Wild Oats Markets, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

May 26, 2005

344 N.L.R.B. 717 (N.L.R.B. 2005)

WILD OATS MARKETS, INC.
344 NLRB No. 86
717
Wild Oats Markets, Inc. and Local 371, United Food
and Commercial Workers International Union,
AFL–CIO. Cases 34–CA–9586, 34–CA–9824,
34–CA–9836, and 34–CA–9837
May 26, 2005
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN BATTISTA AND MEMBERS LIEBMAN
AND SCHAUMBER
On June 24, 2002, Administrative Law Judge Steven
Fish issued the attached decision.1 The Respondent filed
exceptions and a supporting brief, and the General Coun-
sel filed an answering brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has considered
the decision and the record in light of the exceptions and
briefs and has decided to affirm the judge’s rulings, find-
ings,2 and conclusions as modified and to adopt the rec-
ommended Order as modified and set forth in full be-
low.3
The judge found that the Respondent committed vari-
ous unfair labor practices in response to efforts by Local

1 We have corrected the judge’s decision to reflect the proper spell-
ing of discriminatee Beverly Hammons’ name and to correct additional
inadvertent errors as follows. In fn. 11 of the decision, the judge re-
ferred to the “complaint in Case 39–CA–9586 herein.” The case num-
ber should be Case 34–CA–9586. In sec. III,A,14, the judge found that
Kristin Coppola testified that she applied for a job with the Respondent
on July 23, 2001. In fact, Coppola testified that she applied for a job
with the Respondent in January 2001. In the last paragraph of the same
section, the judge stated, “Respondent also did call Gilliland as a wit-
ness . . . .” The sentence should read, “Respondent also did not call
Gilliland as a witness . . . .” In sec. III,C,14, the judge stated, “Bernier
continued to insist that Bernier had lied about him in front of other
employees.” The sentence should read, “Bernier continued to insist
that Reder had lied about him in front of other employees.”
In sec. II,B of his decision, the judge referred to a decision issued on
November 20, 2001, by Administrative Law Judge Michael A. Mar-
cionese (Cases 34–CA–9243 and 34–CA–9278). That decision was
affirmed by the Board in Wild Oats Markets, 339 NLRB 81 (2003).
2 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
3 We have amended the remedy section of the judge’s decision, first,
to include an inadvertently omitted remedy for the Respondent’s
unlawful refusal to consider Food For Thought employees for positions
at its Westport, Connecticut store and, second, to provide the appropri-
ate method of calculating backpay for employee Rosemary Reder. We
have also modified the judge’s recommended Order in light of our
findings herein and in accordance with the Amended Remedy and our
decisions in Indian Hills Care Center, 321 NLRB 144 (1996), and
Ferguson Electric Co., 335 NLRB 142 (2001). Finally, we have substi-
tuted a new notice to comport with these modifications and with our
decision in Ishikawa Gasket America, Inc., 337 NLRB 175 (2001),
enfd. 354 F.3d 534 (6th Cir. 2004).
371, United Food and Commercial Workers International
Union, AFL–CIO (the Union) to organize employees at
the Respondent’s store in Westport, Connecticut. The
Respondent excepts to all of the judge’s unfair labor
practice findings. We find merit in the Respondent’s
exceptions only insofar as they relate to one 8(a)(1) find-
ing, discussed below. We find it unnecessary to pass on
a second 8(a)(1) finding for the reasons set forth below.
With respect to all of the remaining violations, we adopt
the judge’s decision.4
1. The judge found that the Respondent unlawfully
threatened employees with loss of benefits, in violation
of Section 8(a)(1), by stating in a flyer to employees that
“in collective bargaining you could lose what you have
now.” We disagree. Considered by itself, the statement
was a factually accurate observation regarding a possible
negative outcome of collective bargaining, which is pro-
tected speech under Section 8(c). See UARCO, Inc., 286
NLRB 55, 58 (1987), petition for review denied 865 F.2d
258 (6th Cir. 1988). Significantly, the statement ap-
peared in a flyer not otherwise alleged to be unlawful,
which depicted a union authorization card and explained
possible negative outcomes of engaging in the collective-
bargaining process.5 Unlike the judge, we decline to find
that the Respondent’s unfair labor practices compel a

4 In adopting the judge’s finding that the Respondent violated Sec.
8(a)(3) by reducing employee Rosemary Reder’s hours and refusing to
give her a set schedule, we find it unnecessary to rely, as did the judge,
on the antiunion comments of Manager Kristin Coppola. The Respon-
dent’s other unfair labor practices found herein, including its threat to
suspend Reder in retaliation for her protected activity, amply support
the judge’s finding of antiunion animus.
In adopting the judge’s finding that the Respondent violated Sec.
8(a)(1) when it posted a no-solicitation rule on March 15, 2001, Mem-
ber Schaumber is satisfied that, in light of the specific credited testi-
mony and other record evidence, the rule was promulgated “in response
to” union activity within the meaning of the Board’s decision in Lu-
theran Heritage Village-Livonia, 343 NLRB No. 75, slip op. at 1–2
(2004). In particular, the Respondent’s human resource manager in-
formed the store managers at the time of posting that Respondent was
“trying to keep them [the Union] out,” there was no evidence that a
similar policy had been posted at any of Respondent’s other stores, one
of Respondent’s managers testified that he had never seen such a policy
at the Respondent’s other stores, and the Respondent’s witnesses of-
fered no justification, apart from interfering with union organizing
activity, for instituting the new policy.
5 We disagree with our dissenting colleague that the context of the
flyer renders the quoted statement coercive. The elements of the flyer
upon which our dissenting colleague relies were not alleged to be
unlawful. Although the flyer depicted a union authorization card, the
allegedly unlawful comment was next to an arrow pointing to the words
“collective bargaining.” Thus, the clear inference is that the loss of
benefits was a possible consequence of collective bargaining, not a
possible consequence of simply signing a union card. Neither the Gen-
eral Counsel nor our dissenting colleague disputes that an employer can
lawfully inform employees about the potential pitfalls of the collective-
bargaining process.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD718
violation finding here, where the statement itself and its
immediate context were noncoercive.
Medical Center of Ocean County, 315 NLRB 1150,
1154 (1994), and Taylor-Dunn Mfg. Co., 252 NLRB 799,
800 (1980), cited by the judge, are factually distinguish-
able. In Medical Center of Ocean County, unlike here,
the statement in question (“[y]ou could lose your bene-
fits”) contained no reference whatsoever to collective
bargaining. In Taylor-Dunn, the employer’s statements
were susceptible to the interpretation that the employer
intended to discontinue existing benefits prior to bargain-
ing and force the union to negotiate restoration of those
benefits. Here, by contrast, the Respondent’s comment
did not reasonably tend to indicate that the Respondent
intended to take away benefits prior to negotiations. We
accordingly reverse the judge’s finding that the Respon-
dent unlawfully threatened employees with loss of bene-
fits.6
2. The judge found that the Respondent unlawfully
threatened employees with job loss or other unspecified
reprisals by stating in a letter to employees that the Un-
ion “would hurt business which we all depend on for our
livelihood.” We find it unnecessary to pass on this issue.
The Board has adopted the judge’s findings that the Re-
spondent threatened job loss when it told employee Mary
Roland that employee Diane Lane had been discharged
for talking to the Union and when it told employees that
“when unions go on strike, wages can be lost and many
have lost their jobs because striking workers are re-
placed.” The finding of an additional job-loss threat
would not materially affect the remedy and would there-
fore be cumulative.
AMENDED REMEDY
We find that the remedy outlined in FES7 for an
unlawful refusal to consider for hire is appropriate here,
in light of the violations found.8 Accordingly, we will

6 Member Liebman would find that, in context, the quoted statement
from Respondent’s flyer violated Sec. 8(a)(1). The flyer equated sign-
ing a union authorization card with signing a “blank check,” and listed
a host of horrible consequences that could ensue, including loss of
“what you have now.” Thus, the statement in question, considered not
in isolation but in the context of the flyer as a whole, could have rea-
sonably led employees to believe that they could lose existing benefits
merely by signing a card authorizing the Union to represent them in
collective bargaining.
7 331 NLRB 9, 15 (2000), supplemental decision 333 NLRB 66
(2001), enfd. 301 F.3d 83 (3d Cir. 2002).
8 The Respondent refused to hire and to consider for hire eight
named employees of Food For Thought: Steven Clark, Beverly
Hammons, Julius Laloi, Rosette Louis, Teresa Monteleone, Rajshree
Parikh, Maria Sandalo, and Libya Silveira. These individuals are enti-
tled to the remedy for unlawful refusal to hire—instatement and back-
pay—which subsumes the remedy for the Respondent’s refusal to con-
sider them for hire. Jobsite Staffing, 340 NLRB 332, 333 (2003). The
modify the judge’s recommended Order to comport with
FES. Specifically, in addition to the remedy provided in
the judge’s decision, we shall order that the Respondent
consider for future employment, in accord with nondis-
criminatory criteria, all employees of Food For Thought,
Norwalk, Connecticut, who would have been considered
for employment but for the unlawful discrimination
against them. We shall also order that the Respondent
notify these Food For Thought employees, the Union,
and the Regional Director for Region 34 in writing of
future openings in positions for which these employees
applied or would have applied absent the discrimination,
or substantially equivalent positions. The Respondent
will be required to provide such notification until the
Regional Director concludes that the case should be
closed on compliance.9 If it is shown at a compliance
stage of this proceeding that, but for the failure to con-
sider them, the Respondent would have selected any of
these employees for any job openings arising after the
beginning of the hearing on November 7, 2001, or for
any job openings arising before the hearing that the Gen-
eral Counsel neither knew nor should have known had
arisen, the Respondent shall be ordered to hire them for
any such position, and to make them whole for any loss
of earnings and other benefits that they may have suf-
fered due to the unlawful actions taken against them in
accordance with F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289
(1950), plus interest as computed in accordance with
New Horizons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987).
The judge’s remedy calls for all backpay to be com-
puted in the manner prescribed in F. W. Woolworth, su-
pra. The F. W. Woolworth formula, however, is inappro-
priate for the calculation of discriminatee Rosemary Re-
der’s backpay. The Board applies F. W. Woolworth to
remedy violations of the Act involving cessation or de-
nial of employment. See, e.g., CAB Associates, 340

refusal-to-consider remedy provided here is for those Food For
Thought employees in addition to the eight above-named discrimina-
tees who were also unlawfully refused consideration. We leave to
compliance the identification of additional individuals, if any, within
this class of discriminatees. See, e.g., Electrical Workers Local 6 (San
Francisco Electrical Contractors), 318 NLRB 109, 142 (1995). We
observe, however, that the mere fact that an individual did not submit
an application to the Respondent does not necessarily disqualify him or
her from inclusion within the class, where the individual can show that
submitting an application would have been futile. See Love’s Barbeque
Restaurant No. 62, 245 NLRB 78, 81 fn. 10 (1979) (“[W]here an em-
ployer makes known to prospective employees his refusal to hire them
because of their prior union affiliation, their failure to undertake the
useless act of making formal application for work is no defense to an
8(a)(3) allegation.”), enfd. in relevant part and remanded 640 F.2d 1094
(9th Cir. 1981); see also Corporate Interiors, Inc., 340 NLRB 732, 750
(2003).
9 FES, supra, 331 NLRB at 15 fn. 15.
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 719
NLRB 1391, 1393 (2003). Reder suffered no cessation
or denial of employment as a result of the Respondent’s
unlawful conduct toward her. (Her work hours were
reduced.) Under these circumstances, Reder’s backpay
should be calculated in accordance with Ogle Protection
Service, 183 NLRB 682 (1970), enfd. 444 F.2d 502 (6th
Cir. 1971). See Pepsi America, Inc., 339 NLRB 986,
986 fn. 2 (2003).
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board orders that the
Respondent, Wild Oats Markets, Inc., Westport, Con-
necticut, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns,
shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Coercively interrogating its employees concerning
their activities on behalf or in support of Local 371,
United Food and Commercial Workers International Un-
ion, AFL–CIO (the Union).
(b) Creating the impression that the union activities of
its employees are under surveillance.
(c) Threatening its employees with discharge, job loss,
or suspension if they engage in activities on behalf or in
support of the Union, or if the Union becomes the collec-
tive-bargaining representative of its employees.
(d) Maintaining rules that prohibit employees from en-
gaging in solicitation in nonwork areas of its store during
nonworktime, or from distributing literature in nonwork
areas during nonworktime, or maintaining any rule that
requires employees to obtain permission in order to en-
gage in the above-described activities.
(e) Promulgating, maintaining, or enforcing no-
solicitation/no-distribution rules, or any other rules, for
the purpose of discouraging union activities.
(f) Discharging employees, reducing the hours of em-
ployees, refusing to give employees a set work schedule,
or refusing to hire or consider hiring employees because
of their activities on behalf or in support of the Union,
because they engage in other protected concerted activi-
ties, or because NLRB charges were filed on their behalf.
(g) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Rescind the no-solicitation/no-distribution rule that
it issued on or about March 15, 2001, and notify all em-
ployees in writing that this has been done.
(b) Notify its employees in writing that the no-
solicitation rule that appears in the employee manual is
no longer in effect, and insert a written notice in the em-
ployee manual where the rule appears, advising that the
rule has been rescinded.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, offer
Diane Lane full reinstatement to her former job or, if that
job no longer exists, to a substantially equivalent posi-
tion, without prejudice to her seniority or any other rights
or privileges previously enjoyed.
(d) Make Diane Lane and Rosemary Reder whole for
any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a re-
sult of the discrimination against them, with interest, in
the manner set forth in the remedy section of the judge’s
decision as amended herein.
(e) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, offer
Steven Clark, Beverly Hammons, Julius Laloi, Rosette
Louis, Teresa Monteleone, Rajshree Parikh, Maria San-
dalo, and Libya Silveira instatement to the positions for
which they applied or sought to apply or, if those posi-
tions no longer exist, to substantially equivalent posi-
tions, without prejudice to their seniority or any other
rights or privileges they would have enjoyed absent the
discrimination against them.
(f) Make Steven Clark, Beverly Hammons, Julius
Laloi, Rosette Louis, Teresa Monteleone, Rajshree
Parikh, Maria Sandalo, and Libya Silveira whole for any
loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of
the discrimination against them, with interest, in the
manner set forth in the remedy section of the judge’s
decision as amended herein.
(g) Apart from the discriminatees named above, con-
sider for future employment, in accord with nondiscrimi-
natory criteria, all employees of Food For Thought,
Norwalk, Connecticut, who would have been considered
for employment but for the unlawful discrimination
against them, and notify these employees, the Union, and
the Regional Director for Region 34 in writing of future
openings in positions for which these employees applied
or would have applied, or substantially equivalent posi-
tions. If it is shown at a compliance stage of this pro-
ceeding that, but for the failure to consider them, the Re-
spondent would have selected any of these employees for
any job openings arising after the beginning of the hear-
ing on November 7, 2001, or for any job openings arising
before the hearing that the General Counsel neither knew
nor should have known had arisen, the Respondent shall
hire them for any such position and make them whole for
any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a re-
sult of the discrimination against them, with interest, in
the manner set forth in the amended remedy section of
this decision and order.
(h) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove
from its files any reference to the unlawful discharge of
Diane Lane, the unlawful reduction of Rosemary Reder’s
hours and refusal to give her a set work schedule, and the
unlawful refusal to consider for hire or hire Steven Clark,
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD720
Beverly Hammons, Julius Laloi, Rosette Louis, Teresa
Monteleone, Rajshree Parikh, Maria Sandalo, and Libya
Silveira, and within 3 days thereafter, notify them in
writing that this has been done and that these unlawful
actions will not be used against them in any way.
(i) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request or such
additional time as the Regional Director may allow for
good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place desig-
nated by the Board or its agents, all payroll records, so-
cial security payment records, timecards, personnel re-
cords and reports, and all other records, including an
electronic copy of such records if stored in electronic
form, necessary to analyze the amount of backpay due
under the terms of this Order.
(j) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its Westport, Connecticut facility, copies of the attached
notice marked “Appendix.”10 Copies of the notice, on
forms provided by the Regional Director for Region 34,
after being signed by the Respondent’s authorized repre-
sentative, shall be posted by the Respondent and main-
tained for 60 consecutive days in conspicuous places
including all places where notices to employees are cus-
tomarily posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken by the
Respondent to ensure that the notices are not altered,
defaced, or covered by any other material. In the event
that, during the pendency of these proceedings, the Re-
spondent has gone out of business or closed the facility
involved in these proceedings, the Respondent shall du-
plicate and mail, at its own expense, a copy of the notice
to all current employees and former employees employed
by the Respondent at any time since February 6, 2001.
(k) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file
with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a re-
sponsible official on a form provided by the Region at-
testing to the steps that the Respondent has taken to
comply.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we
violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and
obey this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union

10 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
Choose representatives to bargain with us on
your behalf
Act together with other employees for your bene-
fit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected
activities.
WE WILL NOT coercively interrogate our employees
concerning their activities on behalf or in support of Lo-
cal 371, United Food and Commercial Workers Interna-
tional Union, AFL–CIO (the Union).
WE WILL NOT create the impression that the union ac-
tivities of our employees are under surveillance.
WE WILL NOT threaten our employees with discharge,
job loss, or suspension if they engage in activities on
behalf or in support of the Union, or if the Union be-
comes the collective-bargaining representative of our
employees.
WE WILL NOT maintain rules that prohibit employees
from engaging in solicitation in nonwork areas of our
store during nonworktime, or from distributing literature
in nonwork areas during nonworktime, or maintain any
rule that requires employees to obtain permission from us
in order to engage in the above described activities.
WE WILL NOT promulgate, maintain, or enforce no-
solicitation/no-distribution rules, or any other rules, for
the purpose of discouraging union activities.
WE WILL NOT discharge our employees, reduce the
hours of our employees, refuse to give our employees set
work schedules, or refuse to hire or consider hiring em-
ployees because of their activities on behalf or in support
of the Union, because they engage in other protected
concerted activities, or because NLRB charges are filed
on their behalf.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
set forth above.
WE WILL rescind the no-solicitation/no-distribution
rule that we issued on or about March 15, 2001, and no-
tify all employees in writing that this has been done.
WE WILL notify our employees in writing that the no-
solicitation rule that appears in the employee manual is
no longer in effect, and insert a written notice in the em-
ployee manual where the rule appears, advising that the
rule has been rescinded.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, offer Diane Lane full reinstatement to her former
job or, if that job no longer exists, to a substantially
equivalent position, without prejudice to her seniority or
any other rights or privileges previously enjoyed.
WE WILL make Diane Lane and Rosemary Reder
whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 721
as a result of the discrimination against them, plus inter-
est.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, offer Steven Clark, Beverly Hammons, Julius
Laloi, Rosette Louis, Teresa Monteleone, Rajshree
Parikh, Maria Sandalo, and Libya Silveira employment
in the positions for which they applied or sought to apply
or, if these positions no longer exist, in substantially
equivalent positions, without prejudice to their seniority
or any other rights or privileges they would have enjoyed
absent the discrimination against them.
WE WILL make Steven Clark, Beverly Hammons,
Julius Laloi, Rosette Louis, Teresa Monteleone, Rajshree
Parikh, Maria Sandalo, and Libya Silveira whole for any
loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of
the discrimination against them, plus interest.
WE WILL consider for future employment, in accord
with nondiscriminatory criteria, all employees of Food
For Thought, Norwalk, Connecticut, who would have
been considered for employment but for the unlawful
discrimination against them, and WE WILL notify these
employees, the Union, and the Regional Director for Re-
gion 34 in writing of future openings in positions for
which these employees applied or would have applied, or
substantially equivalent positions. If it is shown at a
compliance stage of this proceeding that, but for the fail-
ure to consider them, we would have selected any of
these employees for any other job openings, we shall hire
them for any such position and make them whole, with
interest, for any loss of earnings and other benefits.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, remove from our files any reference to the unlaw-
ful discharge of Diane Lane, the unlawful reduction of
Rosemary Reder’s hours and refusal to give her a set
work schedule, and the unlawful refusal to consider for
hire or hire Steven Clark, Beverly Hammons, Julius
Laloi, Rosette Louis, Teresa Monteleone, Rajshree
Parikh, Maria Sandalo, and Libya Silveira, and WE WILL,
within 3 days thereafter, notify them in writing that this
has been done and that these unlawful actions will not be
used against them in any way.
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC.
Darryl Hale, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Thomas R. Gibbons, Esq. and Edward V. Jeffrey, Esq. (Jack-
son, Lewis, Schnitzler & Krupman), of Hartford, Connecti-
cut, for the Respondent.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
STEVEN FISH, Administrative Law Judge. Pursuant to
charges and amended charges filed by Local 371, United Food
and Commercial Workers International Union, AFL–CIO (Lo-
cal 371 or the Union), the Regional Director for Region 34
issued a complaint and notice of hearing on August 15, 2001,1
alleging that Wild Oats Markets, Inc. (the Respondent), vio-
lated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act by refusing to consider
for employment employees previously employed by Food For
Thought and refusing to consider or to hire eight named dis-
criminatees. The complaint also alleges that Respondent vio-
lated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by implementing a rule prohib-
iting employees from engaging in union or other protected con-
certed activities in nonwork areas on nonworktime, and by
threatening employees with discharge if they engaged in union
or other protected activities in nonwork areas nonworktime.
Subsequently, pursuant to several additional charges filed by
the Union, the Director on October 26, issued an order consoli-
dating cases, complaint, and notice of hearing, alleging that
Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by various acts
of threats, interrogations, and creating the impression among its
employees that their union activities were under surveillance,
Section 8(a)(3) of the Act by terminating Diane Lane and Mary
Roland, and Section 8(a)(3) and (4) of the Act by reducing the
hours of Rosemary Reder and refusing to give her a set work
schedule.
Also on October 26, the Regional Director issued an Order
further consolidating all of the above cases for hearing.
The trial with respect to the complaint allegations detailed
above was held before me, on November 7, 8, 9, and 19, in
Hartford, Connecticut. During the trial I granted the General
Counsel’s motion to amend the complaint to allege that Re-
spondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by maintaining an
overbroad no-solicitation rule, and by maintaining another no-
solicitation rule in response to the Union’s organizing cam-
paign.
Briefs have been filed and have been carefully considered.
Based upon the entire record, including my observation of the
demeanor of the witnesses, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION AND LABOR ORGANIZATION
The Respondent, a corporation, with an office and place of
business in Westport, Connecticut, has been engaged in the
operation of a retail natural food store. During the 12-month
period ending September 30, 2001, Respondent derived gross
revenues in excess of $500,000 and purchased and received at
its facility, goods valued in excess of $50,000 directly from
points located outside the State of Connecticut. The Respon-
dent admits, and I find that it is an employer engaged in com-
merce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the
Act, and that the Union is a labor organization within the mean-
ing of Section 2(5) of the Act.
II. PRIOR CASES
A. WiId Oats Markets, Inc., 336 NLRB 179 (2001)
On September 28, 2001, the Board issued a Decision and
Order in Case 14–CA–24815, finding that Wild Oats Commu-
nity Markets violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act at its store

