Unifirst Corp.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Aug 27, 2001

335 N.L.R.B. 706 (N.L.R.B. 2001)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 706
Unifirst Corporation and General Truckdrivers, Of-
fice, Food & Warehouse Union Local 952, Inter-
national Brotherhood of Teamsters, AFL–CIO.
Case 31–CA–22164
August 27, 2001
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN HURTGEN AND MEMBERS
LIEBMAN
AND TRUESDALE
On July 23, 1998, Administrative Law Judge Michael
D. Stevenson issued the attached decision. The Respon-
dent filed exceptions and a supporting brief, and the
General Counsel filed an answering brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and briefs, and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,1 and conclusions and
to adopt the recommended Order as modified and set
forth in full below.2
We agree with the judge that the Respondent violated
Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by coercively interrogating
employees and by telling employees that it would not
renegotiate upcoming union contracts and that strikes are
inevitable if they vote in the Union. In addition, for the
reasons that follow, we also adopt the judge’s findings
that the Respondent further violated Section 8(a)(1) of
the Act by informing employees that a strike would re-
sult in job loss and that it would not abide by the Union’s
rules if they vote in the Union.
The judge found that during a union campaign at the
Respondent’s Ontario, California facility in June-July
1998, the Respondent’s former president, Tony DiFil-
lippo, acted as its agent in presenting to employees the
Respondent’s opposition to unionization. DiFillippo and
Peter Kraft, the Respondent’s labor relations counsel,
conducted several meetings with employees at which
various aspects of the collective-bargaining process were
discussed, including DiFillippo’s views respecting the
negative consequences of selecting the Union. Based on
the testimony of several witnesses, as set out in relevant
part below, the judge found that at a meeting on July 23,
1998, DiFillippo indicated to employees that if they
chose the Union, he would not abide by the Union’s
rules, that he would cause a strike, and that he would
bring in other workers to continue operations. The judge
found that DiFillippo’s statements violated Section
8(a)(1) by conveying the inevitability of a strike and the
futility of bringing in a union, and, additionally, that
these remarks contained an unlawful threat of job loss.
We agree. When DiFillippo told employees that if they
voted for union representation, he would disregard appli-
cable rules, cause a strike rather than bargain in good
faith, and bring in new workers once the strike had been
precipitated, unit employees could form a reasonable
apprehension that their jobs would be in danger. There-
fore, as explained below, DiFillippo’s remarks ran afoul
of Eagle Comtronics, 263 NLRB 515 (1983).

1 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
We find it unnecessary to pass on the issue of whether George
Meyers possessed supervisory authority during periods not relevant to
the violations alleged in this case.
2 We shall modify par. 1(a) of the judge’s recommended Order and
his notice to employees to more accurately reflect the violations that he
found. We shall also include a provision in the Order to reflect our
recent decision in Ferguson Electric Co., 335 NLRB 142 (2001).
The judge based his findings on the testimony of Re-
spondent witness Kraft and General Counsel witnesses
Jeffrey Leal and Mark Leuthold. Leal, who at the time of
the hearing was a unit employee, testified that DiFillippo
told employees that “he would not abide by the union
rules, [and] that he would [cause a] strike and bring in
other employees from other locations to run the facility.”
When asked, “Did [DiFillippo] indicate whether a strike
would have any sort of effect on you [i.e., as Ontario
facility employees]?” Leal responded that DiFillippo
had indicated that “[i]t’d be a burden on the company if
the union came in. . . . We’d lose our—probably, lose
our jobs, I believe. I don’t know the wording of how he
put it, but that’s the meaning that I got out of certain
terms of the whole meeting that . . . if the union came in
there, or if we brought a union in, we would lose our
jobs.”
Leuthold, a former unit employee, testified that DiFil-
lippo stated that “if the union were voted in . . . that any
time there were contracts between the . . . employees and
the employer, that at any given time, as he put it, we
would have our God given right to strike, which he
didn’t have a problem with, but he also explained that the
company could then utilize their right to replace us.”
Kraft testified, in relevant part, that:

Mr. DiFillippo said . . . in his past dealings with the un-
ion, the company had had some strikes as a result of
negotiations and that, when that had happened, the
company had always exercised its prerogative to run—
to operate. . . . I explained that if [the employees] went
on strike the company had a right to hire permanent re-
placements, that, in the case of an economic strike, the
335 NLRB No. 58
UNIFIRST CORP. 707
replacement had first claim to the job, so that even if
the strike ended, the replacement would stay or remain
employed. . . . Mr. DiFillippo confirmed that that had
happened at the other locations and . . . I believe he in-
dicated that it had happened at the other locations and
from that, implied that it would happen again, yes.
[Emphasis added.]

Section 8(c) of the Act permits an employer to make
predications about the consequences of union representa-
tion, provided its remarks are not accompanied by a
threat of reprisal or force or promise of benefit. In Eagle
Comtronics, the Board considered the extent of an em-
ployer’s obligation, on informing employees that they
may be permanently replaced in an economic strike, to
provide an accurate picture of employee rights under
Laidlaw.3 The Board stated that:

[A]n employer does not violate the Act by truthfully in-
forming employees that they are subject to permanent
replacement in the event of an economic strike. . . .
Unless the statement may be fairly understood as a
threat of reprisal against employees or is explicitly
coupled with such threats, it is protected by Section
8(c) of the Act. . . . [A]n employer may address the
subject of striker replacement without fully detailing
the protections enumerated in Laidlaw, so long as it
does not threaten that, as a result of a strike, employees
will be deprived of their rights in a manner inconsistent
with those detailed in Laidlaw.4

Thus, under Eagle Comtronics, an employer may, for ex-
ample, lawfully inform employees that they “could” be
permanently replaced, without telling them that they would
retain employment rights. Quirk Tire, 330 NLRB 917, 926
(2000), enfd. in part 241 F.3d 41 (1st Cir. 2001).
This is not such a case, however. DiFillippo informed
employees, not that they could be replaced if there were
an economic strike, and that there would be a strike, as
the Respondent would cause it. As an initial matter, Di-
Fillippo’s strike scenario suggests not an economic strike
as contemplated by Eagle Comtronics, but an unfair la-
bor practice strike brought on by the Respondent’s bad-
faith bargaining.

