Stouffer's Cincinnati InnDownload PDFNational Labor Relations Board - Board DecisionsSep 8, 1976225 N.L.R.B. 1196 (N.L.R.B. 1976) Copy Citation 1196 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Cincinnati S.I. Company , a Limited Partnership d/b/a Stouffer's Cincinnati Inn and Hotel , Motel, Restau- rant Employees and Bartenders ' Local 12 of the Ho- tel and Restaurant Employees and Bartenders' In- ternational Union , AFL-CIO, Petitioner . Case 9- RC-11305 September 8, 1976 DECISION AND DIRECTION OF ELECTION By MEMBERS FANNING, PENELLO, AND WALTHER Upon a petition duly filed under Section 9(c) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, a hearing was held before Hearing Officer Felix C. Wade. Following the hearing and pursuant to Sec- tion 102.67 of the National Labor Relations Board Rules and Regulations and Statements of Procedure, Series 8, as amended, this case was transferred to the National Labor Relations Board for decision. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 3(b) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the Na- tional Labor Relations Board has delegated its au- thority in this proceeding to a three-member panel, The Board has reviewed the Hearing Officer's rul- ings made at the hearing and finds that they are free from prejudicial error. They are hereby affirmed. Upon the entire record in this case, the National Labor Relations Board finds: 1. The parties stipulated and we find that Cincin- nati S.I. Company, a limited partnership d/b/a Stouffer's Cincinnati Inn, hereafter CSI, is a limited partnership, existing under the laws of the State of Ohio, engaged in the operations of a hotel facility in Cincinnati, Ohio. During the past 12 months, a rep- resentative period, the Employer had gross sales in excess of $500,000, and purchased goods valued in excess of $50,000, from firms located outside the State of Ohio and caused such goods to be shipped directly from locations outside the State of Ohio to its facilities in Cincinnati, Ohio. In view of the fore- going, we find that the Employer is engaged in com- merce within the meaning of the Act. 2. The labor organization involved claims to rep- resent certain employees of the Employer. 3. A question affecting commerce exists concern- ing certain employees of the Employer.' ' The Employer moved to dismiss the petition as untimely because of the allegedly expanding nature of the unit At the time the hearing closed on March 25, 1976, there were 96 employees in various classifications The Employer is building a 33-story structure, attached to the present facilities, which will add 438 more rooms, but no new job classifications The antici- pated date of completion is August 1, 1977 Those presently employed con- stitute 45 percent of the anticipated expanded 210 employee complement, and they are performing in 100 percent of the projected job classifications 4. The Petitioner seeks to represent a unit includ- ing all setup employees, doormen, bellmen, garage employees, parking attendants, maids, housemen, laundry employees, linen room employees, elevator operators, seamstresses, maintenance employees, and painters, but excluding office clerical employees, bookkeepers, desk clerks, PBX operator, reservation- ists, night auditor, property auditor, accounts receiv- able clerks, health club employees, lifeguards, confi- dential employees, sales employees, security personnel, professional employees, and supervisors 2 as defined in the Act. The Petitioner seeks a less than hotelwide unit in that it would exclude the employees of Stouffer Corporation,' hereafter called Stouffer, who work in the restaurant, cocktail lounges, and banquet rooms .4 The Employer contends that CSI and Stouffer are point employers, and that only an overall unit including all these employees sought by Petitioner plus the employees of Stouffer is appropri- ate. There are two separate entities operating at Stouffer's Cincinnati Inn. One is CSI which operates the accomodations portion of the motel, and the other is the Stouffer Corporation which operates the restaurant, cocktail lounges, and banquet facilities. CSI owns the building in which these functions are performed and at which it operates a 462-room motel in Cincinnati, Ohio, known as Stouffer's Cincinnati Inn. CSI operates the motel under a license agree- ment with Stouffer Foods Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio, and the latter holds a lease agreement under which it conducts the food and beverage operations of the motel. Neither of these concerns has an inter- est in the other, nor do persons in one hold an office in the other.' The license agreement grants CSI the In these circumstances, we are satisfied that the present employee comple- ment constitutes a substantial and representative segment of the ultimate projected complement of employees Accordingly, we conclude that the pe- tition herein was not prematurely filed, and the motion to dismiss the peti- tion is hereby denied 2 The parties stipulated, the record shows, and we find that the following persons are supervisors Barry Cholak, general manager, Ed Nicholas, assis- tant manager, Earl Hatt, resident manager, Walter Moore, garage manager, Herbert Brockschmidt, set-up manager, Paul Craig, bell captain, Thelma Rupp, executive housekeeper, James