The New England Die Casting Co.Download PDFNational Labor Relations Board - Board DecisionsMar 20, 1969174 N.L.R.B. 1280 (N.L.R.B. 1969) Copy Citation 1280 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD The New England Die Casting Company and International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL -CIO. Case 1-CA-6385 March 20, 1969 DECISION AND ORDER BY CHAIRMAN MCCULLOCH AND MEMBERS BROWN AND ZAGORIA Recommended Order of the Trial Examiner, and orders that the Respondent, The New England Die Casting Company, West Haven, Connecticut, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall take the action set forth in the Trial Examiner's Recommended Order. TRIAL EXAMINER'S DECISION STATEMENT OF THE CASE On December 18, 1968, Trial Examiner John F Funke issued his Decision in the above-entitled proceeding, finding that the Respondent had engaged in and was engaging in certain unfair labor practices within the meaning of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, and recommending that it cease and desist therefrom and take certain affirmative action, as set forth in the attached Trial Examiner's Decision. He also found that the Respondent had not engaged in the other unfair labor practices alleged in the complaint. Thereafter, the Respondent filed exceptions to the Trial Examiner's Decision and a supporting brief.' Pursuant to the provisions of Section 3(b) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the National Labor Relations Board has delegated its powers in connection with this case to a three-member panel The Board has reviewed the rulings of the Trial Examiner made at the hearing and finds that no prejudicial error was committed The rulings are hereby affirmed. The Board has considered the Trial Examiner's Decision, the exceptions and brief, and the entire record in this proceeding, and hereby adopts the findings,I conclusions,' and recommendations of the Trial Examiner, with the modifications noted below ORDER Pursuant to Section 10(c) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the National Labor Relations Board hereby adopts as its Order the 'The Respondent has requested oral argument Because, in our opinion, the record, the exceptions, and brief adequately ,et forth the issues and the positions of the parties, this request is hereby denied 'The Respondent contends that an impasse over the union-shop provision had been reached While Union representative Walsh stated that the Union members in the bargaining unit would not accept a contract without a union-shop clause, he by no means indicated that he would not bargain on the issue On the contrary, he called in the Federal and State Mediation Service because he could not get employer Ohse to the bargaining table Furthermore, it was the Respondent that cancelled the last scheduled meeting between the parties 'We do not adopt the Trial Examiner's opinion that N L R B v American National Insurance Co, 343 U S 395, 404, necessarily stands for the proposition that an adamant refusal to agree, under any circumstances to a union shop or a checkoff clause could not be an independent violation of Sec 8(aX5) of the Act In some circumstances an employer's refusal to agree to such clauses would be a violation of Sec 8(a)(5) of the Act See United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO (H K Porter Company, Inc) v N L R B 389 F 2d 295 (C A D C ), remanding 153 NLRB 1370 JOHN F. FUNKE, Trial Examiner Upon a charge filed June 27, 1968, by International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO, herein the Union, against The New England Die Casting Company, herein the Respondent, the General Counsel issued complaint dated August 13, 1968, alleging Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) and (5) of the Act The answer of the Respondent denied the commission of any unfair labor practices This proceeding, with all parties represented was heard by me at New Haven, Connecticut, on October 9 and 10, 1968 At the conclusion of the hearing the parties were given leave to file briefs and briefs were received from the General Counsel and Respondent on November 12. Upon the entire record in this case and from my observation of the witnesses while testifying, I make the following. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 1. THE BUSINESS OF THE RESPONDENT Respondent is a Connecticut corporation having its principal place of business at West Haven, Connecticut, where it is engaged in the manufactureb sale, and distribution of die castings During a representative 12-month period, Respondent sells and transports die castings valued in excess of $50,000 to places outside the State of Connecticut. During the same period, Respondent purchases materials valued in excess of $50,000 from places outside the State of Connecticut. Respondent is engaged in commerce within the meaning of the Act. 11. LABOR ORGANIZATION INVOLVED The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of the Act. III. THE UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES A. The Evidence 1. Violations of Section 8(a)(1) The complaint alleges that Respondent threatened to close down its plant if its employees engaged in union or other protected concerted activities. The testimony to support this allegation relates to a single incident which took