SnoWizard, Inc.

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board

Dec 21, 2018

EX (T.T.A.B. Dec. 21, 2018)

THIS OPINION IS A
PRECEDENT OF THE TTAB

Mailed: December 21, 2018

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
_____

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
_____

In re SnoWizard, Inc.
_____

Serial No. 87134847
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Kenneth L. Tolar of Tolar Harrigan & Morris LLC,
for SnoWizard, Inc.
Carol Spils, Trademark Examining Attorney, Law Office 104,
Zachary Cromer, Managing Attorney.
_____

Before Zervas, Ritchie, and Pologeorgis,
Administrative Trademark Judges.

Opinion by Pologeorgis, Administrative Trademark Judge:
SnoWizard, Inc. (“Applicant”) seeks registration on the Principal Register under
Section 2(f) of the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1052(f), of the asserted mark, as
displayed below, for goods identified as “Concession trailer for snowball vendors to
operate a viable snowball business” in International Class 12.1

1 Application Serial No. 87134847 was filed on August 11, 2016, based upon Applicant’s
allegation of use in commerce under Section 1(a) of the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051(a),
claiming February 19, 2009 as both the date of first use and the date of first use in commerce.
Serial No. 87134847
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Applicant disclaimed the exclusive right to use the term SNOBALLS. Color is not
claimed as a feature of the mark. The description of the asserted mark reads as
follows:
The mark consists of a three-dimensional configuration of a snow-
capped roof with the word “SNOBALLS”, a snowball and associated
beverage container positioned on top of a concession trailer for snowball
vendors. The matter shown in broken or dotted lines is not part of the
mark and serves only to show the position or placement of the mark.

The specimen of record consists of the following photograph of Applicant’s asserted
mark used in connection with Applicant’s identified goods:

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The Examining Attorney refused registration under Trademark Act Sections 1, 2,
and 45, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051-52 and 1127, on the ground that Applicant’s applied-for
mark consists of a non-distinctive product design that does not function as a
trademark and has not acquired distinctiveness under Trademark Act Section 2(f),
15 U.S.C. § 1052(f).
When the refusal was made final, Applicant appealed. The appeal is fully briefed.2
We affirm the refusal to register.
Product Design vs. Product Packaging
By seeking registration under Section 2(f) of the Trademark Act, Applicant has
effectively conceded that its asserted mark is not inherently distinctive. See In re
MGA Entm’t, Inc., 84 USPQ2d 1743, 1747 (TTAB 2007) (application under Section
2(f) is a concession that the asserted mark is not inherently distinctive). Nonetheless
Applicant argues that its applied-for mark constitutes product packaging, not product

2 Applicant argues that the Examining Attorney erroneously concluded that Applicant’s
asserted mark is functional and, therefore, could never be inherently distinctive. See
Applicant’s Appeal Brief, pp. 3-6; 4 TTABVUE 7-10. The Examining Attorney, however, did
not refuse registration based on functionality under Section 2(e)(5) of the Trademark Act,
15 U.S.C. § 1052(e)(5). Instead, the refusal is solely based on the ground that Applicant’s
applied-for mark is a non-distinctive product design that has not acquired distinctiveness.
Accordingly, Applicant’s arguments on the issue of functionality are given no further
consideration.
The TTABVUE and Trademark Status and Document Retrieval (“TSDR”) citations refer to
the docket and electronic file database for the involved application. All citations to the TSDR
database are to the downloadable .PDF version of the documents.
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design, so a showing of acquired distinctiveness is not required.3 Specifically,
Applicant argues as follows:
The claimed design is clearly product packaging as opposed to product
design and, therefore, can be, and is inherently distinctive. The uniquely
shaped trailer is a stand from which end products (snowballs) are sold,
not a design of the product being sold. To conclude otherwise would
prevent all trade dress from ever being considered “packaging”; for
example, the unique configuration [of] a coca-cola bottle, which is clearly
product packaging, does not become product design merely because the
bottle might be manufactured by another entity and sold to Coca Cola.
Coca Cola purchases the bottle, fills it with its beverage and sells the
product to a consumer; the bottle is packaging for the beverage. The
identical scenario applies here. SnoWizard manufactures and sells the
uniquely designed trailer to snowball vendors who equip the trailer with
all supplies necessary to operate a snowball business, and then sell
snowballs therefrom. The trailer design is clearly packaging for a
snowball sold by snowball vendors.4

