Ryder/Ale, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Jul 31, 2000

331 N.L.R.B. 889 (N.L.R.B. 2000)

RYDER/ATE, INC. 889
Ryder/Ate, Inc. and Wholesale Delivery Drivers,
Salespersons, Industrial and Allied Workers,
Local 848, International Brotherhood of Team-
sters, AFL–CIO. Cases 21–CA–32146 and 21–
CA–32285
July 31, 2000
DECISION AND ORDER
BY MEMBERS FOX, LIEBMAN, AND HURTGEN
On December 29, 1998, Administrative Law Judge
Mary Miller Cracraft issued the attached decision. The
Respondent filed exceptions and a supporting brief, and
the General Counsel filed an answering brief to the Re-
spondent’s exceptions.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has reviewed the decision and the record in
light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to af-
firm the judge’s rulings, findings,1 and conclusions and
to adopt the recommended Order as modified.
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge as
modified below and orders that the Respondent, Ry-
der/ATE, Inc., Pomona, California, its officers, agents,
successors, and assigns, shall take the action set forth in
the Order as modified.

1 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
General Manager Wayne Fritz testified in support of the Respon-
dent’s “economic exigencies” defense to the allegation that it unlaw-
fully refused to bargain with the Union over its new attendance policy.
Contrary to the judge, we acknowledge that Fritz’ testimony amounted
to a claim of more than hypothetical injury. Rather than testifying, as
the judge found, that the Respondent theoretically could be subjected to
penalties under the liquidated damages clause in its transportation ser-
vices contract for each run it missed, Fritz testified that “[o]ur client
Foothill Transit was imposing and threatening us with very significant
liquidated damages, because we weren’t covering all the trips.” This
testimony suggests that the Respondent was experiencing some eco-
nomic repercussions, but as the judge correctly found, there is insuffi-
cient evidence to substantiate the claim of dire financial emergency.
We do not pass on whether, if substantiated, it could immunize a failure
to bargain before implementing any new attendance policy. As a bare
assertion, it clearly does not bring the Respondent’s conduct within the
“economic exigencies” exception to the duty to bargain over employ-
ees’ terms and conditions of employment. RBE Electronics of S.D.,
320 NLRB 80, 81 (1995). See also L & L Wine & Liquor Corp., 323
NLRB 848, 851–852 (1997).
We also note that the judge correctly held that a management-rights
clause does not survive contract expiration. University of Pittsburgh
Medical Center, 325 NLRB 443 (1998), citing Holiday Inn of Victor-
ville, 284 NLRB 916 (1987). Her observation that such a provision is
not a mandatory subject of bargaining, however, is incorrect. See
American National Insurance Co., 343 U.S. 395, 408 (1952).
1. Substitute the following for paragraph 2(c).
“(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, re-
move from its files any reference to the unlawful dis-
charges of Michelle Woods, Edwin Lear, and Maria
Velasquez, and any other employee discharges, suspen-
sions, disciplinary warnings, or other discipline notices
or memoranda issued pursuant to the unlawful April 24,
1997 attendance policy, and within 3 days thereafter no-
tify the employees in writing that this has been done and
that the discharges, suspensions, warnings, or other dis-
cipline will not be used against them in any way.”
2. Substitute the following for paragraph 2(d), delete
paragraph 2(f), and reletter the subsequent paragraphs.
“(d) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, offer
full reinstatement to Michelle Woods, Edwin Lear, Maria
Velasquez, and all other employees discharged, sus-
pended, or otherwise disciplined or denied work oppor-
tunities to their former jobs or, if those jobs no longer
exists, to substantially equivalent positions, without
prejudice to their seniority or any other rights or privi-
leges previously enjoyed.”

