign area cost-of-living allowances (COLAs). OPM is proposing these changes pursuant to the settlement of litigation regarding the COLA program. For clarity and ease of use, OPM has written the proposed regulations in a question-and-answer format.
DATES:
Comment date: Submit comments on or before January 8, 2002.
ADDRESSES:
Send or deliver written comments to Donald J. Winstead, Assistant Director for Compensation Administration, Workforce Compensation and Performance Service, Office of Personnel Management, Room 7H31, 1900 E Street NW., Washington, DC 20415-8200; fax: (202) 606-4264; or e-mail: COLA@opm.gov.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Donald L. Paquin, (202) 606-2838; fax: (202) 606-4264; or e-mail: COLA@opm.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Section 5941 of title 5, United States Code, authorizes the payment of cost-of-living allowances (COLAs) to employees of the Federal Government stationed in certain nonforeign areas outside the contiguous 48 States whose rates of basic pay are fixed by statute. Executive Order 10000, as amended, delegates to OPM the authority to administer nonforeign area COLAs and prescribes certain operational features of the program.
The Government pays nonforeign area COLAs to General Schedule, U.S. Postal Service, and certain other Federal employees in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) conducts living-cost surveys in each allowance area to determine whether, and to what degree, local living costs are higher than those in the Washington, DC area. OPM sets the COLA rate for each area based on the results of these surveys. The current COLA rates were set pursuant to the settlement of Caraballo, et al. v. United States, No. 1997-0027 (D.V.I), August 17, 2000, and became effective in October 2000.
Settlement Agreement
Caraballo was a class-action lawsuit in which the plaintiffs contested the methodology OPM used to determine COLA rates. In the Caraballo settlement, the plaintiffs agreed that if the Government adopted and maintained certain changes in the COLA program, the plaintiffs would be forever barred from bringing suit over these issues. Exhibit A of the settlement agreement enumerates 26 “Safe Harbor Principles” that outline the changes to which the parties agreed. (The settlement agreement is available on OPM's website at www.opm.gov/oca/cola.) To implement these changes, amendments to Executive Order 10000 and OPM's regulations were and are necessary.
E.O. 10000 Amendments
On April 5, 2001, the President signed E.O. 13207 (published on April 9, 2001, at 66 FR 18399) to amend E.O. 10000 to conform to several provisions of the Caraballo settlement. The amendments to E.O. 10000 (1) removed the requirement that OPM establish separate COLA rates for employees who have commissary and exchange shopping privileges; (2) allowed OPM to conduct COLA surveys less frequently; and (3) allowed OPM to reduce COLA rates gradually if warranted by the implementation of the methodology. OPM is publishing an interim rule elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register to make corresponding changes in the nonforeign area COLA regulations.
OPM Regulation Changes
The parties agreed to modify significantly the current COLA methodology. Because of the extent of these changes, it is necessary to rewrite completely the COLA regulations. This also gives us the opportunity to improve the clarity of the regulations by adopting a question-and-answer format. In addition, although the post differential portion of the regulations was not affected by the settlement, we are revising the post differential provisions in subpart B of part 591, title 5, Code of Federal Regulations, as well.
OPM consulted with representatives of the Caraballo plaintiffs throughout the development of these proposed regulations. We have set out the full text of the proposed regulations at the end of this document for review and comment. The following summary briefly describes the new methodology as set out in the settlement agreement:
COLA Surveys. OPM sets COLA rates based on relative differences in prices plus an adjustment factor. OPM determines relative differences in prices by surveying the prices of goods and services in the categories of food, shelter and utilities, household furnishings and supplies, clothing, transportation, medical, recreation and education, and miscellaneous. To the extent practical, OPM surveys the prices of the same brands, models, sizes, and types of items in the same kinds of outlets in the COLA areas and in the Washington, DC, area. OPM surveys the final price charged to the consumer in effect at the time of the survey. Thus, OPM surveys both sale prices (if the item is on sale at the time of the survey) and regular prices, plus any sales or excise tax and shipping and handling charges (if applicable) that are added to the price.
Survey Timing. Except for the “Rest of the State of Alaska” COLA area, OPM conducts the surveys in the COLA areas on a rotational basis once every 3 years and in the Washington, DC, area, which is the reference area, once every year. OPM plans to conduct the first COLA surveys under the new methodology in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Washington, DC, area in the summer of 2002. In the late spring of 2003, OPM plans to conduct surveys in Alaska and the DC area, and in the spring of 2004, OPM plans to conduct surveys in Hawaii, Guam, and the Washington, DC area. Thereafter, OPM plans to conduct COLA surveys following the same rotation in the spring of each year.
Rest of the State of Alaska. Instead of conducting surveys in the “Rest of the State of Alaska” allowance area, OPM uses one or more alternative sources of living-cost information, such as that published by the University of Alaska, Alaska Cooperative Extension. These data show prices for various locations in the Rest of the State of Alaska COLA area relative to Anchorage, AK. OPM uses these data along with the Anchorage COLA price index to compute a price index for the Rest of the State of Alaska allowance area. If, however, the use of such an alternative otherwise would result in a COLA rate reduction, OPM will first conduct an onsite survey in one or more locations in the Rest of the State of Alaska allowance area and publish the results before making any COLA rate reduction, if warranted.