Whether a mark constitutes product design or product packaging is an important
distinction because product design marks can never be inherently distinctive,
whereas product packaging marks can be inherently distinctive. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
v. Samara Bros Inc., 529 U.S. 205, 54 USPQ2d 1065, 1069 (2000) (citing Two Pesos,
Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 23 USPQ2d 1081 (1992)). Not all asserted
product packaging marks, however, are inherently distinctive. Product packaging
that is not inherently distinctive may acquire distinctiveness and thus function as a
mark “if it has developed secondary meaning, which occurs when, in the minds of the
public, the primary significance of a [mark] is to identify the source of the product.”

3 Because Applicant advanced this argument throughout prosecution and briefing, we
consider this argument as preserving Applicant’s position, in the alternative, that Applicant’s
applied-for mark is product packaging and is inherently distinctive.
4 Applicant’s Appeal Brief, pp. 6-7; 4 TTABVUE 10-11.
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Id. at 1068 (quoting Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc., 456 U.S. 844,
214 USPQ1, 4 n.11 (1982)).
Product design consists of some or all of the design elements of the product itself
such as its size, shape, coloring or color combinations, while product packaging
consists of some or all of the elements of the packaging or labeling of a product. Id. at
1069. And importantly, the goods relevant to our analysis are the goods identified in
the application, i.e., a “[c]oncession trailer for snowball vendors to operate a viable
snowball business.”
Keeping these principles in mind, we fail to see how Applicant’s asserted mark,
composed of physical aspects of its concession trailers, constitutes product packaging,
when the mark consists of the configuration of the roof of its products, the concession
trailers, and the word SNOBALLS. The snow-capped roof, the wording SNOBALLS,
and the snowball and associated beverage container are integral parts of the
configuration of the concession trailer itself and thus are part of the product’s design
and are not product packaging. The U.S. Supreme Court stated in Wal-Mart Stores
that in close cases, “courts should err on the side of caution and classify ambiguous
trade dress as product design, thereby requiring secondary meaning,” see id. at 1070,
but this is not a close case. Clearly, the product at issue in this case is the concession
trailer; that is the product offered for sale, purchased by, and used by snowball
vendors. It is not a container for flavored shaved ice or snowballs sold to consumers,
as suggested by Applicant. Accordingly, Applicant’s applied-for mark is properly
characterized as a product design. Specifically, it is the design of the roof of a
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concession trailer. It therefore requires a showing of acquired distinctiveness in order
to be registered on the Principal Register.
We further note that Applicant at times characterizes its asserted mark as trade
dress, in an apparent attempt to draw a distinction between trade dress and product
design. Courts, however, have used the terms “trade dress” and “product design”
interchangeably for product features to which trademark rights are claimed.5 See e.g.,
Converse, Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 907 F.3d 1361, 128 USPQ2d 1538 (Fed. Cir.
2018) (a product’s design is considered distinctive, and therefore protectable as “trade
dress,” only upon a showing of secondary meaning); LeSportsac, Inc. v. K mart Corp.,
754 F.2d 71, 225 USPQ 654 (2nd Cir. 1985) (design of lightweight nylon luggage
protected as “trade dress”); Duraco Prods., Inc. v. Joy Plastic Enters., Ltd., 40 F.3d
1431, 32 USPQ2d 1724, 1729 (3rd Cir. 1994) (“[T]rade dress protection extends
beyond a product’s packaging or labeling to include ‘the appearance of the [product]
itself.”); M. Kramer Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Andrews, 783 F.2d 421, 228 USPQ 705 (4th Cir.
1986) (defendant’s video game console, art work and mark found to be an