1 All dates are in 2001 unless otherwise indicated.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD722
located in Ladue, Missouri, by attempting to cause the police
department to arrest union representatives,2 who were picketing
and distributing leaflets in the parking lot in front of the store.
The Board concluded that since the parking lot was the prop-
erty of the owner of the strip mall, that Respondent therein did
not have a sufficient property interest in the parking lot to jus-
tify its actions in attempting to expel the union representatives.
The unlawful conduct found by the Board, took place on Octo-
ber 16, 1997.
A key issue in that case was whether Respondent’s conduct
of informing the owner of the property of the presence of the
union picketers, with knowledge of the owners no-solicitation
rule,3 constituted on indirect attempt to expel the union repre-
sentatives, in violation of the Act. The Board concluded the
conduct was unlawful, and in response to Respondent’s free
speech contention, observed that if Respondent had directly
asked the police to remove the union representatives or directly
asked the union representatives to leave, it is clear its actions
would be unlawful; as such employer “speech” would violate
employee rights protected by the Act. Thus, the Board ob-
served, that “accordingly, it would be anomalous to accord the
Respondent’s communication of the same message greater First
Amendment protection simply because the Respondent sought
to accomplish indirectly that which it was prohibited from do-
ing directly.”
B. Wild Oats Markets, Inc., JD(NY)-58-02,
Cases 34–CA–9243 and 34–CA–9278
On November 20, 2001, Administrative Law Judge Michael
A. Marcionese, issued a decision and recommended Order in
the above cases. The trial dealt with alleged unlawful conduct
by Respondent, when it owned a store in Norwalk, Connecticut,
called Food For Thought, which it acquired on April 30, 1999.
The judge found therein that Respondent by the end of 2000
operated 106 natural food stores, throughout the United States
and Canada. Until April 2000, no union had ever successfully
organized any of Respondent’s employees. However, on Feb-
ruary 8, 2000, the Union filed a petition to represent its em-
ployees at the Norwalk store, which as noted Respondent had
acquired some 9 months before. The Union pursuant to a
Stipulated Election Agreement, won an election on April 3,
2000, and after the Regional Director overruled objections filed
by Respondent, certified the Union as the representative of
Respondent’s employees.
The alleged unfair labor practices litigated took place be-
tween February and April 2000, and dealt with Respondent’s
campaign and alleged 8(a)(1) statements, as well as an alleged
unlawful refusal to make payments into its profit-sharing cam-
paign.
The complaint alleged that Respondent by Gregory Sey-
mour, Respondent’s north east regional director violated Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) of the Act by impliedly promising benefits and
soliciting grievances at a meeting of employees on February 16,

2 The Union in that case was Local 655 of the United Food and
Commercial Workers, AFL–CIO.
3 It was stipulated that Respondent did not have a no-solicitation or
no-distribution rule at this time.
2000. The judge recommended dismissal of this allegation
based primarily on credibility resolutions.
It was also alleged that Respondent, by Ahmed Abbes, its
food service manager, violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act, by
several statements to employees. In that regard, the judge cred-
ited the testimony of employee witnesses Libya Silveira, Ro-
sette Louis, and Rock Michel, and found that Respondent vio-
lated the Act when Abbes singled out Silveira for criticism in
front of coworkers as a union supporter, interrogated employ-
ees, created the impression that their attendance at union meet-
ings were under surveillance, threatened employees with re-
duced hours if they voted in favor of the Union, promised em-
ployees benefits if they did not vote for the Union, and threat-
ened to sell or close the store, because they voted for the Union.
The complaint also alleged that Respondent by Michel
Gilliland, its founder, president, and CEO, violated Section
8(a)(1) of the Act by promising benefits and soliciting griev-
ances. The judge found that based on the undenied testimony
of employee Michel,4 that Gilliland came to the store5 on
March 31, 2000, and met with Michel to discuss the Union and
the pending election. Gilliland told Michel that Respondent
was strongly opposed to the Union and wanted employees to
vote “no.” He added that Respondent would do whatever it can
to prevent a Union from coming into the store, and asked “what
is the problem that we need a Union for?” Michel replied that
his reason for supporting the Union was that Jamaican employ-
ees who worked in the front of the store were treated better than
the Haitians.6 Gilliland thanked Michel for the information and
said that he was going to talk to the store manager. Gilliland
also gave Michel his business card with his home and office
phone number and fax number and told Michel to call him any-
time he wanted to let Gilliland know what was going on. Mi-
chel also testified that Gilliland met with other employees on
that same day, and gave them the same business card.
The judge, based on these facts, concluded that Gilliland had
implicitly promised to take care of Michel’s problem that
caused him to support the Union, i.e., the difference in treat-
ment of Jamaican and Haitian employees, and thereby violated
Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.7
Finally, the judge found with respect to the allegation con-
cerning the failure to pay into its profit sharing fund in April
2000, that General Counsel had met its initial Wright Line8
burden of proof, that the employees’ decision to support the
Union was a motivating factor in Respondent’s action in failing
to pay any profit sharing after the election. In support of this
conclusion, the judge relied on the fact that employees had
always received profit sharing and the first time that they did
not, was the month after the election, which as noted the Union
won. Moreover, the evidence revealed that Respondent’s offi-
cials “overruled” its profit-sharing rules by paying the bonus in
the month immediately before the election, and Respondent’s

4 Gilliland did not testify.
5 Respondent’s headquarters are in Colorado.
6 Michel is Haitian.
7 The judge also found that Gilliland had in fact held similar one-on-
one meetings with other employees on March 31.
8 251 NLRB 1083 (1980).
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 723
campaign literature touted the profit sharing as one of the bene-
fits provided by Respondent without the benefit of the Union.
However, the judge then concluded that Respondent had met
its burden of proving that no profit-sharing bonus would have
been paid to the store absent union activity, since the records
submitted in evidence demonstrated that the store did not meet
the preexisting criteria for eligibility for the bonus. The judge
did recognize that Respondent’s official, Lewis (who testified
about the bonus), had exercised her discretion to grant the bo-
nus to override the plan’s guidelines and authorize the profit
sharing when the store did not meet the criteria in the month
just before the election. However, he credited her testimony
that she was not motivated by any union activity when she de-
cided not to exercise this discretion in the following months.
The judge concluded that just because Lewis overlooked the
store’s failure to meet the guidelines in the plan, does not mean
that she had to keep paying a bonus each month as the store’s
performance declined, and that the employees’ vote for the
Union did not entitle them to receive a profit-sharing check
when the store failed to meet the plans requirements. There-
fore, the judge recommended dismissal of the 8(a)(1) allegation
with respect to this action, concluding that the failure to pay the
bonus was not a change of a condition of employment, but was
consistent with the plan.
III. FACTS
A. The Refusal to Hire
Shortly after the Union’s election victory in April 2000 at its
Norwalk Food For Thought store, Respondent notified the Un-
ion that it was selling the store to Grange Investments, Inc. The
sale closed on August 7, 2000, and was part of a sale of two
other of Respondent’s stores to Grange.
When Grange assumed ownership of the store on August 7,
it retained a majority of management, supervisory and non-
supervisory employees, and the store remained open. Grange
agreed to recognize the Union, and has in fact entered into a
collective-bargaining agreement with the Union, covering the
bargaining unit certified by the Board.
Respondent and Grange executed several documents with re-
spect to the sale of the three stores in June and July 2000. In
these documents Respondent agreed that for a period of 1 year
from the date of the agreement (July 17, 2000), it would not
own or operate a retail natural foods grocery store within a 2-
mile radius of the Norwalk store. It was further agreed in an
amendment to the purchase agreement as follows:
The parties acknowledge that Buyer desires the continued op-
erations of each of the Stores in the ordinary course after the
Closing. In order to ensure continuity of staff, Seller shall not
hire any persons employed at the Stores by Buyer as of each
Closing for a period of six months from the Closings without
prior consent of Buyer. . . .
Notwithstanding the explicit language of the non-
competition agreement, Respondent decided to open a store in
Westport, Connecticut, to be located in a plaza about 200 feet
away from the Food For Thought store. Respondent had been
engaged in construction of the site while it still owned Food For
Thought. After the Union victory in April 2000, construction
stopped at this site, but resumed again in November 2000, with
a goal of opening in mid-March 2001.
Respondent began to staff this new store in early February
2001, with a priority of hiring 170 employees by the stores’
contemplated mid-March opening, in a tight labor market.
According to records submitted by Respondent attached to its
position paper submitted to the Region, the first non-
supervisory employee hired by Respondent was hired on Feb-
ruary 8, 2001, with the bulk of such employees, being hired in
late February or early March.
Respondent’s hiring at the store was effectuated by Lindsay
Perry, its regional resource manager, along with Dave Bernier
and Scott Reed, its store director and assistant store director
respectively. It is undisputed that these officials based on in-
structions to Perry from Peter Williams, Respondent’s vice
president of human resources, did not consider current Food
For Thought employees for employment at the Westport store.
The complaint alleges that Respondent refused to hire or
consider for hire Julus Laloi, Libya Silveira, Rosette Louis,
Beverly Hammons, Rajshree Parikh, Steven Clark, Teresa
Monteleone, and Maria Sandalo. Respondent’s answer admits
that it did not hire or consider hiring Silveira, Louis, Clark,
Monteleone, and Sandalo. All of the discriminatees were for-
mer employees of Respondent at Food For Thought, each were
eligible voters in the election, and were employees when
Grange took over operation of the store on August 7, 2000.
There is no question, and Respondent does not dispute that all
of the discriminatees possessed the qualifications for employ-
ment with Respondent at its Westport store.
Silveira and Louis applied for employment with Respondent
together on February 15. As noted above, both Silveira and
Louis testified as witnesses for General Counsel in the trial
before Judge Marcionese in February 2001. They had seen a
sign in front of the store requesting individuals to apply for
employment. When Silveira and Louis applied, Scott Reed
gave them applications to fill out, which they did at the time.
Reed asked if they were working next door for Food For
Thought. They replied, yes. After completing the applications,
they gave the applications to Reed, who told them, “we[’]ll get
back to you.” Both of these witnesses testified that their appli-
cations confirmed that they were seeking full-time positions for
Respondent. They both conceded that they were at the time
working full-time jobs for Food For Thought, but that they
intended to work two full-time jobs if necessary. Silveira
added that she had been told that the Food For Thought store
was going to close and she did not want to lose her job.
Beverly Hammons9 and Rajshree Parikh attempted to apply
for a job with Respondent on February 14. They both went
over to apply at Respondent during their break from their jobs
at Food For Thought. They had heard from other Food For
Thought employees that Respondent would not hire any Food
For Thought employees, but decided to apply anyway.

9 The record reveals that Hammons was alleged in Case 34–CA–
9278 to have been discriminatorily transferred from the natural living
department to a position of cashier. This allegation was settled a few
days before the trial began in February 2001.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD724
When Hammons and Parikh arrived at Respondent’s store,
they were given applications to fill out by Lindsay Perry.
While they were filling out the applications, Hammons and
Perry discussed benefits and part-time employment. At that
point, Hammons asked if it made any difference that they
worked for Food For Thought. Perry replied that it does make
a difference, and added that Respondent would take their appli-
cations, but put them in a separate file. Perry stated that she did
not know if the individuals would be hired, but she could not
talk further with them about job openings. Hammons asked
why does working for Food For Thought make a difference,
and Perry answered, “It’s very complicated and I can’t go into
it right now.” Since their break at Food For Thought was
nearly over, they asked if they could take the applications with
them, fill them out at home and bring them back. Perry replied
no, they were not allowed to take the applications outside the
door. However, Perry added that she would be back at the store
on Saturday, and they could come back then to fill out the ap-
plications. Both Hammons and Parikh left without finishing
their applications. Neither of them returned on Saturday, or
any other day to fill out an application or otherwise attempt to
apply for a job with Respondent.10
Laloi testified that he attempted to apply for a job at Respon-
dent on February 6 at 3 p.m. He asserts that he saw an individ-
ual whom he identified as Rob, who had been employed as
supervisor by Food For Thought. Rob was wearing a tag that
said management recruiter.11 Laloi had already been given an
application to fill out from another man, when Rob saw him.
Rob who recognized Laloi from Food For Thought, said to
Laloi that he could not apply for a job with Respondent, be-
cause he worked at Food For Thought. When Laloi questioned
Rob about that statement, Rob replied, “let me ask my boss.”
Laloi then testified that he heard Rob speak to a woman named
Lindsay, and asked Lindsay “if people from Food For Thought
can fill out applications?” Lindsay replied: according to Laloi,
“no,” and Rob said to Laloi “sorry, its not my fault.” Laloi
testified that he left without filling out an application.
Perry furnished no testimony about this incident, and did not
specifically deny Laloi’s testimony. However, Perry did testify
that everyone who applied received an application, including
individuals who appeared to be drunk. O’Neil did not testify.
Kristin Coppola also a Food For Thought employee testified
that her application confirmed that she applied for a job with
Respondent on January 23. She was given an application to fill
out by Perry and filled it out. However, after telling Perry that
she worked at Food For Thought, Perry informed Coppola that
she could fill out the application now and Respondent would
keep it on file. However, “due to the agreements that Wild
Oats has with Food For Thought we can’t hire any employees

10 The above findings concerning the interaction between Hammons,
Parikh, and Perry is based on a compilation of the credited testimony of
Parikh and Hammons. Perry although testifying about other matters,
did not testify about this incident, other than to testify that Respon-
dent’s policy is not to allow applications to be taken away from Re-
spondent’s premises.
11 The complaint in Case 34–CA–9586 herein alleges and Respon-
dent’s answer admits, that Rob O’Neil is Respondent’s regional pro-
duce director.
of theirs at this time, but we will keep it on file in case you
want to come apply in the future.” Thus, she filled out the ap-
plication and left.
Coppola further asserts that after she quit her job at Food For
Thought in mid-February, she contacted Respondent and spoke
to Bernier. She told him that she had filled out an application
in January, and asked to come for an interview. Bernier agreed
and an interview was arranged for mid-March.
At the interview, Bernier reviewed the application and her
experience and then asked Coppola if she was still employed by
Food For Thought. She said, “no,” and Bernier then offered
her a job.
When Respondent opened its store for business on March 15,
the Union began picketing outside the store. Rosemary Reder
was hired by Respondent as the natural living department man-
ager. After the picketing began, Reder asked Jennifer Griffin
who was at the time, Respondent’s assistant department man-
ager, “what is going on?” Griffin replied, “that is the union out
there. We are against the union. Dave Bernier specifically
does not like the union and if anyone asks questions about the
union, have them talk to Dave.” On another occasion, Griffin
told Reder that people from Food For Thought were not hired
by Respondent, because they were union people. Griffin added
that union people were not coming into the store because they
would start something going. Reder then asked Griffin “why is
Kristin (Coppola) here?” The record does not reflect Griffin’s
answer.12
After this conversation, Reder asked Coppola how she had
gotten hired since she was from Food For Thought and that she
(Reder) had heard that Respondent was not hiring Food For
Thought people, Coppola replied that Respondent hired her
because she voted against the Union and was against the Union.
Reder further testified that in early April, she was sitting in
the department manager’s office with Adam Schwartz, grocery
manager, and Marshall Lovell, food service manager, Reed and
Bernier. She asserts that either Bernier or Reed said that Re-
spondent did not want “moles” in the store, and “that they did
not want moles from Food For Thought to come over to our
store and start up union proceedings.” She claims that she then
asked Schwartz “what is a mole?” He replied, “that a mole is
somebody for the Food For Thought who would get people to
join the union and that Respondent should look out for people
who were moles.”13
All of the management representatives allegedly present, es-
sentially denied Reder’s testimony about the conversation con-
cerning moles. However, Reed admitted that he knew that a
“mole” is someone who will come in and try to organize the
store on behalf of the Union.

12 The above findings are based on the credited testimony of Reder.
Griffin did not deny most of Reder’s testimony, and denied only that
she ever told Reder what Bernier thought about the union. She did not
deny telling Reder that people from Food For Thought were not hired
because they were union people.
13 On subsequent examination, Reder was not certain which man-
agement official made the initial statement about moles or which one
responded to her question about moles.
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 725
I shall credit Reder’s testimony with regard to these com-
ments made by representatives of Respondent concerning
“moles” and Respondent’s aversion to having such people in
the store. I am cognizant of the fact that Reder was uncertain
as to which management representative made the initial com-
ment to her about moles, and which one answered her question
about what moles are. However, I nonetheless find her testi-
mony credible, because such testimony is not likely to have
been made up or fabricated and it has “the ring of truth” to it.
In my view, the uncertainty expressed by Reder as to which
management representatives made the statements to her, does
not sufficiently detract from her credibility, and in some ways
adds to it. Thus, if Reder was simply making up these conver-
sations, as Respondent appears to contend, she would likely
have been more certain as to who made the offending state-
ments. I believe that it is reasonable that where four manage-
ment representatives were present, Reder might not be certain
as to which one said what, but could be sure as to what was said
to her. I therefore conclude that one of the management repre-
sentatives present made the statements to her as she testified.
Respondent called Williams, Bernier, Perry, and Reed to tes-
tify concerning Respondent’s decision not to hire Food For
Thought employees, and its hiring procedures for the new store.
In that regard, Perry was in direct charge of the staffing, and
along with Bernier and Reed recruited, interviewed, and hired
the staff. They placed ads in local newspapers, on the internet,
and held a job fair at the store. Perry and Reed testified that
they also recruited employees from local grocery stores, which
involved visiting stores, observing employees and offering
promising employees the opportunity to apply. Additionally,
Reed was formerly employed at Shaw’s Supermarket, so he
testified that he contacted some employees whom he knew and
tried to persuade them to fill out an application for Respondent.
Perry and Reed recruited at several other stores in addition to
Shaw’s, such as Grand Union and Shop and Stop. According to
Bernier, who at one time worked at all of these stores, the em-
ployees there are represented by Local 371. Bernier further
testified that as a result of the above-described recruitment
process, Respondent hired 20–25 employees from these three
union stores.14
Admittedly, Respondent did not recruit at Food For Thought
as Perry testified that she was informed by Williams by phone
in late December 2000, that she was not to hire currently em-
ployed people from Food For Thought. According to Perry,
Williams did not give her reason for this instruction at the time,
and made no mention of the no-raid agreement.
Perry further asserts that sometime in late January 2001, she
had another conversation with Williams. She states that she
informed Williams that she was having some trouble staffing
the store, due to low unemployment and the difficulty of at-
tracting hourly employees. She added that Respondent was
spending a lot of money advertising and would have to turn up

14 However, neither Bernier, Perry, nor Reed provided any names of
any of the employees hired from these stores. Moreover, Respondent
did not introduce any job applications or any other documentary evi-
dence to establish that it hired 20–25 employees from these unionized
stores.
the heat. At some point during this conversation, Perry claims
that Williams informed her that when Food For Thought was
sold, there was a “no raid clause” in the contract, that prohib-
ited Respondent from hiring Food For Thought employees.
Both Bernier and Reed were informed by Perry that they could
not hire current or active Food For Thought employees, but
were not told the reason for this decision. Neither Bernier,
Perry, nor Reed were told anything about a 6-month limitation
in the contract for the hiring of Food For Thought employees.
In carrying out these instructions from Williams, the man-
agement representatives testified that they accepted applica-
tions from everyone who came in to apply, but placed all appli-
cation from current employees of Food For Thought in a “no”
pile, along with other rejected applications, someone who came
in to apply while intoxicated. This procedure was also fol-
lowed with respect to current managers or supervisors from
Food For Thought. Respondent kept all the applications on
file, and if an employee left Food For Thought, they could be
hired. In that regard, Bernier testified that Coppola was hired
in March, after she quit Food For Thought , and contacted Re-
spondent. Her original application was utilized and she was
hired.
Respondent’s primary witness with respect to the decision
not to hire Food For Thought employees was Williams, whose
testimony is for the most part consistent with that of Perry. He
asserts that he was not involved in Respondent’s decision to
open the store in apparent contravention of the agreement, but
was informed by Respondent’s general counsel, Freya Brier, in
late November 2000, that the store would be opening and
would need to be staffed, which would be Williams’ responsi-
bility at that time. According to Williams, Brier showed him a
copy of the purchase agreement, which included the noncom-
petition and the no-hire clauses. Williams asserts that Brier
informed him that because of the no-hire agreement, Respon-
dent was not allowed to hire current management or hourly
employees from Food For Thought employees. In any event,
Williams although admitting that he noticed the no-raid clause
had a 6-month limitation, asserts that this subject was not dis-
cussed with or mentioned by Brier in the late November con-
versation. Williams further testified that sometime in Decem-
ber, he telephoned Perry and informed her that Respondent was
planning to open the Westport store, and due to a contractual
agreement, Respondent was not allowed to hire any active or
current Food For Thought employees.15
In any event, Williams although admitting that he noticed the
no-raid clause had a 6-month limitation, asserts that this subject
was not discussed with or mentioned by Brier in their late No-
vember conversation. Williams further testified that sometime
in December, he telephoned Perry and informed her that Re-
spondent was planning to open the Westport store, and due to a

