Court of Appeal of California April 2013 casesTatro v. WesselsPeople v. TuckIn re D.B.Darley Int'l, LLC v. SDRC Inc.Svaco v. FusinaLopez v. Wachovia Bank Inc.People v. ChavezMercury Ins. Co. v. JonesPeople v. LewisIn re Robert M.People v. GuenthardPeople v. LawsonPeople v. SimsPeople v. PerkinsPeople v. VoishvilloFresno Cnty. Dep't of Soc. Servs. v. K.P. (In re Myla F.)Gilbert v. Victim Comp. & Gov't Claims Bd.People v. FloresB.W. v. L.F. (In re J.G.)Millar v. FoghPeople v. McAfeePeople v. CalderonIn re J.M.Petrossi v. MikolichPeople v. MelansonMelendrez v. Superior Court of Cal.TruPlug v. Forespar Prods. Corp.In re E.F.Gonzalez v. Downtown La Motors, LPCastleman v. SagaserPeople v. SharifCharles v. CharlesPeople v. MunguiaPeople v. Superior Court (Kaulick)Duchrow v. ForrestPeople v. SuaresLuttrell v. Island Pacific Supermarkets, Inc.People v. WhitePeople v. LeePeople v. VallejoPeople v. SanchezPeople v. FaustoPeople v. BorgDunn v. Dreamworks Animation SKG, Inc.People v. CaylorStein v. City of San DiegoGotti v. PinnockPeople v. CoffmanPeople v. EvansPeople v. CalderonL.S. v. Superior Court of Merced Cnty.People v. AguirrePeople v. Htoo AungPeople v. TorresIn re J.V.Gilray v. Cambria Cmty. Servs. Dist.People v. HardyTrivedi Found., Inc. v. MorrisetteMilner v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.People v. KhamsehHines v. HinesIn re A.H.Orange Cnty. Soc. Servs. Agency v. Jasmine M. (In re Jasmine M.)People v. OsegueraPeople v. BarreraIn re BareraIn re E.V.In re D.G.Plaza Home Mortg., Inc. v. N. Am. Title Co.Ki Hyun Lim v. City of L.A.People v. HallPeople v. LaPierrePeople v. RoeIn re K.R.People v. MartinezPeople v. HaysIn re D.M.Savas v. GerberIn re StoneroadPeople v. VallejoPeople v. FraustoPeople v. ErvinPeople v. GarciaIn re C.G.Leon v. Pearson Realty, Inc.People v. MartinIn re C.E.People v. NeyraSan Luis Obispo Dep't of Soc. Servs. v. B.W. (In re Rachael W.)In re J.G.People v. AcostaL.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Jose P. (In re Luke P.)People v. Luis V. (In re Luis V.)People v. BatisteM.N. Mansour, Inc. v. Spolin, Silverman, Cohen & Bosserman, LLPPeople v. JacksonPeople v. LewisBreceda v. Superior Court of L.A. Cnty.People v. HallPeople v. BenderMuldoon v. RogersWashington v. Contra Costa Cnty. Hous. Auth.Brown v. Mid-Century Ins. Co.Walker v. City of L.A.People v. Ba TranAlamo Grp. IX, LLC v. TabaieAmanda D. v. Alicia O. (In re Ronin D.)Anderson v. Catholic Healthcare W.D.T. v. D.Z. (In re X.Z.)People v. PenalozaJohnson v. Cal. Dep't of Corr. & Rehab.People v. BrownMasters v. Dep't of Motor VehiclesPeople v. BrownPeople v. DonisPeople v. ZunigaPeople v. McGinnisPeople v. MayoPeople v. SalinasPeople v. HarrisCarter v. FranciscoPeople v. PerezPeople v. GomezPeople v. DevizcarraPeople v. ButlerPeople v. CerrosStupansky v. MonetteSylvester v. YuhPeople v. JaimezMcCormack v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co.City of Monterey v. CarrnshimbaPeople v. JamesPeople v. GarciaPeople v. Lam VI QuanPeople v. ReyesScott v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.In re K.R.Good v. MillerPeople v. McCallBabakhyi v. BabakhyiAnyadike v. Cnty. of L.A.Dickinson v. Allstate Ins. Co.People v. WardTravelers Prop. Cas. Co. of Am. v. Superior Court of Cal.Coastside Fishing Club v. Cal. Fish & Game Comm'nPeople v. RuizPeople v. AnsleyPeople v. WilliamsIn re S.O.People v. EspinozaOfferman v. McCurtisPeople v. MayhamGSV-2 Resort Developers v. Retreat Partners, LLCPeople v. VaughanPeople v. DeandaIn re D.M.Spinner v. Am. Broad. Cos.L.