3 Laidlaw Corp., 171 NLRB 1366 (1968), enfd. 414 F.2d 99 (7th
Cir. 1969), cert. denied 397 U.S. 920 (1970) (economic strikers who
unconditionally apply for reinstatement when their positions are filled
by permanent replacements retain their status as employees and are
entitled to reinstatement, absent substantial legitimate business justifica-
tion).
4 263 NLRB at 515–516.
Further, Eagle Comtronics by its own terms applies to
statements that are unaccompanied by threats.5 The deci-
sion articulates the Board’s policy of resolving in the
employer’s favor any ambiguity occasioned by a failure
to articulate employees’ continued employment rights
when informing them about permanent replacement in
the context of an economic strike. Where, however, am-
biguous comments about striker replacement are part and
parcel of a threat of retaliation for choosing union repre-
sentation, as they were here, any ambiguity should be
resolved against the employer. L.S.F. Transportation,
Inc., 330 NLRB 1054, 1066 (2000) (employer’s state-
ment that employees could bring the Union in, but when
they went on strike he would bring in temporary or re-
placement workers to replace them, is an unlawful threat
of job loss; employer’s statement could reasonably be
interpreted “to mean that Respondent would not be
averse to, and indeed might encourage, a strike so that it
could hire replacements and discharge the striking em-
ployees”).6
In sum, Eagle Comtronics is not intended to protect
employer speech that, like DiFillippo’s remarks, places
permanent replacement in the context of an intent to pre-
cipitate a strike as “payback” for choosing representa-
tion. In these circumstances, Jeffrey Leal’s interpretation
of the import of DiFillippo’s comments was eminently
reasonable. Where an employer states that if employees
choose a union, the employer is going to cause a strike
and replace those employees, employees could reasona-
bly infer that if he votes for the union, he puts his job in
jeopardy. Thus, we find that DiFillippo’s striker re-
placement remarks, viewed in the context of his state-
ment that a vote for union representation would be met
by a strike engineered by the Respondent, was a veiled
threat of job loss in violation of Section 8(a)(1).
For these reasons, we disagree with our dissenting col-
league that DiFillippo’s remarks concerning striker re-
placements are protected as employer free speech. As
discussed above, an employer may lawfully inform em-
ployees that it can permanently replace them in the event
of an economic strike, or that it has permanently replaced
employees during economic strikes in the past. DiFil-
lippo, however, did not limit himself to discussing the
possible consequences of an economic strike. He went
further. He informed Leal that, if the employees chose
the Union, the Respondent would cause a strike and
5 Id. at 516 (emphasis in original).
6 Thus, this case is distinguishable from cases such as Quirk Tire,
supra, where the Board dismissed allegations that an employer violated
Sec. 8(a)(1) by stating, inter alia, that it could hire permanent replace-
ments during an economic strike. There, the judge found that the
comments were not made in the context of other threats.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 708
bring in employees from other facilities. The dissent has
conceded that DiFillippo’s comment about the inevitabil-
ity of a strike violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. Any
strike caused by an employer’s bad-faith bargaining in
retaliation for a union election victory is not an economic
strike; therefore, Eagle Comtronics does not apply to
DiFillippo’s statement. Thus, the dissent’s reasoning
that the General Counsel failed to show that DiFillippo’s
remarks strayed outside the zone of protected speech
misses the mark.7
We also disagree with our dissenting colleague’s char-
acterization of DeFillippo’s remarks that he would not
abide by union rules as “hopelessly ambiguous.” The
complaint alleged, in relevant part, that the Respondent
by this statement unlawfully informed employees that it
“would never sign a collective bargaining agreement
with the Union, thereby signaling the futility of support-
ing the Union.” The judge credited Leal’s testimony
that, during the meeting on July 23, DeFillippo made the
statement. The next day, July 24, Leal sent a letter to the
Union’s representative summarizing DiFillippo’s re-
marks at that meeting. We find that, in the context of
DiFillippo’s campaign speech, the term “Union rules”
was a shorthand reference to a collective-bargaining
agreement. Our colleague’s attempt to characterize the
phrase as referring to the Union’s constitution or bylaws
ignores the context of the remarks. Therefore, we con-
clude that employees would reasonably have interpreted
the Respondent’s message to mean that the Respondent
either would refuse to reach an agreement with the Union
or, if it did, would not abide by the terms set forth in any
such contract. The likely effect of such a statement
would be to indicate to employees that they need not
bother to select a union, because the Respondent did not
view itself as bound to lawfully deal with a collective-
bargaining representative. This conduct, in our view,
clearly had the tendency to interfere with, restrain, or
coerce employees in the exercise of their Section 7 right
to engage in collective bargaining for mutual aid and
protection. For these reasons, we agree with the judge
that the Respondent unlawfully threatened employees
with the futility of bargaining.8
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge as
modified and set forth in full below and orders that the

7 We note that Peter Kraft’s remarks concerning striker replacement
were neither alleged nor found to be unlawful.
8 See Airport Express, 239 NLRB 543, 548 (1978); D & H Mfg. Co.,
239 NLRB 404–405 (1978).

Respondent, Unifirst Corporation, Ontario, California, its
officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Telling employees that it would not renegotiate up-
coming union contracts at its union facilities.
(b) Telling employees that it would not abide by the
Union’s rules if they select a union.
(c) Telling employees that strikes and job loss are in-
evitable if they select a union.
(d) Coercively interrogating employees about why
they want a union and what the Union could do that the
Company could not do.
(e) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, or such
additional time as the Regional Director may allow for
good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place desig-
nated by the Board or its agents, all payroll records, so-
cial security payment records, timecards, personnel re-
cords and reports, and all other records, including an
electronic copy of such records if stored in electronic
form, necessary to analyze the amount of backpay due
under the terms of this Order.
(b) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its facility in Ontario, California, copies of the attached
notice marked “Appendix.”9 Copies of the notice, on
forms provided by the Regional Director for Region 31,
after being signed by the Respondent’s authorized repre-
sentative, shall be posted by the Respondent and main-
tained for 60 consecutive days in conspicuous places
including all places where notices to employees are cus-
tomarily posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken by the
Respondent to ensure that the notices are not altered,
defaced, or covered by any other material. In the event
that, during the pendency of these proceedings, the Re-
spondent had gone out of business or closed the facility
involved in these proceedings, the Respondent shall du-
plicate and mail, at its own expense, a copy of the notice
to all current employees and former employees employed
by the Respondent at any time since June 13, 1996.
(c) Within 21 days after the service by the Region, file
with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a re-
sponsible official on a form provided by the Region at-
9 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
UNIFIRST CORP. 709
testing to the steps that the Respondent has taken to
comply.