15 This testimony was elicited on questioning from me. In prior
cross-examination, he testified that he merely interpreted the agreement
to mean that Respondent could not hire current Food For Thought
employees, but that Brier did not discuss this issue with him.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD726
contractual agreement, Respondent was not allowed to hire any
active or current Food For Thought employees.16
Williams testified further that sometime in January 2001, he
was informed by Brier of a conversation between Brier and
Gordon Clapp, the chief executive of Grange, the purchaser of
the Food For Thought store. His testimony with respect to this
conversation changed somewhat during the course of his testi-
mony. On direct examination, Williams testified that Brier
informed him that Grange was intending to sue Respondent for
violation of the noncompete clause, and that in connection with
her discussion with Clapp about the suit, she reached a verbal
agreement with him to extend and continue the no-hiring
agreement.
On cross-examination, Williams testified that during this
conversation, Brier told him that Respondent was probably in
violation of the noncompete agreement by opening the store,
and that Clapp was “pissed” about such an action. Williams
then backtracked from his earlier testimony that he was told of
an “agreement” to extend the no-hiring clause between Clapp
and Brier, and asserted that he “imagined” that there was such
an agreement, since Brier directed him to continue the no-hire
clause, and that subsequently (after March 16) he received a
letter confirming such an agreement.
Upon examination by me, Williams testified further about
the conversation with Brier in January 2001. He asserted that
Brier told him that Clapp was “pissed” about Respondent open-
ing the store, and was going to sue Respondent for violation of
the noncompete agreement, and that Respondent needed to
continue not to hire any Food For Thought employees. Accord-
ing to Williams, there was no discussion about a 6-month limi-
tation of the no-hire agreement, or about an extension of such
agreement. He conceded that he was aware of the 6-month
limitation, and knew it could be a problem or an issue, but as-
serts that he did not discuss it with Brier. He also admits that
Brier’s instructions to him in January 2001, was essentially the
same as it was in November 2000, i.e., do not hire current Food
For Thought employees. Williams adds that he didn’t recall if
he called Perry in January to reiterate this instruction, since this
instruction to her was the same as it had been before, and did
not change.17
According to Williams, he received no further word about
any agreement to extend the no-hire agreement until after
March 16, when Brier handed him a copy of a letter from Clapp
to Brier dated March 16, allegedly documenting a “recent”
conversation between Clapp and Brier. The letter reads as fol-
lows:
Freya Brier
Wild Oats
3375 Mitchell Lane
Boulder, CO 80302

16 As noted above, although Perry recalls the conversation with Wil-
liams and the instruction not to hire current Food For Thought employ-
ees, she asserts that Williams did not mention any contractual or no-
hire agreement at that time.
17 As noted, Perry asserted that Williams did call her in January, and
for the first time told her that she should not hire current Food For
Thought employees because of the no-hire agreement with Grange.
March 16, 2001
Dear Freya,
It is my understanding from our recent phone conver-
sation that Wild Oats will honor its commitment to not
hire any of our Food For Thought staff members in an ef-
fort to try to settle the breach of our non compete (and im-
plied no hire) agreement. As I indicated to you I feel that
by hiring our staff members Wild Oats is just exacerbating
the amount of damages caused by your breach of the non
compete.
Please call me if this is not your understanding of our
conversation at 720–890–1555.
Sincerely,
Mark R. Clapp
There is no dispute that by March 16, Respondent had hired
substantially all of its staff for the Westport store. The record
also revealed that on February 16, 2001, Grange filed an Appli-
cation for a Preliminary Injunction in the District Court of
Connecticut, alleging that the opening of the Westport store by
Respondent is in violation of the noncompetition agreement,
and that the court enter an injunction enjoining Respondent
from opening and operating a store within a 2-mile radius of
Grange’s store in Norwalk. The record does not reflect the
disposition of this action, other than that Respondent opened
the Westport store on March 15 as scheduled and has continued
to operate the store ever since. Brier did not testify on behalf of
Respondent, and Respondent did not assert that she was un-
available or provide any explanation for why it did not call her
as a witness.
Respondent also did not call Gilliland as a witness, or any
other official or representative to testify about its decision to
open the store in Westport, notwithstanding the noncompete
clause, or why it decided to comply with the no-hire clause in
the agreement instead.
B. The Termination of Diane Lane
As related above, Respondent opened its Westport store for
business on March 15. On that day the Union began to picket
in front of Respondent’s store, with signs urging customers not
to shop at Wild Oats and that Wild Oats was unfair.18
Diane Lane was hired by Respondent on April 12 as a full-
time clerk in the natural living department. Her job consisted
of helping customers pick out vitamins, selling them vitamins,
and stocking shelves. Initially she worked 40 hours per week
for Respondent, primarily in the afternoons. Her supervisors
were Reder and Griffin.
On April 28, Reder informed Lane that due to financial prob-
lems in the department, her hours were being cut to 25. This
decision upset Lane, so she decided to send a letter to Respon-
dent’s CEO Gilliland and his wife (also an official of Respon-
dent) Libby Cook. She had noted in the employee manual an
indication that Gilliland and Cook would be accessible to direct

18 The Union had filed its first charge in this proceeding on February
15.
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 727
communication from employees.19 In the letter, Lane com-
plained about her hours being reduced, as well as her dissatis-
faction with Respondent’s inventory system, and her sugges-
tions for improvements. She also asked if there were other
departments where she could pick up the extra 15 hours.
In early May, Lane was approached by Perry, who had re-
ceived a copy of the letter from Respondent’s corporate office.
Perry informed Lane that she wished to meet with Lane to dis-
cuss the letter, and asked Lane to e-mail Perry her schedule.
Lane complied with this request on or about May 4. However,
the meeting between Perry and Lane never took place.
On April 30, a customer came into the store. Lane ap-
proached him and asked if he needed some help. The Union
was still picketing outside and the customer asked her “what
was going on?” Lane replied: “that she has her own issues with
the Respondent, but the Union was picketing and “I might join
them.” The customer asked what her issues were. Lane an-
swered: “that she had some employment related issues that she
was trying to work through, and the place was a mess.” The
customer added that she should talk to the Union. Lane re-
sponded: “that or get a lawyer.” The customer then left without
making a purchase or needing any help.20
During the next week, Griffin testified that she informed
both Reed and Bernier about the conversation between Lane
and the customer that she overheard. Her version of the con-
versation was that Lane informed the customer that the store
was disorganized and a mess, and that the customer then asked
what was going on with the Union? Lane replied: “that the
Union was picketing Respondent” and “I might join them.”
According to Griffin, she considered that Lane was “bad
mouthing” the store in this conversation, and that she reported
it to Reed and Bernier from “start to finish.” Griffin did not
testify what if anything Bernier or Reed responded to her at that
time.
On or about May 1, Griffin called Reder at home on her cell
phone. Griffin seemed very excited. She informed Reder, “we
finally have a way to get rid of Diane Lane.21 She was talking
to the Union head.” Reder replied: “oh really.” Griffin then
stated, “wait until Dave (Bernier) hears this, he is going to blow
his top.” The next day, Reder came into the store, and told both
Cota and Reed what Griffin had reported to her about Lane
speaking to the Union. Cota instructed Reder to make up a list
of all the problems with Reder so they could give it to Dave
when he comes back.22
Reder complied with this instruction, and made up a list de-
tailing problems with Lane’s performance. The list includes
comments that employees have complained about Lane’s

19 The manual states that “we have an open communication policy
and encourage you to express your needs and ideas to us and your
managers.”
20 The above description of this conversation is based on a compila-
tion of the credible portions of the testimony of Lane and Jennifer
Griffin, who admitted that she overheard the discussion between Lane
and the customer.
21 Griffin had previously made complaints to Reder about problems
with Lane, such as Lane bossing other employees around and making
complaints about the department.
22 Bernier was out on vacation or sick at the time.
bossiness, being rude to customers, and complaining about the
store and management. It reflects that Barbara (Concierge)
informed Reder that Lane had mishandled a guest which caused
the guest to leave furious, as well as references to Lane’s late-
ness on April 21, 27, and 30. The list also contains the follow-
ing remark, “Jennifer told me the other night Diane had told her
she had been talking to the head of the Union.” Reder then
gave the list either to Bernier or to Perry. Reder informed Perry
that Lane had been talking to the Union and probably had been
causing problems. Perry replied that Lane had already con-
tacted her, and she was going to speak to Lane. Reder was also
informed that Reed had instructed Barbara Amodio, concierge,
to prepare a memo about her complaints about Lane. Amodio
gave Reder a copy of a memo that she prepared, dated May 2 to
Reed. The memo details her complaints about Lane, more
specifically Lane’s constant complaints about management and
how the department was being run.23
On May 8, which was Bernier’s first day back to work after
his vacation, Lane was summoned to Bernier’s office. Present
was Bernier, Reder, Reed, and Griffin. Bernier began the con-
versation by stating that he understood that Lane was not happy
at work and had written to the president of the company. He
asked, “why she had done that?” Lane replied: “that she had
read the employees manual and tried to speak to other manag-
ers, but her hours were cut, and the manual stated that if she
had a problem, the CEO wanted to know about it, so she wrote
to them.” Bernier exclaimed, “that is unacceptable,” and criti-
cized Lane for not following the chain of command. He ex-
plained to her that the chain of command requires her to talk to
Griffin then Reder, then Reed, then to Bernier, and if Bernier is
not there, to Jim Ware. Lane responded “that she was unaware
that there was a chain of command, and added that she had
spoken to other managers about her problems and they would
not listen.
Bernier then informed Lane that Respondent had received
customer complaints about her. Lane replied that she had no
knowledge of such complaints, and that she got along well with
her co-workers.”
Bernier then informed Lane that “I’ve heard that you’ve been
talking to the Union and that you’ve joined the Union?” Lane
responded that Bernier’s allegations were “bizarre” and sheer
fabrication, and denied that she spoke to anyone from the Un-
ion, or joined the Union. Griffin then spoke up and said, “I
heard you, I was standing right there when you were talking to
a customer about the Union.” Lane responded that she wasn’t
talking to the customer about the Union, but the customer was
asking some questions, and she told him that she was having
problems with the store. Bernier commented that he had heard
that she had been talking to the head of the Union, had joined
the Union, and asked why she had done that? Lane repeated

23 Although Reed denies ever asking Amodio to prepare such a
memo or ever seeing it, I do not credit his testimony in this regard. I
credit Reder’s testimony that Amodio gave her a copy of the memo that
she submitted to Reed. I note that Respondent did call Amodio to deny
that she prepared the memo to Reed which appears authentic on its
face.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD728
that she hadn’t joined the Union and that she did not want to
lose her job.
Bernier concluded the conversation by stating that since she
had been talking to the Union “maybe we should just part ways
here,” and “this is your last day.” He then asked Reder and
Lane to escort Lane to her locker and to the door.24
Bernier testified that he made the decision to discharge Lane
because of the numerous complaints that he had received about
Lane’s performance, more specifically about poor customer
service, her inability to get along with other employees and
supervisors as well as her very short length of service. The
termination form that Bernier prepared indicated that Lane was
terminated for unsatisfactory performance, and that she had
shown “a bad attitude and poor customer service to both cus-
tomers and staff members. She has shown complete disregard
for management directives.” Bernier asserts that he received
complaints about Lane from her supervisors, Reder and Griffin,
as well as a complaint from Jim Ware (Bernier’s supervisor)
and from Barbara Amodio, the concierge.
As for Reder, Bernier contends that Reder in addition to
making specific complaints to Bernier about Lane, stated to
Bernier on more than one occasion that she couldn’t work with
Lane and that Lane had no potential. He added that Reder said
that to him on the day before the discharge, and that on the day
of the termination, he called Reder and Griffin into the office
before calling in Lane, informed them of his discharge decision
and that Reder replied “I agree.” He also testified that Reder on
that day repeated her statement that she can’t work with Lane,
and that Bernier told her, “we’re going to let her go today.”
Reder unequivocally denied that she ever told Bernier that
she couldn’t work with Lane or that she ever had any discus-
sion with Bernier about Lane’s discharge. I credit Reder’s tes-
timony in this regard, as I found her to be a more credible wit-
ness than Bernier, who as noted above was contradicted in sev-
eral areas by Griffin, Respondent’s own witness. Indeed, even
as to this issue, Griffin’s testimony was not consistent with
Bernier. Thus, according to Griffin, Bernier called Reder and
Griffin into his office before Lane was summoned. He merely
informed them of his decision to terminate Lane. Griffin as-
serts that Bernier did not ask either Griffin or Reder their opin-
ion or further input concerning this decision. Significantly, and
again contrary to Bernier’s testimony, Griffin states that neither
she nor Reder said anything about Bernier’s decision to termi-
nate Lane. Thus, based on the above, I do not credit Bernier’s
testimony, that Reder said that she couldn’t work with Lane or
that she agreed with his discharge decision.

24 My findings with respect to the events of this meeting is based on
a compilation of the credible portions of the testimony of Reder and
Lane which are essentially consistent in most respects. I do not credit
the testimony of Griffin and Bernier that the subject of the Union was
not even mentioned during the meeting. I note however, that although
Griffin corroborated Bernier on this point, she contradicted Bernier’s
testimony as to his knowledge of the fact that the Union was discussed
by Lane and the customer in the conversation that Griffin overheard
and that Griffin reported this fact to Bernier. Additionally, Griffin
contradicted Bernier as to his denial that the chain of command was
mentioned during the meeting. Thus, Bernier’s testimony is inconsis-
tent with that of Griffin in two significant areas.
However, Reder conceded, and the record discloses that Re-
der was not satisfied with Lane’s performance, and had re-
ceived several complaints about Lane from other employees,
from Griffin and from Amodio, and relayed at least some of
these complaints to Bernier. Indeed, as noted above, and as
pointed out by Respondent in its brief, the memo that Reder
prepared at the request of Respondent, detailed a number of
complaints about Lane’s performance, including rudeness to
customers, bossiness, and Lane’s propensity to criticize man-
agement. Reder also conceded that she was upset with Lane for
her criticism of management, and she spoke to Lane about
some of her criticisms and told her that “we already have this
policy.” However Lane would insist that, “we need to make
changes,” and Reder would reply that “we are working on it,”
and adds that she was trying to be diplomatic. Reder also con-
ceded that she reported to Reed and or Cota of complaints made
by Griffin and others about Lane, that Lane was bossing people
around and the employees didn’t like it. However, neither
Reed nor Cota made any reply to her nor asked her to do any-
thing about these problems, until after the Union conversation
overheard by Griffin, when Cota asked her for a list of Lane’s
problems. Reder asserts that she did not see the problems with
Lane as “real serious,” or “pressing,” and that she had planned
on having a staff meeting to go over some of these issues.
Griffin confirmed that she had witnessed or been told about
several instances of problems with Lane’s performance, includ-
ing rudeness to customers, badmouthing the company, and that
she passed on these complaints to Reder, Bernier, and Reed.
Jim Ware, Respondent’s Regional Director testified to an in-
cident that he observed and reported to Bernier. He observed
Lane working in the aisle, while there were customers not being
approached. He asked Lane to walk around and interact with
customers. He didn’t recall what Lane said or even if she com-
plied with his instructions, although he assumed that she did.
However, an hour later, he again observed Lane working in one
aisle, while customers were not being attended to. He said to
Lane that she should please interact with customers, and re-
minded her that he had asked Lane to do that before. Once
more Lane did not respond to Ware, but he didn’t recall if she
complied with instructions, but testified that “she probably
did.” Later on that day he reported to Bernier that an employee
who he pointed to Bernier was not helping customers. Bernier
replied, “that the employee was new and he would “take care of
it.”
Bernier, as well as several other of Respondent’s witnesses,
admitted that Respondent utilizes a progressive disciplinary
policy, which is meant to correct employee behavior, and that
generally verbal and written warnings are documented and are
part of the progressive disciplinary system. It is undisputed that
no such documented verbal or written warnings appeared in
Lane’s file.
Bernier on his direct testimony attempted to explain why he
did not utilize Respondent’s progressive disciplinary system of
verbal or written warnings before discharging Lane. He re-
sponded, “She was in her first week with us. We saw a pattern
developing. You know, I like to give people the benefit of the
doubt and see if things, possibly will pan out. On the third
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 729
week—I had already been up to my ears in complaints. I de-
cided that it would be best that we went on separate ways.”
On cross-examination, Bernier was asked why he didn’t ask
supervisors who allegedly made oral complaints to him about
Lane, whether they had documented the warnings. He replied,
“I had a grand opening going on. I was extremely busy and I
avoided it.”
The General Counsel introduced a number of written warn-
ings, suspensions, and other disciplinary documents that Re-
spondent has issued to various employees, reflecting Respon-
dent’s use of the progressive disciplinary procedures concern-
ing various types of conduct, such as attendance, lateness,
shortages, rudeness to customers and other employees, insubor-
dination, profanity to work supervisors, and other violations of
Respondent’s rules.
One example is employee Greg Bayliss, who was hired by
Respondent on March 14. On May 10, he was issued a written
warning for insubordination and failure to follow rules, wherein
he was warned of his “lackadaisical attitude” will not be toler-
ated, and that he must do what his supervisors asked, and if not
“it will be documented and could lead to termination.”
On June 24, Bayliss was given another written warning for
lateness and poor performance, and again warned that further
violations will result in further documentation up to termina-
tion. On June 27, 2001, he received a third written warning, for
lateness, where he was warned that further violations will result
in termination. Bayliss was never terminated, but resigned on
July 2.
On May 24, Gloria Canceli, a cashier received a written
warning for violation of company rules (abandonment). The
warning reflects that she informed her supervisor that she had
two altercations with guests and that she could no longer work
that night and was leaving. She had no permission to leave.
Her file also included a copy of a complaint filed by a cus-
tomer, which was dated March 23, that apparently reflected one
of the confrontations that Canceli had with a guest. The com-
plaint indicated that Canceli rang up products wrong, and that
the customer pointed this out to her, as well as asking Canceli
not to put can products in with bananas. Canceli then walked
away from the counter, forcing the customer to bag the rest of
the order. The customer observed, “I have never been served
like this.” Nevertheless, Canceli was not terminated at the
time, but given a written warning reflecting that further viola-
tions will result in termination. She was terminated on May 27,
when she called out at the 10 p.m. shift.
Also, employee William Hampton received these written
warnings for attendance problems from May 23 to June 25. He
was finally terminated on June 28 with the statement that he
was written up three times for attendance violations.
Further, Jennifer Bowles was issued a written warning on
June 14 and 15 for shortages in cash, and these warnings re-
flected Bowles will be spoken to and further violations will
result in termination. She also received a verbal warning, but
documented in writing on June 14 for four instances of no show
or lateness between June 4 and June 14.
In June, Bowles was working in the natural living depart-
ment. A written warning was issued to her by Griffin and
signed by Reed as well on June 25. This warning reflects that
on June 21, Bowles called in 2 minutes before her shift started,
and there was no coverage until Griffin herself arrived at 9:30
a.m. The warning reflects that Bowles had been written up and
verbally warned about excessive lateness and no shows, and the
most recent incident will result in suspensions leading to possi-
ble termination.
Also on June 25, Bowles received another written warning
concerning her conduct on June 24 of failing to show up or call.
The memo reflects once again that Bowles had been written up
for no-call/no-show previously as well as excessive absences,
and that she was advised that if this happens again she will be
suspended leading to possible termination. Bowles resigned on
August 22 to move to Massachusetts.
The record also reflects that Respondent hired Anita Gilmore
on April 5. On April 24, she received a verbal counseling from
her manager which was documented in writing, for failure to
complete demo reports and failure to clean up before leaving.
The memo reflects that this was the second time she was spo-
ken to about the matter. On May 2, Gilmore received another
verbal counseling, which was documented on May 3. The
memo reflects that the manager warned her about incomplete
memo reports and talking to her cousin. The manager informed
Gilmore that this was the last verbal counsel warning she would
receive, and next time, it would be a written warning which
could lead to a termination.
Nonetheless, on May 6, Gilmore called in sick, 20 minutes
before the shift began, although Respondent requires calls 1
hour before start time. She was given another verbal warning
on May 10, which also included a complaint about incomplete
demo reports “even though she had two verbal counseling ses-
sions on April 24 and May 3.” The form made no reference to
what action would be taken for future violations. On June 18,
Respondent issued Gilmore a written warning, reflecting that
on June 17, she got upset with a fellow worker and began to
“raise her voice to a level that was completely inappropriate to
the sales floor.” This warning, signed by Reed, indicates that
further violations will result in termination.
Nonetheless, her file reflects another memo dated June 20,
from the manager which apparently did not result in a written
warning, which details that Gilmore was again late in turning in
demo reports on June 16–18, and that she promised to complete
the reports and hand them in by June 20. However, she did not
hand in the reports to the manager as promised on June 20, and
the manager observed in the memo, “it seems she will do only
what she wants to do when she wants to do it without regard to
her job responsibilities.” On June 27, the same manager again
wrote a memo detailing another counseling session with Gil-
more on June 26, wherein he spoke to her about being late,
leaving early, and the failure to properly complete demo re-
ports. The memo reflects that Gilmore became upset and raised
her voice to the manager, which convinced him that further
discussion was futile.
Still, no disciplinary action was taken against Gilmore. Fi-
nally, on July 12, the manager approached Reed in regards to
Gilmore not following through with assigned tasks. Gilmore
was called into Reed’s office along with the manager. After
Reed raised the manager’s concerns with Gilmore, she raised
her voice and began to yell. Reed cautioned her to lower her
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD730
voice as they were talking. Reed raised the issue of Gilmore
speaking to associates throughout the store about employees
and management in a negative way. Reed told Gilmore that
associates had approached him and told him they were uncom-
fortable with some derogatory comments that she made towards
them. Gilmore denied the accusations, and Reed said she was
not telling the truth. Gilmore accused Reed of calling her a liar
and stormed out of the office. She returned a minute later and
said she was “quitting.”
Respondent hired Toya Diaz on April 15. On April 26, she
received a verbal warning, documented and signed by her,
which reflects that she was late by an hour for the second time
in a week, without a phone call. The form indicates that further
violations will result in suspension. On May 17, she received a
written warning for no-call, no-show, and excessive lateness,
and was warned that further violations will result in termina-
tion. Nonetheless, on June 22, Diaz was 6 hours and 45 min-
utes late and did not call. She received only another written
warning. On June 28, Diaz punched out without authorization
or speaking to anyone. She again received a written warning
for this conduct signed by Reed.
On September 20, Margaret Krynick was issued a warning
“for speaking to co-workers in an unbecoming behavior that is
unacceptable to company policy. She yelled and caused a
scene that disrupted the departments work progress.” This
form reflects that further violations will result in suspensions
pending termination.
Finally, Monehm Pierre received no disciplinary action for
failing to be “proactive in customer relations,” and for “letting
the customer make the first contact,” but the matter was dealt
with by the manager in Pierre’s performance appraisal.
C. The Reduction of Hours of Rosemary Reder
On August 15, the Region issued a complaint in Case 34–
CA–9586, alleging that Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1)
and (3) of the Act by refusing to consider and hire any em-
ployee employed by Food For Thought, and refusing to con-
sider and hire eight individuals because said individuals joined
and assisted the Union. The complaint also alleged that Re-
spondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act, by the actions of
Bernier on March 13, of implementing a rule prohibiting em-
ployees from engaging in union or concerted activities in non-
work areas on nonworktimes and threatened employees with
discharge if they engaged in union or other protected concerted
activities in nonwork areas on nonworktime.
On August 23 the “Westport Minuteman,” a local newspa-
per, printed an article entitled “Union charges Wild Oats with
unfair labor practices.” The article referred to the complaint
issued by the National Labor Relations Board, as detailed
above, and quoted the Acting Regional Director of the Region
asserting that the Agency had determined that Bernier had is-
sued an illegal antiunion rule and had ordered workers not to
engage in union-related activities during breaks, or in places
where store work was not covered. Additionally, the Acting
Regional Director reading from the complaint said that Bernier
had “threatened employees with discharge if they engaged in
Union or other protected activities.” The article further reflects
that Bernier could not be reached for comment.
The article also detailed the refusal to hire allegations, and
included information about the previous complaint issued by
the Board, which at the time had not been decided by the ad-
ministrative law judge. Finally, the article included various
quotes from Brian Petronella the president of the Union, includ-
ing accusations about Respondent’s antiunion sentiments, such
as an allegation that “the store manager, when the store was
opened up, told the people at a meeting, anyone here goes out,
and talks to those Union people picketing, will be fired.”
On August 24, the Westport News, another local paper pub-
lished a similar article, which details the allegations of the
complaint, as well as several comments from Petronella, in-
cluding an accusation that employees were told when union
employees had a picket line in front of Respondent, that if any-
one talked to “any of the union people, they would be fired.”
The Union subsequently prepared a flyer which it distributed
to customers while it continued to picket in front of Respon-
dent’s premises. The flyer mentions the “Westport News”
article of August 24, and the Union chose its own headline.”
“Wild Oats Attempts to pull a fast one on Workers.” The flyer
states that the acting director of the National Labor Relations
Board issued a complaint on August 25 against Respondent,
alleging that its supervisors have threatened employees with
discharge if they engaged in union or protected concerted ac-
tivities in nonwork areas on nonworktime, and that Respondent
refused employment to eight named individuals. The flyer
urges consumers to call or write the CEO of Respondent to let
him know that he should hire these workers and respect their
right to join a Union without threats of discharge, and that until
Respondent hires these employees, you will not shop at Re-
spondent’s Westport store.
Rosemary Reder, who as detailed above was Respondent’s
natural living department manager when first hired, voluntarily
stepped down as manager in June. She then became a natural
living department clerk, and Griffin who had been Reder’s
assistant manager, became the manager. At that time, Coppola
replaced Griffin as assistant manager. When Reder stepped
down as manager and became a clerk, she requested of Griffin
that she work 30 hours. However, Griffin initially assigned her
only 22 or 22.5 hours for the first month. For the first week of
July, Reder received 14.5 hours, but it was then back to 22.5 for
the next 2 weeks. For the week of July 15 to 22, she received
20 hours, and for the next 2 weeks, she was scheduled for only
16 hours. During this period the schedule was for the most part
a set schedule. She worked Monday’s from 1–8, Wednesday’s
from 8–5, and Friday’s from 8–4:30 p.m. When her hours were
reduced to 16 for the weeks of July 22–29, and August 5 to 11,
her Wednesday hours were cut to 11–5 from 8–5, and her Fri-
day hours were changed to 8–12:30 from 8–4:30.
Coppola replaced Griffin as manager in the first week of
August, when Griffin was transferred to Colorado. On or about
August 10, Reder spoke to Coppola about receiving more
hours, and asked for 30 hours. Coppola replied that she would
have to check with Reed, but that she would try to accommo-
date Reder. In fact, Coppola was able to partially accommo-
date Reder’s request, and for the week beginning August 12 her
hours were restored to 22, although they were somewhat differ-
ent than her prior schedule. They were 12:30–6 on Monday, 8–
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 731
1 on Tuesday, 11:30–5 on Wednesday, and 8–1 on Thursday.
Her schedule was identical for the next 3 weeks, including the
week of August 26 through September 1.
On August 28, Coppola conducted a meeting of the depart-
ment in her office. Present were Coppola, Reder, and clerks
Marianne Magner and Bridget Steele. During the course of the
meeting, while Coppola was discussing department procedures
and uniforms, Magner chimed in that when she worked at
Grand Union, the employees had to wear white shirts and bow
ties, and added that it was the Union that told them what to
wear. Magner then stated that the union “sucked” and were a
bunch of liars. Magner at that point referred to the newspaper
article that accused Bernier of threatening employees that if
they talk about the Union they will get fired. Magner said that
this was not true. Reder then responded by asking how Magner
knew it was not true? Magner answered that Bernier hadn’t
said anything like what was in the paper. Reder replied that “I
was there when he fired Diane Lane, and Bernier spoke to Lane
about talking to the Union, and that he fired her during that
conversation.” Thus Reder asserted, “to me that looks like she
was fired for talking to the Union.”
Coppola then opined that this was not true. Reder answered,
“I am not lying I know what I heard.” Coppola then stated
“that the Union is not good, and when she worked at Food For
Thought, the Union came in and they cut everyone’s hours.”
Coppola added that she had voted against the Union. Reder at
that point asked Magner “why she signed a Union card at
Grand Union and worked there for 9 years if the union was so
bad?” Magner responded that the Union forced her to sign a
card. Reder commented that if she did not like the Union, she
would have found another job and not worked there for 9 years.
Magner became annoyed, and stormed out of the meeting.
Coppola then continued the meeting and added that the Un-
ion was not good and Respondent did not want one there, and
all they do is just collect dues.
After the meeting ended, Reder went to the front of the store,
and saw Coppola talking to the reporter from the “Westport
Minuteman.” She was holding a copy of a document entitled
“Would you sign a blank check?”25 Reder overheard Coppola
tell the reporter that she had only given this paper to one em-
ployee. The reporter asked, “if she had given it to anyone else
in the store?” Coppola replied, “no, just one person.” When
Coppola walked away, Reder approached the reporter and in-
formed him that Coppola had lied to him, since she (Reder) had
also received one of these documents. Reder added that she
couldn’t talk to the reporter, because if anyone hears her talking
to the reporter about the document, she will probably be repri-
manded or fired. Reder at that point noticed Magner waking
fast towards Bernier’s office.
Coppola testified that after the meeting, she immediately
went into Bernier’s office and informed him about an exchange
of words between Magner and Reder about the newspaper arti-
cle written about Bernier. At that point, Magner knocked on