Smart, director of sales, George Na- gengast, district maintenance supervisor, and Ruben Grant, maintenance supervisor 5 The parties stipulated, the record shows, and we find that Stouffer Cor- poration is an Ohio Corporation engaged in the hotel and food business in several States At its Cincinnati, Ohio, facility during the past 12 months it had gross sales in excess of $500,000 and purchased goods valued in excess of $50,000 from firms located outside the State of Ohio and caused them to be shipped directly to its facility within the State of Ohio These employees are classified as wai ters/waitresses, cooks and pantry employees, bus help, food and beverage cashiers, hostesses, bartenders, utili- ty employees, receiving employees, and banquet employees 5 AIRCOA, a management company, is retained by CSI to assist it in managing the accomodations portion of the motel for which services CSI pays a fee Stouffer does not retain AIRCOA in any capacity, nor do any principals of either serve as officers of the other and neither has an interest in the other AIRCOA is owned by the partners of CSI and performs man- 225 NLRB No. 170 STOUFFER'S CINCINNATI INN 1197 right to use the trade name "Stouffer's" for its motel. CSI in turn pays Stouffer a license fee equal to 5 percent of its gross room rental and agrees to adhere to "standards of quality for motel hotel operation" described in the licenses. The standards are predomi- nantly physical standards dealing primarily with the physical appearance of the property and the manner in which it must be equipped and maintained. The license contains a list of services which CSI must pro- vide for its guests. Insofar as is relevant herein, the license agreement provides that CSI will not compete with Stouffer, will not advertise except in an accept- able manner, and will not sell or lease the Stouffer name. The penalty for a breach of the license is revo- cation. There is nothing in the license agreement which pertains to wages or fringe benefits for CSI's employees. While Stouffer provides CSI information on area wage rates, Stouffer does not participate in the determination as to what the wage rate shall be nor does it overrule CSI's wage determinations. It is significant that Stouffer's quarterly inspection is aimed primarily at the physical aspects of the facili- ties and is only incidentally concerned with CSI's employees. In fact, Cholak, CSI's general manager, testified this was "basically a physical inspection. As you can see, there is very little in it that dealt with personnel." Cholak further commented on the items inspected saying: "the inspector is more concerned about the physical compliance than anything else, yes. He would not get into personnel training or other items, you know, wage scales or anything else." Of further relevance herein are two aspects of the license agreement , one of which provides that CSI "will not employ nor seek to employ any person who is at the time employed by . . . [Stouffer] and will not directly or indirectly induce any such person to leave his or her employment." This precludes trans- fer or interchange of employees. Secondly, the agree- ment specifically negates any intention by the follow- ing language: "The Company [Stouffer] and Licensee [CSI] are not and shall not be considered as joint venturers, partners or agents of each other, and nei- ther shall have the power to bind or obligate the other except as set forth in this agreement." Stouffer leases from CSI certain areas of the motel for the sale of food and beverages. Thus, on the first floor Stouffer has the restaurant, cocktail lounge, kitchen storage, restaurant manager's office, and three small offices for bookkeeping, personnel, and assistant managers ; in the basement near the elevator Stouffer has a receiving area; and on the second floor, Stouffer has a banquet kitchen, storage areas, and cocktail lounge. The rental for these facilities is based on a percentage of the food and beverage sales made by Stouffer . While Stouffer and CSI employees may, in isolated situations , be near one another, they do not work with each other in the performance of their duties . Stouffer maintains the restaurant and cocktail lounge at its own expense. This includes plumbing, commercial refrigeration systems, kitchen exhaust systems , and other equipment situated in the areas leased by Stouffer . Stouffer pays all expenses connected with the conduct of its operations , such as taxes and insurance . CSI agrees not to lease or use any other space in the building for restaurant purpos- es and grants to Stouffer the sole right to provide food and beverages in the building. The record shows, and we find , that Cholak, CSI's general manager , is the overall supervisor of CSI's employees and sets the wage and fringe benefits of all CSI's employees . He is responsible only to the partners of CSI. Although as testified by Sparling, the labor relations director for Stouffer , Stouffer makes a report to Cholak concerning wages and fringe benefits , based on area surveys Stouffer has conducted , Sparling further stated it is within Cholak 's sole discretion to determine its appl icabili- ty. While the license provisions set forth standards dealing with management and employee personnel, such standards are couched in general