place in the plant. May Hubbard and Viola Mortimer, employees of Respondent, testified that on April 10, 1968,' they heard an employee named Julia DiCapua tell Joseph Ohse, president and sole stockholder of Respondent, that another employee, 'Unless otherwise noted all dates refer to 1968 174 NLRB No. 190 THE NEW ENGLAND DIE CASTING CO. 1281 Theresa Iannucct , had been cheating the Company by "pulling the clock" on her work.' DiCapua told Ohse she had reported this to her foreman and superintendent and that nothing had been done Hubbard then told Ohse that she had seen lannucci pull the clock. DiCapua told Ohse that she had gone to the Union about this because the Union had helped her on another matter In response to this statement, according to the testimony of Hubbard and Mortimer, Ohse told DiCapua that no one was telling him how to run his shop and that he could rent it, sell it or put a lock on it I do not find, for reasons which should be so obvious as not to require stating, that this single, isolated incident constitutes a violation of Section 8(a)(1).3 2. Violations of Section 8(a)(5) On October 16, 1967, the Union filed a petition for an election among all production and maintenance employees at Respondent's West Haven plant.' On December 5, 1967, the Union, following a secret-ballot election conducted by the National Labor Relations Board, was certified as the exclusive bargaining representative of its employees' in a unit defined as: All production and maintenance employees employed by the Employer at its West Haven, Connecticut, plant, but excluding office clerical employees, guards, professional employees and supervisors as defined in the Act.' Following certification and on December 7, 1967, Grand Lodge Representative William E Walsh sent a letter to Respondent (G C Exh 2) requesting information as to the names and addresses of the employees in the appropriate unit and their terms and conditions of employment. No reply to this letter was received On December 28, Walsh sent another letter (G. C Exh 3) repeating his request for the information and asking that Respondent contact him for setting a date for bargaining negotiations. On January 2, 1968, Respondent replied through Irving Sweedler, its attorney, (G C. Exh. 4) giving the names of employees with their rates of pay and date of hire Of the 78 employees listed, 36 were specified as "piece work" employees and no earnings were given for them.' On January 5, Walsh wrote Sweedler (G. C Exh 5) agreeing to January 15 as a date for meeting, requesting information relating to the "present incentive, piece work and/or bonus system " The letter also stated that when this information was received the Union would submit further proposals for an agreement with Respondent 'This meant that the employee was punching the clock to indicate she was working more pieces than she had actually worked 'The General Counsel, in his brief, refers to testimony of Irving Sweedler , Respondent ' s attorney and chief negotiator, in which Sweedler stated that in response to a strike threat during the course of bargaining negotiations he advised his supervisors to tell the employees that , if they struck , the customers would pull their dies and everyone , including Ohse, would be out of work I reject the General Counsel ' s contentions on two grounds First, there is no evidence that the supervisors relayed these instructions to the employees , a failure of proof I regard as fatal, and, second , they constituted no more than a prediction as to the possible impact of a strike upon the entire plant No threats of reprisal were involved and accordingly they were entitled to the protection of Sec 8(c) 'Resp Exh 2 'The tally of ballots ( Resp Exh 4) showed that 59 employees voted for the Union and 21 against 'Resp Exh 13 1 find the unit so certified appropriate for the purposes of collective bargaining 'Three other employees were listed in handwriting at the end of the work list with no rates given On January 15, the parties met in Sweedler's office Sweedler and Ohse represented Respondent; Walsh, Carl Johnson, special representative of the Union, Ethel Radlowski and Perle Chipman, employees, represented the Union At this meeting the Union submitted its first proposal to Respondent (G. C Exh 7) According to Walsh, the question of piece rates was immediately raised since the Union felt it could not negotiate intelligently until it knew the data upon which the rates were based. Walsh testified that Ohse replied: As far as this values are concerned he sets them and it was up in his head, pointing to his head and I told him at that point that it was my right to have that information and that he would have to translate it from his head and put it in writing and give it to the union so that we could carry on negotiations This concluded the discussion of piece rates There was, however, a lengthy discussion of other employee benefits, including Blue Cross, CMS, Thanksgiving turkeys, holidays and vacations. Ohse told' the union representatives that there would be no increase in wages or benefits and Johnson told Ohse they were not "going to go the route the Steel Workers Union went." (The Steelworkers had been certified in 1954 ) No definite agreement was reached on any of the Union's proposals at this meeting A second meeting