Computing Shelter Costs. To compute relative shelter costs, OPM surveys the prices of rental units and, to the extent practical, the “rental equivalence” of owner-occupied units in the COLA areas and the Washington, DC, area. “Rental equivalence” is what an owner-occupied dwelling would rent for if it were available for rent, and the approach OPM uses is similar to the one the Bureau of Labor Statistics uses to calculate the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
In addition to collecting the rental rate or the rental estimate, OPM also collects information about the characteristics of the dwelling, e.g., room count, size, location, and other qualitative factors about the home. OPM uses this information along with a form of multiple regression called “hedonic regression” to control for differences in quality of the dwellings across areas and allow the comparison of shelter costs of equivalent qualities of shelter. OPM compares these costs to derive a shelter index that is used in the same manner as other price indexes in the COLA methodology.
Utility Function. OPM uses a model to compute the energy requirements for a standard home in each area. The standard home is equivalent in size and other key characteristics between the COLA area and the Washington, DC, area, but is constructed according to the current building codes in each area. OPM combines the energy requirements by type (i.e., oil, gas, and electricity) with the price of the energy type to derive an annual utility cost for each area. OPM compares these costs to derive a utility index that is used in the same manner as other price indexes in the COLA methodology.
Consumer Expenditure Weights. For each item priced in both the COLA area and the Washington, DC, area, OPM computes a price index. We combine these price indexes into an overall price index by using expenditure weights derived from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES). OPM uses expenditure weights that reflect average spending patterns of households in the central income groups as reported in tabulated CES data. These expenditure weights, which approximate democratic weights, are adjusted to reflect the expenditure patterns of consumers in the Washington, DC, area.
CPI Adjustments. In between the triennial COLA surveys and for each area not surveyed during the year, OPM adjusts the price index from the preceding survey by the relative change in the CPI for the COLA area compared to the relative change in the CPI for the Washington, DC, area. OPM uses the change in the Puerto Rico CPI for both Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, the change in the Anchorage CPI for all Alaska COLA areas, and the change in the Honolulu CPI for all areas in Hawaii and for Guam and the CNMI.
Adjustment Factors. To account for differences in need, availability of and access to goods and services, and quality of life between the COLA areas and the Washington, DC, area, OPM adds to the price index an adjustment factor before computing the final living-cost index. The adjustment factors range from 5 to 9 index points, depending on the area. These adjustments are being established pursuant to the Caraballo settlement and are not subject to change with the results of the surveys.
Setting the Final COLA Rate. OPM computes the COLA rate by converting the living-cost index to its percentage equivalent and rounding that to the nearest whole percentage amount. This is the new COLA rate for the area, unless the new rate would otherwise be more than 1 percentage point lower than the existing COLA rate. In that case, the new COLA rate is not more than 1 percentage point lower than the existing COLA rate.
Agency and Employee Involvement. To advise OPM in planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of the COLA surveys and administering the COLA program, OPM establishes a COLA Advisory Committee in each survey area. The committees are composed of representatives of agencies and employees in the COLA survey areas and OPM representatives. Each Executive agency must cooperate and release employees for committee activities unless the agency can demonstrate that exceptional circumstances require an employee's presence on the job. Agencies will reimburse employees for authorized travel expenses. OPM anticipates that all travel will be local travel.
Post Differentials. The Caraballo settlement did not address the post differential program. Although OPM has also rewritten the post differential regulations in a question-and-answer format, the operation of this program is unchanged. However, OPM is proposing to clarify the portion of the post differential regulations that addresses prior residents of a differential area. The current regulations, if read outside the context of E.O. 10000, could lead the reader to conclude that, with few exceptions, all prior residents of a post differential area were forever ineligible to receive a post differential. E.O. 10000, however, provides that, in determining eligibility, agencies may consider the length of time employees resided outside the differential area. In the proposed regulations, we clarify that prior residents of a post differential area, who have resided outside the area for an appropriate period of time, may be eligible to receive a post differential.
Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Review
This rule has been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget in accordance with Executive Order 12866.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
I certify that these regulations would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities because they would affect only Federal agencies and employees.
List of Subjects in 5 CFR Part 591
- Government employees
- Travel and transportation expenses
- Wages
Office of Personnel Management.
Kay Coles James,
Director.
Accordingly, the Office of Personnel Management is proposing to receive subpart B of 5 CFR Part 91 to read as follows:
PART 591—ALLOWANCES AND DIFFERENTIALS
- Subpart B—Cost-of-Living Allowance and Post Differential—Nonforeign Areas
- 591.201
- Definitions Cost-of-Living Allowances and Post Differentials
- 591.202
- Why does the Government pay COLAs?
- 591.203
- Why does the Government pay post differentials?
- 591.204
- Who can receive COLAs and post differentials?
- 591.205
- Which areas are nonforeign areas? Cost-of-Living Allowances
- 591.206
- How does OPM establish COLA areas?
- 591.207
- Which areas are COLA areas?
- 591.208
- How does OPM establish COLA rates?
- 591.209
- What is a price index?
- 591.210
- What are weights?
- 591.211
- What are the categories of consumer expenditures?
- 591.212
- How does OPM select survey items?
- 591.213
- What prices does OPM collect?
- 591.214
- How does OPM collect prices?
- 591.215
- Where does OPM collect prices in the COLA and DC areas?
- 591.216
- In which outlets does OPM collect prices?
- 591.217
- For what purposes might OPM survey COLA recipients and other Federal employees?
- 591.218
- How does OPM compute price indexes?
- 591.219
- How does OPM compute shelter price indexes?
- 591.220
- How does OPM calculate energy utility cost indexes?
- 591.221
- How does OPM compute the consumer expenditure weights it uses to combine price indexes?
- 591.222
- How does OPM use the expenditure weights to combine price indexes?
- 591.223
- When does OPM conduct COLA surveys?
- 591.224
- How does OPM adjust price indexes between surveys?
- 591.225
- Which CPIs does OPM use?
- 591.226
- How does OPM apply the CPIs?
