TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL)Download PDFPatent Trials and Appeals BoardDec 20, 20212020003021 (P.T.A.B. Dec. 20, 2021) Copy Citation UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE United States Patent and Trademark Office Address: COMMISSIONER FOR PATENTS P.O. Box 1450 Alexandria, Virginia 22313-1450 www.uspto.gov APPLICATION NO. FILING DATE FIRST NAMED INVENTOR ATTORNEY DOCKET NO. CONFIRMATION NO. 15/035,070 05/06/2016 Hongxin LIANG 3602-1241 1036 6449 7590 12/20/2021 ROTHWELL, FIGG, ERNST & MANBECK, P.C. 607 14TH STREET, N.W. SUITE 800 WASHINGTON, DC 20005 EXAMINER BLAUFELD, JUSTIN R ART UNIT PAPER NUMBER 2176 NOTIFICATION DATE DELIVERY MODE 12/20/2021 ELECTRONIC Please find below and/or attached an Office communication concerning this application or proceeding. The time period for reply, if any, is set in the attached communication. Notice of the Office communication was sent electronically on above-indicated "Notification Date" to the following e-mail address(es): PTO-PAT-Email@rfem.com PTOL-90A (Rev. 04/07) UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE ________________ BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD ________________ Ex parte HONGXIN LIANG and DIMITRI MAZMANOV1 ________________ Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 Technology Center 2100 ________________ Before BRADLEY W. BAUMEISTER, JASON V. MORGAN, and PHILLIP A. BENNETT, Administrative Patent Judges. BAUMEISTER, Administrative Patent Judge. DECISION ON APPEAL Appellant appeals under 35 U.S.C. § 134(a) from the Examiner’s final rejection of claims 1–20, which constitute all claims pending in this application. Appeal Br. 6–13. We reverse. Pursuant to our discretionary authority under 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) we newly reject claim 18 under 35 U.S.C. § 101 for being directed to an exception to patent-eligible subject matter (an abstract idea) without reciting significantly more. 1 “Appellant” refers to “applicant” as defined in 37 C.F.R. § 1.42. Appellant identifies Telefonaktiebolaget ML Ericsson as the real party in interest. Appeal Brief 2, filed October 15, 2019 (“Appeal Br.”). Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 2 CLAIMED SUBJECT MATTER Appellant describes the present invention as follows: A method by a user terminal [and] a related user terminal are disclosed for managing applications that are executable by the user terminal. Folder information is generated that defines folders of the applications. Action rule information is generated which defines, for each of the folders, an action to be performed on the folder and a rule that initiates performance of the action. A first one of the rules is determined to be satisfied. A first one of the folders is selected which is associated with the satisfied first rule. Applications are identified which are missing from a memory of the user terminal that are members of the selected first folder. The identified applications are downloaded from an application storage node via a network to the memory of the user terminal. Related methods and network nodes are disclosed for managing which applications are downloaded to user terminals. Spec. Abstr. The following disclosure provides a more concrete example of Appellant’s invention: the user terminal 120 displays a user interface that allows the user to generate action rule information 404 that defines an action to be performed on the collection of applications l30a–f in the “Trip to Sweden” folder, and a rule that initiates performance of the action. In the example, the user has defined with the information 404 an action that causes the user terminal 120 to prompt the user for permission to download (“prompt to download”) the folder of applications defined as “Trip to Sweden” and, when permission is granted, causes the folder of applications 130a–f to be automatically downloaded from the application storage node 102 without further action of the user. The user further defines through the information 404 a rule that initiates performance of that action based on where the user terminal 120 is located, such as a rule that is satisfied when the user terminal 404 becomes located at a defined location (Sweden). Spec. ¶ 26 (citing Fig. 4). Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 3 STATEMENT OF THE REJECTIONS Claims 18–20 stand rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 102(a)(1) as anticipated over Louch (US 2008/0034314 A1; published Feb. 7, 2008). Final Act. 7–10. Claims 1, 2, 7–9, and 11–13 stand rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 103 as being unpatentable over Mohler (US 2011/0072492 A1; published Mar. 24, 2011) and Martone (US 2009/0100057 A1; published Apr. 16, 2009). Final Act. 10–19. Claims 3, 10, and 14 stand rejected under 35 U.S.C. 103 as being unpatentable over Mohler, Martone, and Andreasson (US 2009/0061890 A1; published Mar. 5, 2009). Final Act. 19–22. Claims 4–6 and 15–17 stand rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 103 as being unpatentable over Mohler, Martone, and Louch. Final Act. 22–29. STANDARD OF REVIEW We have jurisdiction under 35 U.S.C. § 6(b). The Board conducts a limited de novo review of the appealed rejections for error based upon the issues identified by Appellant, and in light of the arguments and evidence produced thereon. Ex parte Frye, 94 USPQ2d 1072, 1075 (BPAI 2010) (precedential). CLAIMS 18–20 Claimed Subject Matter Independent claim 18, reproduced with paragraph designations added for clarity, illustrates the claimed subject matter that stands rejected as anticipated by Louch. Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 4 18. A method by at least one network node, which includes a folder ID repository node of a distributed computing system, for managing which applications are downloaded to user terminals, the method comprising the steps of: [(a)] receiving folder information via the network from a plurality of user terminals, wherein the folder information defines folders of applications that the user terminals can select among for downloading; [(b)] receiving a query from one of the user terminals that identifies a search criteria for searching among the folders of applications defined by the folder information; [(c)] identifying one of the folders of applications that satisfies the search criteria; and [(d)] communicating a list of the applications within the identified one of the folders of applications, to the one of the user terminals. The Examiner’s Determinations and Appellant’s Arguments Appellant argues that the Examiner errs in finding that Louch discloses every element of claim 18 because, inter alia, Louch fails to teach “communicating a list of the applications within the identified one of the folders of applications, to the one of the user terminals,” as required by claim 18. Appeal Br. 7. According to Appellant, the cited passage discloses “the network node in Louch distributes the dashboard bundle itself—not a list of applications within the identified one of the folders of applications.” Id. The Examiner does not dispute that the relied-upon passage discloses communicating a bundled plurality of applications. Examiner’s Answer 5, mailed Oct. 15, 2019 (“Ans.”). The Examiner does not find that Louch additionally communicates any separate list of applications beyond communicating the applications, themselves. Id. at 6–7. The Examiner Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 5 reasons, “[b]y communicating a plurality of applications (the widgets in the dashboard bundle) to a user’s personal computer, Louch’s network node effectively communicates a list of full applications.” Id. at 5. Analysis The dispositive question before us is whether it is reasonable for the Examiner to interpret the act of communicating a disclosed bundle of applications as reading on the claim step of “communicating a list of the applications.” Appeal Br. 25 (emphasis added). The Examiner’s interpretation is unreasonably broad because it is contrary to the well-settled principle of claim construction that during examination of a patent application, pending claims are given their broadest reasonable construction consistent with the Specification. In re Am. Acad. of Sci. Tech Ctr., 367 F.3d 1359, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The Examiner points to no passage in Appellant’s Specification that would indicate the Examiner’s interpretation would be consistent with Appellant Specification. In fact, Appellant’s Specification alternatively uses the term “list of applications” to refer to something that is different from the “applications,” themselves. See, e.g., FIG. 1. (depicting folder information 126 as being separate and distinct from applications 130), cited in Appeal Br. 5; see also FIG. 7 (disclosing a list of applications is communicated at step 712, but that the applications themselves are downloaded separately at step 714). Accordingly, we reverse the anticipation rejection of independent claim 18 and also of claims 19 and 20, which depend from claim 18. Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 6 NEW GROUND OF REJECTION FOR CLAIM 18 Principles of Law A. SECTION 101: Inventions for a “new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter” generally constitute patent-eligible subject matter. 35 U.S.C. § 101. However, the U.S. Supreme Court has long interpreted 35 U.S.C. § 101 to include implicit exceptions: “[l]aws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas” are not patentable. Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208, 216 (2014). In determining whether a claim falls within an excluded category, we are guided by the Court’s two-step framework, described in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., 566 U.S. 66 (2012), and Alice, 573 U.S. at 217–18 (citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 75–77). In accordance with that framework, we first determine what concept the claim is “directed to.” See Alice, 573 U.S. at 219 (“On their face, the claims before us are drawn to the concept of intermediated settlement, i.e., the use of a third party to mitigate settlement risk.”); see also Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 611 (2010) (“Claims 1 and 4 in petitioners’ application explain the basic concept of hedging, or protecting against risk.”). Concepts determined to be abstract ideas, and thus patent ineligible, include certain methods of organizing human activity, such as fundamental economic practices (Alice, 573 U.S. at 219–20; Bilski, 561 U.S. at 611); mathematical formulas (Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 594–95 (1978)); and mental processes (Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972)). Concepts determined to be patent eligible include physical and chemical processes, such as “molding rubber products” (Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 191 Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 7 (1981)); “tanning, dyeing, making water-proof cloth, vulcanizing India rubber, smelting ores” (id. at 182 n.7 (quoting Corning v. Burden, 56 U.S. 252, 267–68 (1854))); and manufacturing flour (Benson, 409 U.S. at 69 (citing Cochrane v. Deener, 94 U.S. 780, 785 (1876))). In Diehr, the claim at issue recited a mathematical formula, but the Court held that “a claim drawn to subject matter otherwise statutory does not become nonstatutory simply because it uses a mathematical formula.” Diehr, 450 U.S. at 187; see also id. at 191 (“We view respondents’ claims as nothing more than a process for molding rubber products and not as an attempt to patent a mathematical formula.”). Having said that, the Court also indicated that a claim “seeking patent protection for that formula in the abstract . . . is not accorded the protection of our patent laws, and this principle cannot be circumvented by attempting to limit the use of the formula to a particular technological environment.” Id. at 191 (citing Benson and Flook); see also, e.g., id. at 187 (“It is now commonplace that an application of a law of nature or mathematical formula to a known structure or process may well be deserving of patent protection.”). If the claim is “directed to” an abstract idea, we turn to the second step of the Alice and Mayo framework, where “we must examine the elements of the claim to determine whether it contains an ‘inventive concept’ sufficient to ‘transform’ the claimed abstract idea into a patent- eligible application.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 221 (internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim that recites an abstract idea must include ‘additional features’ to ensure ‘that the [claim] is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the [abstract idea].’” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Mayo, Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 8 566 U.S. at 77). “[M]erely requir[ing] generic computer implementation[] fail[s] to transform that abstract idea into a patent-eligible invention.” Id. B. USPTO SECTION 101 GUIDANCE: In January 2019, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) published revised guidance on the application of 35 U.S.C. § 101. See 2019 Revised Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. 50 (Jan. 7, 2019) (“2019 Guidance”), updated by USPTO, October 2019 Update: Subject Matter Eligibility (available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/ default/files/documents/peg_oct_2019_update.pdf) (“October 2019 Guidance Update”); see also October 2019 Patent Eligibility Guidance Update, 84 Fed. Reg. 55942 (Oct. 18, 2019) (notifying the public of the availability of the October 2019 Guidance Update). “All USPTO personnel are, as a matter of internal agency management, expected to follow the guidance.” 2019 Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 51; see also October 2019 Guidance Update at 1. The Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (“MPEP”) now incorporates this revised guidance and subsequent updates at Section 2106 (9th ed. Rev. 10.2019, rev. June 2020).2 Under MPEP § 2106, we first look to whether the claim recites the following: (1) any judicial exceptions, including certain groupings of abstract ideas (i.e., mathematical concepts, certain methods of organizing human activity such as a fundamental economic practice, or mental processes); and 2 All references to the MPEP are to the Ninth Edition, Revision 10.2019 (Last Revised June 2020), unless otherwise indicated. Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 9 (2) additional elements that integrate the judicial exception into a practical application.3 MPEP §§ 2106.04(a), (d). Only if a claim (1) recites a judicial exception and (2) does not integrate that exception into a practical application, do we then look to whether the claim: (3) adds a specific limitation beyond the judicial exception that is not “well-understood, routine, [and] conventional activity” in the field; or (4) simply appends well-understood, routine, conventional activities previously known to the industry, specified at a high level of generality, to the judicial exception. MPEP § 2106.05(d). Analysis STEP 1: The claimed subject matter falls within the four statutory categories of patentable subject matter identified by 35 U.S.C. § 101: process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter. Accordingly, we turn to step 2A of the 2019 Guidance. 3 “Examiners evaluate integration into a practical application by (1) identifying whether there are any additional elements recited in the claim beyond the judicial exception(s), and (2) evaluating those additional elements individually and in combination to determine whether the claim as a whole integrates the exception into a practical application.” MPEP § 2106.04(d)(II). Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 10 STEP 2A, PRONG 1: Under step 2A, prong 1, of the 2019 Guidance, we first look to whether the claim recites any judicial exceptions, including certain groupings of abstract ideas (i.e., mathematical concepts, certain methods of organizing human activity such as a fundamental economic practice, or mental processes). MPEP § 2106.04(a). Limitation (c) of claim 18 recites, “identifying one of the folders of applications that satisfies the search criteria.” Identifying which folder satisfies a received search criteria constitutes a mental process, such as an evaluation or judgment that can be performed in the human mind. The 2019 Guidance expressly recognizes such mental processes as constituting patent-ineligible abstract ideas. 2019 Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 52. Accordingly, limitation (c) recites a judicial exception to patent- eligible subject matter under step 2A, prong 1, of the 2019 Guidance. STEP 2A, PRONG 2: Under step 2A, prong 2, of the 2019 Guidance, we next analyze whether claim 18 recites additional elements that individually or in combination integrate the judicial exception into a practical application. 2019 Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 53–55. The 2019 Guidance identifies considerations indicative of whether an additional element or combination of elements integrate the judicial exception into a practical application, such as an additional element reflecting an improvement in the functioning of a computer or an improvement to other technology or technical field. Id. at 55; MPEP § 2106.05(a). Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 11 Limitations (a) and (b) of claim 18 do not add any meaningful limitations to the abstract idea because they merely set forth steps of a network node receiving information over the network from a user terminal: [(a)] receiving folder information via the network from a plurality of user terminals, wherein the folder information defines folders of applications that the user terminals can select among for downloading; [(b)] receiving a query from one of the user terminals that identifies a search criteria for searching among the folders of applications defined by the folder information. Both of these two data-receiving steps merely constitute insignificant pre-solution activity: An example of pre-solution activity is a step of gathering data for use in a claimed process, e.g., a step of obtaining information about credit card transactions, which is recited as part of a claimed process of analyzing and manipulating the gathered information by a series of steps in order to detect whether the transactions were fraudulent. MPEP § 2106.05(g). Similarly, claim 18’s step (d) recites, “communicating a list of the applications within the identified one of the folders of applications, to the one of the user terminals. This final step of claim 10 does not add any meaningful limitations to the abstract idea because it merely constitutes the insignificant post-solution activity of transmitting information or data. E.g., Apple, Inc. v. Ameranth, Inc., 842 F.3d 1229, 1241–42 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (holding that printing or downloading generated menus constituted insignificant extra-solution activity). For these reasons, the additional elements of claim 18 are not directed to an improvement in the function of a computer or to any other technology Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 12 or technical field. MPEP § 2106.05(a). Nor are the additional elements of claim 18 directed to a particular machine or transformation. MPEP §§ 2106.05(b), (c). Nor do the additional elements of claim 18 add any other meaningful limitations for the purposes of the analysis under Section 101. MPEP § 2106.05(e). Accordingly, claim 18 does not integrate the recited abstract idea into a practical application within the meaning of the 2019 Guidance. See 2019 Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 52–55. STEP 2B: Under step 2B of the 2019 Guidance, we next analyze whether claim 18 adds any specific limitations beyond the judicial exception that, either alone or as an ordered combination, amount to more than “well- understood, routine, conventional” activity in the field. 