language and are at best broad guidelines which impose no signifi- cant personnel requirements on CSI . Thus, the li- cense significantly does not reserve in Stouffer the right to determine wages , hours , or other conditions of employment , nor is there any evidence that Stouf- fer has the right to hire, fire , or discipline CSI em- ployees. Insofar as Stouffer employees are con- cerned , Sherwood , the restaurant manager, determines their labor relations matters, including the setting of wages and handling of grievances. Both CSI and Stouffer prepare their own payroll , do their own bookkeeping , and have separate immediate and overall supervision . Each firm also has separate wage scales , and health , hospitalization , and life insurance. While Stouffer has a pension plan for its employees, CSI has none. Moreover , contact between employees of CSI and Stouffer is minimal . The greatest amount of contact are instances where CSI banquet setup employees work in preparing for Stouffer banquet functions. In this regard they set up tables, chairs, and other necessary equipment for banquet functions and remove them at the end of each function. How- ever , these CSI employees perform their function separately and do not work "with" Stouffer employ- ees.6 For this service , CSI receives from Stouffer 50 agement services for other motel/hotel operations , located in various cores , 6 The CSI banquet setup employees and bellman will also on occasion which are owned by the partners Continued 1198 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD cents per meal for those dining in the banquet room. There is also some contact between the maintenance employees who are employed by CSI and the Stouf- fer employees inasmuch as minor maintenance is performed in the food and beverage areas by the maintenance staff. Similarly, the elevator operator not only services the housekeeping department em- ployees but also provides elevator service for the room service waiters. The Stouffer and CSI employ- ees have separate lunchrooms, locker rooms, and restrooms , and only CSI employees punch the time- clock on the third floor. No Stouffer personnel at- tend CSI department meetings . CSI and Stouffer both have their own employee pamphlets setting forth benefits, general rules and regulations, and lo- cation of services. In addition, the working hours of CSI employees differ substantially from those of the Stouffer employees. Stouffer and CSI each pays one-half of the salaries of the employees in the sales and catering depart- ments, and of the personnel coordinator.' The firms also share in the expense of these operations. Stouffer carries a share of the salaries of CSI's district mainte- nance supervisor and of CSI's service elevator opera- tor. CSI and Stouffer also have point marketing and advertising activities. They share in the use of such services as window washing, pest control, and inter- nal security, with each paying its fair share of the cost. There is little contact between employees working in the food and beverage operations and the remain- der of the hotel employees, particularly those in the unit sought by Petitioner. It is true that all employees involved herein are hourly paid and have some of the same benefits, but it is also true that each of these benefits is controlled by the respective Employers of the employees. The food-beverage and the motel operations are under separate management with, as stated before, separate immediate and daily supervision. There is no evidence of interchange of employees and no overlapping of duties beyond that mentioned above. There have only been two transfers between CSI and Stouffer employees. It is our opinion that the func- tions of the hotel employees herein are definable and are clearly separate from those of the food-beverage work for Stouffer as waiters and in other capacities in the banquet room and will be paid by Stouffer for such service These appear to be the only in- stances of interchange of employees r The sales department employees are concerned with attracting business to the motel The catering department is concerned with coordinating room reservations and functions for groups once they are booked into the motel The personnel coordinator conducts the initial employment interview with nonmanagement applicants for both CSI and Stouffer and maintains cer- tain employment records for both However, the final determination on hiring is done by Stouffer or CSI personnel for their respective employees employees. The operations of CSI and Stouffer are not such that either controls the labor relations poli- cy of the other. We have long held that the critical factor in de- termining whether a point employer relationship ex- ists is the control which one party exercised over the labor relations policy of the other. It is immaterial whether this control is actually exercised so long as it may potentially be exercised by virtue of the agree- ment under which the parties operate. Here Stouffer neither exercises actual, nor possesses potential, con- trol over CSI's labor relations under the license agreement. It is undisputed that Cholak alone, with his supervisors, hires, fires, and in every other respect sets the terms and conditions of employment of the hotel's employees. The Employer in its brief