was held on January 25, 1968 8 Prior to the meeting Walsh again requested that the piece rates be reduced to writing Ohse was not present at this meeting, which took place in Sweedler's office ' At the meeting, the Union received copies of documents relating to the Respondent's health and group insurance plans (G.C. Exh 's 8(a) through 8(g)) Also presented was a list of company benefits, including holidays, vacations, bonus, Thanksgiving turkeys and 10-year watches Sweedler informed the Union that Ohse had given him authority to agree on noneconomic proposals and the parties then started to review the Union's proposed contract, a document consisting of 13 typewritten pages. (G C. Exh. 7). The recognition clause was agreed to; the first paragraph of the coverage clause was agreed upon, but paragraphs 2 and 3, granting union representation at future plants and restricting subcontracting work were rejected by Respondent. The next clause, prohibiting non-bargaining unit employees from performing the work of the unit employees except in event of emergency, was rejected by Respondent At this point, Sweedler submitted to the Union a management rights clause (G.C Exh 10) This clause read- MANAGEMENT PREROGATIVE The Employer shall at all times shall have the sole and exclusive right to manage, plan, direct, conduct, control, supervise, administer and operate its business All of the authority, powers and prerogatives held by the Employer prior to the signing of this Agreement, whether or not listed herein, are retained by it. The enumeration in this Agreement of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others, and nothing herein contained shall be construed to limit or restrict the Employer's right to make and carry out decisions and determinations relating to operating 'All dates hereafter refer to 1968 'Ohse attended only two of the six meetings , a source of protest on the part of the Union , the record indicates that Ohse was in ill health and at times hospitalized during this period 1282 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD efficiency including, but not limited to the right to determine the number of employees required for any job, department or shift; the maintenance of order and safety, the number, type and location of plants; quality and quantity of products, schedules of production, types and sources of materials and supplies; sub-contracts; disposition of products and services, standards of quality, the establishment or elimination of departments, security, safety; and plant protection The right of the Employer to hire, promote, demote, advance, compensate, deduct payment for tardiness, transfer and lay-off employees and to discharge and discipline them for cause shall be absolute, except as it is expressly modified by the terms of this Agreement. In furtherance of the provisions of this Article, the Employer shall have the right to establish and post rules governing the conduct and conditions of employment, and from time to time, to modify or amend the same. The Union resisted this provision although Walsh's statement of its reasons is far from being either clear or concise 10 In general, the Union's objections were to the sweep of the clause and its stifling of union rights The parties returned to the Union's proposal without reaching agreement on the "Management Prerogative" clause The Union's next clause, prohibiting discrimination, was agreed upon after it was extended to nonunion as well as union members The next clause, the union shop, was rejected by Respondent and discussion of the checkoff clause was deferred on the ground that it was an economic issue requiring approval from Ohse." The parties agreed to the hours of work clause with a slight modification suggested by Respondent, except for paragraph 4, calling for early reporting procedure. The next four paragraphs, relating to overtime, reporting pay, call-in pay and holiday pay were ruled out by Sweedler on the ground that all were economic issues At this point, discussion of the issues and the meeting both terminated The third meeting was held on February 1, and lasted about 20 minutes. Ohse was not present, (Sweedler told the Union he was ill) and when the next clause in the Union's proposal was reached, seniority, Sweedler told Walsh that was an economic issue and he (Sweedler) had no authority to act Walsh then stated the Union wanted Ohse present and asked Sweedler to set up a meeting Ohse could attend. After several telephone calls from Walsh to Sweedler, in which Walsh particularly protested Respondent's failure to give the Union its piece rates, a meeting was arranged for March 1. Ohse and Sweedler were both present According to Walsh, he first brought up the subject of the union shop and dues deduction and Ohse said these were out On the issue of wages, Ohse stated he could not grant wages or other benefits over what the employees were then receiving and remain competitive There was then discussion of a union strike vote and Walsh made a lengthy explanation of the procedures required before the Union could strike. Ohse's reply was, "Strike, let them strike. I've been looking for a way to get from under and if you strike you show me the way." There then ensued a heated discussion of the Unions versus the Steelworkers "This is a fault that ran