5 While “trade dress” historically has been more often used to refer only to the packaging and
labeling of a product, the breadth of the term has been expanded to include the shape and
design of a product itself. See, e.g., Elmer v. ICC Fabricating, 67 F.3d 1571, 36 USPQ2d 1417,
1421-22 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (trade dress refers to product packaging and the design of the
product itself); Ideal Toy Corp. v. Plawner Toy Mfg. Corp., 685 F.2d 78, 216 USPQ 102, 104
n.2 (3rd Cir. 1982) (“Although historically trade dress infringement consisted of copying a
product’s packaging, the parties and the district court used the term ‘trade dress’ in its more
modern sense to refer to the appearance of the Rubik’s Cube itself as well as its packaging,
and we will do the same.”); Kohler Co. v. Moen Inc., 12 F.3d 632, 29 USPQ2d 1241, 1248 n.11
(7th Cir. 1993) (“This broad definition of trade dress as applied by the courts includes product
configurations.”); Faberware, Inc. v. Mr. Coffee, Inc., 740 F. Supp. 291, 16 USPQ2d 1103, 1106
n.6 (D. Del. 1990) (“Today, however, trade dress can also refer to the appearance of the
product itself.”).
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infringement of plaintiff’s “trade dress”); Stuart Hall Co. v. Ampad Corp., 51 F.3d
780, 34 USPQ2d 1428 (8th Cir. 1995) (design of personal planner was found to be
protectable as “trade dress”); Brunswick Corp. v. Spinit Reel Co., 832 F.2d 513, 4
USPQ2d 1497 (10th Cir. 1987) (design of fishing reel was “trade dress”); see also
RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF UNFAIR COMPETITION § 16, comment a (AM. LAW INST. 1995)
(“The design features of the product itself are also sometimes included within the
meaning of ‘trade dress’ although the substantive rules applicable to the protection
of product designs differ in some respects from those applicable to packaging and
related matter.”). Thus, whether Applicant’s claimed mark for the identified goods is
referred to as product design or trade dress is of no consequence. Moreover, the fact
that Applicant’s asserted mark also includes a word, i.e., SNOBALLS, does not
detract from our characterization of Applicant’s asserted mark as product
design/trade dress, particularly since the wording is at best highly descriptive of the
identified goods and has been appropriately disclaimed.6
Acquired Distinctiveness of Product Design
As noted earlier, Applicant effectively admits that its asserted mark is not
inherently distinctive by seeking registration under Section 2(f). In re MGA Entm’t,

6 We take judicial notice of the dictionary definition of the term “snowball,” the phonetic
equivalent of the singular version of the literal portion of Applicant’s asserted composite
mark, which is defined as “a confection of crushed ice, usually in the shape of a ball, which is
flavored with fruit or other syrup and served in a paper cup.” See Entry for “snowball” from
www.dictionary.com, based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2018). The Board
may take judicial notice of dictionary definitions, including online dictionaries that exist in
printed format. In re Cordua Rests. LP, 110 USPQ2d 1227, 1229 n.4 (TTAB 2014), aff’d, 823
F.3d 594, 118 USPQ2d 1632 (Fed. Cir. 2016).
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Inc., 84 USPQ2d at 1747. The issue before us, therefore, is whether Applicant has
overcome the refusal of its applied-for mark as non-distinctive product design by
making a prima facie showing that relevant consumers perceive the design of a snow-
capped roof featuring the word SNOBALL7 and the design of a snowball and
associated beverage container, all positioned on top of a concession trailer, as a
trademark for such trailers. “The applicant … bears the burden of proving acquired
distinctiveness.” In re La. Fish Fry Prods., Ltd., 797 F.3d 1332, 116 USPQ2d 1262,
1264 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (citing In re Steelbuilding.com, 415 F.3d 1293, 75 USPQ2d 1420
(Fed. Cir. 2005)); In re Hollywood Brands, Inc., 214 F.2d 139, 102 USPQ 294, 295
(CCPA 1954) (“There is no doubt that Congress intended that the burden of proof
[under Section 2(f)] should rest upon the applicant ....”). Whether acquired
distinctiveness has been established is a question of fact. In re Becton, Dickinson and
Co., 675 F.3d 1368, 102 USPQ2d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
Although a product design or, as in this case, the design of a portion of a product,
“is not inherently distinctive,” a product design that provides no real utilitarian
advantages to the user, but is one of many equally feasible, efficient and competitive
designs, may be registrable upon a showing of acquired distinctiveness pursuant to
Section 2(f) of the Trademark Act. See In re Slokevage, 441 F.3d 957, 78 USPQ2d
1395, 1398 (Fed. Cir. 2006). The kind and amount of evidence necessary to establish
that a proposed mark has acquired distinctiveness in relation to goods or services