MEMBER HURTGEN, concurring.
I agree with my colleagues that the Respondent vio-
lated Section 8(a)(1) and (5) by unilaterally implement-
ing a new attendance policy without affording the Union
an opportunity to bargain about the change and its effects
on bargaining unit employees. I also agree with the find-
ings that discipline administered to employees under that
policy violated Section 8(a)(1) and (5).
I disagree with my colleagues in one respect. They
adopt the administrative law judge’s rationale that the
management-rights clause in the expired 1996–1997 col-
lective-bargaining agreement did not clearly and unmis-
takably waive the Union’s right to bargain over “reason-
able work rules and rules of conduct” and over
“amend[ments to] these rules from time to time.” In my
view, such contractual language would clearly cover the
attendance policy changes in dispute and would privilege
those changes. Indeed, this language is almost identical
to the management-rights language which I have found
to privilege attendance policy revisions. See my dissent
in Dorsey Trailers, 327 NLRB 835 (1999). I find, how-
ever, that, because the 1996–1997 contract had expired at
the time the policy was implemented, the Respondent
cannot rely on this language to privilege the changes in
its policy. Accordingly, I join my colleagues in finding
the implementation unlawful, as well as the discipline
administered under the changed policy.1

1 Unlike my colleagues, however, I would not provide an affirmative
bargaining order to remedy unilateral change violation.
331 NLRB No. 110
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 890
Lisa E. McNeill, Esq. and Ariel Sotolongo, Esq., for the General
Counsel.
Thomas A. Secrest, Esq., of Cincinnati, Ohio, for the Respon-
dent.
DECISION
MARY MILLER CRACRAFT, Administrative Law Judge. This
case was heard in Los Angeles, California, on June 24, 1998.
The General Counsel alleges that on April 24, 1997,1 Respon-
dent Ryder/Ate, Inc., unilaterally implemented a new atten-
dance policy without first providing notice and an opportunity
to bargain to the Wholesale Delivery Drivers, Salespersons,
Industrial and Allied Workers, Local 848, International Broth-
erhood of Teamsters, AFL–CIO (the Union) regarding this
change and the effect of this change on Respondent’s drivers.
The General Counsel further alleges that employees were
thereafter discharged based upon the unlawfully instituted at-
tendance policy.2
All parties were afforded full opportunity to appear, to exam-
ine and cross-examine witnesses,3 to introduce relevant evi-
dence, and to argue the merits of their respective positions. On
the entire record4 and after considering the briefs of counsel for
the General Counsel and counsel for the Respondent, I make
the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION, LABOR ORGANIZATION, AND REPRESENTATIVE
STATUS
Respondent is a Delaware corporation with offices and a fa-
cility located at 200 South East End Avenue, Pomona, Califor-
nia, where it operates an intrastate transit system. During the
12-month period ending June 30, Respondent derived gross
revenues in excess of $250,000, performed services valued in
excess for $50,000 for the Los Angeles County Metropolitan
Transportation Authority, and purchased and received goods
valued in excess of $50,000, which goods originated outside the
State of California. Respondent admits and I find that it is an
employer engaged in commerce within the meaning of Section
2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of Sec-
tion 2(5) of the Act. The Union represents all full-time and
regular part-time drivers employed by Respondent at its facility
located at 200 South East End Avenue, Pomona, California, a
unit of employees which is appropriate for purposes of collec-
tive bargaining within the meaning of Section 9(b) of the Act.