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Freddie H. (In re Mia H.)People v. Kennedy (In re Kennedy)Smith v. CheneySan Diego Cnty. Health & Human Servs. Agency v. Cynthia G. (In re Ruby G.)Shumin Zhang v. SugarsPeople v. MartinezPeople v. RegaladoPeople v. EvansHorak v. S. Shores Develoment Corp.People v. TomlinIn re E.A.People v. RubioMuraoka v. MuraokaStoltenberg v. Ampton Invs., Inc.Khodayari v. ArdalanPeople v. DiazPeople v. GilmoreS.S. v. Superior Court of Orange Cnty.In re Nelson B.In re T.G.AAA Blueprint & Digital Reprographics, Inc. v. VasquezGlaser v. MeservePeople v. GreenPeople v. CoomesPeople v. AvilesDelk v. RooneyPeople v. BelmonteLachapelle v. Superior Court of Riverside Cnty.People v. HernandezPeople v. BurquezPeople v. SeymoreIn re M.G.Brice v. HarrisPeople v. Alexis S. (In re Alexis S.)People v. LemusHyundai Securities Co. Ltd. v. LeePeople v. LolmaughIn re J.G.People v. DewPeople v. HolquinPeople v. BellettIn re R.D.Gutierrez v. WhiteIn re T.S.Molinari v. TeboPeople v. SilvaPeople v. VegaCravea v. NejadpourPeople v. QuirozPeople v. OropezaIn re N.M.People v. ChavezPeople v. Quincy A. (In re Quincy A.)Cason v. CasonPeople v. GomezL.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Christina M. (In re Christiana M.)Kern Cnty. Dep't of Human Servs. v. T.Q. (In re Cecilia M.)People v. CorralPeople v. ShekellPeople v. MartinezIn re I.D.People v. WardPeople v. JacksonGatyas v. TrebowskiPeople v. HoveMilano v. EdelsonPeople v. HidalgoOviedo v. Windsor Twelve Props., LLCPeople v. CatoL.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Michael M. (In re Richelle M.)San Diego Cnty. Health & Human Servs. Agency v. L.V. (In re Marie B.)DiPietro v. Wachovia Mortg.Terri L. v. Gary S.People v. DelacruzPeople v. HicksGregorio v. Rust-Oleum Corp.People v. UlloaCnty. of L.A. v. City of DowneyPeople v. DanielsPeople v. Antonio J. (In re Antonio J.)Glassberg v. Bankers Warranty Grp., Inc.People v. RogersPeople v. BrownIn re R.C.In re A.J.People v. Johnny C. (In re Johnny C.)People v. TurnerPeople v. UgwumbaPeople v. ChioinoJagiello v. ChristmanRamirez-Mitchell v. Mitchell.People v. AvilaPeople v. FalconPeople v. MalloryIn re Tobacco Cases IIn re A. H.People v. AnguianoToolan-Miller v. YatesLiu v. Superior Court of Cal. for the Cnty. of L.A.Vasquez v. Greene Motors, Inc.People v. CerasPeople v. NegronIn re K.M.People v. GerringerPeople v. DelrealPeople v. WilliamsPeople v. DavisPeople v. SmithPeople v. SagastumePeople v. FajardoPeople v. SnyderZivku v. DelucaPeople v. FrancoSpriesterbach v. HollandAlliance Laundry Sys. LLC v. ParkerMontenegro v. City of BradburyBlackstone v. City of L.A.People v. PreciadoPeople v. KundratPeople v. AguilarIn re K.C.People v. OgnevJHP LLC v. JappIn re GoodrichIn re