7 Though disclaimed, the wording is claimed to be part of the composite mark sought to be
registered. Therefore, its impact on the perception of purchasers of concession trailers must
be considered in our assessment of the asserted mark as a whole.
Serial No. 87134847
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depends on the nature of the matter and the circumstances surrounding a mark’s use
in each case. Yamaha Int’l Corp. v. Hoshino Gakki Co. Ltd., 840 F.2d 1572, 6 USPQ2d
1001, 1008 (Fed. Cir. 1988); Roux Labs., Inc. v. Clairol Inc., 427 F.2d 823, 166 USPQ
34, 39 (CCPA 1970); In re Hehr Mfg. Co., 279 F.2d 526, 126 USPQ 381, 383 (CCPA
1960).
In cases of product design, the evidence provided to establish acquired
distinctiveness must relate to the promotion and recognition of the specific
configuration embodied in the applied-for mark and not to the goods in general. See
Inwood Labs., Inc., 214 USPQ at 4 n.11 (“To establish secondary meaning, a
manufacturer must show that, in the minds of the public, the primary significance of
a product feature or term is to identify the source of the product rather than the
product itself.”); In re McIlhenny Co., 278 F.2d 953, 126 USPQ 138, 140-41 (CCPA
1960) (promotion of a bottle design bearing other trademarks insufficient under
Section 2(f) to show that the public views the bottle design alone as a trademark). Cf.
In re Chem. Dynamics, Inc., 839 F.2d 1569, 5 USPQ2d 1828, 1830 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (5
years’ use of composite mark does not speak to the issue of whether a component is
viewed by itself as a mark); In re Soccer Sport Supply Co., 507 F.2d 1400, 184 USPQ
345, 348 (CCPA 1975) (advertising of a design along with word marks lacked the
“nexus” that would tie together use of the design and the public’s perception of the
design as an indicator of source).
Ultimately, to establish acquired distinctiveness, an applicant must demonstrate
that the product design sought to be registered is perceived by relevant consumers
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not just as the product (or a feature of the product), but as identifying the producer
or source of the product. Wal-Mart, 54 USPQ2d at 1068 (acquired distinctiveness
exists “when, in the minds of the public, the primary significance of a [mark] is to
identify the source of the product rather than the product itself”) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted); see also Stuart Spector Designs Ltd. v. Fender
Musical Instruments Corp., 94 USPQ2d 1549, 1554 (TTAB 2009) (“An applicant must
show that the primary significance of the product configuration in the minds of
consumers is not the product but the source of that product in order to establish
acquired distinctiveness.”). This may be shown by direct or circumstantial evidence.
Schlafly v. Saint Louis Brewery, LLC, 909 F.3d 420, 128 USPQ2d 1739, 1743 (Fed.
Cir. 2018) (“The Board and courts have recognized that both direct and circumstantial
evidence may show secondary meaning.”) (citation omitted); In re Ennco Display Sys.
Inc., 56 USPQ2d 1279, 1283 (TTAB 2000). Direct evidence includes actual testimony,
declarations or surveys of consumers as to their state of mind. Ennco Display Sys., 56
USPQ2d at 1283. Circumstantial evidence, on the other hand, is evidence from which
consumer association might be inferred, such as years of use, prior registrations,
extensive amount of sales and advertising, unsolicited media coverage, and any
similar evidence showing wide exposure of the mark to consumers. Id.; see also Tone
Bros. v. Sysco Corp., 28 F.3d 1192, 31 USPQ2d 1321 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (listing, as
examples of circumstantial evidence, advertising, sales figures, and intentional
copying by competitors). In particular, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit,
our primary reviewing court, recently collected into a set of factors the kinds of
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evidence and inquiries to be considered in assessing whether a mark has acquired
distinctiveness, stating as follows:
Today we clarify that the considerations to be assessed in
determining whether a mark has acquired secondary meaning
can be described by the following six factors: (1) association of the
trade dress with a particular source by actual purchasers
(typically measured by customer surveys); (2) length, degree, and
exclusivity of use; (3) amount and manner of advertising; (4)
amount of sales and number of customers; (5) intentional copying;
and (6) unsolicited media coverage of the product embodying the
mark.