advances the conten- tion S that, because of the interrelations of Stouffer and CSI and their license and lease provisions, there is control of labor relations. But, as noted above, the agreements merely provide broad guidelines and whatever relations Stouffer and CSI have with each other they do not involve labor relations. For the foregoing reasons, and on the record as a whole, we find Stouffer and CSI are not point em- ployers of all the employees employed at Cincinnati S.I. Company, a limited partnership d/b/a Stouffer's Cincinnati Inn, within the meaning of the Act. The unit Petitioner seeks is noted above. The par- ties disagreed as to the unit placement of certain in- dividuals working for CSI. Accordingly, we shall de- termine their status. Tom Adamson is in training to become an assistant manager, but does not possess the authority to hire or fire. His training was to end 4 months from the end of January 1976, and Cholak testified that at that time, he would have acquired the authority to hire and fire, and responsibly direct em- ployees. As of the hearing, he had only been em- ployed about 2-1/2 weeks, but had attended one de- partment head meeting. In view of the foregoing, we shall exclude Adamson, as a supervisor. As Rebecca Niemann, the front office manager is salaried, pos- sesses the authority to hire and fire, and directs the work of about 20 persons, we shall also exclude her as a supervisor. The following individuals: Marge Nolting, sales manager; William Gryner, sales direc- tor-state organizations; Lynette Kayden, corporate sales manager; Peggy McAlpin, secretary to director of sales; and Stephanie Graule, sales receptionist, are all employed in the sales office, performing basically sales or clerical functions, work in a different loca- tion than the employees requested, have separate su- b The joint employer issue was fully litigated herein , whereas in a prior proceeding , involving the same hotel, it was not raised Accordingly, we base our finding herein on the evidence before us and are not bound by the prior proceeding STOUFFER'S CINCINNATI INN 1199 pervision , and do not interchange with or perform any of the duties performed by the employees sought. Accordingly , we shall exclude them as office clerical employees having no community of interest with the unit employees . Terry Rehage, assistant director of catering , is salaried and has an office in the general office area. Her primary function is selling group food and beverage business to convention and pri- vate groups. As she does not interchange with or per- form any functions of employees of the unit , we find she has no community of interest with the unit em- ployees. The desk clerks, PBX operators , reservation- ists, and night auditor are office clericals, and, in conformity with Board policy to follow area practice where clear , we shall exclude these classifications. As the property auditor and accounts receivable clerk do not interchange with or perform any functions of unit employees , have no contact with unit employees, are separately supervised , and are in the general of- fice area separated from unit employees , we find they have a separate community of interest and shall also exclude them as office clerical employees. The parties agreed , and we find , that the executive housekeeper , Rupp , is a supervisor and is thus ex- cluded from the unit. Under the executive house- keeper are two assistant housekeepers and three em- ployees classified as "supervisors " by the Employer.' The three "supervisors" are hourly paid, earning 30 cents more an hour than the maids; they are not paid overtime ; and they wear badges with their names and the word "supervisor" and uniforms colored dif- ferently from those the maids wear. Their responsi- bility is to see to it that the maids do the work they are supposed to do. They inspect the rooms to see that they are properly cleaned . They train new em- ployees. When a new maid is hired, she is told she is under the wing of a "supervisor ." If the maid wants to leave and has not finished her work , the "supervi- sor" sends her to the executive housekeeper; if the maid has finished her work , the "supervisor" has the authority to allow the maid to leave for legitimate reasons. Each "supervisor" has from II to 14 maids working for her and when there are 3 of them they each have 6 floors and 150 rooms to cover . If they are not satisfied with a maid 's work they direct the maid to redo any item . The night supervisor has au- thority to allow maids to leave early if the executive housekeeper is not in the house. "Supervisors" also report rule infractions to the executive housekeeper. They do not have the power to hire or discharge maids. We are unable on this record to determine whether the "supervisors" are supervisors within the 'There are four employees with the title "supervisor" However, one is the linen room supervisor who, in fact , supervises no one meaning of the Act, and, accordingly, we shall have them vote subject to challenge. The two assistant housekeepers are in charge of the housekeeping department when the executive housekeeper is on vacation or has a day off. Rupp takes a 3-week vacation or has at least 1 day off per week. These assistants are salaried. They are not paid for overtime. They report