W.V.Kemper v. Cnty. of San DiegoW2007 La Costa Resort Co. v. Sephora USA, Inc.Martinez v. Rite Aid Corp.Loveman v. LovemanNikolic v. FortePeople v. AcevesPeople v. CornRamos v. U.S. Bank Nat'l Ass'nRuby's Laguna Assocs., Ltd. v. Ruby's Diner Inc.U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. Arrowood Indem. Co.Demma v. Dominican Hosp.People v. VargasPerry v. Cnty. of FresnoPeople v. HuffPeople v. VasquezPeople v. NewtonPeople v. RosePeople v. SolomonAuffret v. Capitales Tours, S.A.Khani v. Ford Motor Co.Perry v. Cnty. of FresnoBell-Sparrow v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.Akopyan v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., Inc.People v. GuineaEven Zohar Construction & Remodeling, Inc. v. Bellaire Townhouses, LLCPeople v. KovacLe Beau v. Bank of Am., N.A.People v. FekaduPeople v. FlowersPeople v. BuenoRagan v. S. Cal. Edison Co.Cabanilla v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.Kern Cnty. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Scott H. (In re Michael H.)People v. Cynthia L. (In re Cynthia L.)People v. JacksonPeople v. EsmaeiliPeople v. JohnsonIn re J.R.People v. LopezPeople v. LazcanoPeople v. GarrettPeople v. HarrisonPeople v. ColladoPeople v. PetersonPeople v. OrtizPeople v. SharrieffGiraldin v. Giraldin (In re Estate of Giraldin)May v. Bank of Am.Hall v. Aurora Loan Servs. LLCPeople v. BarbaPerry v. Cnty. of FresnoPeople v. VegaPeople v. SicariosIn re S.S.Equilon Enterprises, LLC v. Brinderson, L.P.Russell v. Deutsche Bank Nat'l Trust Co.People v. MooreBattaglia Enters., Inc. v. Superior Court of San Diego Cnty.Bedoe v. County of San DiegoRosario v. Cnty. of L.A. Dep't of Health Servs.People v. UpshawTSF 53419, LLC v. Fid. Nat'l Title Ins. Co.People v. FannanPeople v. PattersonSandoval v. Chase Fulfillment Ctr.People v. OrtegaPeople v. MoralesPeople v. SchaapIn re T.G.Soderstrom v. ChenPeople v. GrahamPeople v. CarpenterSanta Barbara Cnty. Child Welfare Servs. v. M.G. (In re M. M.)In re R.J.People v. MesitiIn re K.G.In re Jasmine V.First United, Inc. v. Gen. Motors LLCVillanueva v. Cyprexx Servs., LLCRalphs Grocery Co. v. United Food & Commercial Workers Union Local 8Mojtahedzadeh v. FarshiPeople v. UrosevicPeople v. Int'l Fid. Ins. Co.People v. MusserKleveland v.Siegel & Wolensky LLPPerez v. PerezIn re L.H.People v. RomeroPeople v. MendozaPeople v. Edgar P. (In re Edgar P.)People v. LarsonPeople v. CampanellaMaeshack v. WileyMitchell, Silberberg & Knupp, LLP v. Hughes (In re Hughes)Park v. Help U BuildPeople v. SmithPeople v. GutierrezPeople v. GallagherPeople v. AlejoPeople v. PalmerPeople v. RockPeople v. EdwardsPeople v. LeeHutchinson v. AjiduahPeople v. SolorioPeople v. MoralesPeople v. SilvaPeople v. IbarraPaul Ryan Assocs. v. Dorvin D. Leis Co.Green v. JohnsonIn re K.F.Forest v. LintottPeople v. GutierrezIn re M.M.In re A.V.People v. ArchuletaLock v. CunnynghamTunold v. MeintsIn re L.D.Trejo v. TrejoPeople v. GombergPeople v. BurchettMacKenzie v. MaddenPeople v. VasquezPeople v. ButkovicSan Diego Cnty. Health & Human Servs. Agency v. Donald L. (In re Dana L.)People v. IrbyPeople v. VillarealPeople v. Perez-IsidoroPeople v. Steven S. (In re Steven S.)People v. CarballoPeople v. SorensonIn re K.F.Ramirez v. Balboa Thrift & LoanTostado v. Rehabbers Fin., Inc.L.