- 591.227
- What adjustment factors does OPM add to the price indexes?
- 591.228
- How does OPM convert the price index plus adjustment factor to a COLA rate?
- 591.229
- How does OPM inform agencies and employees of COLA rate changes? Post Differentials
- 591.230
- When does OPM establish post differential areas?
- 591.231
- Which areas are post differential areas?
- 591.232
- How does OPM establish and review post differentials?
- 591.233
- Who can receive a post differential?
- 591.234
- Under what circumstances may people recruited locally receive a post differential? Program Administration
- 591.235
- When do payments begin?
- 591.236
- When do payments end?
- 591.237
- Under what circumstances may employees on leave or travel receive a COLA and/or post differential?
- 591.238
- How do agencies pay COLAs and post differentials?
- 591.239
- How do agencies treat COLAs and post differentials for the purpose of overtime pay and other entitlements?
- 591.240
- How are agency and employee representatives involved in the administration of the COLA and post differential programs?
- 591.241
- What are the key activities of the COLA Advisory Committees?
- 591.242
- What is the tenure of a COLA Advisory Committee?
- 591.243
- How many members are on each COLA Advisory Committee?
- 591.244
- How does OPM select COLA Advisory Committee members?
Appendix A of Subpart B—Places and Rates at Which Allowances Are Paid
Appendix B of Subpart B—Places and Rates at Which Differentials Are Paid
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 5941; E.O. 10000, 3 CFR, 1943-1948 Comp., p. 792; and E.O. 12510, 3 CFR, 1985 Comp., p. 338.
Subpart B—Cost-of-Living Allowance and Post Differential—Nonforeign Areas
In this subpart—
Agency means an Executive agency as defined in section 105 of title 5, United States Code, but does not include Government-controlled corporations.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) means the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) means the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, which is part of the Guam/CNMI COLA area.
Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) means the BLS survey of consumers and their expenditures.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) means the BLS survey of the change of consumer prices over time.
Cost-of-living allowance (COLA) means an allowance that the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) establishes under 5 U.S.C. 5941 at a location in a nonforeign area where living costs are substantially higher than in the Washington, DC area.
Cost-of-living allowance area means a geographic area for which OPM has authorized a COLA. COLA areas are listed in § 591.207.
Detailed Expenditure Category (DEC) means the lowest level of expenditure shown in tabulated nationwide CES data.
Major Expenditure Group (MEG) means one of the nine major groups into which OPM categorizes expenditures. These categories are food, shelter and utilities, clothing, transportation, household furnishings and supplies, medical, education and communication, recreation, and miscellaneous.
Nonforeign area means one of the areas listed in § 591.205.
Office of Personnel Management (OPM) means the Office of Personnel Management.
Official duty station means the duty station for an employee's position of record as indicated on his or her most recent notification of personnel action. For an employee who is authorized to receive relocation allowances under 5 U.S.C. 5737 in connection with an extended assignment, the temporary duty station associated with that assignment is the employee's official duty station. Exception: A new duty station assignment that is followed within 3 working days by a reduction in force that results in the employee's separation before the employee is required to report for duty at the new location is not an official duty station.
Post differential means an allowance OPM establishes under 5 U.S.C. 5941 at a location in a nonforeign area where conditions of environment differ substantially from conditions of environment in the contiguous United States and warrant its payment as a recruitment incentive.
Post differential area means a geographic area for which OPM authorizes a post differential. Post differential areas are listed in § 591.231.
Primary Expenditure Group (PEG) means one of approximately 40 expenditure groups into which OPM categorizes expenditures. A PEG is the first level of categorization under the MEG.
Rate of basic pay means the rate of pay fixed by statute for the position held by an individual before any deductions and exclusive of additional pay of any kind, such as overtime pay, night differential, extra pay for work on holidays, or other allowances and differentials. For firefighters covered by 5 U.S.C. 5545b (as provided in § 550.1305(b) of this chapter), straight-time pay for regular overtime hours is basic pay.
Washington, DC, area or DC area means the District of Columbia; Montgomery County, MD; Prince Georges County, MD; Arlington County, VA; Fairfax County, VA; Prince William County, VA; and the independent cities of Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas, and Manassas Park, Virginia.
Cost-of-Living Allowances and Post Differentials
The Government pays COLAs as additional compensation to certain civilian Federal employees in specified nonforeign areas in consideration of higher living costs in the local area compared with living costs in the Washington, DC, area.
The Government pays post differentials to certain civilian Federal employees in specified nonforeign areas as a recruitment incentive based on conditions of environment in the local area compared with conditions in the continental United States. Post differentials are designed to attract persons from outside the area to work for the Federal Government in the post differential area.
(a) Agencies pay COLAs and post differentials authorized under this subpart to civilian Federal employees whose rates of basic pay are fixed by statute. The following pay plans are covered by this subpart:
(1) General Schedule,
(2) Veterans Health Administration (Department of Veterans Affairs),
(3) Foreign Service (including the Senior Foreign Service),
(4) Postal Service (where applicable under title 39, United States Code),
(5) Administrative law judges paid under 5 U.S.C. 5372,
(6) Senior Executive Service (including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Drug Enforcement Administration Senior Executive Service), and
(7) Senior-level and scientific or professional positions paid under 5 U.S.C. 5376.
(b) At its sole discretion and consistent with the intent of 5 U.S.C. 5941, an agency may apply this subpart to other positions authorized by specific law.
(c) Agencies pay COLAs to employees covered by paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section and whose official duty station is in a COLA area as defined in § 591.207.
(d) Agencies pay post differentials to employees covered by paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section whose official duty station or detail to temporary duty is in a post differential area as defined in § 591.231 and who are eligible to receive a post differential under § 591.233.