2019 Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 56; MPEP § 2106.05(d). The preamble of claim 18 recites that the method is performed by additional elements beyond the abstract idea, including “at least one network node, which includes a folder ID repository node of a distributed computing system.” Appellant’s Specification, by describing these computer-related components at a high level without details of structure or implementation, indicates that these additional computer elements are well understood, routine and conventional: Figure 18 is a block diagram of an example network node 18, which may be used for the application storage node 102, the folder ID repository node 14, and/or the social media service network node 106. The network node 1800 can include a network interface 1830, a processor 1810, and a memory 1820 that contain functional modules 1822. The processor 1810 may include one or more data processing circuits, such as a general Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 13 purpose and/or special purpose processor (e.g., microprocessor and/or digital signal processor), which may be collocated or distributed across one or more data networks (e.g., network 110). Spec. ¶ 49. Furthermore, Appellant’s Specification does not indicate that consideration of these conventional elements as an ordered combination, as broadly claimed, adds any significance beyond the additional elements, as considered individually. Unlike independent claims 1 and 12, independent claim 18 does not recite a final step of downloading identified applications from an application storage node via a network to the memory of the user terminal. Subsequent to the step of identifying missing applications, claim 18 only recites the insignificant post-solution activity of communicating a list. For these reasons, we determine that claim 18 does not recite additional elements that, either individually or as an ordered combination, amount to significantly more than the judicial exception within the meaning of the 2019 Guidance. 2019 Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 52–55; MPEP § 2106.05(d). Accordingly, we newly reject claim 18 under 35 U.S.C. § 101 as being directed to an exception to patent-eligible subject matter without reciting significantly more. Although we decline to reject any other claims pursuant to our discretionary authority under 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b), we emphasize that our decision does not mean that the remaining claims are necessarily patent eligible. Rather, we merely leave the patent-eligibility determination of these claims to the Examiner. See MPEP § 1213.02. Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 14 CLAIMS 1–17 Claimed Subject Matter Independent claim 1 illustrates the claimed subject matter of claims 1– 17, which stand rejected as obvious over at least the combination of Mohler and Martrone: 1. A method by a user terminal for managing applications executable by the user terminal, the method comprising the steps of: generating folder information that defines folders of the applications for a plurality of folders, responsive to input from a user and storing the folder information in a repository node; generating action rule information that defines, for each of the folders of the applications, an action to be performed on the folder of the applications and a rule that initiates performance of the action such that rules are defined for the plurality of folders, the action rule information being responsive to further input from the user; determining that a first one of the rules is satisfied; selecting a first one of the folders of the applications associated with the satisfied first one of the rules; identifying applications missing from a memory of the user terminal that are members of the selected first one of the folders of the applications by retrieving a list of applications from the repository node; and downloading the identified applications from an application storage node via a network to the memory of the user terminal. The Examiner’s Determinations and Appellant’s Arguments The Examiner finds that Mohler teaches most of the limitations of independent claim 1 (Final Act. 10–12), but may not explicitly teach every aspect of identifying applications missing from a memory of the user terminal that are members of Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 15 the selected