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Lucy F. (In re Jasmine F.)Conway v. CafferyWhispering Palms Cmty. Council v. Cnty. of San DiegoPeople v. WhiteFry v. FryPeople v. ParraLamaria v. IbrahimPeople v. AlvaradoPeople v. HolaPeople v. AhmadzaiMichelle B. v. Superior Court of San Diego Cnty.People v. CuevasPeople v. SinhaIn re J.P.In re Edwin F.Hamilton Court, LLC v. East Olympic, L.P.Ainsworth v. AinsworthPeople v. PellecerGood v. MillerCopenbarger v. Morris Cerullo World EvangelismWebb v. Special Elec. Co.People v. TaySandvik v. BozungHartzog v. SmolensPeople v. StancliffPeople v. LivingstonPeople v. PahuluPeople v. BrownPeople v. JohnsonIn re J.C.Humphries v. HumphriesO'Leary v. Cal. Dep't of Fish & GamePaul Ryan Assocs. v. Hawaiiana Painting & Maint., Inc.People v. GonzalezCorenbaum v. LampkinPeople v. ReyPeople v. JohnsonPeople v. ColePeople v. QuirozPeople v. ZamoraIn re A.C.Tompkins v. Marin Cnty. Cmty. Dev. AgencyPeople v. Sang Dae HanLister v. BowenPeople v. WallaceBudget Fin. Co. v. U.S. Bank, N.A.People v. VegaPeople v. BrownFresno Cnty. Dep't of Soc. Servs. v. Norma A. (In re Xavier P.)San Diego Cnty. Health & Human Servs. Agency v. Adam B. (In re Elijah M.)In re G.B.In re J.M.People v. BlackburnPartridge v. CampbellIn re G.A.People v. MartinezTulare Cnty. Health & Human Servs. Agency v. Cynthia M. (In re Dario M.)Kupfer v. Mid-Century Ins. Co.Jones v. Farmers Ins. Exch.People v. AguilarPeople v. GutierrezPeople v. Adrian B. (In re Adrian B.)Law v. GornyPeople v. Juan U. (In re Juan U.)In re J.C.People v. DowningRica v. RicaPeople v. MayfieldIn re K.L.In re H.K.People v. ZahirPeople v. HatcherPeople v. KhekPeople v. ColverMendez v. L.A. Unified Sch. Dist.Transaction Wireless, Inc. v. Qualcomm Inc.Sabey v. City of PomonaIn re Z.W.Onyi v. Windsor Oakridge Healthcare Ctr. L.P.People v. CaddyPeople v. Trevon H. (In re Trevon H.)Hoofman v. Pac. Crest Cmty. Ass'nSerpa v. California Surety Investigations, Inc.People v. MoatsPeople v. LopezMercedes-Benz Fin. Servs. USA, LLC v. OkudanEtessami v. BerenjiPeople v. RomanoPeople v. GutierrezHeather Point Partners No. 4, L.P. v. Cnty. of Santa CruzHellwig v. HammerPeople v. PhilipsPeople v. HebrardPeople v. StewartPeople v. MorganVasquez v. Greene Motors, Inc.Global Connector Research Grp., Inc. v. FischerPeople v. HarrisonL.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Olga C. (In re Victor H.)N. Kern Water Storage Dist. v. State Water Res. Control Bd.People v. LeonLaguens v. HarrellPeople v. AmayaIn re E.A.People v. BinghamSaad v. HatzirisCnty. of Tulare v. NunesPeople v. MotugaPeople v. SaeseeBettanini v. BettaniniPeople v. MelendrezPeople v. JacobsHysell v. Pleasant Valley State PrisonIn re J.S.People v. O'NealPeople v. FrankPeople v. SolariMoore v. Bebe Au Lait, LLCMoon v. 752 S. Main St.In re V.D.People v. SneedIn re V.J.People v. RochaHagman v. Meher Mount Corp.Maureen K. v. TuschkaIn re Curtis S.Friebel v. BosenkoPeople v. NeimanL.