25 This document is a photocopy of the union authorization card,
with various antiunion comments appearing thereon such as in collec-
tive bargaining you could lose what you have now, and how well do
you know the people who work for the Union.
the door. She came in and informed Bernier “her side of the
story,” and that the article written about him wasn’t true but
that Reder had said it was true. Bernier informed Magner that
she should not be “bringing outside article stuff” into depart-
ment meetings, and that he would appreciate it, if she would not
“bring up any issues regarding anything that has to do with
outside the store.”
Reder was then immediately summoned in to Bernier’s of-
fice. Coppola was also present, but she said nothing. Bernier
began the meeting by criticizing Reder for “defaming” him, and
lying about him. He then asked her “why she was talking to a
reporter?” Reder replied, “that Coppola had said something to
the reporter that was not true and that she wanted him to know
the truth.”
Bernier continued to insist that Reder had lied about him in
front of other employees. Reder replied, “that she did not say
anything that wasn’t true, and if he was talking about Diane
Lane, Reder was in the office when you said to her ‘you were
talking to the Union. You need to leave. You are basically
fired’.” Bernier then asked Reder if she took notes at this meet-
ing. Reder answered, “no.” Bernier replied that “I did and I
have a witness.” Reder asserted that Lane was a witness.
Bernier then retorted, “why not call her up then?” Reder re-
sponded by asking Bernier why he’s so mad just because she
spoke about the Union at a meeting. Bernier responded, “you
are not supposed to talk about the Union on my time. You
talked about it. You defamed me.” Reder repeated that she
hadn’t lied about him and that she was telling the truth and she
was “sticking up for what I know to be true.”
Bernier then informed Reder that she was suspended for vio-
lating Respondent’s policy against defaming a staff member.
Reder then asked why she was being suspended when it was
Magner who brought up the subject of the Union and why is
she not being suspended? Reder then added that just because
people talk about the Union you get rid of them. Reder then
repeated that Bernier got rid of Lane because she wanted to talk
to the Union or someone overheard her.
At that point, Bernier stated, “maybe you are not sus-
pended,” and “I need to call Lindsay Perry.” He then called
Perry and handed the phone to Reder. Perry asked Reder why
she was telling lies about Bernier in front of other employees.
Reder replied that she did not tell any lies and had only told
what she knew had happened. Perry asked Reder what hap-
pened. Reder asked to meet with Perry and then agreed to meet
Thursday, August 30. Reder asked if she was suspended and
Perry replied that she wasn’t suspended. Reder then returned to
work.
On Thursday, August 30, Reder met with Perry. Perry
apologized for Bernier and informed her that Reder should
never have been suspended and assured her that she was not
suspended. Perry said that she was there to answer any union
questions if Reder had any. Reder responded that she had no
questions, but she thought that she should be able to at least
find out about the Union. Perry criticized her for calling
Bernier a liar in front of other employees. Reder responded
that she didn’t need people at meetings saying things that are
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD732
not true and that she knew to be true, and added that she was
just speaking her mind.26
On September 5, the Union filed a charge in Case 34–CA–
9824, alleging that Respondent by Bernier, threatened em-
ployee Reder with discharge because she engaged in union or
protected activities. The charge was served by FAX (and regu-
lar mail) on Respondent on September 10.
As related above, for 3 weeks ending August 26, Reder had a
set schedule of 22 hours. On or about August 27, Reder asked
Coppola for permission to take a week off from September 2
through 8. Coppola responded that it might be difficult, be-
cause someone else was already requesting half of that week
off, but she would see what she could do to accommodate Re-
der. Coppola was able to accommodate Reder and approved
her vacation for the week starting September 2. In this regard,
on or about August 1, Coppola issued a memo to the depart-
ment, reflecting that requests for time off are to be submitted 2
weeks in advance, and they are only requests and time off will
be granted on a first come first serve basis. Although Coppola
testified that she was annoyed that Reder had not followed this
procedure, she admits that she did mention to Reder when Re-
der requested the vacation, that Reder had been in violation of
this memo or that she failed to give 2 weeks notice.
Thus, for the week of September 2–8, Reder was listed as off
on the schedule. For the next week, September 9 through 15,
Reder was scheduled for 21 hours, Monday, 12:30–6, Tuesday,
Wednesday, and Thursday, from 8–1 p.m. While she was on
vacation, on or about September 7, she called Respondent and
asked Mary Roland to leave a message for Coppola that she
would not be in on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 11 and
12, and if there was a problem, Coppola should call Reder
back. Coppola did not call back.
On Saturday, September 8, Coppola had a conversation with
Reder’s mother, in the store.27 During this conversation, Re-
der’s mother informed (Reder’s mother is also employed by
Respondent) Coppola that her daughter has been very busy
because “she’s trying out a new job.”
On Monday, September 10, Reder reported to work and
worked her regularly scheduled shift of 12:30 to 6. On that
day, Reder apologized to Coppola for not being able to come to
work on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 11 and 12.
Coppola did not indicate to Reder that her absence on those
days created a problem for her, or that Reder should have spo-

26 My findings with respect to the events of August 28 through 30 is
based primarily on the believable testimony of Reder and to the extent
that her testimony differs from that of Coppola, Bernier, or Perry in
certain areas, for the most part I have credited Reder’s version of
events. However, I note that the significant aspects of her testimony is
not largely in dispute. Thus, even Respondent’s witnesses concede that
an argument between Magner and Reder occurred at a department
meeting concerning the Union and Bernier’s alleged threat to terminate
union supporters as set forth in a newspaper article. After this meeting,
it is also undisputed that she was called into Bernier’s office, where he
criticized her for “defaming” him, by supporting the allegation in the
article, and during the course of an argument between Reder and
Bernier over the truth of what Reder heard Bernier say vis-à-vis Lane,
Bernier mentioned suspending Reder.
27 Reder’s mother is also employed by Respondent.
ken to a manager directly, rather than leaving a message with
Roland about her absence. Reder then referred to the fact that
an employee named Kate was leaving, and indicated she would
be available for more hours if Respondent needed her. Coppola
asked when Reder would be available. Reder asked when Re-
spondent needed her, and she would see if she could arrange
her schedule at her other job to accommodate Respondent.28
Coppola informed Reder that she would have to speak to Reed.
Coppola later on in the day, handed Reder a “temporary sched-
ule” for the week of September 16 to 22. The schedule pro-
vided for 22 hours for Reder, including 4–8 on29 Sunday, 10–2
Monday, 8–1 on Tuesday and Thursday, and 10–2 on Wednes-
day. After reviewing this proposed schedule, Reder arranged
with her other job to cover the hours proposed by Coppola, on
Mondays through Thursdays, but did not wish to30 work on
Sundays. Therefore, Reder highlighted on the proposed sched-
ule the hours that she could work, and indicated on the schedule
that she had changed the schedule at her other job. She left the
schedule on Coppola’s desk on September 13 when she re-
ported for work.
When Coppola arrived, Reder informed Coppola that she had
changed her schedule and could work 4 of the 5 days requested.
Coppola replied that Reder’s proposed schedule “is not going to
work,” and she must work all 5 days or none of them. Reder
responded that she never works on Sundays and that Coppola
knew it. Reder added that Respondent needs someone to work
the Monday to Thursday hours, and asked why she couldn’t
work those days. Coppola answered that she didn’t know now,
and would let Reder know.
When Reder completed her shift about 1 p.m., she noticed a
copy of a new schedule on her desk. This schedule cut Reder’s
hours to 10. She was assigned hours only on Tuesday and
Thursdays from 8–1. Reder immediately confronted Coppola
and asked her “what is this? Ten hours. I thought you need
somebody all five days, I am willing to work four out of five.”
Coppola responded, “[T]his is all I need you for right now.”
Reder complained that Coppola was being unfair, that she (Re-
der) had given Coppola the hours that she wanted when Reder
was manager, and accused Coppola of doing this because she
was for the Union. Reder added, “[J]ust because you were not
for it, does not mean other people were not for it. Am I not
entitled to find out about it?” Reder also asserted that it was
Magner who brought up the subject of the Union at the meet-
ing, and again accused Coppola of being unfair. Coppola re-
plied that Reder would have to talk to Scott Reed about the
hours.
For the next week, September 23 through 29, Reder was
scheduled for 10 hours again, but this time on Wednesdays and
Thursday from 8–1. The schedule had not been posted on
Thursday, September 20, when Reder worked, so she tele-
phoned Coppola on the weekend and found out that she was
again scheduled for 10 hours, but on different days. This upset
Reder, since she had arranged her schedule at her other job to

28 Reder had another part-time job at a company called “Neon,”
Coppola admitted being aware of this other job.
29 By this time, Reed had replaced Bernier as store manager.
30 Reder had never worked on Sundays before.
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 733
accommodate the prior schedule. She phoned Coppola on
Monday, September 23. Reder complained to Coppola about
her schedule being changed again. Reder asked if these hours
were permanent and Coppola replied, “no,” that she would not
give Reder set or permanent hours. Reder told Coppola that
she knew that Reder had another job and asked why she could
not have set hours like everyone else in the department?
Coppola replied that she could not give her a set schedule.
Reder asserted that since she has another job, she cannot keep
switching hours and added that Coppola was “doing this be-
cause you want me to quit.” Coppola replied that she could not
give Reder a set schedule and that she would put her down on
the schedule, “when I need you.”
Scott Reed testified that on or about September 19, employee
Allison Trusty complained to him about being pressured to sign
a union card in the parking lot by Rosemary Reder. Reed in-
structed Trusty to prepare a memo of the incident and return it
to him. A memo was subsequently typed up by Respondent,
based on Trusty’s recounting of the events of September 19,
and Trusty signed the document dated September 19. The
memo details the fact that Reder urged Trusty to join the union
and talked about union benefits and the fact that Respondent
could fire or suspend her. Reder added that Trusty should not
be afraid to sign a card and she would be around again. The
memo also reflected that Reder asked another employee if he
signed a card and the employee replied that he had signed al-
ready. This memo was placed in Reder’s file.
Another memo in Reder’s file reflected a meeting with Re-
der, Coppola, and Reed on September 19. According to the
memo, as well as testimony of Coppola and Reed, Reder was
informed by Reed that several employees had complained to
Reed over the past couple of days that Reder was interfering
with their worktime. Reed told Reder, “I just want to remind
you that work time is for work.” The union was not mentioned
during this meeting. According to Reed, several employees had
previously complained to him that Reder had been bothering
them at or while they were returning from break, and trying to
get them to come into the natural living department to talk.
Reed asserts that he asked the employees what Reder was
“bothering” them about, but they did not want to get into it and
did not tell him. Reed further testified that he did not believe
that Reder was “bothering” those employees about the Union,
and as far as he was concerned, “it didn’t matter to me what she
was bothering them about.”
For the week of September 30 to October 6, Reder was
scheduled once more for 10 hours but once again on different
days (Monday and Thursday), Reder called the week before
and Coppola informed her of this schedule, and that it was
changed again. Reder replied, “I am tired of your little games
Kristin. I need a set schedule.” Reder said, “fine” and hung up.
Reder did not show up for work that week.
For the week of October 7 to 13, Reder was assigned 15
hours, Monday and Wednesday, 10–2, and Thursday 8–1. She
called Coppola and after being informed of these hours, told
Coppola that she was not going to come in unless she had a set
schedule.
The record does not reflect Reder’s schedule for the week of
October 14 to 20, but Reder did not come into work nor call.
For the week of October 21 to 27, she was assigned 15 hours,
Monday and Thursday, 8–1, and Wednesday, 10–2, but didn’t
come to work. In fact according to Reder, she never even
found out about this schedule, since “as far as I was concerned,
I was done.”
At one point in October, Reed spoke to her mother, and was
told that Reed had asked her “where is Rosie?” Her mother
reported that she replied to Reed, “you know where she is. You
people made it so she would not come in anymore.”
By letter dated October 28, Reder stated, “[U]nfortunately
because Wild Oats has refused to give me a set schedule and
because of the reduction of my hours, I am forced to resign.”
Coppola testified on behalf of Respondent, as to the reasons for
its decision allegedly made on her own, although she concedes
that she showed Reed the new schedule before releasing it.
According to Coppola she decided to reduce Reder’s hours
from 22 to 10, because she couldn’t rely on her. Coppola con-
tends that by Wednesday, September 12, Reder had not gotten
back to her as to her availability and her response to Coppola’s
proposed schedule given to Reder on September 10. Further
Coppola asserts that she had been informed on Saturday, Sep-
tember 8, by Reder’s mother that Reder was “trying out a new
job,” that Reder had given Coppola short notice on vacation
plans contrary to Respondent’s policy, and that when she called
on Friday, September 7, to inform Respondent that she would
not be in on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 11 and 12,
Reder did not speak to a manager about that matter.
Coppola also testified that the hours that Reder had worked
in August were assigned either to Coppola herself or to a new
employee who started work for Respondent that week.
In that regard, Respondent’s records reveal that for the week
of September 16–22, Coppola assigned herself 49 hours, rather
than the 45 that she normally worked. Tisha began working for
Respondent on Wednesday, September 19, when she was as-
signed to work from 11–5. During August, Reder worked
Wednesday from 11:30 to 5. In August, Reder had been work-
ing 12:30 to 6 p.m. on Mondays, and in fact was also assigned
those hours the week of September 9 through 15. For the week
of September 16, it is not clear whether those particular hours
were assigned for that day to anyone. Thus, Coppola assigned
herself 9.5 hours that day from 8 to 5:30 p.m., but she did not
work on Mondays in most of August when Reder received her
regularly scheduled 22 hours, but did work on Mondays the
week beginning August 26, as well as on the first 2 weeks of
September. The record also reflects that the number of hours
on Respondent’s schedule did decline from mid-August
through early September, and it reached a low point of 176
hours the week of September 2–8, and then rebounded and
leveled off to between 214–232 hours from September 16 to
October 13. It also appears that during the week of September
9–15, a former supervisor, Mike Keough, was transferred into
the department. He, as the record discloses, was intended to
replace Mary Roland, who was to be transferred to the front
end. However, Keough worked full time, while Roland gener-
ally worked 12 hours per week. In that regard however, I note
that while Roland was on the schedule for the week of Septem-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD734
ber 16 to 22, she left the job during that week,31 so that for the
week of September 23 to 29, she was not on the schedule. For
that week, Keough worked 40 hours, Tisha became full time,
working 37.5 hours, and Bridget returned from vacation, and
her hours were increased from 17 (her hours prior to vacation)
to 30, when she returned the week of September 23–29.
D. The Alleged Discharge of Mary Roland
Mary Roland was hired by Respondent March 1 to work
part-time as a front-end employee which consists of greeting
customers, handing out flyers, and pointing people in the direc-
tion of products, handling returns and voids. The job includes
training as a cashier, although it is not a cashier’s position.
During her interview she informed Reed that she had previous
experience as a cashier at Stop & Shop. After training for Re-
spondent for about a week in the front end, including cashier
training, she was transferred to the natural living department,
prior to the opening of the store.32
Roland worked for Respondent on Monday, Wednesday, and
Friday, from 2–6 p.m. This was a set schedule, since she had
another part-time job from 9–2 at Northwestern Mutual Life.
However, about five or six times, pursuant to an arrangement
with her managers, when her workload at Northwestern permit-
ted, she would call her manager and if work was available for
her, would work extra hours for Respondent.
There is no question, and admitted to by Respondent’s wit-
nesses, that Roland was an excellent and well regarded em-
ployee in the natural living department. Her 90-day evaluation,
dated June 25, prepared by Griffin was primarily positive, but
did contain some criticism, including “a little inflexible with
scheduling—due to other job,” and that she sometimes comes
in late due to her other job. As a request to improve, Griffin
requested that she come in on time, and “possibly become a
little more flexible with the schedule.” As a result of this
evaluation, Roland received a $1 raise. During the evaluation,
Griffin spoke to her about being more flexible on her schedule.
Roland agreed, and said that she had her other job from 9–2,
but she could at times deviate from that, and if so she would
call and tell Griffin about such availability.
In mid-March, after the store opened, Roland noticed the Un-
ion picketing outside and asked Griffin “what was going on?”
Griffin explained that the Union was picketing because Re-
spondent was not a union store. Griffin asked if Roland had her
union talk. She said, “no,” and Griffin brought her in to speak
with Perry. Perry informed Roland that none of Respondent’s
stores are under contract with a union, because “we don’t feel
we need that.” Perry added that the Union has a right to be “out
there,” but not to be outside the door. Perry instructed Roland
that if the union picketers approach her or harass her in any
way, to tell someone.
Roland also spoke to Coppola about the Union, when
Coppola was still a clerk. Coppola informed Roland that she
used to work for Food For Thought when Wild Oats owned the
store, and that the Union organized that store. Coppola stated