1 All dates are in 1997 unless otherwise mentioned.
2 The charge in Case 21–CA–32146 was filed by the Union on July
14. The charge in Case 21–CA–32285 was filed by the Union on Sep-
tember 19 and amended on December 9. The amended consolidated
complaint issued June 10, 1998.
3 Credibility resolutions have been made based upon a review of the
entire record and all exhibits in this proceeding. Witness demeanor as
well as the inherent probability of the testimony have been utilized to
assess credibility. Testimony contrary to my findings has been discred-
ited on some occasions because it was in conflict with credited testi-
mony or documents or because it was inherently incredible and unwor-
thy of belief.
4 The parties agree to correction of certain inaccuracies in the tran-
script. The General Counsel’s motion to correct the transcript is granted
to the extent of this agreement. With regard to the one area of dis-
agreement, the motion is denied.
II. BACKGROUND
In late 1996, Respondent was awarded a contract from Foot-
hill Transit Services, Inc. to operate a portion of the Foothill
bus transit system. Prior to Respondent’s being awarded the
contract, this service was performed by Laidlaw Transit Ser-
vices, Inc. at a facility in Upland, California. The Union repre-
sented Laidlaw busdrivers pursuant to a collective-bargaining
agreement effective by its terms from March 6, 1996, through
March 31, 1997. In January 1997, upon commencing opera-
tions, Respondent hired a majority of Laidlaw unit employees.
It retained the employees’ prior wage rates and implemented its
own operating rules including an attendance policy which re-
quired termination for 10 unexcused absences within a rolling
12-month period. The operation moved to Pomona, California.
Respondent agrees that it is a successor of Laidlaw and as
such, voluntarily recognized the Union. By letter of February
19, the Union set forth its understanding that Respondent had
agreed to assume the terms of the 1996–1997 Laidlaw collec-
tive-bargaining agreement. On February 28, Union President
Rick Middleton provided Business Agent Gilbert Baltazar a
facsimile transmission with a signature purporting to be that of
Respondent’s general manager, Dennis M. Costello, agreeing to
Respondent’s assumption of the terms of the Laidlaw 1996–
1997 contract.5
III. UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
On March 1, Wayne Fritz took over as general manager of
Respondent’s Pomona facility. He learned that Foothill Transit
was threatening to impose liquidated damages of $750 per
missed trip pursuant to Respondent’s contract to provide trans-
portation services. According to Fritz, the inability to satisfy the
customer’s requirements was due to inordinate absenteeism.
Fritz estimated that there were 60 to 80 absences per week in
March. In approximately mid-March, he examined the current
absentee policy and determined it was too lenient. Based upon
his examination of the management-rights clause in the 1996–
1997 collective-bargaining agreement, Fritz concluded that he
could alter the absentee work rules. He therefore began drafting
a new absentee policy.
The parties met on March 17 to commence negotiations for a
collective-bargaining agreement. Present for the Union were
Business Agents Gilbert Baltazar and Lou Ippolito as well as
Shop Steward Michelle Woods. Respondent was represented by
Fritz and Thomas Hock, attorney. All parties agree that there
was no discussion regarding an attendance policy at this meet-
5 Costello was no longer employed at the Pomona facility at the time
of this hearing. Respondent acknowledged that the facsimile transmittal
number on the document was that of Respondent’s but refused to agree
that the signature on that document was Costello’s. Respondent also
refused to agree that it assumed the Laidlaw 1996–1997 collective-
bargaining agreement. Based upon the record as a whole, I find that
Respondent adopted the 1996–1997 Laidlaw collective-bargaining
agreement. Specifically, I note Baltazar’s unrebutted testimony that
Costello verbally agreed to assumption on behalf of Respondent and
retained a business record to that effect. I further note Fritz’ testimony
that when he assumed responsibility for Respondent’s facility and
desired to change the attendance policy, he consulted the management-
rights clause of the 1996–1997 Laidlaw collective-bargaining agree-
ment to determine whether he could alter the existing policy. Finally, I
note that when the Union and Respondent began bargaining for their
new contract, they utilized the 1996–1997 Laidlaw collective-bar-
gaining agreement for a guide.
RYDER/ATE, INC. 891
ing. However, according to Fritz and Hock, when the meeting
adjourned, Fritz gave a copy of his new attendance policy to
Baltazar who said he would take a look at it. Baltazar denied
that he was given the proposal until October. A second meet-
ing was held on March 25. The parties used the 1996–1997
Laidlaw contract to discuss changes or agreements and went
through the language of each article. All parties agree that there
was no discussion about the attendance policy during these
negotiations. The third meeting, held on March 26, continued
this process. At no time was the attendance policy discussed.
Neither Ippolito’s nor Hock’s notes of the negotiation sessions
mention a proposed attendance policy. Hock explained that
Fritz handed Baltazar the proposal after negotiations were
completed on March 17 and he did not write this in his notes
because he did not consider it to be a part of negotiations.
Because Fritz had heard nothing further from the Union re-
garding the revised attendance policy, he decided to implement
it. He did not speak with the Union and advise them that the
plan would be implemented. Unit members were notified on
April 21 that a new attendance policy would be implemented
on April 24. On April 23, Shop Steward Michelle Woods called
Baltazar to ask about the new policy. Baltazar, in turn, called
Fritz and left a voice mail message. Fritz returned the call to
Baltazar later that afternoon. In response to Baltazar’s ques-
tions, Fritz stated that Respondent was in the process of adopt-
ing a new attendance policy because the prior policy was too
lenient. Fritz stressed, according to Baltazar, that the problem
was so severe, “that he had to do something right away.” Balta-
zar protested that the subject should be discussed at their next
meeting. Fritz countered that he had to put the new policy into
place immediately. There is no dispute that the new attendance
policy is stricter. For instance, tardiness is assessed points un-
der the new plan. An automatic discharge occurs when an em-
ployee is assessed 20 points within any 12-month period or 10
points within any 90-day period. Accordingly, I find that the
changes were material, substantial and significant.
Although the parties finalized language for the new contract
on May 19, there was no discussion at that time about the new
attendance policy. The parties agreed to defer negotiation on
economic aspects of the new contract until after a decertifica-
tion election was held.
On May 29, Shop Steward Michelle Woods was terminated
pursuant to the April 21 attendance policy. Baltazar filed a
grievance regarding the discharge. Grievances were also filed
regarding other terminations under the attendance policy. Ap-
proximately 30 employees have been discharged pursuant to
the policy.
On June 20 the decertification election was held. The Union
was certified as the exclusive bargaining representative of unit
employees on June 30. On July 22, the negotiators met. Busi-
ness Agent Ippolito presented Fritz with an alternate attendance
policy and asked him to consider it. Fritz agreed to do so. On
August 28, the negotiators met and Fritz rejected the Union’s
proposed attendance plan stating that Respondent would, “stick
with the one they implemented.” The Union continues to object
to that policy as unilaterally implemented. A contract, effective
from November 1, 1997, through October 31, 2000, was exe-
cuted on October 22, 1997.
According to Fritz, at the October meeting when the contract
was finalized, he gave all union representatives copies of the
new attendance program and explained its operation. Fritz testi-
fied that none of the union representatives requested bargaining
at that time.
Both the 1996–1997 contract and the 1997–2000 contract
contain the following identical management-rights clause:

The Company retains, solely and exclusively, all the rights,
powers and authority that it exercised or possessed prior to the
execution of this Agreement, except as specifically amended
by an express provision of this Agreement. Without limiting
the generality of the foregoing, the rights, powers and author-
ity retained solely and exclusively by the Company and not
amended by this Agreement include, but are not limited to the
following: to manage, direct and maintain the efficiency of its
business and personnel; to manage and control its facilities,
equipment and operations, to create, change, combine or
eliminate jobs and operations in whole or in part; to discon-
tinue and/or to subcontract work for economic or other rea-
sons; to direct the work force; to increase or decrease the
work force and determine the number of employees needed;
to hire, transfer, promote, demote, suspend, discharge and
maintain the discipline and efficiency of its employees; to
layoff employees; to establish operating standards, schedule
of operations and work load; to specify or assign work re-
quirements and require overtime; to assign work and decide
which employees are qualified to perform work; to adopt rea-
sonable work rules and rules of conduct, appearance and
safety and penalties for violation thereof, and to amend these
rules from time to time; to determine the type and scope of
work to be performed and the services to be provided; to de-
termine the methods, processes, means and places of provid-
ing services; to adapt, install or operate new equipment and
operations; to determine the location and relocation of opera-
tions and to effect technological changes. Nothing contained
in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed as a
waiver of any of the usual inherent and fundamental rights of
management whether the same has been exercised heretofore
or not.
IV. ARGUMENTS
Not surprisingly, all parties rely to some extent upon NLRB
v. Katz, 369 U.S. 736, 743 (1962), in which the Court held that
an employer’s unilateral changes in mandatory subjects of bar-
gaining are per se refusals to bargain:

A refusal to negotiate in fact as to any subject which is within
§8(d), and about which the union seeks to negotiate, violates
§8(a)(5) though the employer has every desire to reach
agreement with the union upon an over-all collective agree-
ment and earnestly and in all good faith bargains to that end.

