Ryan Iron Works

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Sep 29, 2000

332 N.L.R.B. 506 (N.L.R.B. 2000)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 506
Ryan Iron Works, Inc. and Shopmen’s Local 501,
International Association of Bridge, Structural
and Ornamental Ironworkers, AFL–CIO and
National Shopmen Pension Fund, Trustees
Toney, Kerr, Szabrak, Cragle, Thomas, Kaine.
Cases 1–CA–33353, 1–CA–33762, 1–CA–34066,
and 1–CA–33956
September 29, 2000
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN TRUESDALE AND MEMBERS FOX
AND HURTGEN
On October 27 1996, Administrative Law Judge James
L. Rose issued the attached decision. The Respondent
filed exceptions and a supporting brief, the General
Counsel and the National Shopmen Pension Fund each
filed an answer, and the Respondent filed a reply to these
answers. The General Counsel and the National Shop-
men Pension Fund also each filed exceptions and a sup-
porting brief, the Respondent filed an answer to these
exceptions, and the National Shopmen Pension Fund
filed a reply to the Respondent’s answer. In addition, the
AFL–CIO filed a brief as amicus curiae in support of the
exceptions filed by the General Counsel and the National
Shopmen Pension Fund, and the Respondent filed a re-
ply.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,1 and conclusions,2 as
modified here, and to adopt the recommended Order, as
modified and set forth in full below.
The unfair labor practice issues in this case arise in the
context of the parties’ unsuccessful negotiations for a
collective-bargaining agreement to succeed the contract
that expired on September 10, 1995.3 The Union and
unit employees struck the Respondent on September 11.
The Respondent began hiring replacements in October,
although it hired most replacements in November. Ac-
cording to the parties’ stipulation, the Respondent im-
plemented the terms of its October 2 bargaining proposal
“when crossover employees began abandoning the strike
and returning to work on November 6.”

1 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
2 We affirm the judge’s conclusion, for the reasons set forth in his
decision, that the Respondent did not engage in overall bad faith bar-
gaining. We also affirm the judge’s conclusion that the Respondent did
not violate Sec. 8(a)(5) by introducing a more regressive subcontracting
proposal during the parties’ negotiations. Although, we do not agree
with the judge that the proposal “does not seem much of a change”
from the subcontracting provision in the parties’ expired contract, we
do agree with him that the Respondent provided economic justifications
for interjecting the proposal at that time. Furthermore, we note that the
parties did not appear to be near overall agreement when the Respon-
dent made its proposal, the parties did bargain about limitations on the
new proposal, and the Respondent evinced a willingness to accept
limitations.
On December 6, the Respondent received an employee
petition, signed by approximately 55 employees who had
either crossed the picket line to return to work or who
had been hired as replacements, stating that they did not
wish to be represented by the Union. On December 7,
the Respondent withdrew recognition from the Union
based on the petition. On December 8, the Union uncon-
ditionally offered for all remaining strikers to return to
work on December 11. On that date, the Respondent
declined to reinstate returning strikers, stating that there
were no jobs available. Subsequently, the Respondent
offered reinstatement to all but 12 strikers.
1. We affirm the judge’s finding that the Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(5) of the Act by making unilateral
changes based on its October 2 proposal in unit employ-
ees’ wages, benefits, and working conditions before the
parties had reached impasse in their contract negotia-
tions.4 (As mentioned, the parties stipulated that these
changes were initiated on November 6.) We do not,
however, find that the Respondent acted unlawfully with
respect to the implementation of any different terms of
employment for striker replacements. For the reasons set
forth in Detroit Newspapers, 327 NLRB 871 (1999), and
precedent cited there, struck employers have no statutory
obligation to bargain about employment terms for re-
placements during a strike.5
2. The judge further found that the Respondent vio-
lated 8(a)(5) by unilaterally ceasing pension payments on
behalf of the unit employees as of November 10, when
the Respondent failed to make its monthly payment into
the National Shopmen Pension Fund on behalf of re-
placement employees who performed bargaining unit
work during the month of October. As stated in the pre-
3 All subsequent dates are in 1995, unless otherwise stated.
4 For the reasons set forth in Hacienda Resort Hotel and Casino, 331
NLRB No. 89 (2000), we affirm the judge’s conclusion that the Re-
spondent’s cessation of union dues checkoffs was lawful. Member
Fox, for the reasons stated in the dissent in Hacienda Resort Hotel,
would include the cessation of dues checkoff among the unlawful uni-
lateral changes imposed by the Respondent.
5 For reasons expressed in the dissent in Detroit Newspapers, Mem-
ber Fox would find that the Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(5) by unilat-
erally setting the terms and conditions of employment for striker re-
placements.
332 NLRB No. 49
RYAN IRON WORKS 507
vious section, however, the Respondent could lawfully
change the terms of employment for strike replacements
without bargaining.6 We therefore find that the Respon-
dent did not violate Section 8(a)(5) until December 10
when it failed to make pension fund payments on behalf
of crossover employees who abandoned the strike and
returned to work during the month of November.7
3. The judge found that the strike was an economic
strike in its inception but that certain of the Respondent’s
unfair labor practices prolonged the strike and converted
it to an unfair labor practice. He rejected the argument
that this conversion took place on October 23, when the
Respondent’s president, Howard Shea, unlawfully by-
passed the Union and engaged in direct dealing during a
lengthy conversation with striking unit employee, Wal-
lace Penniman, about the contract negotiations. Instead,
the judge found that the strike converted on November
14 when the Union learned about the Respondent’s
unlawful unilateral changes through its failure to make
pension payments for the month of October. He further
found that the Respondent’s December 7 withdrawal of
recognition was also sufficient to have converted the
strike.
Based on our finding in the preceding section that the
Respondent did not unlawfully fail to make pension fund
payments in November, we disavow reliance on that
event as having converted the strike into an unfair labor
practice strike.
Rather, contrary to the judge, we find that it was the
Respondent’s unlawful conduct on October 23 that con-
verted the strike into an unfair labor practice strike as of
that date. Based on the credited testimony of employee
Penniman,8 Respondent’s President Shea invited Penni-
man off the picket line to take a car ride. During the en-
suing 3-hour round trip, Shea discussed the contract ne-
gotiations at length. He told Penniman that it was the
Union’s fault because they were not negotiating with the
Company, asked Penniman what the employees wanted,
and sought to minimize the Respondent’s bargaining
demands. After the ride, Penniman returned to the picket
line and discussed Shea’s remarks with other strikers.
Credible testimony shows that these remarks became a
source of controversy among the strikers and among the
Union’s negotiators, who became aware of them.