Converse, Inc., 128 USPQ2d at 1546.8
In support of its claim of acquired distinctiveness, Applicant submitted the
declaration of Ronald R. Sciortino, Applicant’s President.9 Mr. Sciortino declares,
among other things, the following:
The claimed trade dress subject to the above-referenced application is a
fully-equipped trailer concession stand for snowball vendors including a
snow-capped roof with the word “SnoBalls,” a snowball and associated
beverage container positioned thereon.

8 While Converse concerned an appeal from a decision issued by the International Trade
Commission, the Federal Circuit’s clarification of the factors in determining acquired
distinctiveness is equally applicable to any Board proceeding that necessitates a showing of
secondary meaning, and not only those cases which concern the registrability of a product
design mark. Thus, it is different than a Federal Circuit decision applying regional circuit
trademark law, which may or may not be the same as Federal Circuit precedent. Moreover,
while the first Converse factor appears limited to the association of an asserted trade dress
with a particular source by actual purchasers, we assume this factor is likewise applicable to
the association of any asserted designation as an indicator of source by relevant consumers
of the goods or services at issue. Furthermore, although the Converse decision was issued
after the briefing of this ex parte appeal was completed, the clarification of the Section 2(f)
factors enunciated by the Federal Circuit does not alter our analysis in any significant way,
require any additional briefing by Applicant or the Examining Attorney, or affect the
ultimate resolution of this ex parte proceeding. See Coach Servs., Inc. v. Triumph Learning
LLC, 668 F.3d 1356, 101 USPQ2d 1713, 1729 (Fed. Cir. 2012); In re Steelbuilding.com, 75
USPQ2d at1424.
9 September 18, 2017 Response to Office Action; TSDR pp. 7-8.
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Applicant sells the fully equipped trailer to snoball vendors as a
convenient means to quickly establish a fully operational snoball
business.

Applicant has sold the concession trailer subject to the above-referenced
application since at least February 19, 2009.

Total yearly sales from 2009-present of the claimed trade dress
concession trailer average approximately $35,000 per year.
Additionally, by way of his declaration, Mr. Sciortino introduces a screenshot from
Applicant’s website, the relevant portion of which is reproduced below:10