In Katz, the employer made unilateral changes to sick leave,
merit pay, and wages without negotiating with the union. The
Court found this unilateral action violated the Act without re-
gard to the employer’s good faith. However, the Court noted
that there might be some circumstances, which would justify
unilateral action. Narrow exceptions dealing with impasse,
necessity, and waiver have developed to that end.
Counsel for the General Counsel argues that Baltazar, Ip-
polito, and Woods should be credited and that, based upon their
testimony, the record establishes that no notice, timely or oth-
erwise, was afforded the Union with regard to modification of
the attendance program. Rather, according to counsel for the
General Counsel, the Union learned of the modification and
implementation of the new policy only when it was a fait ac-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 892
compli. Thus, no waiver of the right to notice and opportunity
to engage in meaningful bargaining could possibly have oc-
curred. Counsel for the General Counsel also notes an absence
of evidence to support an argument that economic exigencies or
business justifications warranted unilateral action. Finally,
counsel for the General Counsel contends that reliance on the
management-rights clause of the 1996–1997 contract is mis-
placed not only because that contract had expired at the time of
the unilateral action but also because there is no clear and un-
mistakable waiver contained in the 1996–1997 management-
rights clause.
Respondent argues that it provided the Union with timely no-
tice of its intent to modify the attendance policy when on
March 17, Fritz gave Baltazar a copy of the new attendance
policy and told Baltazar he wanted to implement the new pol-
icy. According to Fritz, Baltazar responded that he would take a
look at it. Hearing nothing from the Union, on April 21, all
employees were notified of a meeting on April 23 and imple-
mentation of the attendance policy on April 24. Accordingly,
Respondent urges that if Fritz is credited, the Union was given
appropriate notice and simply never asked to bargain thereafter.
In this regard, Respondent notes that because the attendance
policy was not a part of the 1996–1997 collective-bargaining
agreement or a subject of the 1997 negotiations, it was free to
make the policy change during negotiations regardless of
whether an impasse had been reached on the issue.
Respondent’s second argument focuses on economic circum-
stances, which it claims permitted unilateral implementation of
the new attendance policy. Respondent relies specifically on the
worsening of employees’ attendance which it claims caused it
to suffer thousands of dollars a day in fines.
Finally, Respondent claims clear and unmistakable waiver
for two reasons: First, the Union failed to request bargaining
after Fritz provided Baltazar with a copy of the proposal on
March 17. Second, Respondent argues that, assuming that it
was bound by the 1996–1997 Laidlaw agreement, the manage-
ment-rights clause of that agreement allowed it to adopt reason-
able work rules and amend these rules from time to time.
V. CREDIBILITY
On balance, after consideration of the record as a whole, I
credit the testimony of Baltazar, Ippolito, and Woods and find
that no notice was given to the Union at any time prior to im-
plementation of the modified attendance policy. This finding is
based upon several factors including the relative demeanor of
the witnesses and various inherent probability factors. Baltazar,
Ippolito, and Woods appeared to be truthful witnesses. More-
over, they corroborated one another’s testimony that they did
not receive notice regarding the modified attendance policy and
were not given a copy of a proposed modification after negotia-
tions on March 17.
Although Fritz was a somewhat straightforward witness, I
am unable to find that he gave Baltazar the modified attendance
prolicy on March 17, as he claimed, because his demeanor
belied this assertion. Moreover, there are simply too many in-
herent improbabilities in this assertion. First, I note that Fritz
had only begun serving as terminal manager on March 1 and
did not examine the attendance policy until March 14. Fritz
initially stated, and I do find this believable, that he simply
examined the management-rights clause of the expired 1996–
1997 contract and determined that he had the authority to
change work rules as necessary. As an afterthought, he added
that he gave a copy of his proposed change in the policy to the
Union.6 Second, Respondent’s position throughout this litiga-
tion is that it was not bound by the 1996–1997 contract. Ac-
cordingly, Fritz’ reliance on the management-rights clause of
that contract appears incongruous and was not explained. Simi-
larly, if the Union had been given a copy of the proposed modi-
fication on March 17, it is inexplicable that the parties did not
discuss it before, after or during their meetings on March 25 or
26. It is further unexplained why, suddenly, on April 21, Re-
spondent determined to implement without first calling the
Union and asking whether they had had a chance to examine
the proposal given to them on March 17. Finally, I note that at
one point, Fritz stated that he drafted the revised policy “to-
wards the end of April.” These factors lead me to conclude that
the Union was never given a draft proposed modification prior
to implementation of the new attendance policy.
Moreover, I credit Baltazar and Woods’ testimony regarding
their telephone conversation on April 23 and I find that this was
the first time that Baltazar knew of any changes to the existing
attendance policy.
VI. ANALYSIS
Section 8(d) of the Act requires that parties bargain in good
faith regarding mandatory terms and conditions of employment
including wages and hours. It is not disputed among the liti-
gants that the attendance policy is a mandatory subject of bar-
gaining.7 Thus, before implementing changes to the attendance
policy, the employer is obligated to provide notice and oppor-
tunity to bargain absent waiver by the Union, economic exigen-
cies justifying unilateral action, or impasse in bargaining.
Based upon my credibility resolution, I find that no notice
was given to the Union by Respondent and, in fact, the Union
was unaware of the proposed change until the change was an-
nounced. Under these circumstances, the Union’s failure to
request bargaining after learning from Union Steward Woods
on April 23 that the changes were to go into effect on April 24
does not constitute a waiver of the right to bargain.8 Moreover,
as a factual matter, I note that when Baltazar and Fritz dis-
cussed the newly announced absence control plan during the
afternoon of April 23, Baltazar protested immediate implemen-
tation and requested that the matter be made a subject of bar-
gaining at the next negotiation session. Fritz told Baltazar he
had to implement the new policy immediately. Accordingly, I
conclude that the Union was presented with a “fait accompli”
and that no waiver occurred.
In addition, I reject Respondent’s argument that because the
attendance policy was not a contract proposal or a subject of