(a) The nonforeign areas are States, commonwealths, territories, and possessions of the United States outside the 48 contiguous United States and any additional areas the Secretary of State designates as being within the scope of Part II of Executive Order 10000, as amended.
(b) The following areas are nonforeign areas:
(1) State of Alaska;
(2) State of Hawaii;
(3) American Samoa (including the island of Tutuila, the Manua Islands, and all other islands of the Samoa group east of longitude 171 degrees west of Greenwich, together with Swains Island);
(4) Commonwealth of Puerto Rico;
(5) Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands;
(6) Howland, Baker, and Jarvis Islands;
(7) Johnston Atoll;
(8) Kingman Reef;
(9) Midway Atoll;
(10) Navassaa Island;
(11) Palmyra Atoll;
(12) Territory of Guam;
(13) United States Virgin Islands;
(14) Wake Atoll;
(15) Any small guano islands, rocks, or keys that, in pursuance of action taken under the Act of Congress, August 18, 1856, are considered as pertaining to the United States; and
(16) Any other islands outside of the contiguous 48 states to which the U.S. Government reserves claim.
Cost-of-Living Allowances
(a) OPM designates, within nonforeign areas, areas where agencies pay employees a COLA by virtue of living costs that are substantially higher than those in the Washington, DC, area. In establishing the boundaries of COLA areas, OPM considers—
(1) The existence of a well-defined economic community,
(2) The availability of consumer goods and services,
(3) The concentration of Federal employees covered by this subpart, and
(4) Unique circumstances related to a specific location.
(b) If a department or agency wants OPM to consider establishing or revising the definition of a COLA area, the head of the department or agency or his or her designee must submit a request in writing to OPM.
OPM has established the following COLA areas:
(a) City of Anchorage, AK, and 80-kilometer (50-mile) radius by road, as measured from the Federal courthouse;
(b) City of Fairbanks, AK, and 80-kilometer (50-mile) radius by road, as measured from the Federal courthouse;
(c) City of Juneau, AK, and 80-kilometer (50-mile) radius by road, as measured from the Federal courthouse;
(d) Rest of the State of Alaska;
(e) City and County of Honolulu, HI;
(f) County of Hawaii, HI;
(g) County of Kauai, HI;
(h) County of Maui (including Kalawao County), HI;
(i) Commonwealth of Puerto Rico;
(j) Territory of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; and
(k) U.S. Virgin Islands.
OPM establishes COLA rates based on price differences between the COLA area and the Washington, DC, area, plus an adjustment factor. OPM expresses price differences as indexes.
(a) OPM computes price indexes for various categories of consumer expenditures.
(b) OPM combines the price indexes using consumer expenditure weights to produce an overall price index for the COLA area.
(c) To combine overall price indexes for COLA areas with multiple survey areas, OPM uses employment weights to combine overall price indexes by survey area for COLA areas. The COLA areas that have multiple survey areas are listed in § 591.215(b).
(d) OPM adds an adjustment factor to the overall price index for the COLA area.
(a) The price index is the COLA area price divided by the DC area price and multiplied by 100.
(b) Example:
COLA Area Average Price for Item A = $1.233
DC Area Average Price for Item A = $1.164
Computation:
$1.233/$1.164 = 1.0592783
1.0592783 × 100 = 105.92783.
(c) In the case of the final index, OPM rounds the index to two decimal places.
(a) A weight is the relative importance or share of a subpart of a group compared with the total for the group. A weight is frequently expressed as a percentage. For example, in a pie chart, each wedge has a percentage that represents its relative importance or the size of the wedge compared with the whole pie.
(b) OPM uses two kinds of weights: consumer expenditure weights and employment weights.
(1) Consumer expenditure weights. The consumer expenditure weight for a category is the relative importance or share of that category in terms of total consumer expenditures. OPM derives consumer expenditure weights from the tabulated results of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES).
(2) Employment weights. The employment weight is the relative employment population of the survey area compared with the employment population of the COLA areas as a whole. OPM uses the number of General Schedule employees in the survey areas to compute employment weights. OPM uses these employment weights as described in § 591.215(b).
OPM uses three different types of categories: major expenditure groups, primary expenditure groups, and detailed expenditure categories.
(a) Major expenditure groups. OPM groups expenditures into nine major expenditure groups (MEGs). These categories are food, shelter and utilities, clothing, transportation, household furnishings and supplies, medical, education and communication, recreation, and miscellaneous.
(b) Primary expenditure groups. OPM identifies primary expenditure groups (PEGs) within each of the MEGs. There are approximately 40 PEGs.
(c) Detailed expenditure categories. OPM uses the most detailed level of tabulated CES categories and identifies these as detailed expenditure categories (DECs). OPM classifies each DEC into one of the PEGs to aggregate DECs with similar demand and cost characteristics into PEGs. Alternatively, OPM may remove the DEC entirely from the list of expenditures. Therefore, the classification of the DECs into PEGs and sub-PEGs does not necessarily follow that used in published CES tables.
(a) OPM selects a sufficient number of items to represent PEGs and reduce overall price index variability. In selecting these items, OPM applies the following guidelines. The item should be—
(1) Relatively important (i.e., represent a DEC with a relatively large weight) within the PEG;
(2) Relatively easy to find in both COLA and DC areas;
(3) Relatively common, i.e., what people typically buy;
(4) Relatively stable over time, e.g., not a fad item; and
(5) Subject to similar supply and demand functions.
(b) To the extent practical, the items OPM surveys in the COLA area must be identical to the items that OPM surveys in the DC area or be of closely similar quality and quantity, with quantity adjustments as necessary. An example of a quantity adjustment is converting prices for 10 and 12 oz. packages to a price per pound.