through the testimony of both Walsh and Sweedler , as the record amply reveals Quoting either verbatim would contribute only to confusion "On cross-examination , Walsh testified that neither Ohse nor Sweedler told him they would never agree to a union shop or checkoff This conflicts with Ohse's testimony at the hearing, infra proposals of 1954 Walsh then asked that they proceed from those items on which agreement had been reached and Ohse replied that agreement had been reached on nothing and that the election had been a crooked election. In discussing the holiday clause, Ohse pointed out that the Union was asking for 12 holidays whereas it had recently signed a contract which called for only 9. Walsh then proposed that Respondent increase its holidays from seven to nine and agreement was reached (so Walsh thought) on this. Walsh summarized the note on which this meeting ended- Then I said, "With this new attitude that you have reelected here today on the question of holidays let's sit down at the next meeting and in good faith consummate an agreement ." To which Mr Ohse replied, "Okay." The next meeting was held on March 15 and Ohse was not present At the outset, Sweedler told Walsh that no agreement had been reached on nine holidays Sweedler was requested to reach Ohse by telephone and reported to the committee that Ohse was on his way to the hospital Walsh then stated he would have to contact the Federal and State Mediation Services and let them take over. A meeting was arranged by the mediators for March 21 at Sweedler's office. Ohse was not present. Walsh explained the Union's position to the mediators who then talked to Sweedler They informed Walsh that they could not do anything and would have to talk to Ohse. A meeting was scheduled for a date in May but was cancelled by Respondent and no further meetings were held Sweedler's testimony as to the discussion at these meetings is not substantially at variance. Sweedler testified that he thought the parties were "not getting off with a good foot" when Johnson, special representative for the Union, advised Ohse that he was not going to take them (the Union) down the same road he had taken the Steelworkers 10 years ago.'= Sweedler agreed that Walsh insisted on the formula for piece rates and that Respondent insisted that these were based on Ohse's experience in the industry, formulated in his head and were not reduced to writing No effort was made by Respondent to find a means of making the piece rates intelligible to the Union. As to the union shop and checkoff, Sweedler testified that Walsh stated that no contract would be acceptable to the Union without them Sweedler told Walsh that one of the reasons Ohse objected to the union shop was the fact that some of his employees - and most of them had been with Ohse for years were opposed to a union and that he would not force them to join one 11 As to hours of work, Respondent agreed to those provisions which conformed to its current practice but rejected a provision which gave an employee called for early reporting the right to work his regular shift. Since the restroom and washup provisions were already in effect, Respondent agreed to them "Walsh subsequently offered to have Johnson removed from the negotiating committee in the interests of harmony "The testimony of Ohse on this issue reads Q Have you ever been willing to give the union a union shop provision') A Never will Q No matter what') A No matter what Q You told that to Mr Sweedler before negotiations, that you were inflexible on that' A Absolutely inflexible. THE NEW ENGLAND DIE CASTING CO. 1283 The overtime provisions of the proposed contract were rejected on the ground that they did not conform to the practice of the community.1° The Union's request for 12 holidays was rejected and Sweedler denied that Respondent ever agreed to 9 holidays The request for a shift premium was rejected by Respondent on the ground that it did not have a shift premium On vacations the Respondent agreed to continue its present practice, rejecting the Union's request for vacation based on length of service (Respondent stated that the Union's demands did not conform to Connecticut practice) On notice of layoff and leave of absence, Respondent wanted to continue the past practice of the Company and no agreement was reached " Respondent also rejected a proposal that shop stewards and committee members be paid for time spent in processing grievances, nor would it agree that an accredited union representative have access to the plant without first securing permission from Ohse On pay increases, Respondent took the position that it could afford to pay them but Sweedler told Walsh, "I want you to understand that we can afford it but we are not going to do it because we don't think we should do it" Ohse's testimony with respect to negotiations was confined largely to determining the basis on which he estimated piece rates. Efforts to reduce the piece rates to a formula or to establish any basis for rational evaluation were unsuccessful B Conclusions - Violation of Section 8(a)(5) I find little doubt on the testimony herein, including that of Respondent's own witnesses, that Respondent entered into negotiations with a firm resolve not to consummate any meaningful contract with the Union. Without resting this finding on any single ground or any specific independent violation of Section 8(a)(5) no record could indicate a state of mind more "hermetically sealed" against reaching a collective bargaining contract. The following reasons, supported by testimony largely uncontradicted, sustain this conclusion. 