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Camille T. (In re John M.)People v. McGillPeople v. AlcarazIn re LizarragaHall v. Crittendon & Assocs. Ltd.Davis v. Cnty. of San Diego Air Pollution Control Dist.Morgan v. Allstate Ins. Co.People v. EppsCnty. of Sacramento v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd.L.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Margarita R. (In re Angel R.)Chanda v. Fed. Home Loans Corp.People v. HaysIn re J.V.People v. ObannonPeople v. Leon-GuerreroPeople v. MelendezPeople v. MihajsonPeople v. KellyHernandez v. Amcord, Inc.People v. ZapataPeople v. GonzalezTah v. U.S. Bank, N.A.People v. JacksonMendoza v. BacaTamayo v. Cordevalle Golf Club, LLCPeople v. FuquayIn re E.I.People v. CaramanisPeople v. CastroBrown v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.People v. SuarezPeople v. JohnsonPeople v. MatthewsPeople v. AlfaroPeople v. Ivan M. (In re Ivan M.)People v. VegaPeople v. JafariPeople v. BustamantePeople v. VegaPeople v. BanalesPeople v. CobbIn re L.W.In re B.D.People v. JohnsonUniv. Partners, LLC v. Md. Cas. Co.In re C.T.Scott v. Jpmorgan Chase Bank, N.A.Truck Ins. Exch. v. Ins. Co. of Pa.JSA Depot, Inc. v. Superior Court of Orange Cnty.People v. BatresPeople v. VanekPeople v. PerryPeople v. CarterPeople v. QuanPeople v. RicheyPeople v. JonesPeople v. BeckPeople v. KhanPeople v. MendezPeople v. RodriguezPeople v. GarayZiburtovicz v. City of OrovilleEspinosa v. Dep't of Child Support Servs.People v. SmithYosemite Faculty Ass'n v. Yosemite Cmty. Coll. Dist.Golden Gate Land Holdings LLC v. E. Bay Reg'l Park Dist.People v. NorrisIn re A.L.In re A.O.People v. MoatsPeople v. MortimerWebb v. Special Electric Co., Inc.Kaiser Cement & Gypsum Corp. v. Ins. Co. of Pa.Olson v. RafidiIn re E.C.People v. YuPeople v. FranklinMendoza v. HamzehIn re M.L.Corgiat v. Stanislaus Cnty. Superior CourtIn re M.S.Mastan v. LisitsaStanislaus Cnty. Cmty. Servs. Agency v. Michael M. (In re Michael M.)Lyons v. ThermosPeople v. GueygerIn re B.B.People v. FloresPeople v. AlvarezPeople v. SalinasIn re E.D.L.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Raymond A. (In re Raymond A.)Am. State Univ. v. KiemmIn re Marriage of SimmonsBrown v. Mid-Century Ins. Co.People v. CarrilloSan Diego Cnty. Health & Human Servs. Agency v. A.N. (In re Teresa N.)Wolfe Axelrod Weinberger Assocs., LLC v. Spare Backup, Inc.Patterson v. PattersonBailey v. BecerraMcKenna v. San Miguel Consol. Fire Prot. Dist.F.S. v. Superior Court of Orange Cnty.People v. LozanoPeople v. CraftPeople v. RamosHurtado v. StewartL.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Patricia S. (In re Rolando B.)People v. ShultePeople v. FigueroaIn re C.R.People v. RivasIn re C.A.Nazir v. Cnty. of L.A.People v. GutierrezJanopaul + Block Cos. v. Sundt Constr. Co.Kranther v. CoveyPeople v. McQueenJ.D. v. Superior Court of Santa Clara Cnty.People v. LeeFoley v. One Harbor Drive Homeowners Ass'nIn re J.C.People v. McCallIn re J.A.People v. HarrisRoy v. SteinbergPeople v. SegrestPeople v. EdwardsPeople v. SotoL.