6 As noted above, Member Fox disagrees with this finding.
7 In light of our finding that the Respondent could lawfully change
the terms and conditions of employment for striker replacements with-
out bargaining, we need not pass on the General Counsel’s motion to
withdraw his exception 16. In addition, we do not rely on the Respon-
dent’s unlawful cessation of pension fund payments in December in
affirming the judge’s finding that the Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(5)
by withdrawing recognition from the Union in the context of unreme-
died unfair labor practices on December 7.
8 In affirming the judge’s crediting of the testimony of Penniman
over the testimony of Respondent’s President Shea, we rely only on the
judge’s impressions of the witnesses’ relative demeanor. We do not
rely on the judge’s statement that Penniman’s stake in the outcome of
this proceeding is “limited.” The Respondent correctly notes in excep-
tions that Penniman was an unreinstated striker and therefore did have a
significant continuing interest in this proceeding.
It is well-established that any unfair labor practice oc-
curring after the commencement of an economic strike
does not ipso facto convert that strike into an unfair labor
practice strike. The General Counsel bears the burden of
proving that an unfair labor practice was a factor in pro-
longing the strike. C-Line Express, 292 NLRB 638 (1989).
In assessing the evidence of strike causation, the Board
relies on both objective and subjective considerations.
Objectively, “[c]ertain types of unfair labor practices by
their nature will have a reasonable tendency to prolong the
strike and therefore afford a sufficient and independent
basis for finding conversion.” Id. These violations warrant
the Board’s judgment “that the employer’s conduct is
likely to have significantly interrupted or burdened the
course of the bargaining process.” Id.
In this regard, the Board has several times held that an
employer’s unlawful efforts to bypass the union repre-
sentative and to deal directly with bargaining unit em-
ployees is objectively “such as could not help but prevent
and inhibit good-faith bargaining, thereby prolonging the
strike.” Safeway Trails, 233 NLRB 1078, 1082 (1977), enfd.
641 F.2d 930 (D.C. Cir. 1979), cert. denied 444 U.S. 1072
(1980).9 We find that objective inference to be applicable
here to President Shea’s unlawful conduct. Furthermore,
the inference is supported by credible subjective evi-
dence of the divisive effect of this conduct on the strikers
and their union negotiators, after Shea’s remarks were
quickly disseminated among them.
As for the Respondent’s unlawful changes based on its
implementation of the October 2 bargaining proposal, we
agree with the contention made by the National Shopmen
Pension Fund that the employees must have been aware
of changes no later than November 11. On that date,
which would have been a holiday under the expired con-
9 See also Beaumont Glass Co., 310 NLRB 710, 719 (1993), and
cases cited there. Our dissenting colleague’s attempt to distinguish
Beaumont Glass is unavailing. The strike conversion finding in Beau-
mont Glass rested on the single instance of the respondent’s direct
distribution of a memo to employees advancing a proposal that had not
been made to the union in negotiations. We find that Respondent’s
President Shea engaged in markedly similar conduct by using Penni-
man as a conduit for advancing proposals to employees that differed
significantly from those previously made to the Union in negotiations.
As in Beaumont Glass (and unlike in Forest Grove Lumber Co., 275
NLRB 1007 fn. 1 (1985), upon which both the dissent and the judge
rely here), Shea’s conduct represented an attempt to undercut the union
representative that had a proven deleterious impact on subsequent ne-
gotiations.