6 Fritz was asked what his next step was after drafting a modified at-
tendance plan. He stated, “I looked at the [1996–1997] labor agreement
. . . in the management-rights section it is indicated that we had the
right to change work rules and rules of conduct, and so I went forth in
the implementation, and gave the—gave Gill Baltazar a copy of the—.”
Here, Fritz was interrupted by his counsel who asked when this oc-
curred and then asked what Fritz did when he gave Baltazar the copy of
the revised policy.
7 See, e.g., Columbian Chemical Co., 307 NLRB 592 (1992).
8 In Mercy Hospital of Buffalo, 311 NLRB 869, 872 (1993), the
Board held that “[i]n the absence of clear notice of the intended change,
there is no basis on which to find that the Union waived its right to
bargain.” The Board also noted that it would not find a waiver when a
change has essentially been made irrevocable prior to the notice or has
otherwise been announced as a matter on which the employer will not
bargain.
RYDER/ATE, INC. 893
negotiation, it was free to alter the attendance policy absent an
impasse in negotiations. As noted above, I find that even when
the Union was presented with a “fait accompli,” Baltazar called
Fritz and unsuccessfully sought negotiation.
Respondent’s second argument is that extreme economic cir-
cumstances warranted quick, unilateral action. As Respondent
correctly notes, economic exigencies, which require prompt
action sometimes, excuse the duty to bargain. RBE Electronics
of S.D., 320 NLRB 80 (1995), citing NLRB v. Katz, supra, and
subsequent Board decisions. However, as noted in RBE Elec-
tronics, the economic exigencies exception to the duty to bar-
gain has been limited to “extraordinary events which are ‘an
unforeseen occurrence, having a major economic effect [requir-
ing] the company to take immediate action.’” 320 NLRB at 81.
The Board also noted in RBE Electronics that absent a dire
financial emergency, loss of significant accounts or contracts
are not circumstances satisfying the economic exigency excep-
tion. Id. citing Farina Corp., 310 NLRB 318, 321 (1993), and
Angelica Healthcare Services, 284 NLRB 844, 852–853
(1987).
In support of its economic exigency argument, Respondent
relies on the testimony of Fritz regarding Respondent’s contract
to provide transportation services. According to Fritz, this con-
tract contains a liquidated damages clause pursuant to which
the customer may impose $750 for each run that is missed by
Respondent. Fritz testified that damages could be thousands of
dollars a day in response to a hypothetical question, “If a sig-
nificant number of drivers were absent and we had no replace-
ment drivers to cover, if a trip was missed there would be a fine
imposed of—.” This evidence is insufficient to substantiate a
dire financial emergency. Moreover, there is no evidence that
the customer had actually imposed fines or that the contract
was seriously threatened due to the absentee problems experi-
enced by Respondent.
Respondent’s final argument focuses on waiver by the Union
of the duty to bargain.9 Although Respondent disputes adoption
of the 1996–1997 Laidlaw agreement, it argues that assuming
arguendo that it did adopt the 1996–1997 Laidlaw agreement,
the management-rights clause of that contract provides a clear
and unmistakable waiver of the duty to bargain regarding “rea-
sonable work rules and rules of conduct.” The issue may be
decided without determining whether, indeed, Respondent
adopted the 1996–1997 Laidlaw contract. That contract expired
March 31, 1997. Respondent implemented the new attendance
policy on April 24; that is, after expiration of the contract.
Management-rights clauses do not survive contract expiration
because they are not a term and condition of employment.
Rather, such clauses constitute a waiver of the union’s right to
bargain. However, even if the management-rights clause had
been in effect and had been adopted by Respondent, there is no
clear and unmistakable waiver of the right to bargain about
revision of the existing absentee policy. Arguably, such a
waiver might be inferred in the language which allows the em-