CHAIRMAN HURTGEN, dissenting in part.
Contrary to my colleagues, I find the Respondent did
not unlawfully threaten to never sign a union contract and
did not unlawfully indicate that it would be futile to bring
in the Union. The judge found that Tony DiFillippo, the
Respondent’s agent, told employee Jeffrey Leal that the
Respondent would not abide by the Union rules. The day
after the meeting, Leal wrote a letter to Union Representa-
tive Kelly, reporting DiFillippo’s remarks.
The relevant complaint allegation is that DiFillippo
said “Respondent would never sign a collective bargain-
ing agreement with the Union, thereby signaling the
futility of [the employees’] supporting the Union.” The
incident is discussed in the judge’s decision under the
heading, “DiFillippo’s threat never to sign a union con-
tract.” However, Leal’s testimony was only that DiFil-
lippo said, “he would not abide by union rules.” Further,
Leal admitted that he was not sure of the exact words
DiFillippo had used and that DiFillippo did not explain
what he meant.
The statement is hopelessly ambiguous. Union rules
(e.g., constitution and bylaws) do not ordinarily set forth
employer obligations to employees. In any event, there
is no showing that the union rules herein set forth any
such obligation. Thus, it is a long stretch to find that the
Respondent was saying that it would not sign a contract
or that bargaining with a union would be futile. My col-
leagues find that the term “union rules,” as used by Di-
Fillippo, was a shorthand reference for a collective-
bargaining agreement. Although this is a conceivable
interpretation of Leal’s murky testimony, it is far from an
inevitable one. In sum, I find that the General Counsel
has failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence
that DiFillippo told Leal that the Respondent would
never sign a collective-bargaining agreement with the
Union, thereby signaling to employees that supporting
the Union would be futile.
I also disagree with my colleagues’ affirmation of the
judge’s finding that DiFillippo unlawfully threatened
employees by telling them that job loss was inevitable if
they selected the Union.1 The judge based his finding on
the testimony of the Respondent witnesses Kraft and the
General Counsel witnesses Leal and Mark Leuthold.
Leal, who was at the time of the hearing a unit employee,
testified that DiFillippo told employees that “he would

1 I agree that DiFillippo unlawfully conveyed the inevitability of a
strike in the event of a union victory, but I do so only because of the
judge’s finding that DiFillippo implied to employees that because strik-
ers occurred at other (unionized) facilities of the Respondent, they
would occur at the instant facility.
[cause a] strike and bring in other employees from other
locations to run the facility.” When asked, “Did [DiFil-
lippo] indicate whether a strike would have any sort of
effect on you [i.e., as Ontario facility employees]?” Leal
responded that DiFillippo had indicated that “[i]t’d be a
burden on the company if the union came in. . . . We’d
lose our—probably, lose our jobs, I believe. I don’t
know the wording of how he put it, but that’s the mean-
ing that I got out of certain terms of the whole meeting
that . . . if the union came in there, or if we [] brought a
union in, we would lose our jobs.”
Leuthold, a former unit employee, testified that DiFil-
lippo stated that “if the union were voted in . . . that any
time there were contracts between the . . . employees and
the employer, that at any given time, as he put it, we
would have our God given right to strike, which he
didn’t have a problem with, but he also explained that the
company could then utilize their right to replace us.”
Kraft testified, in relevant part, that:

Mr. DiFillippo said . . . in his past dealings with the un-
ion, the company had had some strikes as a result of
negotiations and that, when that had happened, the
company had always exercised its prerogative to run –
to operate. . . . I explained that if [the employees] went
on strike the company had a right to hire permanent re-
placements, that, in the case of an economic strike, the
replacement had first claim to the job, so that even if
the strike ended, the replacement would stay or remain
employed. . . . Mr. DiFillippo confirmed that that had
happened at the other locations and . . . I believe he in-
dicated that it had happened at the other locations and
from that, implied that it would happen again, yes.
[Emphasis added.]

Based on the credited testimony, it is clear that DiFil-
lippo extrapolated (from the Respondent’s experience
with strikes at other plants) that if employees voted for
the Union, strikes would occur at the Ontario facility and
that the Respondent would exercise its right to hire re-
placements. As noted above, I agree with the judge that
the Respondent unlawfully conveyed the inevitability of
a strike. In my view, however, the General Counsel has
failed to show that DiFillippo’s and Kraft’s remarks, as
they pertain to the replacement of economic strikers,
strayed outside the zone of protected employer speech.
In this regard, I note that Kraft specifically addressed the
issue of permanent replacements as it related to an em-
ployer’s rights when there is an economic strike. In Ea-
gle Comtronics,2 the Board considered the issue of an
employer’s obligation when informing employees that
2 Eagle Comtronics, 263 NLRB 515 (1982).
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 710
they may be permanently replaced in an economic strike.
The Board stated that:

[A]n employer does not violate the Act by truthfully in-
forming employees that they are subject to permanent
replacement in the event of an economic strike. . . .
Unless the statement may be fairly understood as a
threat of reprisal against employees or is explicitly
coupled with such threats, it is protected by Section
8(c) of the Act. . . . [A]n employer may address the
subject of striker replacement without fully detailing
the protections enumerated in Laidlaw,3 so long as it
does not threaten that, as a result of a strike, employees
will be deprived of their rights in a manner inconsistent
with those detailed in Laidlaw.4

In this case, the Respondent truthfully informed em-
ployees that it had the right to continue operations in the
event of a strike by using replacement workers, and that
it had replaced strikers at other facilities. In my view,
DiFillippo’s and Kraft’s comments neither state nor im-
ply that striking employees who are replaced lose all
employment rights. Although DiFillippo did state that he
would replace employees in the event of a strike, Kraft
explicitly tied the possibility of permanent replacement
to an economic strike.
Leal’s testimony that he felt that DiFillippo was con-
veying that employees would lose their jobs if they chose
the Union does not establish that the Respondent’s re-
marks were unlawful. The test is an objective one, not a
subjective one. Leal acknowledged, in essence, that he
could not recall or put into words anything that DiFil-
lippo specifically said that gave him such a feeling.
Without some showing that the words were unlawful, the
General Counsel’s proof fails in this regard.
My colleagues note my agreement that DiFillippo
unlawfully implied to employees that because strikes
occurred at other (unionized) facilities of the Respondent
they would occur at the instant facility. Contrary to my
colleagues, however, it does not follow that the Respon-
dent was threatening to bargain in bad faith. Further,
even if it was, it is not necessarily the case that such a
strike, were it to occur, would be caused by the Respon-
dent’s bad-faith bargaining.
In my view, then, DiFillippo’s and Kraft’s remarks, as
reflected in the record, would not reasonably be inter-

3 Laidlaw Corp., 171 NLRB 1366 (1968), enfd. 414 F.2d 99 (7th
Cir. 1969), cert. denied 397 U.S. 920 (1969) (economic strikers who
unconditionally apply for reinstatement when their positions are filled
by permanent replacements retain their status as employees and are
entitled to reinstatement, absent substantial legitimate business justifi-
cation).
4 Id. at 516.
preted as threatening that a strike at the Ontario facility
would result in the loss of employees’ Laidlaw rights.
Accordingly, I would dismiss this allegation.

APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to
post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.

To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives
of their own choice
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected
concerted activities.

WE WILL NOT tell you that we will not renegotiate
upcoming union contracts at our union facilities.
WE WILL NOT tell you that we will not abide by the
Union’s rules if you select a union.
WE WILL NOT tell you that strikes and job loss are
inevitable if you select a union.
WE WILL NOT coercively interrogate you by asking
why you want a union and what the Union could do that
the Company could not do.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
guaranteed by Section 7 of the Act.

UNIFIRST CORPORATION

Ann White, Atty., for the General Counsel.
Lawrence C. Winger, Atty. (Kraft & Winger), of Portland,
Maine, for the Respondent.
Frank W. Micucci, Atty., of Orange, California, for the Charg-
ing Party.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
MICHAEL D. STEVENSON, Administrative Law Judge.
This case was tried before me at Los Angeles, California, on
February 9 and 10, 1998,1 pursuant to a complaint and amend-
ment to complaint (GC Exh. 1f) issued by the Regional Direc-
tor for the National Labor Relations Board for Region 31 on
October 25 and November 21, respectively, and which is based
on a charge filed by General Truck Drivers, Office, Food &
Warehouse Union, Local 952, International Brotherhood of
1 All dates herein refer to 1996 unless otherwise indicated.
UNIFIRST CORP. 711
Teamsters, AFL–CIO (Union) July 3. The complaint alleges
that Unifirst Corporation, Inc. (Respondent) has engaged in
certain violations of Section 8(a)(1) of the National Labor Rela-
tions Act, as amended (the Act).
Issues
I. Whether Respondent, acting through its supervisor and
agent, Sixto Castillo, threatened an employee with job loss for
supporting the Union.
II. Whether Respondent, acting through its agent and labor
consultant, Tony DiFillippo, on one occasion told an employee
that Respondent would not negotiate with the Union to renew
existing collective-bargaining agreements at its union-represen-
ted facilities, thereby signaling the futility of supporting the
Union at the Ontario facility; and whether, on another occasion,
DiFillippo made one or more unlawful statements to Respon-
dent’s employees:

(a) That Respondent would never sign a collective-
bargaining agreement with the Union, thereby again sig-
naling futility of employees supporting the Union;
(b) Implied to employees that if the Union won the up-
coming election, a strike was inevitable;
(c) Threatened employees with job loss in the event of
a strike;
(d) Interrogated employees concerning their union
sympathies; and
(e) Threatened to eliminate shuttle driver positions if
the Union won the upcoming election.

All parties were given full opportunity to participate, to in-
troduce relevant evidence, to examine and cross-examine wit-
nesses, to argue orally, and to file briefs. A brief, which has
been carefully considered, was filed on behalf of Respondent.
In lieu of a brief, General Counsel made a closing argument
and cited legal authorities in support of her position.2
Upon the entire record of the case, and from my observation
of the witnesses and their demeanor, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
Respondent’s business
Respondent admits that it is a Massachusetts corporation
which operates a business renting, cleaning, and distributing
linens and other items to and for other business entities with a
principal place of business in Ontario, California. Respondent
further admits that during the past calendar year, in the course
and conduct of its business at its Ontario, California facility, that
it purchased and received goods valued in excess of $50,000
directly from suppliers located outside the State of California.
Accordingly, it admits, and I find, that it is an employer engaged
in commerce and in a business affecting commerce within the
meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.

2 Both General Counsel and Respondent filed extensive motions to
correct transcript. Without objection, Respondent’s motion is granted. As
to General Counsel’s motion, I grant that motion as well, with the modifi-
cations noted by Respondent in its letter to me of March 11, 1998.
II. THE LABOR ORGANIZATION INVOLVED
Respondent admits, and I find, that General Truck Drivers,
Office, Food & Warehouse Union, Local 952, International
Brotherhood of Teamsters, AFL–CIO is a labor organization
within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
III. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Facts
1. Statement of case
On June 6, two representatives of the Union, Frank Micucci,
a General Counsel witness, and Kelly, who did not testify,
served a written demand for recognition and bargaining on
Respondent for an approximate 10-person unit, consisting of
drivers and 3 maintenance employees. While no recognition
was granted, a Board-supervised election was eventually held
on August 16. The Union lost this election by a single vote. The
union organizing campaign, which led to the election, engen-
dered the unfair labor practice allegations which are the subject
of this case.
2. Background
According to Attorney Winger, a second union campaign
followed the first. Apparently, a second election was scheduled
for January 1998, but at some point the Union withdrew its
petition and the second election was never held.
Evidence was also introduced about still a third union orga-
nizing campaign occurring in January, February, and March.
While it is not clear if the same union was involved then as is
involved in the instant case, it is clear that a different unit of
employees was involved, i.e., a unit of plant production work-
ers at Ontario, California. Nor is it clear how this campaign was
resolved, by election or by withdrawal of petition or by some
other method. What is clear is that Respondent prevailed. Two
other factors arose out of that campaign which relate to the
present case. First, the General Counsel witness and alleged
discriminatee, George Meyers, was on management’s side,
campaigning hard for Respondent’s interests. (This was so even
though he was not a member of the proposed bargaining unit.)
Subsequently, as a result of that campaign, Respondent’s man-
agement, including Respondent witness and General Manager
Ruben Estrada, determined that whatever level of support the
Union had in the production workers’ campaign was based in
part on bargaining unit employees’ perception that there had
been too much supervision on the floor, resulting in no direct
line of communication between employees and management.
Estrada’s belief meant that Meyer’s promised promotion as a
second plant supervisor did not occur. Instead, Estrada effec-
tively maintained the status quo which meant there was a plant
manager, Felipe Rosales, and one plant supervisor, the same
arrangement which allegedly had led to plant employees’ per-
ception of too much supervision in the first place.
When Estrada told Meyers that he would not be a plant su-
pervisor, Meyers had just returned from 2 weeks’ training in
how to be a plant supervisor at a Respondent facility in Buffalo,
New York. By all accounts, Meyers had performed well in
Buffalo. The change in his future as announced by Estrada in
March was a factor which turned Meyers against Respondent
and its managers.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 712
3. George Meyers
Before he was hired by Respondent, on or about July 26,
1995, as a shuttle driver, Meyers had worked as a general man-
ager of a van line company in San Diego. While there, he be-
came acquainted with Estrada who had a business relationship
with Meyers’ then employer.
When Meyers lost his job, he sought assistance from Estrada,
who referred him to the then Plant Manager Larry Leal, who
hired Meyers. Meyers’ career at Respondent, until he was fired
on or about July 29,3 consisted of a roller-coaster-like series of
highs and lows. Regrettably, I did not find him to be, on the
whole, a credible witness. From time to time, he was impeached
by the testimony he gave in an “R” case proceeding which arose
out of this union organizing campaign. Other portions of his tes-
timony seem implausible or remain uncorroborated. Moreover,
Meyers’ demeanor at hearing required both General Counsel and
me to admonish him to behave in a proper way.
In any event, once Meyers was hired Respondent was experi-
encing a period of rapid growth. The main plant at Ontario
opened in late 1994. Estrada took over as general manager in
March 1995 and ultimately came to supervise about 130 employ-
ees in various departments: production, service, sales, office
administration, and transportation. Within 2 years Respondent
had acquired five or six other facilities in the southern California
area, including Huntington Beach, San Diego, Riverside, San
Femando, Norwalk, and Las Vegas. The Riverside, Huntington
Beach and San Diego facilities were union facilities when ac-
quired by Respondent and one or more of their collective-
bargaining agreements was due to expire in the summer of 1998.
In late 1995 and early 1996, Meyers was the only Respon-
dent employee to possess a California commercial driver’s
license and a Department of Transportation (DOT) certification
which allowed him to give job applicants a road test and evalu-
ate their skills. Sometime before he left for Buffalo, Respon-
dent delegated to Meyers the hiring function and he hired ap-
proximately three shuttle drivers after having placed a classi-
fied ad in the local newspaper, with Estrada’s approval. In addi-
tion, there is evidence in the record that he evaluated at least
two employees (R. Exhs. 2, 3) and that he conducted various
training activities of those employees he hired. In deciding
Meyers’ supervisory status below, I will return to the above
facts and more.
Once Meyers’ promised plant supervisory position fell
through, a series of other unfortunate events began to befall
him. Of course, some were of his own making. In no particular
order, I note that when new Plant Production Manager Rosales
was hired in late spring he changed Meyers’ work schedule and
those of other shuttle drivers in a way which Meyers did not
like. In addition, in May, Meyers missed a day of work and was
disciplined because he called the office manager rather than his
supervisor to say he wouldn’t be in. Meyers felt this was unfair.
In March or April, Meyers was removed by Estrada from a
position as chair of the plant safety committee on the grounds
that his superiors felt he was giving employees direction on