10 Id. at TSDR p. 9. In its September 18, 2017 Response to Office Action, Applicant claimed
ownership of a prior registration issued on the Supplemental Register for matter identical to
the one at issue in this appeal. Id. at TSDR p. 5. Applicant, however, did not make this
registration of record prior to appeal; instead, Applicant submitted a copy of its claimed prior
registration with its appeal brief. The record in an application should be complete prior to
the filing of an appeal. See Trademark Rule 2.142(d), 37 C.F.R. § 2.142(d). Because the
submission of the copy of the prior registration is untimely and the Examining Attorney has
objected to its submission on this ground, we have given it no consideration in our analysis.
In any event, a party may not base a claim of acquired distinctiveness under Section 2(f) of
the Trademark Act on ownership of a registration issued on the Supplemental Register. See
Trademark Rule 2.41(a)(1), 37 C.F.R. § 2.41(a)(1); see also In re Canron, Inc., 219 USPQ 820,
822 n.2 (TTAB 1983) and TRADEMARK MANUAL OF EXAMINING PROCEDURE (“TMEP”)
§ 1212.04(d) (October 2018) (claims of acquired distinctiveness under §2(f) may not be based
on ownership of registrations on the Supplemental Register).
Serial No. 87134847
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Having carefully reviewed the evidence of record, including the specimen of
record, we agree with the Examining Attorney that Applicant has failed to establish
acquired distinctiveness of its proposed mark within the meaning of Section 2(f) of
the Trademark Act. In this case, Applicant has sold its identified goods for nine years,
and Applicant has provided dollar figures of the sales of its concession trailers,
namely, approximately $35,000 per year since 2009. We cannot glean any meaningful
information from these sales figures since Applicant failed to submit any evidence
regarding the cost of each of its concession trailers, how many consumers have
purchased Applicant’s concession trailers, or how many trailers it sold per year.
Indeed, one could reasonably assume that the sales average is modest for large items
such as concession trailers. Nonetheless, even if we assume the sales to be more than
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modest, “mere figures demonstrating successful product sales are not probative of
purchaser recognition of a configuration as an indication of source.” Stuart Spector,
94 USPQ2d at 1572 (citing Braun Inc. v. Dynamics Corp., 975 F.2d 815, 24 USPQ2d
1121, 1133 (Fed. Cir. 1992)); see also In re Bongrain Int’l (Am.) Corp., 13 USPQ2d
1727, 1729 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (growth in sales may be indicative of popularity of product
itself rather than recognition of the asserted mark as denoting origin). Moreover,
Applicant’s alleged length of use of its asserted mark, extending over nine years, is
simply insufficient, in itself, to bestow acquired distinctiveness. We are unable to
conclude that consumers have come to recognize Applicant’s asserted mark as an
indication of source based upon this length of use. See, e.g., In re Van Valkenburgh,
97 USPQ2d 1757, 1766 (TTAB 2011) (sixteen years’ use of motorcycle stand
insufficient); In re Howard Leight Ind. LLC, 80 USPQ2d 1507, 1517 (TTAB 2006)
(fifteen years’ use of earplug configuration insufficient); Ennco Display Sys., 56
USPQ2d at 1286 (seven to seventeen years’ use for eyeglass/spectacle frame display
holders insufficient).
As noted above, the critical inquiry is whether the applied-for product design is
used and advertised in the marketplace in a manner that educates consumers to
recognize the product design as serving to distinguish the source of such products
from the goods of others. See Stuart Spector, 94 USPQ2d at 1572 (“To determine
whether a configuration has acquired distinctiveness, advertisements must show
promotion of the configuration as a trademark.”). Sample advertisements showing
“look-for” types of promotional efforts from an applicant may be particularly
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probative on the issue of whether a product design functions as a source identifier.
“‘Look for’ advertising refers to advertising that directs the potential consumer in no
uncertain terms to look for a certain feature to know that it is from that source. It
does not refer to advertising that simply includes a picture of the product or touts a
feature in a non source-identifying manner.” Id.
Here, the record is devoid of “look for” advertising. Cf. In re Owens-Corning
Fiberglas Corp., 774 F.2d 1116, 227 USPQ 417, 423-24 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (describing
effective “look for” advertising). The only advertisement Applicant submitted for its
identified goods is a screenshot from its website. The screenshot shows a number of
different trailers, only some of which contain the elements depicted in the drawing of
the applied-for mark, and fewer of which contain all the elements depicted in the
drawing of the asserted mark. Furthermore, there is nothing from the provided
screen capture to show that Applicant is advertising the applied-for product design
to educate the relevant consumers that the applied-for mark acts as an indicator of
source for the goods identified in the application. Accordingly, this evidence does not
demonstrate that prospective purchasers of Applicant’s concession trailers view the
snow-capped roof and attendant features as an indication of their source.
Applicant has also not provided any of the other kinds of evidence that may show
that the mark has acquired distinctiveness, namely: (1) advertising figures for its
goods, (2) the number of customers for its goods, (3) evidence regarding its exclusivity
of use, (4) the unit amount of concession trailers it has sold, (5) evidence
demonstrating an association of Applicant’s applied-for product design or trade dress
Serial No. 87134847
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with Applicant by actual purchasers, (6) evidence showing that others have
intentionally copied Applicant’s product design, or (7) unsolicited media coverage of
its concession trailer product design. See, e.g., Converse, Inc., 128 USPQ2d at 1546;
Coach Servs., Inc., 101 USPQ2d at 1729; In re Steelbuilding.com, 75 USPQ2d at
1424.11
We now turn to the evidence the Examining Attorney submitted to demonstrate
that concession trailers with decorative roofs consisting of representations of ice,
snow cones, and similar food item designs are not uncommon. A representative
sample is displayed below:
12