to the executive house- keeper what the maids are doing, the nature of their work, and their attitude. They directly supervise those not "supervised" by one of the three "supervi- sors" discussed above. They also have the authority to call to a "supervisor's" attention anything wrong that they observe on the "supervisor's" floor. New employees are told the assistants are supervisors. When Rupp is off, the assistants can bring in maids for overtime if needed. The assistants make recom- mendations or evaluations as to the maids' job per- formance every 6 months. The assistants only make formal reports on the job performance of housekeep- ing employees. They do not perform any maid serv- ices. On Rupp's day off, the assistants have authority to order laundry supplies and to permit maids to go home early on personal business or for illness. They also have authority to redistribute the rooms among the maids. Cholak testified that the two assistant housekeepers were informed by Rupp that they have authority to hire and fire, and that, at the time the job was created, he and Rupp determined that the assistants would have authority to hire and fire. The two assistant housekeepers attend meetings of de- partment heads when Rupp is absent. They have badges on their uniforms with the title "`Assistant Housekeeper." In view of the foregoing, we shall ex- clude the assistant housekeepers from the unit on the ground that they are supervisors. The Employer now, in agreement with the Peti- tioner, would exclude the health club employees, who are separately located; have different duties, hours, and conditions of employment; are salaried and paid commissions on massages given, which represent one-third of their income; and are licensed. They have separate locker facilities in the health club and there is no interchange between health club employ- ees and other unit employees. We find they have no community of interest with the unit employees and shall exclude them. The three lifeguards are students who are em- ployed from May I to October 1. They are contacted by the resident manager during their spring break and given an opportunity to return, but there is no certainty that they will return. The three schedule their own hours. They are hourly paid, receive a stu- dent minimum wage rate, and do not receive any fringe benefits. They do not interchange or have con- 1200 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD tact with employees in the unit found appropriate herein. As they are students hired only for the sum- mer months, whose employment terminates with the beginning of the school year; there is no evidence these individuals have recurring jobs or are hired each season; and they have no community of interest with the unit employees. We shall exlude them from the unit found appropriate herein. General Manager Cholak's secretary, Patricia Heidmann, is salaried, makes out the payroll from the timecards, handles Cholak's correspondence and telephone calls, assists the property bookeeper and accounts receivable clerk, has access to personnel files, and sits in staff meetings. Accordingly we find that she is a confidential employee and shall exclude her from the unit. The setup men are engaged in setting up for meet- ings, both food and nonfood functions. They provide tables, tablecloths, ashtrays, and glasses for meetings. They subsequently breakdown the set-up, and clean the room. For a meal function, they set up all tables and chairs in a prearranged table setting arrange- ment. After the meal is finished, they break the tables and chairs down, remove them, and clean the room. It is their responsibility to clean and maintain the room itself as well as provide the audiovisual equip- ment, public address system, lectern, and easel, all of which belong to CSI. Setup men are under the super- vision of CSI personnel who direct their work and supervise them in every detail. However, in certain respects they are directed by Stouffer employees. This direction is limited to setup employees following the prearranged table setting arrangement that the Stouffer personnel has communicated to the supervi- sor of the CSI employees. They work in the same area as Stouffer employees when the latter are parti- cipating in serving the banquet, and later when Stouffer employees remove food, china, crystal, glass, and silver. Setup employees, however, have completed their work and departed the area when Stouffer employees begin their tasks, and do not reappear until the Stouffer employees have complet- ed their assignments and have left the area. Although they are in an area where Stouffer employees work and are engaged in certain activities where they have certain related responsibilities with Stouffer employ- ees, as they are employees of CSI, share CSI employ- ee benefits and conditions of employment, and are the only nonoffice clericals who would be unrepre- sented, we shall include them in the unit. The bellmen and doormen have the same immedi- ate supervision and interchange their duties. Bellmen and doormen are hourly paid, come in daily contact with unit employees, punch the same timeclock, place their cards in the same rack, and perform ser- vice functions for guests, not clerical in nature, as do other unit employees. The garage employees and parking