31 Roland’s status will be discussed more fully below.
32 The above findings as to Roland’s interview, training, and trans-
fer, are based primarily on the credited testimony of Reed.
that she did not believe that the Union helped the employees in
any way at Food For Thought.
On or about May 10, Roland asked Griffin “what happened
to Diane Lane?” Griffin replied that “Diane is no longer em-
ployed.” Roland asked, “why?” Griffin answered that “Diane
was “crazy,” called corporate and wanted to “talk to the guys
outside.”
In late July, Roland and Reder (who had by then stepped
down as manager) discussed Respondent’s unfair treatment of
Diane Lane, as well as the fact that other employees were being
treated unfairly. Reder suggested that it was a good idea to find
out more about the Union, and Roland agreed. Roland volun-
teered to contact the Union, and shortly thereafter she did so,
and met with Brian Truini at the union office. Truini explained
the Board’s election process to her, and gave Roland some
authorization cards to distribute to fellow employees.
On August 8, Reder and Roland asked for and received per-
mission from Coppola, who was by that time the manager, to
go on a break. They went to Respondent’s juice bar to have
some tea. Reder, after speaking with an employee at the juice
bar, informed Roland that this woman was having a hard time,
and suggested that Roland sign her up for the Union. This
woman had previously expressed interest in the Union to Re-
der. Roland gave the employee a card and asked her to read it.
The employee signed the card and handed it back to Roland.
At that time, employee Peter Boyne another employee working
at the juice bar, asked Roland for a card for himself and one for
his brother, who works over in Food Service. Roland gave
Boyne two cards. Reder went back to the natural living de-
partment, while Roland waited for the return of the two cards
from Boyne. A few minutes later, Boyne returned two signed
cards to Roland.
Later on that day, Reder told Roland that two employees in
the grocery department were interested in the Union. There-
fore, when Roland went into the stock room to bring out some
stock, she saw these two employees there. Roland told them
that Reder had indicated to her that they were interested in the
Union, and she gave them each cards. They both signed and
handed the cards back to Roland. This was the only day that
Roland distributed any union authorization cards to employees.
Roland then returned to work. About 45 minutes later, Ro-
land was summoned into the office of the store director, Adam
Schwartz, the grocery manager who was the manager in charge
that day, and Marshall Lovell, food service manager were pre-
sent, along with Coppola. Schwartz informed Roland that, “it
has come to our attention that you have been soliciting employ-
ees on company time and we have a strict policy against that
which is posted at all times.” Schwartz handed Roland a copy
of a document entitled “Solicitation and Distribution of litera-
ture on Wild Oats property.” This document prohibits solicita-
tion during worktime, in working areas, and also defines work
areas and working time. Schwartz asked Roland to read it and
if she understood it. Roland replied, “yes” and the meeting
ended.
Both Lovell and Schwartz admit that Roland was called into
the office, because of her solicitation of authorization cards.
Thus, Lovell testified that he was informed by his assistant
manager that Peter Boyne was showing a union authorization
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 735
card to somebody in the deli area while working. Subsequently
he reported this fact to Schwartz, and they called Boyne into
the office. Schwartz showed Boyne the same no-solicitation
rule that he showed to Roland and asked if Boyne understood
it. According to Lovell, Boyne volunteered that he had re-
ceived the card from a “red headed girl” in the natural living
department, and that Boyne pointed out Roland to Lovell, as
the person who gave him the card. Lovell conceded on cross-
examination when he found out that Boyne received a union
card, it was a big issue, because it involved union solicitation,
and that it was union solicitation that he was concerned about.
Schwartz also admitted that either he or Lovell reported the
incidents involving Roland and Boyne to Reed when he re-
turned to work the next day.
On Monday, September 17, Roland was called into Reed’s
office at about 3 p.m. Coppola was also present. According to
Roland, she was told by Reed that due to restructuring that was
going on in the store, Mike Keough was being brought over
from the front end to the natural living department and was
going to be working full time from 1–9. Therefore there would
be no need for her hours in the department. She asserts that she
asked about Bridget, and Reed responded that “Bridget was
willing to work with him regarding her hours.” Roland con-
tends that she asked when this was effective and Reed replied
“now.” Then Roland claims that Reed said that Roland was
free to go talk to Deb ( the front-end service manager) to see if
she needed any cashiers. Roland said okay and left the office.
Roland went to see Deb and told her that Reed instructed her
to see if Deb needed cashiers. Deb asked Roland the hours that
she was working, and after looking at the schedule told Roland,
“[N]o, I can’t use you those hours. I have nothing.”
Roland asserts that she then found Coppola and told her that
Deb said that she had no positions for Roland. Roland added
that it would be silly for her to stay until 6 p.m. when she had
nowhere to go on Wednesday. Roland testified that Coppola
said, “I thought Scott cleared it with Deb. I’m sorry.” Roland
further claims that the conversation ended, and that on her way
out to punch out, Coppola was coming out of Reed’s office.
However, according to Roland neither Coppola nor Reed at-
tempted to stop or speak to Roland.
Coppola and Reed’s version of events, is significantly differ-
ent than Rolands. According to both Coppola and Reed, after
Reed informed Roland of the restructuring and the transfer of
Keough to natural living, Reed informed Roland that she would
be transferred to the front-end cashier position. Reed added
that Roland would work the rest of the week in natural living,
and that Reed would sit down later in the week with Roland to
go over her schedule, new duties, and anything else that she
needed.
However, notwithstanding these comments, Reed and
Coppola assert that Roland went immediately to speak to Deb-
bie Doshno, front-end manager. After being informed that
Doshno33 “I’m just going to go.” Coppola claims that she
asked Roland to wait until she found out what’s going on, but

33 Reed testified that he had previously instructed Doshno that Ro-
land was to be transferred over to her department, but that Doshno
“screwed up,” and he subsequently reprimanded her for it.
Roland replied: “[N]o, I’m gonna get you, you made a very big
mistake.” Coppola then notified Reed of her conversation with
Roland. As she was going into Reed’s office, Coppola saw
Roland coming out of the backroom. Coppola again asked
Roland to wait, and Roland replied, “[N]o, you made a mistake,
I’ll see you soon.” Roland then left.
It is undisputed that Roland left and made no effort to con-
tact Respondent thereafter. It is also undisputed that Respon-
dent made no effort to contact Roland, to clear up what Reed
concedes that was an alleged misunderstanding between Reed
and Doshno and Roland. Reed testified that he did not try to
contact Roland, because he had made it extremely clear to Ro-
land that she would have a job as a cashier, with the same
hours, and that her hours would be worked out. He added that
Roland had decided on her own to speak to Doshno, and “I’m
not gonna chase her down.”
In this instance I credit the mutually corroborative and be-
lievable testimony of Coppola and Reed concerning the por-
tions of their testimony that differs from that of Roland. I note
that their testimony is also corroborated by the contemporane-
ous memos prepared by both Coppola and Reed immediately
after the discussions with Roland. I also found their version of
events more plausible, since I find it more likely that Respon-
dent would attempt to not effectuate the transfer to the front end
immediately, as testified to by Roland, since the schedules were
already made up for the week of the conversation. It is more
likely, as testified to by Reed and Coppola that the Respondent
would permit Roland to finish out the week in natural living in
accordance with the schedule already in effect.
I also credit Reed’s testimony that he had spoken to Doshno,
prior to informing Roland of the transfer, but Doshno had ap-
parently misunderstood his instructions, and that he subse-
quently reprimanded Doshno for “screwing up.”34
Reed also furnished testimony as to Respondent’s reasons
for transferring Roland to a cashier’s position. According to
Reed, corroborated by both Bernier and Coppola, Respondent
at around this time was restructuring the store by eliminating
the position of eight front-end supervisors. This position which
encompassed eight employees included employees who handle
voids, deal with customers, do the redemptions and have keys
to the registers and pick up cash. Respondent decided to elimi-
nate these positions and have an assistant service manager per-
form those functions, which necessitated finding positions for
these former supervisors in different departments of the store.
One of these front-end supervisors was Mike Keough, who had
expressed interest to Reed in working in the natural living de-
partment. Additionally, Reed was aware through Coppola, that
Coppola, due to the quitting of employee Kate McGraw,

34 The General Counsel argues that I should draw an adverse infer-
ence from Respondent’s failure to call Doshno as a witness.
Grimmway Farms, 314 NLRB 73 (1994). However, although the re-
cord discloses that Doshno is Respondent’s front-end supervisor, the
record establishes that she is a supervisor or an agent of Respondent. I
therefore find it inappropriate to draw an adverse inference against
Respondent for its failure to call her as a witness. Moreover, even if I
did draw such an inference, my credibility resolutions would not
change.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD736
needed someone to work late hours and “close” the store.35
Therefore Reed contends that he decided to move Keough into
the natural living department, since he had full time availabil-
ity, and could work the hours until 9 p.m. to “close” the de-
partment. Respondent’s schedule revealed that Mike Keough
began working in the natural living department on Monday,
September 10, and that he worked full time, and primarily until
9 p.m. Additionally, Reed had previously spoken to Bridget
Steele, a part-time employee, about increasing her hours in the
department, and she had agreed to do so. The record reveals
that after Steele returned from her vacation, she did increase her
hours to 30, from the week starting September 23.
Reed admits that he did not ask Roland if she would be will-
ing to increase her hours, as he did with Steele, but explained
that he knew from Coppola that Roland had another job, and
would not likely be able to be flexible in increasing her hours.36
Further Reed testified that Respondent was in the process of a
new marketing campaign, which included concentration on
customer service and beefing up the front-end staff. Thus, he
asserts that since Roland was a friendly person, that she had
experience as a cashier, and that she was no longer needed in
natural living, he decided to transfer her to a cashier’s position.
Reed also noted that the cashier’s position entailed no reduction
in salary or benefits, and is not considered a less desirable job
than a clerk.
The record reveals and Reed admits that Respondent also
hired a new employee Tisha Iannacone as a clerk in the natural
living department. She applied on September 6, was hired by
Respondent to start on Wednesday, September 19, during the
same week that Roland was notified that she was no longer
needed in the department, and would be transferred to a cash-
ier’s position. Iannacone had no natural living work experi-
ence, but she did have sales experience, and had expressed an
interest in natural living and natural medicine. Further, she was
available for full-time employment, and in fact has worked
between 32 and 37.5 hours per week for Respondent.
E. The No-Solicitation Rules
As related above, I granted a motion by the General Counsel
at the trial to amend the complaint to allege that Respondent
violated the Act by maintaining an overbroad no-solicitation
rule and by implementing another no-solicitation rule in re-
sponse to the Union’s organizing campaign. Respondent ob-
jected to the amendments on the grounds that the amendments
were not closely related to the underlying charges, and that it
received insufficient notice of these allegations.
In that regard, none of the charges or amended charges con-
tain any specific reference to a no-solicitation rule. However,
the second amended charge in Case 34–CA–9586 does allege
that since March 13, Respondent implemented a rule prohibit-