(c) For any DEC, OPM may specify items that differ in quality and quantity from other items specified for the same DEC. However, when OPM compares prices for such items between the COLA area and the DC area, OPM compares prices of like products.
(a) OPM surveys the price charged to the consumer at the time of the survey. The price includes any sales, excise, or general business tax passed on to the consumer at the time of sale and any discounts, mark-downs, or “sales” in progress at the time the price was collected.
(b) Exceptions:
(1) OPM does not collect coupon prices, going-out-of-business prices, or area-wide distress sale prices.
(2) OPM prices automobiles at dealers and obtains the sticker (i.e. non-negotiated) price for the model and specified options. The prices are the manufacturer's suggested retail price (including options), destination charges, additional shipping charges, appropriate dealer-added items or options, dealer mark-up, and taxes.
(3) OPM estimates prices for selected items, such as health insurance and K-12 education, based on employee usage of the item. For example, OPM estimates health insurance prices based on the employee's share of the premium costs and weights reflecting Federal enrollment, as reported in OPM's Central Personnel Data File, in the various plans available to Federal employees in each area.
(a) OPM collects most prices by visiting or calling retail outlets in each survey area and observing or verbally obtaining the item prices.
(b) OPM prices some items by catalog, Internet, or a similar source. Other items, not normally sold within an area, may be priced in a different area. In either case, the price of such items includes any applicable taxes, shipping, and handling charges. When an item is normally sold within an area but is not available at the time of survey, OPM may, on a case-by-case basis, use the price of the item in a neighboring survey or COLA area.
(a) Survey areas. Each COLA area has one survey area, except Hawaii County, HI, and the U.S. Virgin Islands COLA areas. Hawaii County has two survey areas: the City of Hilo and the Kailua-Kona area. The U.S. Virgin Islands also has two survey areas: the Island of St. Croix and the Islands of St. Thomas and St. John. The Washington, DC, area has three survey areas: the District of Columbia, the Maryland suburbs of the District of Columbia, and the Virginia suburbs of the District of Columbia. OPM collects non-housing data throughout the survey area. OPM may collect housing data throughout the survey area or in specific housing data collection areas. The following table shows the survey areas:
Survey and Data Collection Areas
| COLA areas and reference areas | Survey area |
|---|---|
| Anchorage | City of Anchorage. |
| Fairbanks | City of Fairbanks. |
| Juneau | Juneau, Mendenhall |
| Rest of Alaska | See paragraph (c) of this section. |
| Honolulu | City and County of Honolulu. |
| Hawaii County | City of Hilo, Kailua-Kona area. |
| Kauai | Kauai Island. |
| Maui | Maui Island. |
| Guam & CNMI | Guam. |
| Puerto Rico | San Juan area. |
| U.S. Virgin Islands | St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John (housing data only). |
| Washington, DC—DC | District of Columbia. |
| Washington, DC—MD | Montgomery County and Prince Georges County. |
| Washington, DC—VA | Arlington County, Fairfax County, Prince William County, City of Alexandria, City of Fairfax, City of Falls Church, City of Manassas, and City of Manassas Park. |
(b) Hawaii County and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In both Hawaii County and the U.S. Virgin Islands, OPM averages the overall indexes from the two survey areas using Federal employment weights. For the Washington, DC, area, OPM averages the indexes from the three survey areas using equal weights.
(c) Rest of the State of Alaska COLA area. OPM may collect survey data onsite, use alternative indicators of relative living costs (e.g., price and cost information published by the University of Alaska), or both. If the use of alternative indicators would result in a COLA rate reduction, OPM will conduct onsite surveys in one or more locations in the Rest of the State of Alaska COLA area, before making a reduction, to ensure that the reduction is warranted.
OPM collects prices in popular outlets in each survey area. OPM selects these outlets based on their proximity to the housing data collection areas, accessibility by road, physical size, advertising, and other characteristics that reflect sales volume. To the extent practical, OPM prices like items in the same types of outlets in the COLA areas and the Washington, DC, area. As warranted, OPM also may conduct point-of-purchase surveys and select outlets based on the results of those surveys.
From time to time, OPM may conduct surveys of Federal employees in the COLA areas and/or the Washington, DC, area to determine where employees shop and what they spend on certain goods or services and to collect other information related to the price surveys and the calculation of price indexes.
Except for shelter and energy utilities, OPM averages by item the prices collected in each survey area. For the Washington, DC, area, OPM computes a simple average for each item based on the average prices from each DC survey area. On an item-by-item basis, OPM divides the COLA survey area average price by the DC average price and produces a price index.
(a) In addition to rental and rental equivalence prices and/or estimates, OPM obtains for each unit surveyed information about the important characteristics of the unit, such as size, number of bathrooms, and other amenities that reflect the quality of the unit.
(b) OPM then uses these characteristics and rental prices and/or estimates in hedonic regressions (a type of multiple regression) to compute for each COLA area the price index for rental and/or rental equivalent units of comparable quality and size between the COLA survey area and the Washington, DC area.
(a) OPM calculates energy utility cost indexes based on the relative cost of maintaining a standard size dwelling in each area at a given ambient temperature and the cost of other energy uses. Although the dwelling size may vary from one COLA survey area to another, OPM compares the utility cost for the same size dwelling in the COLA survey area and the Washington, DC area.
(b) OPM applies the following six-step process to compute a cost index(es) for heating and cooling a standard home to a given ambient temperature and to combine the cost index(es) by energy type (e.g., electricity and natural gas) with cost indexes for other energy uses.