first one of the folders of the applications by retrieving a list of applications from the repository node; and downloading the identified applications from an application storage node via a network to the memory of the user terminal. Id. at 12. The Examiner finds that Martone teaches these identifying and downloading steps of claim 1. Final Act. 12 (citing Martone ¶¶ 3, 72). Appellant asserts, nothing in Martone at the identified paragraphs, or elsewhere, or in the examiner’s brief analysis teaches or suggests identifying applications missing from a memory of the user terminal ... by retrieving a list of applications from the repository node. Instead, Martone simply notes that if a file is missing, it may be downloaded. There is no indication at all that a list of applications is retrieved from the repository node, or that missing applications are identified by retrieving this list. Martone does not provide any details about how missing files are identified, simply noting that if a file is missing, it can be downloaded. Appeal Br. 10. The Examiner responds by clarifying, inter alia, that the claim language, “retrieving a list of applications from the repository node” is taught by two passages of Martone’s disclosure. Ans. 7 (citing Martone ¶¶ 54, 68). According to the Examiner, Martone teaches that “[t]he group definitions may be received in block 312.” Id. at 8 (citing Martone ¶ 68). The Examiner further cites to the emphasized portion of the following paragraph: Device 202 may have a group definer 204 and may represent a headquarters operation of a company, with devices 206, 208, and 210 representing division level operations of the company. The device 202 may create a companywide group definition using the group definer 204 and disseminate the definition to the various devices 206, 208, and 210 for each division of the company. In the embodiment, device 202 may be Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 16 a parent device with respect to the children devices 206, 208, and 210. Martone ¶ 54, cited in Ans. 8 (italicized emphasis added). Analysis The passages cited by the Examiner relate to how group definitions are transmitted. Martone ¶¶ 54, 68. The Examiner does not explain, though, why it is reasonable to interpret Martone’s defined group definitions as comprising a list of the applications that are included in the group. That is, the Examiner does not explain how the relied-upon passages relate to or teach that applications missing from a terminal’s memory are identified specifically by the act of “retrieving a list of applications from the repository node,” as recited in claim 1 (emphasis added). For the foregoing reasons, Appellant persuades us of error in the Examiner’s obviousness rejection of independent claim 1. Accordingly, we reverse the obviousness rejection of that claim. We, likewise, reverse the rejection of dependent claims 2, 7–9, and 11–13, which either depend from claim 1 or otherwise recite similar claim language. With respect to the remaining obviousness rejections of dependent claims 3–6, 10, and 14–17, the Examiner does not rely on either of the additional references, Andreasson and Louch, to cure the deficiency of the obviousness rejection explained above. Accordingly, we reverse the obviousness rejections of these claims for the reasons set forth above in relation to claim 1. Final Act. 19–29. Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 17 DECISION SUMMARY In summary: FINALITY AND RESPONSE This decision contains a new ground of rejection pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b). Rule 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) provides “[a] new ground of rejection pursuant to this paragraph shall not be considered final for judicial review.” Rule 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) also provides that the Appellant, WITHIN TWO MONTHS FROM THE DATE OF THE DECISION, must exercise one of the following two options with respect to the new ground of rejection to avoid termination of the appeal as to the rejected claims: (1) Reopen prosecution. Submit an appropriate amendment of the claims so rejected or new Evidence relating to the claims so rejected, or both, and have the matter reconsidered by the examiner, in which event the prosecution will be remanded to the examiner. . . . Claim(s) Rejected 35 U.S.C. § Reference(s)/ Basis Affirmed Reversed New Ground 18–20 102(a)(1) Louch 18–20 1, 2, 7–9, 11–13 103 Mohler, Martone 1, 2, 7–9, 11–13 3, 10, 14 103 Mohler, Martone, Andreasson 3, 10, 14 4–6, 15– 17 103 Mohler, Martone, Louch 4–6, 15–17 18 101 Eligibility 18 Overall Outcome 1–20 18 Appeal 2020-003021 Application 15/035,070 18 (2) Request rehearing. Request that the proceeding be reheard under § 41.52 by the Board upon the same Record. . . . REVERSED; 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) Copy with citationCopy as parenthetical citation