9 Respondent initially argued that the Union waived the bargaining
obligation when Baltazar failed to request bargaining on March 25
when Fritz gave him the attendance proposal. Based upon my credibil-
ity resolutions, I find that Fritz did not give Baltazar a copy of the at-
tendance proposal on March 25 and that when Baltazar became aware
of the new attendance policy on April 23, even though it was essen-
tially a fait accompli, he immediately called Fritz and requested that the
matter be discussed in negotiations. Accordingly, I reject Respondent’s
argument.
ployer to adopt reasonable work rules and rules of conduct.
However, an inference is an insufficient basis upon which to
find a waiver of the statutory right to bargain. A clear and un-
mistakable waiver is not present in the management-rights
clause.10
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. By changing the terms and conditions of employment of
its bargaining unit employees by implementing a new atten-
dance policy without prior notice to the Union and without
affording the Union an opportunity to bargain about the change
and the effect of that change on bargaining unit employees,
Respondent has engaged in unfair labor practices affecting
commerce within the meaning of Section 8(a)(1) and (5) and
Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
2. By discharging Michelle Woods, Edwin Lear, Maria
Velasquez, and discharging, suspending, or disciplining other
employees based on the terms of the unilaterally imposed at-
tendance policy, Respondent has engaged in unfair labor prac-
tices affecting commerce within the meaning of Section 8(a)(1)
and (5) and Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find that it must be ordered to cease and
desist and to take certain affirmative action designed to effectu-
ate the policies of the Act. Specifically, Respondent must cease
and desist implementing the new attendance policy, rescind the
unilaterally implemented attendance policy, and cease dis-
ciplining employees pursuant to this policy. The Respondent
shall also be ordered to make whole all employees discharged,
suspended, or disciplined pursuant to the unilaterally imple-
mented attendance policy. As to those employees discharged,
Respondent shall be ordered to offer them immediate and full
reinstatement to their former positions, or, if those positions no
longer exist, to substantially equivalent positions, without
prejudice to their seniority, or any other rights or privileges
previously enjoyed, and to make them whole for any loss of
earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimi-
nation against them. Backpay shall be computed in accordance
with F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289 (1950), with interest
as prescribed in New Horizons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB
1173 (1987). Respondent shall also be required to remove from
its files any and all references to the unlawful discharges, sus-
pensions or discipline and to notify all employees so affected in
writing that this has been done.
On these findings of fact and conclusions of law and on the
entire record, I issue the following recommended11
ORDER
The Respondent, Ryder/ATE, Inc., Pomona, California, its
officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from changing the terms and conditions
of employment of its bargaining unit employees by implement-
ing a new attendance policy without prior notice to the Union
and without affording the Union an opportunity to bargain
10 See Metropolitan Edison v. NLRB, 460 NLRB U.S. 693 (1983).
11 If no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 of the
Board’s Rules and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and recom-
mended Order shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be
adopted by the Board and all objections to them shall be deemed
waived for all purposes.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 894
about the change and the effect of the change on bargaining
unit employees and discharging Michelle Woods, Edwin Lear,
Maria Velasquez, and discharging, suspending, or disciplining
other employees based on the terms of the unilaterally imposed
attendance policy and in any like or related manner interfering
with, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effec-
tuate the policies of the Act.
(a) On request, bargain collectively with the Union as the ex-
clusive representative of the bargaining unit employees con-
cerning any material changes in the attendance policy.
(b) Rescind the April 24, 1997 attendance policy.
(c) Remove from the files of employees all disciplinary
warnings, notices or memoranda issued pursuant to the April
24, 1997 attendance policy.
(d) Offer all employees discharged, suspended, or otherwise
disciplined or denied work opportunities as a result of the
institution of the April 24, 1997 attendance policy immediate
and full reinstatement to their former positions or, if they no
longer exist, to substantially equivalent ones, without prejudice
to their seniority or other rights and privileges.