35 Coppola corroborated Reed as to this testimony.
36 Coppola corroborated Reed in part by testifying that she had asked
Roland, shortly after she took over as manager about the possibility of
her increasing her hours. Roland said that it would be difficult, as her
other job would keep her from being flexible. However, she did tell
Coppola that she would try to be flexible, and in fact Coppola admitted
that once or twice, Roland did accommodate Coppola’s request to work
additional hours.
ing employees from engaging in union or other protected con-
certed activities in nonwork areas on nonworktime and by
threatening employees with discharge if they engage in union
or protected concerted activities in nonwork areas on nonwork-
time.
Further, the initial complaint alleges that Respondent on
March 13, implemented a rule prohibiting employees from
engaging in union or other protected concerted activities in
nonwork areas on nonworktime.
Moreover, during the investigation of subsequent charges
filed, alleging the unlawful discharge of Mary Roland, the re-
cord reveals that General Counsel met with Respondent’s attor-
ney and Respondent’s witnesses Coppola and Reed. During the
course of the meeting, both Coppola and Reed informed the
Board Agent that the no-solicitation rule, which was shown to
Roland on August 8, as detailed above, was the same rule that
appears in Respondent’s handbook. It is also undisputed, that it
was not until the trial that the General Counsel received the
handbook as a result of a subpoena.
It is also clear that the rule in the handbook is significantly
different than the rule shown to Roland (and to Boyne) on Au-
gust 8. The rule in the handbook is entitled “Soliciting” and
reads as follows:
We do not allow people to panhandle, sell merchandise or so-
licit our customers either in or near the store. If you see this
happening, politely ask the person to stop. If they refuse or
become belligerent, call the MOD and then call the police if
the problem persists. Staff members are prohibited from so-
liciting financial contributions or distribution of materials or
literature on store premises without written consent of your
General Manager.
Moreover, in its position paper submitted to the Region on
October 24, Respondent asserted that it has maintained a le-
gitimate no-solicitation rule, which it maintains has been posted
throughout the store. The position paper does not refer to the
handbook.
Respondent adduced no evidence during the trial to explain
the discrepancy between the rule in the handbook and the rule,
purportedly in effect, which it asserts has been posted through-
out the store since it opened.
In that regard Coppola testified that when she was first em-
ployed by Respondent as a clerk, she noticed the no-solicitation
posted on the bulletin board in the employee breakroom, and
also read the handbook, which had a different rule. Her testi-
mony was “I thought the one in the handbook was sufficient,”
but she never asked any supervisor about the difference in the
rules or which one was applicable.
Additionally, after she became a supervisor, she never dis-
cussed the rules with any supervisors and it never came up in
any managers meetings.
Reed testified that the rule shown to Roland was posted in
the employee breakroom, behind glass, as well as by the time-
clock. He also concedes that he knew that there was a no-
solicitation rule in the manual, but he never noticed or thought
about the fact that the rules were different.
Bernier testified that he posted the rule that was shown to
Roland in the employee breakroom shortly before the store
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 737
opened, after being instructed to do so by the home office. He
also admitted that although he knew that there was a no-
solicitation rule in the manual, he never read it and did not
know its contents.
Schwartz also testified that he saw the rule, when the store
opened, posted on the bulletin board, behind glass doors, with
other OSHA documents and other notices. He admits that im-
mediately after his meeting with Roland, where he showed the
rule to her, he posted it next to the timeclock. He testified that
he did that, even though it was already posted on the bulletin
board because “I wanted to make sure people saw it,” and that
in regard to the posting on the bulletin board, “I don’t think
anyone really regards the glass at all. It’s just there with a
bunch of OSHA documents.” Schwartz further testified that
when he found out about Roland soliciting union cards in the
store, he was aware of the rule, but the fact the rule may have
been violated, “didn’t immediately jump to mind. I just
thought it was like a big issue when I was told about it.” When
asked why it was a big issue, Schwartz replied, “I think I was
concerned about union solicitation when I was told someone
was soliciting for the union.”
Therefore, since Bernier was not in, and he was in charge of
the store, Schwartz called corporate counsel and spoke to Brier.
He explained to her what had occurred, and she instructed
Schwartz to have the employees involved read a copy of the
rule and make sure that they understood it. She also instructed
him to make sure that the rule was posted where everyone
could see it. He therefore posted the rule by the timeclock.
According to Lovell, he saw the rule posted in the employee
breakroom, since the store opened. He also testified that prior
to the store opening, he first saw a copy of the rule at a man-
ager’s meeting conducted by Perry. At this meeting, Perry
informed the managers that Respondent was “trying to keep
them (Union) out.” In that regard, she instructed managers that
if anyone from the Union came in and tried to solicit the man-
agers should ask them to leave. As for employees, Perry in-
structed managers that Respondent didn’t have the right to talk
to the employees when they were on break. Lovell also con-
ceded that he knew that Respondent’s policy was that it wanted
to keep the Union out, and that when he found that Boyne re-
ceived a union card it was a “big issue,” because it involved
union solicitation. Lovell was aware of the handbook, and
knew that the handbook contained a no-solicitation rule that
was Respondent’s policy for employees. He was not asked if
he was aware of or noticed the difference between the rule in
the handbook and the rule that was posted.
In this regard Lovell began working for Respondent at its
West Hartford store, where he was trained to work at Westport.
Schwartz worked for Respondent at other stores before be
transferred over to Westport. He asserts that he never saw the
no-solicitation rule at any of Respondent’s other stores when he
worked there.
Perry, who as noted above is Respondent’s regional human
resource manager, testified about a number of matters, but fur-
nished no testimony about Respondent’s no-solicitation rule
either at the Westport store or at other stores under her jurisdic-
tion. The same can be said for Jim Ware, Respondent’s former
regional director for the Northeast group of stores.
Both Reder and Roland testified that they never saw the no-
solicitation rule posted until after the August 8 meeting, when
Roland observed Schwartz positing it by the timeclock. They
both deny ever seeing it posted in the glass enclosed bulletin
board or anywhere else. Reder testified that she saw a copy of
the policy on the table in the breakroom in September. Roland
testified that she recalled the bulletin board enclosed in glass,
but denied that it contained any notices from OSHA, minimum
wage, sex discrimination, etc. Reder, on the other hand, con-
ceded that the bulletin board with glass, contained OSHA, dis-
crimination, and worker’s compensation papers.
I credit the mutually corroborative testimony of Respon-
dent’s witness that Respondent’s no-solicitation policy that was
shown to Roland and Boyne on August 8, had been posted on
the bulletin board in the breakroom from the time the store
opened on March 15.
Although Reder and Roland testified to the contrary, I find
these denials unpersuasive, since it is clear that they were un-
certain as to what was posted therein, and in fact their testi-
mony contradicted each other as to whether OSHA or other
employment notices were posted on that bulletin board.
F. All the Store Meetings
On March 14, the day before the store opened, Bernier con-
ducted an all store meeting at about 5 p.m., with about 50–70
employees in attendance. Bernier introduced Respondent’s
managers and gave out awards for people that worked hard
during the training period, prior to the store’s opening. The
produce manager translated Bernier’s remarks for the Haitian
speaking employees.
Bernier then read a speech word-for-word to the employees
about Unions. The speech reads as follows:
There have been a lot of rumors floating around about
union interest in this store. There have also been a number
of articles in the local papers over the past few weeks
about Wild Oats and the Union. I wanted to clear the air
about all of these issues, and address what may happen
over the next few weeks at the store. First of all, I want
you to understand Wild Oats’ position on Unions.
Wild Oats believes that we provide a decent work en-
vironment, good wages and benefits, and opportunities for
advancement to all staff members. I will see that there is
always open communication between staff members and
their supervisors, and when we do something stupid, we
generally are willing to admit our mistake, correct it and
move on.
We don’t believe labor unions have a place with Wild
Oats. They don’t understand our culture or our business
(The United Food and Commercial Workers Union has
called us the “Happy Chicken” Company and made fun of
what we sell—they believe it’s some kind of scam). A la-
bor union doesn’t provide anything to staff members other
than a paid middleman who drives a wedge between staff
and supervisors.
A Labor Union takes money from their members in the
form of Union dues, and loads down their members with a
pile of additional rules about
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD738
What they can and cannot doing [sic] their job,
Who they can and cannot complain to if they
have a problem and
How they have to support the Union, even when
the employee think[s] the Union is wrong[.]
(You should see a union’s constitution and bylaws if
you think we have a lot of rules!) For that reason and
many others that I would be glad to discuss with you, we
do not believe a union is appropriate for Wild Oats’ staff
and will strongly oppose an organizational attempt by any
union.
Let’s talk about what the Union has said and done
about us.
First, they have said that the employees over at the
Food For Thought Store, which is unionized, are “entitled”
to jobs in our store. We don’t own Food For Thought, and
what they do with the Union is their business, not ours. If
people ask me about Food For Thought, I will tell them to
go ask the owners of Food For Thought.
Second, the Union has sent postcards to a lot of the
people living in Westport, asking the Westport community
to not shop at this store. The Union claims it is protecting
workers, but I’d like to know whose workers its protect-
ing—certainly not us. If customers don’t shop our store,
we don’t have jobs. I’d like to know how asking people
not to shop at this store is good for the staff of this store.
If you ask me, they are trying to hurt all of our jobs here,
not help us, because we aren’t paying them dues and let-
ting them talk for us.
Third, the Union has paid a bunch of the Stop & Shop
employees to come here to walk a picket line against us,
starting this week, as another effort to keep people from
shopping at our store.
Again, this doesn’t help the staff at this store—it is an-
other attempt to hurt all of our jobs and the Stop & Shop
employees certainly don’t care about us or our jobs—they
just want to make sure their store doesn’t lose business to
Wild Oats. The picketers will be out in front of the store
for a couple of weeks, probably, with signs and handouts
accusing Wild Oats of all kinds of terrible things. I would
ask that none of you get in any kind of confrontation with
the pickers[sic]—no shouting matches, no name calling.
Just ignore them, and eventually they will go away. If any
customers want to talk about the picketers or what they are
saying, please call me and I will be happy to talk with
them.
You may be contacted by the Union in the future—
they may invite you to their meetings and promise you a
lot of things if you agree to let them represent you. It’s
your right to talk with them, but what they tell you about
what they can do is just empty promises—they can’t de-
liver on anything. Wild Oats can, and will, deliver on a
great job in a great store for all of us, with good pay and
profit sharing if our sales are good and the Union doesn’t
keep our customers out! and if the Union asks you to sign
a card or other document—even if they say it really
doesn’t mean anything—Don’t sign it—you will be giving
away your right to talk with me or your supervisor about
issues important to you and your job.
We have a great store here, with a terrific future—
Let’s work together to make it a fun place to work and
shop. If anybody has any questions, please come talk to
me.
According to former employee Jodie Fretina, during the
course of this speech, after telling the employees that there
would be picketers outside the store the next day, Bernier said,
“[D]on’t fight with them. You know, just stay away from
them. If you talk to them you will be terminated immediately.”
I do not credit Fretina’s testimony in this regard. Instead I
credit the mutually corroborative testimony of Bernier, Reed,
Perry, Schwartz, and Cota, that Bernier did not deviate from the
script that he was reading, and that he did not threaten to termi-
nate employees for talking to the Union. I note that Fretina’s
credibility is somewhat suspect, since she left her employment
after being denied a promotion that she felt that she deserved,
which tends to diminish her objectivity towards Respondent.
More importantly, her recollection of the speech was somewhat
sketchy, and she may have simply misinterpreted Bernier’s
statements in the speech that he “would ask that none of you
get in any kind of confrontations with the picketers. Just ignore
them, as . . . if customers want to talk about picketers . . . please
call me,” and somehow believed that he was ordering employ-
ees not to talk to picketers, and threatening discharge, if they
did so.
On Thursday, September 6, Respondent held another all
store meeting concerning unionization in its workplace.
Bernier and Mike Kuroyoma, regional director of operations
ran the meeting. During the course of this meeting, Kuroyoma
read verbatim from a prepared script as follows:
Good Morning, I’d like to talk with you about the Un-
ion for a few minutes this morning.
All of you have seen the picketers out front of the
store. They haven’t been around for a while, have they?
Their job, when they are there, is to tell our customers not
to shop here because, according to the union, Wild Oats
treats all of you poorly. The Union claims that they are
picketing out there to protect YOUR interests, but all they
want to do is HURT the business of this store, which hurts
ALL OF US. I don’t understand how they can claim that
to be in your best interests, can you?
The Union has recently run some ads in the local
newspapers and on radio, and put up a billboard, claiming
that we have refused to hire some people who work for the
Food For Thought store, and that our refusal to hire those
people is illegal. Wild Oats knows that it has not done
anything that is illegal, and that when the facts of the Un-
ion’s claim are heard by a judge, we will be found inno-
cent of any kind of illegal activity.
Some staff members may wonder why we haven’t run
our own ads or done other things to contradict the Union’s
ads and newspaper articles. As someone once said to
me—“Don’t get in a peeing match with a skunk—you al-
ways come out smelling.” The Union wants us to make a
big deal out of their ads and billboards to call more atten-
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 739
tion to their claims. We aren’t going to do that—we be-
lieve that ignoring them is the best treatment. Look at the
picketers—when no one paid a lot of attention to them,
they stopped showing up! If customers ask you about the
ads, we do have a letter from Dave that should answer
their questions. Copies are at the front cash registers.
The Union has also claimed that Dave Bernier threat-
ened you, the associates of this store, if you talked to the
picketers out front. Again, I know that this is untrue, and
that Dave did not threaten anyone. But I am also telling
you that you are free to talk with the picketers—that is
your legal right. But please, avoid any kind of shouting
matches or confrontation—that only gives the Union what
they want.
Wild Oats believes that you don’t need a Union talking
for you. We believe that Unions only create a bad atmos-
phere, where no one trusts anyone else. We don’t believe
that you should have to PAY a Union weekly dues and ini-
tiation fees to speak for you with your supervisors at any
time, without someone in the middle. Wild Oats offers
you a fair wage, with good benefits, without a Union.
The Union may try to get you to sign an authorization
card. Remember, this card gives away to the Union you[r]
rights to deal directly with Wild Oats, and may have sig-
nificant legal consequences to you. Before you sign any-
thing, make sure you understand what your rights are and
what you are giving away.
Thanks for all you each do to make this a great store
and thanks for your attention this morning—if you have
any questions, please talk to me, Scott of your Department
Manager.
Bernier then read, also verbatim, a September 5 letter that
had previously been distributed to Respondent’s employees.
This letter is set forth below:
September 5, 2001
Dear Wild Oats Market Associates:
In view of the continued union picketing at our West-
port store, we would like to once again share with you the
Company’s position concerning unions.
It is Wild Oats’ position that a labor union would not
be in the best interest of our associates. We feel that a un-
ion would be of no advantage to any of us—it would hurt
business which we all depend on for our livelihood. We
believe that it is more beneficial for you and the company
to maintain the “team’ attitude, respect and working rela-
tionship that we have as opposed to the “adversary style”
attitude of a union.
Wild Oats has enthusiastically accepted the responsi-
bility to provide you good working conditions, fair wages
and benefits, fair treatment, open communication and the
respect which are rightfully yours. These are things that
cannot be purchased with union dues. Your wages and
benefits are the direct result of Wild Oats’ success; not
from outside pressure.
Wild Oats wants to continue to communicate directly
with you, without you having to pay union dues to have a
third party’s intervention. We know that you want and are
able to express your problems, suggestions and comments
to us so that we can understand each other better. This can
continue to be done without having a union jammed be-
tween us. We want you to speak for yourself—directly to
us. We will continue to do our best to listen and respond.
Union organizers have been known to approach asso-
ciates with unsubstantiated promises. At some time, you
may be asked to sign a union card to “request an election”
or for some other stated purpose. In spite of what you
have been told, signing a union card has great legal sig-
nificance. If you sign a card, it legally assigns your per-
sonal right to representation to the union and you could
find yourself represented by a union without an election.
We urge you to think carefully before making any com-
mitment to a union organizer.
A union can have very adverse effects—when unions
go on strike, wages can be lost and many have lost their
jobs because striking workers are replaced. We want to
keep Wild Oats free from the tension that can be brought
on by a union.
We are pledged to high standards of individual treat-
ment and respect for all associates and we will continue to
seek to achieve growth, opportunity and job security for
all of us.
Your efforts, hard work, customer relations and posi-
tive attitude are greatly appreciated and certainly the key
to your individual as well as the company’s success. To-
gether we have build a strong foundation for a prosperous
future for all of us and it is our desire that this “team” rela-
tionship flourish.
Sincerely,
Dave Bernier Scott Reed Mike Kuroyama
Store Director Asst. Store Director Regional Director
of Operations
Wild Oats Market
399 Westport Road
Westport, Connecticut
G. The August 8 Flyer
On August 8, after Schwartz met with Roland concerning
Respondent’s no-solicitation rule, as detailed above, he gave
Lovell and Coppola copies of a document from corporate head-
quarters to be distributed to employees. This flyer contains a
copy of the Union—authorization card, and is entitled “Would
you sign a blank check?” The document contains arrows that
point to various sections of the card, and include some com-
ments. One of the arrows points to the words “collective bar-
gaining” on the card. The document goes on to comment, “in
collective bargaining you could lose what you have now.”
IV. ANALYSIS
A. The All Store Meetings
The complaint alleges and the General Counsel contends,
that Respondent, by comments made by Bernier during the
March 14 all store meeting violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act,
by implementing a rule prohibiting employees from engaging
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD740
in union or protected activities in nonwork areas on nonwork-
time.
This allegation is based upon the testimony of Fretina that
while discussing the union picketing that would be taking place
the next day, Bernier issued a direction to employees, “don’t
talk to them, just stay away from them.” However, I have not
credited the testimony of Fretina in this regard, and found that
Bernier followed Respondent’s written script, which merely
stated: “I would ask that none of you get in any kind of con-
frontation with the picketers—no shouting matches, no name
calling. Just ignore them, and eventually they will go away.”
These comments can hardly be construed as implementation
of a rule prohibiting employees from engaging in union or pro-
tected activities, or even a direction not to engage in such con-
duct. It is merely a request by Respondent to avoid confronta-
tion with picketers, and the statement “just ignore them,” is part
and parcel of that request and I do not find such statements to
be coercive or unlawful. I therefore recommend dismissal of
this allegation.
It is also alleged that Respondent by Bernier, threatened to
terminate employees if they engaged in union or protected ac-
tivities. This allegation is also based on Fretina’s testimony
that I have not credited. I therefore recommend dismissal of
this allegation as well.
On September 6, Respondent held another in store meeting,
during which Bernier read verbatim to employees a September
5 letter that Respondent had previously distributed to them.
General Counsel points to two portions of this speech, which it
asserts are violative of the Act.
First, General Counsel points to the statement in the letter
that reads: “we feel that a Union would be of no advantage to
any of us—it would hurt business which we all depend on for
our livelihood.” In this regard, General Counsel contends that
this remark amounts to a prediction of adverse consequences of
unionization, without any objective considerations for this pre-
diction. Thus, it amounts to an unlawful threat of unspecified
reprisals, if employees select the Union as their representative.
Crown Cork & Seal Co., 308 NLRB 445 fn. 3 (1992); Eldorado
Tool, 325 NLRB 222, 222–224 (1997). I agree.
It is well settled that employer predictions of adverse conse-
quences arising from sources outside his control are required to
have an objective factual basis in order to be permissible under
Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co., 395
U.S. 575, 617–619 (1969); Blaser Tool & Mold Co., 196
NLRB 374 (1972); Long Airdox Co., 277 NLRB 1157, 1158
(1985).
Here, Respondent has equated the employees’ choice of the
Union with the loss of business “which all depend on for our
livelihood.” Yet it provides no facts or other evidence that
indicates how or why unionization could cause Respondent to
lose business. In these circumstances Respondent’s statements
amount to an implicit threat of job loss or other reprisals as a
result of the employee’s decision to select the Union, and is
violative of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. Hoffman Security, Ltd.,
315 NLRB 275, 277–278 (1994) (statement that hospital cus-
tomer of employer might cancel contract with employer be-
cause of unionization, found to be “clearly speculation”
. . . “with no factual basis”); Metalite Corp., 308 NLRB 266,
272 (1992) (statement that customer would remove dyes from
plant if organized, unlawful, absent objective evidence to sup-
port remark); Long Airdoux, supra (statement that customers
would not send work to a “non-union” company not based on
objective facts); Blazer Tool, supra (statement that customer
would withdraw its patronage if employees voted for the Un-
ion, constituted implied threat of job loss, absent any factual
basis for assertion that customers would withdraw patronage if
union was selected).
Accordingly, I find that Respondent has violated Section
8(a)(1) of the Act by this statement in the letter to its employ-
ees.
The General Counsel also alleges that when the letter stated
that “a Union can have very adverse effects—when Unions go
on strike, wages can be lost and many have lost their jobs be-
cause striking workers are replaced;” Respondent threatened
employees with job loss if they selected the Union. Mediplex
of Danbury, 314 NLRB 470, 471 (1994); Mack’s Supermarkets,
288 NLRB 1082 fn. 3 (1988); Gino Moreno Enterprises, 287
NLRB 1327 (1988).
This contention raises the issue of the degree of detail re-
quired of an employer who informs employees that they are
subject to replacement in the event of an economic strike. In
that regard an employer does not violate the Act by truthfully
informing employees that they are subject to permanent re-
placement in the event of an economic strike, unless the state-
ment may be fairly understood as a threat of reprisal against
employees or is explicitly coupled with such threats. Eagle
Comtronics, Inc., 263 NLRB 515, 516, (1982).
Where the employer’s statements about permanent replace-
ments make specific reference to job loss, such statements are
generally deemed to be unlawful. Baddour, Inc., 303 NLRB
275 (1991); Larson Tool & Stamping Co., 296 NLRB 895
(1989); Gino Morena, supra; Sygma Network Corp., 317 NLRB
411 (1995). Thus, the phrase “lose your job” conveys to the
ordinary employee the clear message that employment will be
terminated. Further, if the employee is also told that his job
will be lost because of replacement by a “permanent” worker,
the message is reinforced. In these circumstances, where the
single reference to permanent replacement is coupled with a
threat of job loss, “it is not reasonable to suppose that the ordi-
nary employee will interpret the words to mean that he/she has
a Laidlaw right to return to the job.” Baddour, supra.
Here, Respondent’s statements in the letter clearly indicated
to employees that they will then likely lose their jobs if they are
replaced as a result of a strike and based on Baddour, supra,
and the other cases cited above, may fairly be understood as a
threat of reprisal and are violative of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
Moreover, another significant element in assessing the legal-
ity of the employer’s comments about strike replacement is the
context of the statements. Thus, when the Board evaluates the
remarks, it considers the totality of the relevant circumstances,
including a background of other unlawful conduct, to assess the
coerciveness of Employer’s conduct. Mediplex, supra, Casa
Duramax Inc., 307 NLRB 213 (1992); Mack’s Supermarket,
supra; Sygma Network, supra.
Here, as in the cases cited above, Respondent committed
several other violations of the Act, both during the same com-
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 741
munication and speech to employees, as well as by prior
threats. Thus, I have found above that in the same letter to
employees, Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by
threatening employees with job loss if the Union were to come
into the store. Moreover, as I will detail more fully below, I
find that Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act
by terminating Diane Lane on May 8 because of her union ac-
tivities, and that at her termination interview, it further violated
Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by unlawfully interrogating Lane and
unlawfully creating the impression that Lane’s union activities
were under surveillance. Additionally, I find below that on
August 28, a mere week before the letter was distributed to
employees, Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act, by
threatening Reder with suspension, because she supported the
Union, and because she accused Respondent of unlawfully
terminating Lane.
I conclude that these unfair labor practices tend to color the
Respondent’s statements in its letter and its speech to employ-
ees, and render such remarks and statements coercive and vio-
lative of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. Mediplex, supra; Casa
Duramax, supra; Sygma Network, supra; Mack Supermarkets,
supra.
B. The August 8 Flyer
As noted above, on August 8, Respondent distributed a flyer
to its employees, wherein it made several negative comments
about the Union, in the context of making statements and point-
ing to portions of a sample union authorization card. While
pointing to the word collective bargaining on the card, Respon-
dent observes “in collective bargaining you could lose what you
have now.” It gives no further explanation of the collective-
bargaining process, and Respondent made no effort to explain
any further what it meant to its employees. General Counsel
contends that this statement is unlawful, and can reasonably be
construed as a threat of loss of existing benefits, Lear Siegler
Management Service Corp., 306 NLRB 393 (1992). I agree.
Although Respondent’s statement that in “collective bargain-
ing you could lose what you have now,” is literally correct, it
does not adequately explain to employees that the loss of bene-
fits could occur as a result of the normal give and take of col-
lective-bargaining negotiations. In these circumstances, the
statement can reasonably be construed as a threat of loss of
existing benefits. Lear Siegler, supra; Medical Center of
Ocean County, 315 NLRB 1150, 1154 (1994); Kenrich Petro-
chemicals, 294 NLRB 519, 530 (1989); S.F. Nichols, Inc., 284
NLRB 556, 577 (1987); cf., Teller Communications, 294
NLRB 1136, 1140 (1987); and Jefferson Smurfit Corp., 325
NLRB 280 fn. 3 (1998), where such statements were deemed
lawful, because they included adequate explanations of the give
and take of collective bargaining, while mentioning the possi-
bility of a loss of benefits. Moreover, as in the case of the Re-
spondent’s statement about strike replacement and job loss, the
Board considers, whether they were made in a context free of
other unfair labor practices. Kenrich, supra; S. E. Nicholas,
supra; Taylor Dunn Mfg. Co., 252 NLRB 799, 800 (1980).
Here, as I have detailed above, Respondent has committed sev-
eral unfair labor practices, both before and after this August 8
flyer was distributed, which gave a threatening color to Re-
spondent’s statements in the flyer. Kenrich, supra; Belcher
Towing Co., 265 NLRB 1258, 1268 (1982); Coach Equipment
and Sales Co., 228 NLRB 440, 441 (1977); Taylor Dunn, su-
pra. Accordingly, these other unfair practices support my con-
clusion that Respondent has unlawfully threatened to reduce
benefits in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by this flyer.
C. The May 9 Alleged Threat of Job Loss
I have found above that on May 9, the day that Lane was
terminated, Roland asked Griffin what happened to Lane. Grif-
fin responded that Lane was terminated because Lane was
“crazy,” she called corporate and wanted to “talk to the guys
outside.” It is clear that Griffin was referring to the union pick-
ets, when mentioning the guys outside, and that therefore Grif-
fin was informing Roland that one of the reasons for Lane’s
discharge, was Lane’s protected conduct. Such comments by
Respondent constitutes an implicit threat that Respondent will
discharge other employees for engaging in union activities, and
is violative of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. P.E. Guerin, Inc., 309
NLRB 666, 669 (1992); Penn Color, Inc., 261 NLRB 395, 405
(1987). I so find.
D. The No-Solicitation Rules
Before assessing the merits of the no-solicitation rule allega-
tions, it is necessary to consider the procedural objection raised
by Respondent to the amendments to the complaint that en-
compassed the allegations relating to the rules. In that regard,
Respondent asserts that the allegations are not “closely related”
to any of the charges filed by the Union, and that under appli-
cable Board precedent are time barred by Section 10(b) of the
Act and the amendments should have been denied. Nickles
Bakery of Indiana, 296 NLRB 927 (1989); Redd-I, Inc., 290
NLRB 1115 (1988). Respondent asserts that the new allega-
tions do not involve the same legal theory as any of the allega-
tions in the charge, do not arise from the same factual circum-
stances, and Respondent would not necessarily raise the same
defenses to the new allegations. Redd-I, supra; Nickles, supra.
I do not agree.
While the charges make no specific reference to a no-
solicitation rule, the second amended charge in Case 34–CA–
9686 does allege that since March 13, Respondent implemented
a rule prohibiting employees from engaging in union or pro-
tected concerted activities in nonwork areas on nonworktime.
This allegation is clearly broad enough to encompass a no-
solicitation rule, and does in fact contain a definition of a no-
solicitation rule. Therefore I conclude that the complaint
amendments are “closely related” to the allegation of the
charge, under Nickels Bakery, supra; and Redd-I, supra; see
also Payless Drug Stores, 308 NLRB 1220, 1221 (1994).
Moreover, I also note that during the investigation of the
various charges, Respondent’s no-solicitation rule did come up,
and in fact its position paper made reference to it, and its wit-
nesses informed General Counsel that the rule that it posted at
the store was the same as the rule in its manual. However, it
turns out that these assertions were not correct, and that in ef-
fect Respondent maintained two no-solicitation rules, one in its
manual, and the other, posted at the store. In these circum-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD742
stances, Respondent can have no legitimate complaint about
lack of notice.
Finally, the complaint was amended on the first day of the
trial, and there was a hiatus of 10 days between hearing days.
Thus, Respondent had ample opportunity to prepare and meet
these complaint allegations, and suffered no prejudice from the
late amendments. Pincus Elevator & Electric Co., 308 NLRB
684, 685 (1992).
Accordingly, I reaffirm my ruling to grant the amendments
and shall decide the issues on the merits.
With respect to the rule in the handbook, the record estab-
lishes that this rule prohibits solicitation or distribution on
“store premises without written consent of your General Man-
ager.” This rule is clearly overbroad and is presumptively inva-
lid, since it encompasses periods that includes employee’s own
time. Norris/O’Bannon, 307 NLRB 1236, 1245 (1992), Our
Way, Inc., 268 NLRB 394 (1988). Additionally, any rule that
requires employees to secure permission from their employer as
a precondition to engaging in protected conduct as an em-
ployee’s free time is unlawful. Norris/O’Bannon, supra;
Brunswick Corp., 282 NLRB, 794, 795 (1987).
Although there is no evidence that this rule has been en-
forced, that is no defense since it appears in Respondent’s man-
ual which is distributed to employees. Such action restrains
and interferes with employee’s rights under the Act, and is
violative of Section 8(a)(1). Staco Inc., 244 NLRB 461, 469
(1989). I so find.
The General Counsel also contends that Respondent unlaw-
fully promulgated another no-solicitation rule on August 8, in
response to the union solicitation by employees Roland and
Reder on that date, in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
Eagle Picher Industries, 331 NLRB 169, 173 (2000); Ports-
mouth Ambulance Service, 323 NLRB 311, 320 (1997); Can-
nondale Corp., 310 NLRB 845, 849 (1993).
In that regard, General Counsel relies on the testimony of
employees Reder and Roland that they never saw the rule
posted anywhere, until Schwartz posted it on August 8, after
showing it to Roland. Moreover, the General Counsel also
notes that Respondent has adduced no evidence that it had ever
announced or shown the policy to any nonmanagement em-
ployees. However, I have credited the testimony of Respon-
dent’s witnesses that the rule was posted by Respondent shortly
before the store opened in various places, including a bulletin
board, along with other notices to employees. In these circum-
stances, I cannot find, as General Counsel argues that this rule
was promulgated37 on August 8 in response to any union activ-
ity.
However, the General Counsel argues alternatively that the
evidence supports the conclusion that even crediting Respon-
dent’s witnesses (as I have done) that it posted the rule on or
about March 15, that the promulgation of the rule on that date is
unlawful and motivated by the appearance of the Union. In this
regard, he relies heavily on the testimony of Lovell, who admit-
ted that when he saw that Boyne receive a union card, it was a
big issue, because it involved union solicitation, and that’s the