1. Ohse's remark that the election was a "crooked" election indicates a state of mind unwilling to accept the Union as the lawfully designated representative of Respondent's employees. His further remark to the members of the negotiating committee that he hoped they wculd strike since this would give him a way out. The only reasonable construction that can be placed on this statement is that Ohse believed a strike would relieve him of his obligation to bargain and that such a relief would be a source of gratification to him. Both statements established Ohse's adamant hostility to the principles of collective bargaining 2. Respondent's complete rejection of any wage increases or other benefits not presently received by the employees. While admitting that Respondent could afford to pay higher wages, Respondent refused to bargain on the issue solely on the ground that it did not think they "Sweedler testified that Walsh advised him that the Union did not expect to get all of its demands respecting overtime "It had been the practice for employees seeking time off or a leave of absence to see Ohse, who either granted or denied , based on the circumstances There was no fixed company policy Respondent was willing to continue its unilateral approach to this issue should be granted. In so doing, Respondent excluded from consideration or discussion not only a mandatory subject of collective bargaining, but perhaps the most vital of all subjects at the bargaining table 3. Respondent's out-of-hand rejection, without negotiation, of any union proposals which did not accord with Respondent's present practices These include overtime and reporting pay, notice of layoff, an employees' right to continue working his regular shift if called for earlier work, vacations, leave of absence, payment of union representative for time spent on processing grievances, and the right of a union to have a representative enter the plant without permission from Ohse "6 4 While I do not find Respondent's adamant refusal to agree, under any circumstances, to a union shop or a checkoff clause an independent violation of Section 8(a)(5),'' I do find that it indicates another instance of the refusal of Respondent to enter into fruitful negotiation on any mandatory subject of bargaining This finding is made despite the fact that Respondent's asserted reason for refusal to agree to union security, a reluctance to force any employee to join the Union against his will, was non-discriminatory 5 1 do find that the failure and refusal on the part of Respondent to make available to the Union whatever formula, whether written or not, respecting piece rates constituted an independent violation of Section 8(a)(5) of the Act Despite Ohse's contention that these rates were based on his experience, expertise and presumably on mystic intuition, it is inconceivable that rates paid employees for their services were not subject to reduction to some kind of formula. No effort was made by Ohse to give a rational explanation for these rates and the Union was thereby precluded from effective bargaining with respect to the wages paid approximately one-half the employees in the certified unit Ohse's testimony respecting the fixing of the rates is so fantastic as to force the conclusion that it was a strategem or tactic devised, in part at least, for the purpose of frustrating the Union in the performance of its obligation to represent the employees in collective bargaining I find that by the above conduct the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(5) of the Act.18 IV. THE REMEDY Having found the Respondent engaged in and is engaging in certain unfair labor practices it will be recommended that it cease and desist therefrom and take certain affirmative action necessary to effectuate the "in view of Ohse ' s frequent absences due to illness this would impair, perhaps seriously , communications between the employees and their bargaining agent "This finding is based on the decision of the United States Supreme Court in N L R B v American National Insurance Co, 343 U S 395, 404, where the Court stated Thus it is now apparent from the statute that the Act does not encourage a party to engage in fruitless marathon discussions at the expense of frank statement and support of his position It is equally clear that the Board may not, either directly or indirectly, compel concessions or otherwise sit in judgment upon the substantive terms of bargaining agreements See also Jeffrey Stone Co Inc, 173 NLRB No 3, McCullock Corporation, 132 NLRB 201 "I find it unnecessary to make a separate finding as to Sweedler'~ authority to engage in effective bargaining The totality of Respondent's conduct so clearly establishes the rejection of the principles of collective bargaining that further findings are superfluous 1284 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD policies of the Act Upon the foregoing findings and conclusions and upon the entire record in this case, I make the following CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 1. By refusing on and at all times after January 15, 1968, to bargain in good faith with the Union concerning wages , rates of pay, hours and other terms and conditions of employment and by refusing to make available to or discuss with the Union its formula or other basis for deciding piece rates its employees were paid, Respondent violated Section 8(a)(5) of the Act 2 The unit appropriate for collective bargaining is All production and maintenance employees employed by the Employer at its West Haven , Connecticut , plant, but excluding all office clerical employees , guards, professional employees and supervisors as defined in the Act. 3 The aforsaid unfair labor practices are unfair labor practices within the meaning of Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act. RECOMMENDED ORDER It is hereby recommended that The New England Die Casting Company, its officers, agents, successors and assigns, shall l Cease and desist from (a) Refusing to bargain collectively and in good faith with International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO, as the exclusive representative of the employees in the unit found appropriate herein (b) Refusing to make available to the Union, its processes or formula on which the piece rates paid its employees are computed (c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing its employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed by Section 7 of the Act. 2 Take the following affirmative action necessary to effectuate the policies of the Act (a) Upon request, bargain collectively and in good faith with the above-named labor organization as the exclusive bargaining representative of its employees in the unit found appropriate herein concerning wages, rates of pay, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment, and, if agreement is reached, embody such understanding in a written contract (b) Post at its place of business at West Haven, Connecticut, copies of the attached notice marked "Appendix "i' Copies of said notice, on forms to be provided by the Regional Director for Region 1, shall, after being duly signed by the Respondent's authorized representative, be posted by Respondent immediately upon receipt thereof, and shall be maintained for 60 consecutive days thereafter, in conspicuous places, including all places where notices to employees are customarily posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken by Respondent to insure that said notices are not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material "In the event that this Recommended Order is adopted by the Board, the words "a Decision and Order" shall be substituted for the words "the (c) Notify the Regional Director for Region I, within 20 days from the date of this decision, what steps have been taken to comply therewith 10 It is further recommended that all allegations of the complaint not found to be in violation of the Act shall be dismissed Recommended Order of a Trial Examiner " in the notice In the further event that the Board ' s Order is enforced by a decree of a United States Court of Appeals, the words "a decree of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order " shall be substituted for the words "a Decision and Order " "in the event that this Recommended Order is adopted by the Board, this provision shall be modified to read "Notify the Regional Director for Region 1, in writing , within 10 days from the date of this Order, what steps Respondent has taken to comply herewith " APPENDIX NOTICE TO ALL EMPLOYEES Pursuant to the Recommended Order of a Trial Examiner of the National Labor Relations Board and in order to effectuate the policies of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, we hereby notify our employees that: WE WILL NOT refuse to bargain collectively and in good faith with International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO, as the exclusive bargaining representative of the employees in the unit found appropriate herein. WE WILL NOT refuse to make available to the above-named Union the processes or formula upon which piece rates paid to our employees are computed WE WILL upon request bargain collectively and in good faith with the above-named Union as the exclusive bargaining representative of the employees in the unit found appropriate herein concerning wages, rates of pay, hours and other terms and conditions of employment, and, if agreement is reached, incorporate the terms of such agreement in a written contract. The appropriate unit is All production and maintenance employees employed at the Employer's West Haven, Connecticut, plant, but excluding all office clerical employees, guards, professional employees and supervisors as defined in the Act. THE NEW ENGLAND DIE CASTING COMPANY (Employer) Dated By (Representative) (Title) This notice must remain posted for 60 consecutive days from the date of posting and must not be altered, defaced, or covered by any other material. If employees have any question concerning this notice or compliance with its provisions, they may communicate directly with the Board's Regional Office, 20th Floor, John F. Kennedy Federal Building, Cambridge & New Sudbury Streets, Boston, Massachusetts 02203, Telephone 617-223-3383 Copy with citationCopy as parenthetical citation