3 Meyers’ termination resulted in an unfair labor practice charge
which the National Labor Relations Board investigated and found to be
without merit.
safety issues contrary to Respondent’s policies. Meyers felt
this, too, was unfair. Before he was eventually fired for insub-
ordination, Meyers elected to contact the Union and attempted
to organize a transportation/maintenance unit of Respondent’s
employees.
Meyers arranged a meeting with union representatives in
early June. He received a number of union authorization cards,
had a majority of bargaining unit employees sign them, and
returned them to the Union within 1 to 2 days. As noted above,
this resulted in a union demand for bargaining on June 6.
B. Analysis and Conclusions
1. Meyers’ supervisor status
In the matter of Teamsters, 31–RC–7397, Respondent liti-
gated Meyers’ supervisory status. The entire transcript of that
hearing, dated June 19, is in the record of this case. (GC Exh..
5.) On July 18, a Decision and Direction of Election issued (GC
Exh. H. 2) finding, inter alia, Meyers was not a supervisor. On
July 31, the Employer filed a request for review (GC Exh.. 3),
and on October 28, 1997, the request for review was denied by
Board Order. (GC Exh. 4.)
At hearing, General Counsel took the position that Respon-
dent was not entitled in this 8(a)(1) unfair labor practice pro-
ceeding to relitigate the question of Meyers’ supervisory status.
Over General Counsel’s objection, I permitted Respondent to
do just that and I now affirm my decision here. The Board per-
mits relitigation of the supervisory issue unless the second case
is a related case, and by “related case” is meant where the sec-
ond case is a refusal-to-bargain 8(a)(5) case. Because the in-
stant case is not such a related case, relitigation was permissi-
ble. See Serv-U-Stores, 234 NLRB 1143 (1978); Adco Electric,
307 NLRB 1113, 1119–1120 (1992), enfd. 6 F.3d 1110 (5th
Cir. 1993); and Rock Hill Telephone Co. v. NLRB, 605 F.2d
139, 142–143 (4th Cir. 1979).
After allowing Respondent to relitigate this issue, I now agree
with the hearing officer in the “R” case, and find that for all times
material to this case, Meyers was not a statutory supervisor.
Section 2(11) of the Act provides that:

[T]he term supervisor means any individual having authority,
in the interest of the employer, to hire, transfer, suspend, lay
off, recall, promote, discharge, assign, reward, or discipline
other employees, or responsibly to direct them, or to adjust
their grievances, or effectively to recommend such action, if
in connection with the foregoing the exercise of such author-
ity is not of a merely routine or clerical nature, but requires
the use of independent judgment.

The burden of proving supervisory status rests upon the party
alleging that such status exists. California Beverage Co., 283
NLRB 328 (1987). “Only individuals who with ‘genuine man-
agement prerogatives’ should be considered supervisors, as
opposed to ‘straw bosses, leadmen . . . and other minor supervi-
sory employees.’ An individual who exercises some ‘supervi-
sory authority’ only in a routine, clerical or perfunctory manner
will not be found to be a supervisor. The Board has a duty not
to construe the statutory language too broadly because the indi-
vidual found to be a supervisor is denied the employee rights
UNIFIRST CORP. 713
that are protected under the Act.” Azusa Ranch Market, 321
NLRB 811, 812 (1996).
The Board has long held that the criteria enumerated in Sec-
tion 2(11) are to be read in the disjunctive; if an individual
possesses a single attribute listed in that section, that individual
is a supervisor. Florence Printing Co., 145 NLRB 141, 144
(1963). However, the exercise of otherwise supervisory author-
ity in a merely routine, clerical, perfunctory, or sporadic man-
ner does not confer supervisory status on an employee. J.C.
Brock Corp., 314 NLRB 157, 158 (1994). The exercise of au-
thority which derives from a worker’s status as a skilled
craftsman does not confer supervisory status because that au-
thority is not the type contemplated by Section 2(11). Adco
Electric, Inc., supra, 307 NLRB at 1120. Finally, the secondary
indicia of supervisory status are in themselves not controlling.
Consolidated Services, 321 NLRB 845, 846 fn. 7 (1996). See
also Meaden Screw Products Co., 325 NLRB 762, 768 (1998).
In Beverly Enterprises v. NLRB, 136 F.3d 353, 358 (4th Cir.
1998), the court stated:

Every organization–from empire to stamp club–has, or unwit-
tingly winds up with, a pecking order. Only at the very lowest
tier of a business can one find a person who does not occa-
sionally direct some other person to do something. Lest the
chiefs far outnumber the Indians, Congress crafted Sec.
2(11)’s enigmatic standard, intending to exempt true man-
agement from the Act while still protecting the Sec. 7 rights of
“straw bosses, leadmen, and set-up men, and other minor su-
pervisory employees.” NLRB v. Bell Aerospace Co., 416 U.S.
267, 280–281 (1974) (quoting Sen. Rep. No. 105, 89th Cong.,
1st Sess. 4 (1947).
If any authority over someone else, no matter how in-
significant or infrequent, made an employee a supervisor,
our industrial composite would be predominantly supervi-
sory. Every order-giver is not a supervisor. Even the traffic
director tells the president of a company where to park his
car. NLRB v. Security Guard Service, 384 F.2d 143, 151
(5th Cir. 1967).

Applying these principles of law to the instant case, I find as
follows: First, that Larry Leal, the plant manager, was fired on or
about April 1 and that his replacement, Rosales, was hired about
6 weeks later. During this interregnum, Meyers may have hired,
or effectively recommended to be hired, two or three shuttle driv-
ers. (See GC, concession, Tr. 516). However, under the unusual
facts and circumstances of this case, whatever Meyers did was
not sufficient to prove supervisory status. J.R.R. Realty Co., 273
NLRB 1523 (1985). In MDI Commercial Services, 325 NLRB
53, 59 (1997), the judge wrote, “an employee does not acquire
supervisor’s status by reason of temporarily taking over the du-
ties of an absent supervisor.” (Citations omitted) See also Quality
Chemical, 324 NLRB 328, 330 (1997), So far as any hiring
Meyers may have done before Leal was fired, it was irregular and
minimal rather than regular and substantial. Hexacomb Corp.,
313 NLRB 983, 984 (1994). Moreover, at the time of whatever
hiring he did, Meyers’ authority derived from his status as a
skilled craftsman, that is, the only employee at Respondent to
possess the requisite commercial California driver’s license and
DOT certification necessary to road test and hire the employees
in question.
I note that Meyers’ performance of two routine evaluations is
not sufficient to prove supervisory status. Quadrex Environ-
mental Co., 308 NLRB 101 (1992). With respect to evidence that
Meyers told an employee who had exceeded his continuous hours
of work limit set by DOT to go home, I find that the statement is
nothing more than the enforcement of safety rules and procedures
in a routine manner and lacking the exercise of any independent
discretion. Quality Chemical, 324 NLRB 328, supra.
Even if Respondent met its burden to prove that Meyers was
a supervisor for a brief period, I find upon his return from Buf-
falo, that Meyers was not a supervisor and never became one
prior to his termination. See Edy’s Grand Ice Cream, 323
NLRB 683, 692 (1997)
All agree that at some point, about 3 months after he was
hired, Meyers was promoted to leadman in the transportation
department, and his salary was increased from $11.25/hour to
$13/hour. I note that Respondent’s supervisors were making
$15 or more per hour. During his entire time at Respondent,
Meyers dressed in the uniform of an employee and not that of a
supervisor. When company agents came to Ontario to address
employees, Meyers was considered to be an employee in the
bargaining unit. Estrada conceded in his testimony that Re-
spondent’s budget did not allow for transportation supervisors
such as Meyers was supposed to be. Nor was there any official
position description save what Meyers himself wrote on March
4, at Estrada’s request. (R. Exh. 4.)
In light of the above, even if Respondent had a good-faith
belief that Meyers was a supervisor, such belief would not be a
defense to a chart like that contained in this case. Orr Iron, Inc.,
207 NLRB 863 (1973), enfd. 508 F.2d 1305 (7th Cir. 1975).
2. Castillo’s alleged coercive statement to Meyers
Though I have found Meyers to be an employee as of June,
the allegation I consider here is based solely on Meyers’ testi-
mony which is countered by Castillo. However, I cannot credit
Meyers under the circumstances and will recommend dis-
missal.4
According to Meyers, shortly after beginning his shift, about
4 p.m. on Thursday, June 6, he drove his truck from Ontario to
Riverside to drop off and pick up product. While there, Sixto
Castillo, Respondent’s district service manager and statutory
supervisor who works out of Ontario but has no direct supervi-
sory authority over Meyers, drove up to Meyers’ truck in a
company van. Then Castillo allegedly apologized to Meyers for
being so rough on him a few days before. (Supposedly, this was
a reference to a meeting which Castillo and Meyers both at-
tended a few days before, where Meyers was disciplined for not
calling in to a supervisor when he did not come to work.) Then
Castillo allegedly changed the conversation to the Union, say-
ing that Respondent had 6000 employees who could be flown
in overnight to do Meyers’ job, an implied threat of loss of