37 I note that the General Counsel does not contend that this rule is
invalid or overbroad.
solicitation that he was concerned about. Moreover, Lovell
testified to a meeting of managers in February, conducted by
Perry, where she talked about the no-solicitation rule and told
the managers that Respondent was trying to help the union out,
and instructed them that if the Union came in to the store to
solicit, managers should ask them to leave. Perry distributed a
copy of the rule to the managers, and according to Lovell told
them that managers did not have the right to talk to employees
who are on breaks.
I agree with the General Counsel that the above evidence, as
well as other record evidence, is sufficient to persuade me that
Respondent promulgated this rule shortly before March 15 in
response to an anticipated union organizational campaign, in
violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. Thus, Lovell’s testi-
mony demonstrates that prior to the opening of the store, Re-
spondent anticipated that the Union would be attempting or-
ganization of the store, that Respondent was determined to keep
the Union out, and that this rule was one of the ways it would
try to do so. More importantly, there is no evidence that Re-
spondent had such a rule in any of its other stores and in fact
both Lovell and Schwartz who worked at other stores for Re-
spondent, never saw such a rule at these other stores where they
worked. Additionally, the manual contains a different rule,
which further suggests that the rule in question was promul-
gated only at the Westport store.
Finally, Perry, who as the human resource administrator,
would be fully expected to be familiar with Respondent’s poli-
cies in this regard, did not testify about this subject, nor make
any attempt to explain the discrepancy between this rule and
the rule in the manual. Further, neither Ware nor Williams,
other high company officials gave testimony in this area. It is
therefore appropriate to draw an adverse inference from the
failure of these witnesses to testify about these issues, and con-
clude that had they testified about such matters, they would
testify that Respondent’s rule was instituted only at Westport,
in anticipation of the Union organizing the store. Grimmway
Farms, 314 NLRB 73 fn. 2 (1994); International Automated
Machines, Inc., 285 NLRB 1122, 1123 (1987).
Further evidence in support of this conclusion is Reed’s ad-
mission that Respondent anticipated that the Union would be
picketing when the store opened on March 15, at the all store
meeting on March 14, when such picketing was mentioned and
the fact that the Union had filed its first initial charge on Febru-
ary 16. All these facts lead me to conclude which I do, that
Respondent prior to posting the rule fully anticipated that the
Union would attempt to organize the store, and the rule was
instituted in response to that belief. Therefore, Respondent has
further violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. Cannondale, supra;
Portsmouth Ambulance, supra.
E. The Termination Meeting of Lane
During the course of Lane’s termination on May 8, Bernier
made several statements which General Counsel asserts are
independently violative of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
In that regard, Bernier commented that he heard that Lane
had been talking to the Union and had joined the Union. After
Lane denied the accusation, Bernier replied that he heard that
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 743
she had been talking to the head of the Union, had joined the
Union, and asked why she had done that?
There can be little doubt that Bernier’s statements to Lane
that he had heard that Lane was talking to the Union and had
joined the Union, unlawfully created the impression that Lane’s
union activities were under surveillance and are violative of
Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. Ichikoh Mfg. Co., 312 NLRB 1022,
1023 (1993); Flexsteel Industries, 311 NLRB 257 (1993), Em-
erson Electric Co., 287 NLRB 1065 (1988). I so find.
I also conclude, in agreement with General Counsel, that the
questioning of Lane as to why she had spoken to the Union is
coercive. Thus, the question was asked by a high level supervi-
sor, in his office, of an employee who was not an open union
adherent, and was accompanied by other coercive statements as
detailed above. Structural Composites Industries, 304 NLRB
729 (1991), Rossmore House, 269 NLRB 1176 (1984). There-
fore, I conclude that Respondent has once again violated Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) of the Act by Bernier’s conduct.
F. The Termination of Lane
In assessing the legality of Respondent’s termination of
Lane, as well as the other alleged unlawful actions taken by
Respondent as detailed below, it must first be determined
whether General Counsel has established that a motivating
factor in Respondent’s decision was the union or protected
activity of the employees. Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083
(1980). Once the General Counsel has met that burden of
proof, the burden shifts to Respondent to prove by a preponder-
ance of the evidence, that it would have taken the same action
absent the employee’s protected conduct. Wright Line, supra;
NLRB v. Transportation Management Corp., 462 U.S. 393
(1983).
Here I conclude that General Counsel has presented compel-
ling evidence that a motivating factor in Respondent’s decision
to terminate Lane was her union activities.
Thus, Lane was hired on April 12. On April 30, she dis-
cussed the union’s picketing outside the store with a customer
and was overheard by Griffin. Griffin reported what she had
overheard to Reed, Bernier, and Reder, including the statement
by Lane to the customer, “I might join them,” referring to the
union pickets.
Thus, there can be no question that Respondent was aware of
Lane’s union activity, and the testimony of Bernier to the con-
trary is not credited. Indeed, as I noted above, Griffin, Respon-
dent’s supervisor, admitted informing both Reed and Bernier
that she overheard Lane telling the customer that she might join
the pickets. Additionally, and significantly, Lane was termi-
nated about a week after this conversation with the customer.
This “astonishing timing” provides substantial evidence of
antiunion motivation. Fiber Products, 314 NLRB 1169, 1186
(1994); NLRB v. Long Island Airport Limousine, 468 F.2d. 292,
295 (2d Cir. 1972); Trader Horn of New Jersey, Inc., 316
NLRB 194, 198 (1995). Indeed, “timing alone may suggest
antiunion animus as a motivating factor in an employer action.”
Cell Agricultural Mfg. Co., 311 NLRB 1228, 1232 (1993);
Trader Horn, supra; NLRB v. Rain-Ware, Inc., 732 F.2d. 1349,
1354 (7th Cir. 1984).
Here, the record contains much more substantial evidence of
discriminatory motivation, in addition to the suspicious timing.
Thus, Respondent as I have detailed above, committed a num-
ber of significant violations of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act, in-
cluding threats to suspend or discharge employees for their
union activities, as well as several 8(a)(1) violations committed
by Bernier during the course of the termination interview with
Lane.
Additionally, Reder’s credible testimony establishes that
immediately after Griffin overheard Lane’s conversation with
the customer, Griffin informed Reder “we finally have a way to
get rid of Diane Lane. She was talking to the Union head.”
Griffin then added that when Bernier hears about it, “he is go-
ing to blow his top.” The very next day, after Reder reported
Griffin’s conversation with her to Cota and Reed, Cota in-
structed Reder to prepare a list of problems with Lane’s work
so they could give it to Bernier when he returns to work. Reder
complied and prepared the list of problems with Lane’s per-
formance, including that Griffin had informed Reder that Lane
“had been talking to the Union.”
Finally, and most importantly of all, at the end of the termi-
nation interview, after Bernier had unlawfully interrogated
Lane and created the impression that her union activities were
under surveillance, he said that since Lane had been taking to
the Union, “maybe we should just part ways here” and “this is
your last day.”
The above evidence is more than sufficient to establish a
strong link between the discharge of Lane and her union activi-
ties. Thus, since General Counsel has made a strong prima
facie showing of discriminatory motivation, Respondent’s bur-
den of proof with Wright Line is substantial. Vemco, Inc., 304
NLRB 911, 912 (1991); Eddyleon Chocolate Co., 301 NLRB
887, 889 (1990).
I conclude, in agreement with General Counsel, that Re-
spondent has fallen far short of meeting its burden in this re-
gard. Bernier testified that he decided to terminate Lane, be-
cause after only 3 weeks of employment, he received numerous
complaints about Lane’s performance from Reder and Griffin,
as well as a complaint from Jim Ware (Bernier’s supervisor).
These complaints dealt with poor customer service and her
inability to get along with other employees. While Respondent
did establish that Bernier did in fact receive several complaints
from these supervisors about Lane, it failed to establish that it
would have terminated Lane for these problems, absent her
union activities.
Thus, Respondent admits that it never issued any warnings to
Lane that her job was in danger because of these problems with
her performance. This failure undermines Respondent’s efforts
to meet its Wright Line burden of proof. Allegheny Ludlum
Corp., 320 NLRB 484, 505 (1995).
This failure is even more significant in light of the evidence
that Respondent normally utilizes a progressive disciplinary
policy, consisting of verbal warnings (which are documented),
written warnings, and suspensions, prior to discharging em-
ployees. The failure of Respondent to follow its normal pro-
gressive disciplinary procedures is significant evidence of dis-
criminatory motivation and evidences pretext. Stoddy Co., 312
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD744
NLRB 1175, 1183 (1993); Marriott Corp., 310 NLRB 1152,
1159 (1993).
Even worse, the evidence reveals that Respondent treated
Lane significantly different than other employees who engaged
in similar or even more egregious conduct than Lane. I have
detailed in the facts section of the decision numerous examples
of Respondent’s more tolerant attitude toward conduct of em-
ployees such as Bayliss (issued three written warnings for vari-
ous infractions, including insubordination and “lackadaisical”
attitude), Canceli (only a written warning after leaving the job
without permission, and having an altercation with a customer),
Krynick (received only a warning for speaking to co-workers in
an unbecoming behavior, and causing a scene that disrupted
work), Gilmore (received several documented verbal counsel-
ings, and a number of written warnings, and employee’s con-
duct included raising her voice to the manager and making
derogatory comments to other employees, employee finally
quit), and Diaz (received documented verbal warning, and three
written warnings).
The above evidence of disparate treatment of employees
substantially detracts from Respondent’s attempt to meet its
Wright Line burden of proof. Ellicot Development Square
Corp., 320 NLRB 762, 774–775 (1996), enfd. 104 F.3d 354 (2d
Cir. 1996); Pope Concrete Products, 305 NLRB 989, 990
(1991); Stoddy, supra.
Respondent attempts to explain its departure from utilizing
its progressive disciplinary policy, by Bernier’s testimony that
Lane was only employed by Respondent for a period of 3
weeks. However, it introduced no evidence that its progressive
disciplinary policy was not to be applied to employees em-
ployed for any particular period of time, nor any evidence that
it employed a “probationary” period of any particular time.
More importantly, the record discloses that in several in-
stances, such as employees Diaz and Gilmore, Respondent
issued documented verbal warnings to these employees within
30 days of the start of their employment. This evidence effec-
tively undermines Bernier’s testimony that Lane’s short-term
employment explained Respondent’s failure to use its progres-
sive disciplinary policy.
Accordingly, based on the foregoing, I conclude that Re-
spondent has failed to establish that it would have terminated
Lane absent her union activities, and that it has therefore vio-
lated Section 8(a)(3) of the Act by such conduct.
G. The Reduction of Hours of and Refusal to Give Reder
a Set Schedule
An analysis of these allegations in the complaint must also
utilize the Wright Line framework, inasmuch as their resolution
is dependent upon Respondent’s motivation for these actions.
In this regard, Reder after giving up her supervisory position
to become a clerk, engaged in several acts of protected conduct.
On August 8, she and Roland distributed union authorization
cards to employees inside the store. On August 28, at a de-
partment meeting, Reder and fellow employee Magner engaged
in a heated discussion about the union, and the newspaper arti-
cle that accused Bernier of threatening employees with dis-
charge if they talk about the Union. Magner disputed the re-
ports in the article about Bernier. Lane argued with Magner,
and asserted that she was there when Bernier fired Lane and he
spoke to her about talking to the Union and fired her during that
conversation. Thus, Reder asserted, “to me that looks like she
was fired for talking to the Union.” Coppola then chimed in
that this was not true and Reder replied that she wasn’t lying
and she knew what she heard. Coppola then made some addi-
tional antiunion statements, as did Magner, and Magner even-
tually stormed out of the meeting. Thus, Reder clearly engaged
in protected concerted conduct at the meeting, by speaking up
in favor of the Union, and supporting the union’s position as
expressed in the newspaper article concerning Bernier’s con-
duct.
Reder continued to engage in protected conduct, when she
was summoned into Bernier’s office. He criticized her for “de-
faming him” at the meeting, as well as for talking to the re-
porter. In that regard, Reder’s conduct in speaking to the re-
porter about Coppola’s actions in distributing antiunion litera-
ture is also protected concerted activity. Reder and Bernier
then argued about what Bernier claimed was her “defaming”
him at the meeting, and Reder insisted that she was merely
telling the truth about what she heard during the termination
meeting with Lane that Reder attended when she was a supervi-
sor. This conduct is also protected activity on the part of Re-
der.
As noted above, I have found that during the August 28
meeting, Bernier violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by threat-
ening to suspend Reder in retaliation for her protected conduct.
This resulted in another unfair labor practice charge filed by the
Union on September 5, and served upon Respondent on Sep-
tember 10.
Finally, on September 19, Reed received a complaint from
an employee that Reder had pressured them to sign union cards,
and Reed instructed that employee to prepare a memo to that
effect, which also reflected that Reder had asked another em-
ployee to sign a card. This is of course additional protected
conduct by Reder.
The issue then becomes, whether such concerted conduct
were motivating factors in any of the actions taken against her
by Respondent. Once again, the timing of Respondent’s ac-
tions are highly suspicious. Reder’s hours were reduced from
22 to 10 on September 13, a mere 2 weeks after the August 28
meeting and her confrontations with Bernier about the meeting,
and even more significantly, a mere 3 days after the unfair la-
bor practice charge filed by the Union, with respect to the Au-
gust 28 threat to suspend Reder was served on Respondent.
Moreover, the animus displayed by Respondent towards Re-
der’s protected conduct is manifested by Bernier’s unlawful
threat of August 28, as well as by Coppola’s arguing with Re-
der about Bernier’s conduct and her antiunion statements at the
department meeting. Additionally, I rely on the animus de-
tailed above, as demonstrated by the unlawful discharge of
Lane and the numerous 8(a)(1) violations set forth that I have
found.
Based on the above, I conclude that the evidence is more
than sufficient to establish that a motivating factor in Respon-
dent’s decision to reduce Reder’s hours on September 13, and
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 745
to thereafter refuse to assign her a set schedule was motivated
by her protected conduct.38
Once more, as in the case of Lane’s termination, General
Counsel’s prima facie showing is strong, which requires sub-
stantial evidence by Respondent to meet its Wright Line burden
of proof. Vemco, supra, Eddyleon Chocolate, supra.
I conclude that Respondent has again failed to meet its bur-
den of proof in this regard. It relies solely on the testimony of
Coppola, which I found to be unconvincing. Coppola asserts
that she reduced Reder’s hours because she could not rely on
her. Coppola points to several factors that allegedly led to her
conclusion in this regard. They include the fact that Reder had
not gotten back to her by September 12 as to her availability
and her response to Coppola’s proposed schedule given to Re-
der on September 10. However, I find this assertion specious.
First of all, contrary to Coppola’s testimony, I have found that
Coppola did not decide to reduce Reder’s hours on September
12, but on September 13, and only after Reder had gotten back
to her on September 13, indicated her availability and had told
Coppola that she could work 4 of the 5 days that Coppola had
proposed for her on September 10. I note that the only day that
Reder could not work was Sunday, and the record is clear that
Reder never worked on Sunday before, and Coppola was aware
of this fact.
Coppola also testified that she was informed by Reder’s
mother on Saturday, September 8, that Reder was “trying out a
new job,” that Reder had the previous week given insufficient
notice to Coppola about her vacation plans, and that when Re-
der called in on Friday, September 2, to report her absences on
September 11 and 12, she failed to speak to a manager about
the matter.
I note however that on September 10, Coppola gave Reder a
proposed temporary schedule for 22 hours, notwithstanding that
all of these events had already taken place. Thus, if Coppola
could not rely on Reder, based on these events why did she
propose to her a schedule of 22 hours on September 10. There-
fore it appears that the receipt of the unfair labor practice
charge by Respondent on September 10 was the motivating
factor, in Coppola’s sudden decision that she no longer needed
Reder, and not these other events that Coppola asserted. More-
over, Coppola did not mention to Reder on September 13 when
she notified Reder about the reduction in hours, any of these
issues or even any claim that Coppola could not rely on her.
The only thing that Coppola said to Reder in explanation of
why her hours were reduced was simply, “this is all I need you
for.” This assertion is of course dubious, since 3 days earlier,
on June 10, Coppola needed Reder for 22 hours, and during
August, Reder’s last 3 regular weeks, Reder was “needed” for
22 hours.
In this regard, Respondent argues that the need for Reder’s
services had decreased, due to the restructuring of the front end,