(e) Make whole all employees who were discharged, sus-
pended, or otherwise denied work opportunities as the result of
institution of the April 24, 1997 attendance policy in the man-
ner set forth in the remedy section of this decision.
(f) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from
its files any reference to the unlawful discharges, suspensions,
or other discipline and notify the employees in writing that this
has been done and that the discharges, suspensions, or other
discipline will not be used against them in any way.
(g) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, make available
to the Board or its agents for examination and copying, all pay-
roll records, social security payment records, timecards, per-
sonnel records and reports, and all other records necessary to
analyze the amount of backpay due under the terms of this Or-
der.
(h) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at its fa-
cility in Pomona, California, copies of the attached notice
marked “Appendix.”12 Copies of the notice, on forms provided
by the Regional Director for Region 21, after being signed by
the Respondent’s authorized representative, shall be posted by
the Respondent immediately upon receipt and maintained for
60 consecutive days in conspicuous places including all places
where notices to employees are customarily posted. Reasonable
steps shall be taken by the Respondent to ensure that the notices
are not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material. In
the event that, during the tendency of these proceedings, the
Respondent has gone out of business or closed the facility in-
volved in these proceedings, the Respondent shall duplicate and
mail, at its own expense, a copy of the notice to all current em-
ployees and former employees employed by the Respondent at
any time since April 24, 1997.
(i) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the
Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official
12 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of the United States court
of appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the
National Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a
Judgment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of
the National Labor Relations Board.”
on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps that the
Respondent has taken to comply.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we
violated the National Labor Relations Act and has or-
dered us to post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.

To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives of their
own choice
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected con-
certed activities.

WE WILL NOT change the terms and conditions of employ-
ment of our full-time and regular part-time drivers by imple-
menting a new attendance policy without prior notice to
Wholesale Delivery Drivers, Salespersons, Industrial and Al-
lied Workers, Local 848, International Brotherhood of Team-
sters, AFL–CIO and without affording the Union an opportu-
nity to bargain about the change and the effect of this change
on our full-time and regular part-time drivers.
WE WILL NOT discharge Michelle Woods, Edwin Lear, Maria
Velasquez, or discharge, suspend, or otherwise discipline other
employees based on the terms of the unilaterally imposed April
24, 1997 attendance policy.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere with, re-
strain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaran-
teed them by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL, on request, bargain with the Union as required by
law.
WE WILL rescind the April 24, 1997 attendance policy.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s Order,
offer full reinstatement to Michelle Woods, Edwin Lear, Maria
Velasquez, and any other employees discharged, suspended, or
otherwise disciplined to their former jobs or, if those jobs no
longer exist, to a substantially equivalent position, without
prejudice to their seniority or any other rights or privileges
previously enjoyed.
WE WILL make Michelle Woods, Edwin Lear, Maria
Velasquez, and any other employees discharged, suspended, or
otherwise disciplined whole for any loss of earnings and other
benefits resulting from their discharge, suspension, or other
discipline, less any net interim earnings, plus interest.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s Order,
remove from our files any reference to the unlawful discharges
of Michelle Woods, Edwin Lear, Maria Velasquez, and any
other employees discharged, suspended, or otherwise disci-
plined pursuant to the April 24, 1997 attendance policy, and WE
WILL, within 3 days thereafter, notify each of them in writing
that this has been done and that the discharges, suspensions or
other discipline will not be used against them in any way.

RYDER/ATE, INC.