4 Compare NLRB v. Joy Recovery Technology, 134 F.3d 1307, 1313
(7th Cir. 1998), where the respondent contended that its coercive ques-
tioning of an employee was lawful because she was a supervisor. Re-
jecting this contention, the Board found the violation and the court
enforced the Board’s Order.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 714
employment for Meyers’ union activities. Castillo testified that
he spoke to Meyers on June 5, his normal day to travel to Riv-
erside, and not June 6, his normal day to travel to San Fer-
nando. Castillo also denied use of a company van, testifying he
uses his personal vehicle in his travels on company business.
According to Castillo, he greeted Meyers and asked him how
everything was going. Meyers referred to a letter he had re-
cently written to corporate headquarters complaining about
various work-related subjects. (This letter was in Respondent’s
possession, but never offered into evidence.) Then, according to
Castillo, Meyers said he had gone to the Teamsters, and made a
reference to the prior campaign to organize the production em-
ployees, saying this Union [Teamsters] plays “hard ball.” Then
Meyers asked what Castillo would do “if me and my boys don’t
come to work on Monday?” Castillo allegedly expressed a hope
that that would not happen, but allowed as how if it did, the
transports had to keep running and Respondent had 6000 em-
ployees who, if necessary, could be flown in to run shifts.
The General Counsel contends that the conversation as de-
scribed by Meyers happened on June 6 as a direct result of the
Union’s demand, which was served that afternoon, sometime
before Meyers began his shift. How the awareness of the Un-
ion’s organizing campaign would have necessarily led to
Meyers, who battled against the Union in the prior campaign, is
not explained.
In not crediting Meyers, I note that he claims to have made a
prompt complaint of the threat to a manager of the Riverside
facility named Charlie Bracino, who did not testify. Meyers
also claimed to have made some notes of the conversation with
Castillo, but these were never produced. If the conversation
occurred on June 5 (Wednesday) as described by Castillo, the
union nexus is missing. Because it is most unlikely that Castillo
would have varied his routine to go to Riverside on Thursday,
rather than San Femando, I find the conversation occurred on
June 5 and was as described by Castillo. In crediting Castillo
here over Meyers, I was particularly impressed with his denial
of having apologized to Meyers for having disciplined him a
few days before. Castillo did not impress me as a person who
would tender such an apology—under any circumstances.
3. DiFillippo’s alleged coercive statements
a. Introduction and applicable legal authority
Respondent produced its labor counsel, Peter Kraft, and for-
mer president and admitted agent and supervisor, Tony DiFil-
lippo, to counter the remaining allegations. DiFillippo retired in
1995 and performs periodic duties, as needed, as a labor con-
sultant for Respondent. In this case, he was assigned by Re-
spondent’s CEO to travel on two separate occasions, June 13
and July 23, from Massachusetts to Ontario and to “win” the
union campaign for Respondent. In his testimony, Kraft por-
trayed himself as playing a secondary role to DiFillippo - in
fact, Kraft is not charged with making any unlawful statements.
Kraft also suggested he played the role of watchdog to DiFil-
lippo, ensuring that the latter did not stray from the lawful.
Before addressing the specific allegations, I note a few prelimi-
nary matters.
The general test applied to determine whether employer
statements violate Section 8(a)(1) of the Act is ‘whether the
employer engaged in conduct which reasonably tends to inter-
fere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the free exercise of
rights under the Act. NLRB v. Almet, Inc., 987 F.2d 445, 450
(7th Cir. 1993); Williamhouse of California, Inc., 317 NLRB
699, 713 (1995). In assessing whether Respondent’s statements
violate the Act, I take into account, “the economic dependence
of the employees on their employers, and the necessary ten-
dency of the former . . . . to pick up intended implications of the
latter that might be more readily dismissed by a more disinter-
ested ear. NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co., 395 U.S. 575, 617
(1969).
An employer is certainly free during an election campaign to
tell employees how negotiations work and to point out to them
that an Employer does not have to agree to the Union’s propos-
als. Histacount Corp., 278 NLRB 681, 689–690 (1986). It is
also permissible for an employer to tell employees about delays
in negotiations which may be caused by the employer’s asser-
tion of its legal rights. Id. The Board has also upheld the right
of an employer to inform employees that benefits could be lost
through the give and take of negotiations. BI-LO, 303 NLRB
749 (1991), enfd. 985 F.2d 123 (4th Cir. 1992). Statements
about the negotiation process and the possible loss of benefits
become unlawful when they suggest that the employer will
adopt a punitively intransigent bargaining strategy in response
to a union victory. Histacount Corp., supra; Coach & Equip-
ment Sales Corp., 228 NLRB 440, 441 (1977). More specifi-
cally, under Sec. (c) of the Act, an employer may oppose un-
ionization of its work force by expressing any views, argument,
or opinion in any media form, so long as such expression con-
tains no threat of reprisal, or force, or promise of benefit. Gissel
Packing Co., supra, 395 U.S. at 618. Kinney Drugs, Inc. v.
NLRB, 74 F. 3d 1419, 1428 (2d Cir. 1996.)
In Gissel Packing Co., the Court also stated (id. at 620):

An Employer can easily make his views known without
engaging in “brinksmanship” when it becomes all too easy
to “overstep and tumble over the brink.” (Citation omit-
ted.) At least he can avoid coercive speech simply by
avoiding overstatements he had reason to believe will mis-
lead his employers.

Quoted by the Board in Reeves Bros., Inc., 320 NLRB 1082,
1083 (1996).
In conclusion, I note that both Attorney Kraft and DiFillippo
admitted in their testimony that in a meeting with employees on
July 23, DiFillippo asked employees to give him another year
without the Union as the Union could come back in if things
weren’t better. Such a statement could be held to violate the
Act on the grounds that it constitutes an implied promise of
benefits. Reno Hilton, 319 NLRB 1154, 1156 (1995); (St.
Francis) Nurses v. NLRB, 729 F.2d 844, 852 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
However, I make no finding on this point since the allegation
was not charged and I cannot find it was fully litigated. General
Counsel made no motion to amend the complaint nor did she
urge in her closing argument that I find the violation. Despite
this apparent inadvertence which was shared by Kraft on July
23 when he failed to correct DiFillippo on the spot, I refer to it
because it is strong evidence of Respondent’s “brinksmanship”
and I will consider it in reviewing the pending allegations.
UNIFIRST CORP. 715
b. DiFillippo/Meyers conversation
On June 13, Kraft and DiFillipo attended a meeting at the
Ontario facility conference room with Meyers and another shut-
tle driver named Ariano, who did not testify. Here again, there
were discussions about the problems in the plant with DiFil-
lippo asking what could be done about the problems in the
plant. At the conclusions of the meeting, Meyers and DiFillippo
(without Kraft) walked around the plant for a few minutes, with
the former pointing out certain work-related problems. Then,
according to Meyers, DiFillippo stated he would not renegotiate
upcoming union contracts at Respondent’s newly acquired
facilities at Riverside, San Diego, and Huntington Beach. DiFil-
lippo admitted walking around the plant with Meyers, but de-
nied making the statement attributed to him.
This time I credit Meyers because he is corroborated by an-
other General Counsel witness and former Respondent em-
ployee Mark Leuthold. Leuthold, who worked for Respondent
about 15 months before resigning in August 1997 to accept
other employment, testified that he was one of three shuttle
drivers to attend a meeting on July 23 at the same place as be-
fore. Besides Kraft, DiFillippo, and Leuthold, two other drivers,
Hoyle and Ariano, attended. (Meyers was not present.) Accord-
ing to Leuthold, DiFillippo stated that when those existing con-
tracts became due (referring to Respondent’s newly acquired
unionized operations) that the Company simply would not ne-
gotiate the contracts. (Tr. p. 285.) It is most unlikely that two
witnesses independently of each other would misinterpret the
remarks of DiFillippo in the same way.
Contrary to Respondent’s, brief, page 21, I find that the
statement made to Meyers was not lawful and violated Section
8(a)(1) of the Act for it signaled the futility of supporting the
Union. That is, DiFillippo was impliedly stating that he would
treat any union which employees brought in the same way.
NLRB v. Sky Wolf Sales, 470 F.2d 827, 830–331 (9th Cir.
1972). See also Fieldcrest Cannon, Inc., 318 NLRB 470, at 512
(1995). Laidlaw Transit, Inc., 315 NLRB 79, 84 (1994). In
conclusion, even if I could accept Respondent’s interpretation
of DiFillippo’s remarks, I would still find a violation because
Respondent was responsible for its agent, DiFillippo, creating
an ambiguity in what he proposed to do in the future and Re-
spondent must bear the burden of that ambiguity. Laidlaw
Transit, Inc., 315 NLRB 79, 84 (1994).
c. DiFillippo’s threat never to sign a union contract
In this regard, General Counsel presented a witness named
Jeffrey Leal, a current Respondent driver and brother of the
fired plant manager Larry Leal. J. Leal testified that DiFillippo
told him on July 23 that Respondent would not bring in the
Union for 10 employees5 and that Respondent would not abide