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Lanette W. (In re Jay H.)People v. Jose R. (In re Jose R.)Gonzales v. Franchise Tax Bd.People v. ReedIn re K.G.People v. Vega6126, LLC v. DNAM Apparel Indus., LLCBattaglia Enters., Inc. v. Superior Court of San Diego Cnty.Scott v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.In re A.M.L.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Cynthia R. (In re Joshua G.)Nob Hill Ass'n v. City of S.F.Ventura Cnty. Pub. Soc. Servs. Agency v. L.G. (In re Jasmine V.)Kern Cnty. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Amanda M. (In re Rachel M.)People v. VasquezPeople v. HoodIn re D.S.People v. RodriguezPeople v. HoweL.A. Cnty. Dep't of Children & Family Servs. v. Justin Y. (In re Breanna Y.)S.S. v. Superior Court of Orange Cnty.People v. RoblesPeople v. PricePeople v. WolfePeople v. Leslie Giovanni ChurchPeople v. Anthony S. (In re Anthony S.)People v. ParraRedln Enters., Inc. v. City of San DiegoPeople v. HoldenPeople v. ThomasAlliance for the Prot. of the Auburn Cmty. Env't v. Cnty. of PlacerMaynard v. MaynardPeople v. ZimmermanDiamond Blue Enters., LLC v. Gemini Ins. Co.People v. RomeroPeople v. GipsonPeople v. Koua XiongPeople v. GonzalezPeople v. OrtegaFresno Cnty. Dep't of Soc. Servs. v. Alex S. (In re Mercedes S.)Orange Cnty. Soc. Servs. Agency v. Sarah S. (In re Nathan P.)People v. JohnsonPeople v. E.V.People v. QuintPeople v. ColbournRush v. City of OaklandWedbush Sec., Inc. v. KelleherIn re S.K.In re K.R.People v. CarterPeople v. SernaPeople v. FructuosoHeritage Pac. Fin., LLC v. MonroyPeople v. OrdonezPeople v. ShimPeople v. AlstonIn re M.L.Betchart v. BetchartPeople v. YunBarsegian v. Kessler & KesslerIn re C.D.Katal v. Integrated Prods. & Servs. Inc.Wiles v. PrattIn re L.C.People v. MaciasHodge v. E. Bay ExpressPeople v. McEvoyPeople v. TuckerL.H.-S. v. MonberasaiRichart v. Miracosta Cmty. Coll. Dist.People v. FletcherPeople v. HeckmanProskauer Rose, LLP v. Superior Court of L.A. Cnty.In re Marriage of BricePeople v. MartinezPeople v. VanderdorpPeople v. RodriguezPeople v. GuevaraPeople v. EvansIn re C.T.People v. CrossMilette v. VaughnsPeople v. DiazPeople v. LockettIn re N.D.People v. HastingsClay v. AT&T W., Inc.Kuehnel v. PHH Mortg.People v. JuliarRoss v. StrangerPeople v. JoachimJavier v. TaylorSacramento Cnty. Dep't of Health & Human Servs. v. Michael B. ( in re C.B.)People v. ChairaPeople v. McCallJameson v. DestaMelody M. v. Superior Court of Stanislaus Cnty.Cal. Dep't of Corr. & Rehab. v. State Pers. Bd.Kidane v. MotorsTrabert v. Consumer Portfolio Servs., Inc.People v. OsmanPeople v. BaulknightPeople v. BagleyIn re M.R.People v. ValdezIn re W.P.People v. GoolsbyEbrahimian v. Dental Bd. of Cal.Loo v. Klingbeil Capital Mgmt., Ltd.People v. ZavalaPeople v. DunnPantazis v. Oakland Convention & Visitors BureauIn re J.B.People v. WolfPeople v. HamerPeople v. KendrickMkrtchyan v. Connect to Commc'nsPeople v. LimasVentura Cnty. Human Servs. Agency v. V.O. (In re Manuel T.)People v. BucioKern Cnty. Dep't of Human Servs. v. A.G. (In re Viola B.)People v. Bankers Ins. Co.Alexander v. Cmty. Hosp. of Long BeachAndrews v. GillespieBatton v. Alten Constr., Inc.Cambridge v. HollandPeople v. LongPeople v. EisenbergDwight R. v. Christy B.In re Marriage of Kahn