(1) Step 1. OPM obtains technical information about the requirements by major energy type for heating and cooling a standard size dwelling, built according to current local building practices and codes in each area, given local climatic conditions (e.g., seasonal temperature and humidity). OPM also obtains similar information for use of energy types in other household operations (e.g., hot water, cooking, cleaning, recreation).
(2) Step 2. OPM obtains from the shelter survey, a survey of Federal employees, or other appropriate sources, information on dwelling size and the types and prevalence of heating and cooling equipment and energy types (e.g., electricity, gas, and oil) in each area.
(3) Step 3. OPM computes estimates of total home energy requirements by energy type attributable to heating and cooling plus all other household energy uses for the COLA survey area and the Washington, DC area.
(4) Step 4. OPM surveys utility prices for each major energy type appropriate to the area.
(5) Step 5. OPM combines the above data to produce for each COLA survey area the cost of maintaining the standard size dwelling at a given ambient temperature and the cost of other household energy uses.
(6) Step 6. OPM compares the COLA survey area cost with the DC area cost to produce a price index.
OPM uses the following ten-step process to compute consumer expenditure weights:
(a) Step 1. OPM uses the latest BLS tabulated CES data nationwide and for the Washington, DC, area.
(b) Step 2. In both the nationwide and DC area tabulated data, OPM replaces the homeowners' expenditures for shelter with estimated rental values of owned homes that are available elsewhere in tabulated CES data. These replacements are consistent with the rental equivalence approach OPM uses in the COLA model.
(c) Step 3. OPM selects the expenditures for the central income groups in the nationwide CES tabulation.
(d) Step 4. OPM calculates the expenditure shares for each income group by dividing each DEC or aggregate expenditure by total expenditures. OPM also calculates expenditure shares for total nationwide expenditures.
(e) Step 5. OPM averages the central income groups' shares to yield a nationwide “democratic” distribution of expenditure shares at the lowest level of expenditure and aggregates up to total expenditure.
(f) Step 6. OPM computes a set of ratios by dividing each expenditure share of the nationwide “democratic” distribution by the corresponding expenditure share of the total national distribution.
(g) Step 7. OPM computes estimated democratic expenditures for Washington DC for each reported DC aggregate by multiplying the reported expenditure by the corresponding ratio derived in Step 6.
(h) Step 8. For each DEC and aggregate not provided in the tabulated CES for DC, OPM computes expenditures for DC by distributing the next higher available DC expenditure calculated in step 7 using the nationwide “democratic” patterns derived in step 5.
(i) Step 9. As described in § 591.211(c), OPM classifies each DEC and aggregate into PEGs.
(j) Step 10. OPM computes expenditure weights by dividing each DEC or aggregate by the total expenditure derived from the DC expenditure computed in step 8. Therefore, the sum of the MEGs, PEGs, and DECs, will separately total 100, i.e., so that all consumer expenditures in the original tabulation are accounted for.
OPM uses a three-step process to combine price indexes.
(a) Step 1. For each DEC represented by one or more items for which OPM could make valid price comparisons (e.g., OPM was able to collect representative prices in both the COLA and DC areas), OPM computes the unweighted geometric average of the price index(es) of all item(s) representing the DEC.
(b) Step 2. OPM multiplies the price index for each DEC by its expenditure weight, sums the cross products, and divides by the sum of the weights used in the calculation. This produces a price index for the level of aggregation (e.g., PEG or sub-PEG) in which the DEC is categorized.
(c) Step 3. OPM repeats the process described in Step 2 at each level of aggregation within the PEG to produce a price index for the PEG, at the PEG level to produce an index for the MEG, and at the MEG level to produce the overall price index for the survey area.
(a) OPM conducts a survey in each COLA area once every 3 years on a rotational basis and surveys the Washington, DC, area concurrently with each COLA area survey. The order of the COLA area surveys is as follows:
(1) Year 1. All COLA areas in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
(2) Year 2. All COLA areas in the State of Alaska, except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(3) Year 3. All COLA areas in the State of Hawaii and the Territory of Guam and CNMI.
(b) Exceptions:
(1) Nothing in this subpart precludes OPM from conducting interim surveys or implementing some other change in response to conditions caused by a natural disaster or similar emergency, provided OPM publishes a notice or rule in the Federal Register explaining the change and the reason(s) for it.
(2) As provided in § 591.215(c), OPM does not conduct surveys in the Rest of the State of Alaska COLA area unless COLA rate reductions appear warranted.
(a) OPM adjusts price indexes between the triennial surveys in each COLA area that is not surveyed in that year. To do this, OPM uses the annual or biennial change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the COLA area relative to the annual or biennial change in the CPI for the Washington, DC, area. OPM uses the annual change for those areas surveyed the preceding year. OPM uses the biennial change for those areas surveyed 2 years before.
(b) This section applies beginning with the effective date of the results of the second survey conducted in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands under these regulations.
OPM uses the following CPIs:
(a) For the Washington, DC, area—the BLS Consumer Price Index, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U);
(b) For all COLA areas in the State of Alaska—the BLS CPI-U for Anchorage, AK;
(c) For all COLA areas in the State of Hawaii and for Guam and the CNMI—the BLS CPI-U for Honolulu, HI; and
(d) For Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands—the Puerto Rico CPI as produced by the Puerto Rico Department of Work and Human Resources.
(a) OPM uses a three-step process to adjust price indexes by relative annual or biennial changes in the CPIs. For Steps 1 and 2, OPM computes the annual change by dividing the CPI from 1 year after the survey by the CPI from the time of the survey. OPM computes the biennial change by dividing the CPI from 2 years after the survey by the CPI from the time of the survey.