11 As noted supra, n.7, we have also considered the impact of the term SNOBALLS as part of
Applicant’s asserted composite mark, but this does not help Applicant. As previously noted,
the term is at best highly descriptive of the identified goods, and the screenshot from
Applicant’s website suggests that the term is part of the “standard graphics” supplied to
snowball vendors in order to alert consumers that the trailer sells snowballs, not that
Applicant is the source of the concession trailer.
12 March 17, 2017 Office Action (from the website www.roadarch.com); TSDR p. 11.
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13
14

13 October 19, 2017 Office Action (from the Facebook page of The Snowball Stand); TSDR p.
16.
14 Id. (from the website www.riverfronttimes.com); TSDR p. 25.
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15
16

15 Id. (from the Yelp page of Ro-Bear’s Snowballs & Soft Serve); TSDR p. 29.
16 Id. (from the website www.gainesvilleregister.com); TSDR p. 39.
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17
18
Keeping in mind that the above-noted concession stands and concession trailers
are used to identify frozen refreshment product retail outlets and signal the kind of

17 Id. (from the website www.everdaybest.com/texas-food-truck festival/); TSDR p. 61.
18 Id. (from the website www.gainesvilleregister.com/news/local news/snoball-stand-opens-
for-another-season/article); TSDR p. 67.
Serial No. 87134847
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refreshments offered for sale at such retail outlets, there is no indication that these
various product designs are perceived by consumers as indicators of source for any
goods or services, let alone for the trailers themselves. Moreover, while these third-
party uses of concession trailer designs may not be substantially similar to
Applicant’s applied-for mark, this evidence nonetheless shows that consumers are
accustomed to seeing decorative roofs with snow cones, ice cream and similar food
item designs on concession trailers and the like, presented in a non-source-indicating
manner. Under such circumstances, consumers for concession trailers would look to
differently designed concession trailer roofs as being aesthetic features, or generally
advertising food items sold within, rather than acting as an indicator of source. See
Wal-Mart Stores, 54 USPQ2d at 1066; cf. Converse, Inc., 128 USPQ2d at 1547 (in
considering exclusivity of use factor in determining acquired distinctiveness, third-
party uses not “substantially similar” to the asserted mark will not preclude a finding
of secondary meaning).
In conclusion, and after weighing all of the factors for which there is evidence in
determining whether Applicant’s asserted mark has acquired distinctiveness, we find
that Applicant has not established that its non-inherently distinctive product design
(or trade dress) that is the subject of its application has acquired distinctiveness as a
source identifier in connection with Applicant’s snowball concession trailers.
Decision: The refusal to register under Sections 1, 2 and 45 of the Trademark Act
on the ground that Applicant’s proposed mark is a non-distinctive product design and
Serial No. 87134847
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that Applicant has not established acquired distinctiveness under Section 2(f) of the
Trademark Act is affirmed.