38 In this regard, Respondent argues that it scheduled her for 21
hours for the week of September 9–15, which occurred after the August
28 meeting. While this may be true, I find that the September 5 charge
was served upon Respondent on September 10, reminded it of the Au-
gust 28 protected conduct by Reder, and increased its antagonism to-
wards her and motivated its action on September 13.
which necessitated the transfer into the department of Mike
Keough as a full-time employee who replaced Roland, a part-
time employee, and the hiring of Tisha Innocone a full-time
employee on September 19. However, since Coppola did not
testify that she reduced Reder’s hours because she didn’t “need
her,” it cannot rely on that defense to meet its Wright Line bur-
den. In any event, Respondent has given no explanation as to
why it needed Reder for 22 hours on September 10, but sud-
denly 3 days later, it only needed her for 10 hours. Indeed,
Coppola knew that Reder could be available for the 22 hours
that she had been regularly assigned previously, so Coppola’s
testimony that she could not rely on Reder is highly suspect.
Therefore, based on the foregoing, I conclude that Respon-
dent has failed to establish that it would have reduced Reder’s
hours absent her protected conduct, and that it has therefore
violated Section 8(a)(1), (3), and (4) of the Act.
Turning to the allegations of refusal to give Reder a set
schedule, the record establishes that generally she received a set
schedule. The hours were increased to 22 shortly after Coppola
replaced Griffin as manager in August. For most of August her
schedule was identical, 12:30–6 Mondays, 8–1 on Tuesdays
and Thursdays, and 11:30–8 on Wednesdays. I note that the
proposed temporary schedule given to Reder by Coppola in
September, although representing a minor reduction in total
hours from 22 to 21, did represent a significant change in the
days and hours, since it provided for 4 hours on Sunday,
changed Reder’s Monday hours to 10–2 from 12:30–6, and
changed her Wednesday hours from 11:30–5 to 8–1. Notably,
even after Reder changed her hours at her other job, to accom-
modate this change, so that she could work 18 of the 22 hours,
proposed by Coppola, Coppola rejected this offer, and reduced
her hours to 10, assigning her only to work Tuesdays and
Thursdays from 8–1. For the next week, September 23 to 29,
Reder was again scheduled for 10 hours, but this time on dif-
ferent days, Wednesdays and Thursdays from 8–1. Reder com-
plained to Coppola about this change, and noted that she had
arranged her schedule at her other job to accommodate the prior
schedule. Reder asked if the hours were permanent, and
Coppola replied, “no” and said that she would not give Reder
permanent hours. Reder explained that she needed a set sched-
ule because of her other job, that Coppola was so aware, and
asked why she could not have set hours like everyone else?
Coppola continued to refuse to promise Reder a set schedule
and added that she will put Reder on the schedule “when I need
you.” It is significant to note, that during the week of this con-
versation, on September 19, Reder had spoken to employees
about the Union, and Respondent documented these activities
in its files, thus providing additional evidence of protected ac-
tivities of Reder and Respondent’s motivations for Coppola’s
unexplained refusal to give Reder a set schedule.
In that regard, Coppola provided no explanation for her fail-
ure to give Reder a set schedule, and in fact testified that nor-
mally employees do not receive set schedules. However, this
testimony is refuted by Respondent’s records, as well as
Coppola’s admission that several members of the department
did in fact receive set schedules, and that it was not unusual for
part-time employees, who normally have other jobs to have set
schedules, of course, most importantly of all, Reder herself had
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD746
been given a set schedule prior to August 28, and it was only
after that date, and after the charge filed by the Union on Re-
der’s behalf, that Coppola decided to put her on the schedule
“when I need her,” and not give her a set schedule, contrary to
prior practice, and contrary to how she treated other employees.
In such circumstances, I conclude that Respondent has failed
to establish that it would have refused to give Reder a set
schedule, absent her protected conduct, and that it has therefore
further violated Section 8(a)(1), (3), and (4) of the Act.
H. The Alleged Termination of Mary Roland
The resolution of the complaint allegation dealing with Ro-
land must start with an assessment of whether or not she was
terminated as the General Counsel contends, or that she volun-
tarily quit her employment as asserted by Respondent.
In that regard, I have credited the mutually corroborative tes-
timony of Coppola and Reed, supported by their contempora-
neous memos of the relevant events, that Reed informed Ro-
land of her transfer to the front end as a cashier, effective at the
end of the week. Reed added that Roland would work the rest
of the week in natural living and that Reed would sit down later
in the week with Roland to discuss her schedule, new duties,
and anything else she needed. However, notwithstanding these
instructions from Reed, Roland took it upon herself to go speak
with Doshno, the front-end supervisor who informed Roland
that there was no availability for her in the front end for the
hours that she had worked.
After Roland informed Coppola of what Doshno had said,
Coppola twice asked Roland to wait until Coppola finds out
what is going on? Roland however, refused to wait, informed
Coppola that she was leaving, and accused Respondent of mak-
ing “a very big mistake.” Roland then left, and made no further
attempts to contact Respondent.
In these circumstances I am constrained to find that Roland
in fact voluntarily quit her job for Respondent, and was not
terminated as alleged in the complaint. The General Counsel
argues that there was no job for her at the front end, and that is
an effective termination. However, the fact is that Reed, the
store manager, informed Roland that she would be transferred
to the front end, effective the next week, and they would meet
later in the week to discuss hours and scheduling. Roland was
aware that Reed as the store manager was in charge of the store,
and that Doshno reported to Reed. In my view it was incum-
bent upon Roland to have waited to speak with Reed or
Coppola to straighten out the confusion caused by Doshno in-
forming Roland that she was not needed for the hours of Ro-
land’s availability. I believe that Roland was not interested in
working as a cashier, and that she was upset about her transfer.
Therefore, she voluntarily quit her job with Respondent. In
such circumstances, the complaint allegation alleging that she
was terminated because of her protected conduct must be dis-
missed. IBP, Inc., 330 NLRB 863, 865–866 (2000).
I note that the complaint does not allege that the transfer of
Roland to the front end was discriminatory, nor that Roland
was constructively discharged by such conduct. Therefore I
need not and do not make any findings and conclusions as to
these issues.39
Accordingly, I recommend dismissal of the complaint allega-
tion as to Roland.
I. The Refusal to Hire
The criteria for establishing a violation of the Act in refusal
to hire or refusal to consider for hire cases, is set forth in FES,
331 NLRB 9 (2000), enfd. 301 F.3d 83 (3d Cir. 2002). The
General Counsel must establish that Respondent excluded ap-
plicants from the hiring process, that Respondent was hiring or
had plans to hire, the applicants had experience or training rele-
vant to the announced or generally known requirements of the
position for hire, and that antiunion animus contributed to the
decision not to hire or consider the applicants for employment.
Once the General Counsel establishes these elements, the bur-
den then shifts to Respondent to show that it would not have
considered the applicants for hire or hired them, even in the
absence of their union activity or affiliation.
Here there is no question that Respondent was hiring em-
ployees, and that it refused to consider hiring any employees
previously employed by Food For Thought. Additionally, there
can be no doubt that all of the discriminatees had the experi-
ence and training relevant to the positions offered by Respon-
dent. Indeed, all of them were previously employed by Re-
spondent when it owned the Food For Thought store, 500 yards
away from the instant store. Since they were all qualified to
work for Respondent at the Food For Thought store, and Re-
spondent adduced no evidence that it had any different or new
job requirements for employees at the Westport store, I con-
clude that the General Counsel has established that element of
its case.
That leaves the issue of whether antiunion animus contrib-
uted to the decision of Respondent not to consider the former
Food For Though employees, and not to hire the discriminatees.
In that regard, it is undisputed that the former Food For
Thought employees had voted for union representation shortly
before Respondent sold the Norwalk store. Thus, Respondent
was aware of this fact and in my judgment was likely to believe
that if it hired Food For Thought employees at the Westport
store, a similar result would be likely. This is a result that Re-
spondent obviously was intent on preventing. All of its wit-
nesses conceded that Respondent was firmly opposed to un-
ionization at any of its stores.40 Moreover, two of the discrimi-
natees involved herein, Silveira and Louis testified on behalf of
the Union at the National Labor Relations Board trial in Case
34–CA–9243 in February 2001. Additionally, Beverly
Hammons, another discriminatee, was alleged in Case 34–CA–
9278 to have been discriminatorily transferred from natural
living to a cashier position. That was settled before trial, but
clearly Respondent would have perceived Hammons, Silveira,
and Louis to be likely union supporters.

39 I do note that there is no loss of pay involved in the transfer, nor
any evidence submitted that the cashier position is a more onerous job
than a clerk.
40 Indeed the Norwalk store was the first one out of over 100 stores
in the USA and Canada to be successfully organized.
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 747
I find more than sufficient evidence to conclude that anti-
union animus contributed to Respondent’s decisions with re-
spect to hire. I note initially the substantial amount of animus
towards union activities of Respondent’s employees, that I have
found above, including the unlawful discharge of Lane, the
reduction of hours of Reder, and numerous 8(a)(1) violations,
such as threats to discharge and threats to suspend employees
for their union activities. I also rely on the animus found by
Judge Marcionese in his decision, particularly, his finding that
Respondent by its CEO Gilliland violated Section 8(a)(1) of the
Act by promising benefits to and soliciting grievances from
employees. Thus, this finding establishes that the CEO of Re-
spondent, took the trouble to come from Colorado, Respon-
dent’s main office to meet with employees and attempt to con-
vince them to vote against the Union. This is particularly sig-
nificant, since the decision not to hire Food For Thought em-
ployees was apparently made by representatives at Respon-
dent’s main Colorado office.
In addition to the substantial amount of animus, as detailed
above, I also rely on the credited testimony of Reder, that while
she was a supervisor of Respondent, she was informed by fel-
low Supervisor Griffin that people were not hired by Respon-
dent because they were union people, and that union people
were not coming into the store because they would start some-
thing going. Similarly, Reder also heard one of Respondent’s
other supervisors say that Respondent did not want “moles” in
the store, and did not want “moles from Food For Thought to
come to the store to start up union proceedings.” Reder then
asked, “what is a mole?,” and a supervisor told her, “a mole is
somebody from Food For Thought who would get people to
join the Union” and that Respondent should look out for people
who were moles. The above credited testimony provides com-
pelling evidence of a link between the decision not to consider
or hire former Food For Thought employees and their union
activities or affiliation.
Accordingly, once more I conclude that, the General Counsel
has presented a strong prima facie case, requiring Respondent
to produce substantial evidence to meet its burden of proof.
Vemco, supra; Eddyleon Chocolate, supra.
Respondent contends that it has met its burden of proof, by
what it views as uncontradicted testimony of Williams, that its
decision was based solely on the fact that Respondent had en-
tered into a no-raid agreement with Grange, wherein Respon-
dent agreed not to hire any Food For Thought employees.
However, this defense is severely undermined by the terms
of the “no raid” agreement itself. Thus, the agreement provides
that Respondent shall not hire former Food For Thought em-
ployees only for a period of 6 months from the closing. The
facts reveal that this portion of the agreement was due to expire
on February 6. Respondent did not start hiring any unit em-
ployees until February, its planned opening was March 15, and
none of the discriminates applied for employment until after the
deadline expired. Thus, Respondent’s reliance on this agree-
ment as having motivated its decision not to hire Food For
Thought employees is highly dubious. Williams’ testimony
concerning the alleged decision, is even more problematic.
According to Williams, in late November 2000, he was in-
formed by Brier, Respondent’s General Counsel that the West-
port store would be opened and needed to be staffed, and be-
cause of the no-hire agreement in the purchase agreement,
which she allegedly showed to Williams, she informed Wil-
liams that Respondent was not allowed to hire any current em-
ployees from Food For Thought. Williams further testified that
he then telephoned Perry in December and informed her that in
her staffing of the store, she was not to hire any current Food
For Thought employees because of the no-hire agreement.
Williams’ testimony in this regard is undermined by several
factors. First, Perry’s testimony contradicts him in that accord-
ing to her, while in December Williams did inform her of the
decision not to hire Food For Thought employees, he did not
inform her at that time of the no-hire agreement, or any other
reason for this decision.
Secondly, Williams incredibly testified that although when
he saw the no-hire agreement, he noticed that it contained a 6-
month limitation, which would have expired well before Re-
spondent’s planned opening, he claims that this limitation was
not discussed during his conversation. I find this testimony
hard to believe, and even if true, difficult to understand from
the point of view of Brier, who gave the instruction to Wil-
liams. Thus, Respondent claims that it had made the decision
to open the store, notwithstanding its clear violation of the non-
compete portion of the agreement, and at the same time decided
to comply with the no-hire portion of the agreement, which was
due to expire before Respondent was to open, and before it
planned to hire employees. Therefore, it allegedly decided to
clearly violate one portion of the agreement, while at the same
time deciding to comply with another portion of the agreement,
(the no-hire) which in fact Respondent would not be violating,
since any hiring would take place after the 6-month limitation
expired. This is a rather inexplicable business decision, which
Respondent made no attempt to explain.
This failure to do so, highlights perhaps the most significant
defect in Respondent’s failure to meet its Wright Line burden of
proof. It is well settled that the failure of an Employer to call
the decisionmaker to explain why it took certain action, is
highly damaging to the Employer’s defense, and gives rise to
an adverse inference that testimony by such a witness, if of-
fered would not be favorable to the Employer’s case. Govern-
ment Employees (IBPO), 327 NLRB 676, 699 (1999); United
Parcel Services of Ohio, 321 NLRB 300 fn. 1, 308–309 fn. 21
(1996); Ready Mixed Concrete Co., 317 NLRB, 1140, 1143
fn.16 (1995); Basin Frozen Foods, 307 NLRB 1406, 1417
(1992); White Plains Lincoln-Mercury, 288 NLRB 1133, 1150
fn. 13 (1988).
I find the above precedent dispositive here, since the evi-
dence discloses, contrary to Respondent’s contention that Brier
(or perhaps someone else in the company, such as Gilliland)
made the decision not to hire the Food For Thought employees,
and not Williams. Thus, it is clear from Williams’s testimony
that he made no decisions on whether or not to hire Food For
Thought employees, but was merely relaying instructions given
to him by Brier as to this issue of a decision made either by
Brier herself, or as is more likely, by some higher official such
as Gilliland. Indeed it appears to me that the decision not to
hire, made in conjunction with the decision to open the store in
contravention of the terms of the noncompete agreement, would
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD748
have been made at the highest levels of the corporation, and
that Gilliland as the CEO would have made or least approved of
such decisions.
In any event, Respondent has failed to call Brier, Gilliland,
or anyone else involved in the decision not to hire the Food For
Thought employees (even though the terms of the no-hire
clause would have expired well before the opening), and at the
same time agreeing to open the store in clear contravention of
the noncompete portion of the agreement. The absence of any
such testimony leads to the adverse inference that such testi-
mony would not be favorable to Respondent, and the further
conclusion that Respondent did not rely on the agreement when
it decided not to hire Food For Thought employees.
Respondent attempted to explain away the 6-month limita-
tion in the agreement by the testimony of Williams. Respon-
dent contends that Williams’ testimony, coupled with a letter
from Clapp to Brier, establishes that in January, Brier and
Clapp reached an agreement to continue the terms of the no-
hire agreement, because Clapp had threatened to sue Respon-
dent for its violation of the noncompete portion of the agree-
ment, and Respondent wished to minimize its damages.
However, my examination of Williams’s testimony in this
regard, reveals it to be inconsistent, and unconvincing and I do
not credit same. Thus, on direct testimony he asserted that
Brier informed him in January that Grange intended to sue
Respondent and that during her discussion with Clapp about the
suit, she reached a verbal agreement with Clapp to extend and
continue the no-hiring agreement. On cross examination, Wil-
liams backtracked from that testimony and asserted that Brier
did not inform him of an agreement with Clapp to extend the
no-hire agreement, but that he “imagined” that there was such
an agreement, since she directed him to continue to apply the
no-hire clause.
On examination of the undersigned, Williams contended that
Brier told him that Respondent was going to be sued by Clapp
and that Respondent needed to continue not to hire Food For
Thought employees. According to Williams, he had no discus-
sion about an extension of the agreement or the 6-month limita-
tion contained therein. Most importantly, the letter introduced
into evidence by Respondent, confirming this agreement alleg-
edly made by Brier and Clapp in January to extend the terms of
the no-hire agreement, was dated March 16, and refers to a
“recent” phone conversation between Clapp and Brier about
that subject. It is undisputed that by March 16, Respondent had
hired virtually its entire staff at the new store.
Thus, based on this evidence alone, Williams’ testimony
cannot be credited that any agreement was reached in January
to extend the terms of the no-hire agreement. However, an
even more significant factor leads to that conclusion, and that is
again the absence of any testimony from Brier. Indeed, Wil-
liams’ testimony as to this issue is pure “hearsay,” since he had
no discussions with Clapp. It was Brier who allegedly agreed
with Clapp in January to extend the terms of the no-hire agree-
ment past the 6-month limitation, but Brier did not testify. It
was also Brier who allegedly decided that Respondent would
extend the terms of the no-hire portion of the agreement, in
order to minimize Grange’s damages in a potential law suit.
Thus, the absence of Brier’s testimony as to these two crucial
matters is highly damaging to Respondent’s case, and once
again, pursuant to the precedent cited above, leads to an ad-
verse inference that such testimony would not be favorable to
Respondent. I therefore conclude that consistent with the date
on the March 16 letter, that any agreement was not made until
after Respondent staffed its store, and after it refused to hire the
discriminates herein. Therefore, Respondent’s attempt to jus-
tify its refusal to hire the discriminatees on the basis of such an
alleged agreement is clearly pretextual and is rejected.
Respondent in attempting to meet its Wright Line defense,
also relies on the testimony of its supervisors that Respondent
recruited at several stores, known to be represented by the Un-
ion, and that in fact as a result of that recruitment, Respondent
hired between 20–25 employees from these unionized stores. I
place little reliance on such testimony. Initially, I note that
none of Respondent’s witnesses provided any names of any of
these employees whom it allegedly hired from these unionized
stores. Nor did it provide any documentary evidence such as
job applications, payroll records, or any other evidence to sup-
port the testimony of its witnesses in this regard. Since it is
Respondent’s burden under Wright Line to establish its defense,
and that burden is particularly strong here in light of the strong
prima facie showing of the General Counsel, the failure of Re-
spondent to adduce such evidence detracts from its defense.
Moreover, even accepting the testimony of Respondent’s
witnesses as to this issue, would not be sufficient to meet Re-
spondent’s burden of proof. Thus, I note that the employees at
these other stores have been represented by the Union for a
substantial amount of time. Therefore, it may be that the em-
ployees involved were union members, solely because of the
union-security clause in the contract. In any event, none of
these stores, insofar as this record discloses, were recently or-
ganized, as was the Food For Thought store. Moreover, the
Food For Thought store was closed by Respondent shortly after
the election, which would likely increase the militancy of the
Food For Thought employees and their desire to support union
representation should they be hired by Respondent. Finally, the
evidence does not disclose whether or not higher management
in Colorado, who made the decision not to hire the Food For
Thought employees, was aware of or ever notified about the
decision of local supervisors to recruit at unionized stores.
Therefore, for the above reasons, I conclude that the signifi-
cance of the evidence of Respondent’s hiring 20–25 employees
from unionized stores is minimal, and far from sufficient to
meet Respondent’s strong burden of establishing that it would
have refused to hire the discriminatees absent their union af-
filiation.
That leads me to the next issue for consideration, that of who
should be considered applicants for employment, and therefore
discriminatees. Respondent’s answer admits that it refused to
hire or consider for hire applicants Silveira, Louis, Clark, Mon-
teleone, and Sandola. Therefore, there is no question that they
must be considered discriminatees, and since I have concluded
that Respondent has not met its burden of proof, that it has
violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act by refusing to hire
these employees.
That leaves employees Laloi, Hammons, and Parikh, who
Respondent denies that it refused to hire, since they did not file
WILD OATS MARKETS, INC. 749
applications for employment with Respondent. With respect to
Laloi, a significant credibility resolution must be made, as Re-
spondent contends that Laloi’s testimony that he was denied an
application by Rob (O’Neil) when he attempted to apply for a
job with Respondent on or about February 6 must be discred-
ited. Respondent argues, with some justification, that this tes-
timony is inconsistent with the testimony of all of the other 25
witnesses, including several witnesses for the General Counsel,
that Respondent gave applications to everyone who applied,
including former Food For Thought employees.
However, notwithstanding this contradictory testimony, I am
disposed to credit Laloi’s testimony in this regard. I do not
believe Laloi would be likely to simply make up such a detailed
scenario as he furnished with his testimony, and his version of
events seems plausible to me. Thus, although ordinarily Re-
spondent did give applications to everyone who asked, in
Laloi’s case, O’Neil, who knew Laloi from Food For Thought
told him that he could not apply. While this is contrary to Re-
spondent’s normal procedure, O’Neil may have felt that he was
doing Laloi a favor by denying him an application, since
O’Neil knew that Laloi would not be hired. Thus, O’Neil could
have felt that he was helping Laloi by not wasting his time
filing an application that could not result in Laloi being hired.
I find this to be a reasonable explanation for Respondent’s
departure from its normal procedure, and in the absence of any
testimony from O’Neil denying Laloi’s testimony, it is once
again appropriate to draw an adverse inference from Respon-
dent’s failure to call O’Neil as a witness.41 Having credited
Laloi that Respondent denied him an application for employ-
ment, it follows that Laloi must be considered a discriminatee,
and that by denying him an application, Respondent has refused
to consider him and refused to hire Laloi in violation of Section
8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act. M&M Electric Co., 323 NLRB 361,
369–370 (1997); Flour Daniel, Inc., 333 NLRB 427, 447
(2001).
Turning to Hammons and Parikh, they attempted to apply for
employment in February, even though they had heard from
other employees that Respondent was not hiring Food For
Thought workers. After they received their applications and
while they were discussing benefits with Perry, Hammons
asked if it made any difference that the employees worked for
Food For Thought. Perry replied, “that it does make a differ-
ence,” and explained that while Respondent would take their
application, it would put them in a separate file. Perry added
that she didn’t know if the employees would be hired, but she
could not talk further with them about job openings. The em-
ployees asked if they could take their applications with them to
fill out, since their break for Food For Thought was over. Perry
replied, “no,” that they could not take the applications outside
the door. Perry did suggest that the employees return on Satur-
day when she would be at the store, to complete their applica-
tions. The employees left and did not return on Saturday or any
other day to fill out their applications.

41 I also note that while Perry generally denied that Respondent
failed to give an application to anyone, she did not deny Laloi’s spe-
cific and detailed testimony, and did not deny that O’Neil was involved
in the hiring process.
Based on the above circumstances, I conclude, in accord
with longstanding Board precedent, that it would have been
futile for the employees to have returned on Saturday to file
applications, as Perry suggested, and Respondent cannot rely
on their failure to do so to disqualify them from being consid-
ered discriminatees. Shortway Suburban Lines, Inc., 286
NLRB 323, 326 (1987); Sherwood Trucking Co., 270 NLRB
445, 448 (1984); Love’s Barbeque Restaurant No. 62, 245
NLRB 78, 81 fn. 10 (1979); enfd. in pert. part 640 F.2d 1094
(9th Cir. 1981); Mason City Dressed Beef, 231 NLRB 735, 748
(1977); Macomb Block & Supply, Inc., 223 NLRB 1285, 1286
(1926).
Indeed Respondent’s own witnesses admit that it would have
been futile for these employees to apply, since their applica-
tions would have been placed in a separate “no” pile, and they
would not have been hired. This conclusion was effectively
communicated to the employees by Perry informing him that it
made a difference that they were Food For Thought employees,
that their applications would be placed in a separate file and
that she could not talk further with them about job openings.
Accordingly, I find that Respondent also violated Section
8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act by refusing to consider for hire and
refusing to hire Hammons and Parikh.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. By coercively interrogating employees concerning their
activities on behalf or support for Local 371 United Food and
Commercial Workers International Union, AFL–CIO (the Un-
ion), creating the impression that the union activities of its em-
ployees are under surveillance, threatening its employees with
discharge, job loss, suspension, loss of benefits or other un-
specified reprisals, if they engage in activities on behalf or sup-
port of the Union, or if the Union becomes the collective-
bargaining representative of its employees, by maintaining an
unlawfully broad no-solicitation rule, and by unlawfully prom-
ulgating a no-solicitation rule in response to the Union’s organ-
izational campaign, Respondent has violated Section 8(a)(1) of
the Act.
4. By refusing to consider for hire all employees employed
by Food For Thought, and by refusing to consider for hire and
refusing to hire Julius Laloi, Libya Silveira, Rosette Louis,
Beverly Hammons, Rajshree Parikh, Steven Clark, Teresa
Monteleone, and Maria Sandalo, by terminating Diane Lane,
and by reducing the hours of Rosemary Reder and refusing to
give her a set schedule, because of their support for or activities
on behalf of the Union, Respondent has violated Section 8(a)(1)
and (3) of the Act.
5. By reducing the hours of Rosemary Reder and refusing to
give her a set schedule, because NLRB charges were filed on
her behalf by the Union, Respondent has violated Section
8(a)(1) and (4) of the Act.
6. The aforesaid unfair labor practices affect commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD750
7. The Respondent has not otherwise violated the Act as al-
leged in the complaint.
THE REMEDY
Having found that Respondent has engaged in various unfair
labor practices, I shall order that it cease and desist therefrom
and take certain affirmative action designed to effectuate the
policies of the Act.
I shall recommend that Respondent offer positions to the ap-
plicants unlawfully denied hire by Respondent referred to by
the Board in FES as “instatement,” and to make them as well as
Lane, and Rosemary Reder whole for any loss of pay and bene-
fits caused by Respondent’s discrimination against them. All
backpay provided shall be computed in the manner prescribed
in F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289 (1950), with interest
computed in accordance with New Horizons for the Retarded,
283 NLRB 1173 (1987).
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]