(1) Step 1. OPM computes the annual or biennial CPI change for the COLA area.
(2) Step 2. OPM computes the annual or biennial CPI change for the DC area.
(3) Step 3. OPM multiplies the COLA area price index from the last survey by the COLA area CPI change computed in Step 1 divided by the DC area CPI change computed in Step 2. The adjusted price index is rounded to the second decimal place.
(b) Example:
| 2008 | 2009 | |
|---|---|---|
| COLA Area CPI | 172.2 | 174.7 |
| DC Area CPI | 159.7 | 161.9 |
| COLA Area Survey Index | 117.33 | |
| COLA Area CPI Adjusted Index | N/A | 117.42 |
| No survey. |
Computation:
117.33 × (174.7/172.2) / (161.9/159.7) = 117.4159, which would round to 117.42.
OPM adds to the price index an adjustment factor that reflects differences iin the COLA area relative to the DC area. The following table shows the adjustment factor for each area:
| COLA area | Amount added to the price index |
|---|---|
| Anchorage, AK | 7.0 |
| Fairbanks, AK | 9.0 |
| Juneau, AK | 9.0 |
| Rest of the State of Alaska | 9.0 |
| City and County of Honolulu, HI | 5.0 |
| Hawaii County, HI | 7.0 |
| Kauai County, HI | 7.0 |
| Maui County, HI | 7.0 |
| Guam and CNMI | 9.0 |
| Commonwealth of Puerto Rico | 7.0 |
| U.S. Virgin Islands | 9.0 |
(a) OPM converts the price index plus the adjustment factor to a COLA rate as shown in the following table:
| Price index plus adjustment factor | COLA rate subject to paragraph (b) of this section |
|---|---|
| Equal to or greater than 124.50 | 25 percent. |
| Equal to or greater than 102.00 but less than 124.50 | Price index plus the adjustment factor, minus 100, expressed to the nearest whole percent. |
| Less than 102.00 | 0 percent. |
(b) This section is applicable on an area-by-area basis beginning with the effective date of the results of the first survey conducted in each area.
(c) OPM may reduce the COLA rate in any area by no more than 1 percentage point in any 12-month period. Any reductions cannot be effective until the effective date of the first survey conducted in Hawaii and Guam and CNMI under these regulations.
OPM publishes COLA area survey summary reports, MEG and PEG indexes, and COLA rates in the Federal Register. OPM makes survey data and other information available to the public to the extent authorized by the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act.
Post Differentials
(a) OPM establishes post differential areas in response to agency requests when—
(1) Conditions of environment within the post differential area differ substantially from conditions of environment in the continental United States, and
(2) The major Federal employers within the area believe payment of a post differential is warranted as a recruitment incentive to attract candidates from outside the post differential area to work for the Government in the post differential area.
(b) If a department or agency wants OPM to consider establishing or revising the definition of a post differential area, the head of the department or agency or his or her designee must submit a request in writing to OPM.
OPM has established the following post differential areas:
(a) American Samoa as defined in § 591.205,
(b) Territory of Guam,
(c) Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands,
(d) Johnston Atoll (including Sand Island),
(e) Midway Atoll, and
(f) Wake Atoll.
(a) OPM establishes a post differential if Government agencies require it for recruitment purposes and if one or more of the following conditions exist:
(1) Extraordinarily difficult living conditions,
(2) Excessive physical hardship, and/or
(3) Notably unhealthful conditions.
(b) OPM periodically reviews with Federal agencies whether conditions of environment have changed in the post differential areas and whether payment of the post differential continues to be warranted as a recruitment incentive.
An employee must meet all of the following conditions to be eligible to receive a post differential:
(a) The employee must be a citizen or national of the United States,
(b) The employee's official duty station or detail to temporary duty must be in the post differential area, and
(c) Immediately prior to being assigned to duty in the post differential area, the employee must have maintained his or her actual place(s) of residence outside the post differential area for an appropriate period of time (generally at least 1 year or more), except as provided in § 591.234.
(a) Current residents of the area qualify for a post differential if they were originally recruited from outside the differential area and have been in substantially continuous employment by the United States or by U.S. firms, interests, or organizations.
(b) Examples of persons recruited locally but eligible to receive a post differential include, but are not limited to—
(1) Those who were originally recruited from outside the area and have been in substantially continuous employment by other Federal agencies, contractors of Federal agencies, or international organizations in which the U.S. Government participates and whose conditions of employment provide for their return transportation to places outside the post differential area,
(2) Those who are temporarily present in the post differential area for travel or formal study at the time they are hired and have maintained actual places of residence outside the area for an appropriate period of time, and
(3) Those who are discharged from U.S. military service in the differential area to accept employment with a Federal agency and have maintained actual places of residence outside the differential area for an appropriate period of time.
Program Administration
(a) Agencies begin paying an employee a COLA or post differential on the effective date of the change in the employee's official duty station to a duty station within the COLA or post differential area or, in the case of local recruitment, on the effective date of the appointment.
(b) For an employee detailed to temporary duty in a post differential area and who is otherwise eligible for a post differential, agencies must begin paying a post differential after 42 consecutive calendar days of temporary duty in the post differential area.
Subject to § 591.237(a), agencies stop paying an employee a COLA or post differential on—
(a) Separation,
(b) The effective date of assignment or transfer to a new official duty station outside the COLA or post differential area, or
(c) In the case of an employee on detail to temporary duty in a post differential area, the ending date of the detail.