5 Consider this from DiFillippo to Respondent’s employees: with a
unit of only 10 employees, unlike General Motors, a company can
operate during a strike. (Tr. 501), and this from Kraft to Respondent
employees: a union with only 10 employees would not be a particularly
strong union, (at least as compared to a union with a unit of 10,000
employees. (Tr. 394).
I make no finding on whether DiFillippo said he wouldn’t bring in
the Union for only 10 employees as it is not alleged as a violation.
by the union rules. These remarks were allegedly made on July
23 at a meeting at Respondent which included a janitor named
Jay Sandifer, who did not testify. The day after the meeting J.
Leal wrote a letter to Kelly, the union representative, reporting
DiFillippo’s remarks. (GC Exh. 8.)6
DiFillippo denied making the statement attributed to him.
However, based on Leal’s enhanced credibility as a current
employee, Flexsteel Industries, 316 NLRB 745 (1995), his
prompt, consistent report to Kelly, and the context of this case,
I find Respondent again violated the Act by indicating it would
be futile to bring in the Union. See NLRB v. Naum Bros. Inc.,
637 F.2d 589, 592 (6th Cir. 1981).
d. DiFillippo’s statement that a strike was inevitable and that
employees would lose jobs as a result
In discussing the evidence here, I begin with Attorney Kraft
who testified first that DiFillippo had told employees on July
23 that there had been strikes in the past at Respondent’s facili-
ties and that during the strikes, the Respondent had exercised its
option to continue its business. (Tr. 372–373.) So far so good,
but then Kraft also explained that DiFillippo implied to em-
ployees that because strikes happened at other [Respondent]
locations [with unions] strikes would happen again. (Tr. 374)
General Counsel witness Leal testified that at the meeting on
July 23 DiFillippo said he would strike or cause a strike and
bring in other Respondent employees to continue production. I
credit Leal as corroborated by Kraft and do not credit DiFil-
lippo’s testimony that he never made those statements. Thus, I
find again Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by
conveying the futility of bringing the Union in, the end result of
which was an inevitable strike. Matheson Fast Freight, 297
NLRB 63, 67 (1989).
I also find an 8(a)(1) violation because in the context of the
evidence quoted above, the inevitable strike described by DiFil-
lippo would lead to permanent job replacements who would
take the strikers’ job. In this regard, I credit Leuthold’s testi-
mony regarding DiFillippo’s statement that the Company could
replace striking employees. (Tr. 286.)
In Eagle Comtronics, 263 NLRB 515 (1982), the Board dis-
tinguished between truthful, although incomplete, statements
regarding an employer’s right to replace economic strikers and
statements that go “beyond informing employees of the risk of
being permanently replaced by telling them they would perma-
nently lose their jobs.” In Larson Tool & Stamping Co., 296
NLRB 895 (1989), the Board made it clear that employers cannot
tell employees without explanation that they would lose their jobs
as a consequence of a strike or permanent replacement. Accord:
Baddour, Inc., 303 NLRB 275 (1991). DiFillippo stated or im-
plied, without further explanation, that the Respondent did not
have to hire back striking workers and this statement clearly
conveyed to employees that they could lose their jobs if they
went on strike. Gibson Greetings, 310 NLRB 1286, 1287 (1993),
enfd. as modified 53 F.3d 385 (D.C. Cir. 1995).

However, surely on this record, I could find that such a statement was
made.
6 While the letter was co-signed by Sandifer, I give little weight to
that fact because he did not testify.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 716
e. DiFillippo ‘s coercive investigation of Leuthold
With respect to the July 23 meeting with employee Hoyle,
Ariano, and Leuthold, Leuthold testified that both Kraft and
DiFillippo said they were there to find out why employees
wanted the Union and what the Union could do that the Com-
pany could not do. To this the employees responded that the
Union could get them better pay and benefits. DiFillippo coun-
tered by saying the Company was competitive in the industry,
had a good plan to offer, but were losing money. On cross-
examination, Leuthold added that DiFillippo had merely asked
a rhetorical question for the purpose of getting the issues out on
the floor so he could talk about them.7
Notwithstanding Leuthold’s characterization of DiFillippo’s
question as a rhetorical exercise to get the issues on the floor, I
find that under Rossmore House, 269 NLRB 1176, 1178 fn. 20
(1984), Respondent violated the Act. That is, DiFillippo was
holding a captive audience employee meeting with Respon-
dent’s labor counsel in attendance. By phrasing the question as
he did, DiFillippo was able to uncover the probable union sup-
porters among the three employees and the basis for that sup-
port. Even though the conversation may have occurred in a
friendly atmosphere, this constitutes no defense. PPG Indus-
tries, 251 NLRB 1146, 1155 (1980).
In conclusion, I note the case of NLRB v. Thomas Products,
432 F.2d 1217, 1218 (6th Cir. 1970), where the court enforced

7 To add further context, I note that DiFillippo, either on his own or
in response to an employee’s question, added that mergers were possi-
ble in the future between Ontario and other southern California facili-
ties, with a likely reduction in jobs, and that this could happen if the
Union came in or even if the Union did not come in.
a Board order containing many of the same violations found
herein.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. Respondent has failed to prove that during any time mate-
rial to this case George Meyers was a supervisor.
4. Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act through its
supervisor and agent, DiFillippo, by telling employees that he
would not renegotiate upcoming union contracts, that he could
not abide by the Union’s rules, that strikes were inevitable, and
that employees could lose jobs if the Union came in, and by
asking employees why they wanted the Union and what the
Union could do that the Company could not do.
5. The above-unfair labor practices have the affect of bur-
dening commerce within the meaning of Section 2(6) and (7) of
the Act.
6. Except as specified herein, the Respondent has not en-
gaged in any other unlawful conduct.
THE REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find that it must be ordered to cease and
desist and to take certain affirmative action designed to effectu-
ate the policies of the Act.
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]