attendents are under one supervisor. They receive free parking in the garage, punch the same timeclock as unit employees, use the same rack for their timecards, and, like bellmen, perform a service function for guests and come in immediate contact with guests. The one elevator operator's hours coin- cide with those of other housekeeping employees. Her main function is to facilitate delivery by house- keeping of fresh linens and supplies to the guest floors. Her subordinate purpose is to aid the food and beverage delivery for room service and to bring restaurant supplies to the banquet level on occasion. Her primary purpose is to keep the elevator in service and thus prevent the food-beverage service employ- ees from parking the elevator on the floor where they are providing room service. When she is not on duty, the elevator operates itself. She, like others in the housekeeping department, with whom she is grouped in CSI's organizational chart, is under the executive housekeeper, has the same hours as other housekeep- ing employees, punches the same timeclock, puts her timecard in the same rack, and is used to insure housekeeping employess easy and ready access to the elevator. Under Executive Housekeeper Rupp are 10 laun- dry workers, 4 housemen, 37 maids, a seamstress, a linen room "supervisor," and the above service eleva- tor operator. The laundry employees launder all the motel's linen on the premises. The housemen clean the public areas of the Inn; substitute to operate the washer in the laundry room; maintain the public restrooms during the day; clean the stairways, vari- ous floors, elevators, stairways, and lobby floors; move furniture; and take new linens coming in from the street and take them to the linen room. Their responsibility is largely janitorial. There are 37 maids, of whom 36 are referred to as production maids and the other as a parlor maid. The produc- tion maids perform the functions of changing the lin- en in the rooms, cleaning the rooms, and supplying them with necessary items for guest use. In so doing, they pick up linen and supplies, take them to the rooms, place them in the appropriate places, and clean the rooms. The parlor maid cleans the offices of the general manager, bookkeepers, reservation and front desk clerks, and the health club. The seam- stress works in the linen room on the third floor. She works the same hours as unit employees. She substi- tutes for maids when needed. There is no evidence that the linen room "supervisor" possesses any super- visory authority and we so find. She oversees the lin- en room, keeps supplies moving, and takes care of glasses for guests. She gives out linen and supplies to STOUFFER'S CINCINNATI INN 1201 the maids, keeps the room tidy, takes care of lost and found items, and answers the phone. All employees under the housekeeper wear uniforms of different types for each of the separate job classifications. The maintenance department is on the third floor next to the housekeeper's office. There are three maintenance employees and one painter. They are under the immediate supervision of Grant, the main- tenance supervisor. The maintenance employees are engaged primarily in painting, refurbishing, and mi- nor maintenance and mechanical duties in connec- tion with the entire building. They do not work in the area where Stouffer has its facilities except to per- form emergency work of a minor nature, as all Stouf- fer fixtures and kitchen equipment is maintained by an outside contractor. CSI's major maintenance is also contracted out. The housekeeping, laundry, engineering, and maintenance departments are on the third floor, as are the locker rooms of the employees working in these jobs. They eat on the third floor and punch the same timeclock, and put their timecards in the same rack. They are all hourly paid and receive the same fringe benefits. We shall include these employees in the unit. Finally, the Employer contends that the unit sought by the Petitioner is inappropriate on the ground that it is contrary to area practice, which, it asserts, supports a unit hotelwide in scope. However, the record shows that the area practice is not clearly defined and that there are a variety of arrangements in the area. Accordingly, in view of our finding that CSI and Stouffer are not point employers, that the employees sought by Petitioner share a community of interest, and that there is no existing and well- defined area practice to the contrary, we find that the following employees of the Employer constitute a unit appropriate for the purposes of collective bar- gaining within the meaning of Section 9(b) of the Act: All setup employees, bellmen, doormen, garage employees, parking attendants, maids, house- men, laundry employees, linen room employees, elevator operators, painter, and maintenance employees at Employer's Stouffer's Cincinnati Inn, 150 West Fifth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, but exluding office clerical employees, bookkeepers, desk clerks, PBX operator, reservationists, night auditor, property auditor, accounts receivable clerks, health club employees, lifeguards, confi- dential employees, sales employees, security per- sonnel, professional employees, and supervisors as defined in the Act. 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