(a) An employee on leave or travel may receive a COLA or post differential only if the agency anticipates that the employee will return to duty in the area. Exceptions: If the employee does not return to duty in the area, the agency may still pay a COLA and/or a post differential, subject to paragraph (b) of this section, to an employee on leave or travel if the agency determines that—
(1) It is in the public interest not to return the employee to the duty station, or
(2) The employee will not return because of compelling personal reasons or circumstances over which the employee has no control.
(b) Post differentials. Agencies may pay a post differential to an employee only during the employee's first 42 consecutive calendar days of absence from the post differential area.
(a) Agencies pay COLAs and post differentials as a percentage of an employee's hourly rate of basic pay, including a retained rate of pay under 5 U.S.C. 3594(c) or 5363, for those hours during which the employee receives basic pay. This includes all periods of paid leave, detail, or travel status outside the COLA or post differential area.
(b) Agencies pay employees eligible for both a COLA and a post differential the full amount of the COLA, plus so much of the post differential as will not cause the combined total of the COLA and post differential to exceed 25 percent of the hourly rate of basic pay.
(a) Agencies include COLAs in the employee's straight time rate of pay and include COLAs and post differentials in an employee's regular rate of pay for computing overtime pay entitlements for nonexempt employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended.
(b) Agencies may not include a COLA or post differential as part of an employee's rate of basic pay for the purpose of computing entitlements to overtime pay, retirement, life insurance, or any other additional pay, COLA, or post differential under title 5, United States Code.
(c) Payment of a COLA or post differential is not an equivalent increase in pay within the meaning of 5 U.S.C. 5335.
(a) OPM may establish a COLA Advisory Committee in each COLA survey area. The committees are composed of agency and employee representatives from the COLA survey area and one or more representatives from OPM.
(b) To the extent practical, the COLA Advisory Committees coordinate and work with the Survey Implementation Committee established pursuant to Caraballo, et al. v. United States, No. 1997-0027 (D.V.I).
(a) The COLA Advisory Committees may—
(1) Advise and assist OPM in planning living-cost surveys;
(2) Provide or arrange for observers for data collection during living-cost surveys;
(3) Advise and assist OPM in the review of survey data;
(4) Advise OPM on its administration of the COLA program, including survey methodology; and
(5) Assist OPM in disseminating information to affected employees about the living-cost surveys and the COLA program.
(b) The committees also may advise OPM on special situations or conditions, such as hurricanes and earthquakes, as they relate to OPM's authority under § 591.223(b) to conduct interim surveys or implement some other change in response to conditions caused by a natural disaster or similar emergency.
OPM may establish a COLA Advisory Committee in each area prior to each living-cost survey conducted in that area. OPM will appoint committee members for 3-year renewable terms. To the extent practical, the committee will continue to exist between surveys, but OPM may periodically review with the committee whether there is a continuing need for the committee.
A COLA Advisory Committee has up to 12 members composed of OPM representatives and other agency and employee representatives, unless OPM determines that the committee should be larger. In determining the number of committee members, OPM considers the amount of work the committee is likely to be requested to do (based on the size and complexity of the local living-cost survey) and the availability of employee and agency representatives to participate as committee members.
(a) In establishing a COLA Advisory Committee, OPM invites local agencies and employee organizations to nominate committee members. OPM also invites COLA Defense Corporations and the local Federal Executive Board or Federal Executive Association each to nominate committee members. Subject to § 591.243, OPM selects committee members from these nominations in a manner designed to achieve a balanced representation that is reflective of agencies and employee organizations in the area. In consultation with the committee, OPM may select additional nominees to serve as alternates to the primary committee members. OPM designates not more than two OPM representatives to serve on each committee.
(b) Each Executive agency, as defined in 5 U.S.C. 105, must cooperate and release appointed employees for committee proceedings and activities unless the agency can demonstrate that exceptional circumstances directly related to accomplishing the mission of the employee's work unit require his or her presence on the job. Executive agency employees serving as committee members are considered to be on official assignment to an interagency function, rather than on leave, and are eligible to receive reimbursement for authorized travel expenses from their respective agencies.
Appendix A of Subpart B—Places and Rates at Which Allowances Are Paid
This appendix lists the places approved for a cost-of-living allowance and shows the authorized allowance rate for each. The allowance percentage rate shown is paid as a percentage of an employee's rate of basic pay. The rates are subject to change based on the results of future surveys.
| Geographic coverage | Allowance rate (percent) |
|---|---|
| State of Alaska: | |
| City of Anchorage and 80-kilometer (50-mile) radius by road | 25.00 |
| City of Fairbanks and 80-kilometer (50-mile) radius by road | 25.00 |
| City of Juneau and 80-kilometer (50-mile) radius by road | 25.00 |
| Rest of the State | 25.00 |
| State of Hawaii: | |
| City and County of Honolulu | 25.00 |
| County of Hawaii | 16.50 |
| County of Kauai | 23.25 |
| County of Maui and County of Kalawao | 23.75 |
| Territory of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands | 25.00 |
| Commonwealth of Puerto Rico | 11.50 |
| U.S. Virgin Islands | 22.50 |
Appendix B of Subpart B—Places and Rates at Which Differentials Are Paid
This appendix lists the places where a post differential has been approved and shows the differential rate to be paid to eligible employees. The differential percentage rate shown is paid as a percentage of an employee's rate of basic pay.
| Geographic coverage | Percentage differential rate |
|---|---|
| American Samoa (including the island of Tutuila, the Manua Islands, and all other islands of the Samoa group east of longitude 171° west of Greenwich, together with Swains Island) | 25.0 |
| Johnston Atoll | 25.0 |
| Midway Atoll | 25.0 |
| Territory of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands | 20.0 |
| Wake Atoll | 25.0 |
[FR Doc. 01-28058 Filed 11-8-01; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6325-39-P