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 508
tract, striking employees on the picket line as well as
crossover employees who were then working would cer-
tainly have recognized that there had been a unilateral
change in holiday policy, in derogation of the bargaining
process. In conjunction with Shea’s earlier bypass of the
Union, it can be inferred that the Respondent’s unilateral
changes were also unfair labor practices that prolonged
the strike.
Based on the foregoing, we agree with the judge that
the Respondent unlawfully refused to offer immediate
reinstatement to returning unfair labor practice strikers.
However, we do not agree with his conclusion that all
strikers were entitled to reinstatement as of December 7,
the date of their offer to return to work. The record
shows that the Respondent began hiring striker replace-
ments in October. Only those strikers whom the Re-
spondent had not permanently replaced prior the strike’s
conversion on October 23 from economic to unfair labor
practice status were entitled to the immediate reinstate-
ment rights of unfair labor practice strikers. Rose Print-
ing Co., 289 NLRB 252, 253 (1988). Strikers whom the
Respondent permanently replaced prior to the conversion
date have only the preferred reinstatement right of eco-
nomic strikers. We leave to compliance the determina-
tion of which returning strikers were unfair labor practice
strikers and are entitled as such to a full reinstatement
and backpay remedy.
4. We agree, for the reasons fully set forth in Caterair
International, 322 NLRB 64 (1996), that an affirmative
bargaining order is warranted in this case as a remedy for
the Respondent’s unlawful withdrawal of recognition
from the Union. We adhere to the view, reaffirmed by
the Board in that case, that an affirmative bargaining
order is “the traditional, appropriate remedy for an
8(a)(5) refusal to bargain with the lawful collective-
bargaining representative of an appropriate unit of em-
ployees.” Id. at 68.
In several cases, however, the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit has required that the
Board justify, on the facts of each case, the imposition of
such an order. See, e.g., Vincent Industrial Plastics, Inc.
v. NLRB, 209 F.3d 727 (D.C. Cir. 2000); Lee Lumber &
Building Material v. NLRB, 117 F.3d 1454, 1462 (D.C.
Cir. 1997); and Exxel/Atmos v. NLRB, 28 F.3d 1243,
1248 (D.C. Cir. 1994). In the Vincent case, the court
summarized the court’s law as requiring that an affirma-
tive bargaining order “must be justified by a reasoned
analysis that includes an explicit balancing of three con-
siderations: (1) the employees’ Section 7 rights; (2)
whether other purposes of the Act override the rights of
employees to choose their bargaining representatives;
and (3) whether alternative remedies are adequate to
remedy the violations of the Act.” 209 F.3d 738.
Although we respectfully disagree with the court’s re-
quirement for the reasons set forth in Caterair, we have
examined the particular facts of this case as the court
requires and find that a balancing of the three factors
warrants an affirmative bargaining order.
(1) An affirmative bargaining order in this case vindi-
cates the Section 7 rights of the unit employees who were
denied the benefits of collective bargaining by the em-
ployer’s withdrawal of recognition. In contrast, an af-
firmative bargaining order, with its attendant bar to rais-
ing a question concerning the Union’s continuing major-
ity status for a reasonable time, does not unduly preju-
dice the Section 7 rights of employees who may oppose
continued union representation because the duration of
the order is no longer than is reasonably necessary to
remedy the ill effects of the violation.
Moreover, we note that, in addition to unlawfully
withdrawing recognition, the Respondent’s other unfair
labor practices were serious and numerous. These in-
cluded bypassing the Union as the employees’ represen-
tative for collective bargaining by soliciting the senti-
ment of employees about matters which were the subject
of negotiation; making unilateral changes in wages,
hours, and other terms and conditions of employment
without first bargaining with the Union to impasse; and
refusing to reinstate unfair labor practice strikers upon
their unconditional offers to return to work. Further, al-
though several years have elapsed since these unfair la-
bor practices were committed, many of them were of a
continuing nature and would likely have a long-lasting
effect.
We further note that, as found by the judge, the peti-
tion upon which the Respondent relied in withdrawing
recognition on December 7 did not reflect free choice
under Section 7 but rather the effect of the Respondent’s
unfair labor practices which preceded the withdrawal of
recognition. We find that these additional circumstances
further support giving greater weight to the Section 7
rights that were infringed by the Respondent’s unlawful
withdrawal of recognition.
(2) The affirmative bargaining order also serves the
policies of the Act by fostering meaningful collective
bargaining and industrial peace. That is, it removes the
Respondent’s incentive to delay bargaining or to engage
in any other conduct designed to further discourage sup-
port for the Union. It also ensures that the Union will not
be pressured, by the possibility of a decertification peti-
tion, to achieve immediate results at the bargaining table
following the Board’s resolution of its unfair labor prac-
tice charges and issuance of a cease and desist order.

RYAN IRON WORKS 509
(3) A cease-and-desist order, without a temporary de-
certification bar, would be inadequate to remedy the Re-
spondent’s violations because it would permit a decerti-
fication petition to be filed before the Respondent had
afforded the employees a reasonable time to regroup and
bargain through their representative in an effort to reach
a collective-bargaining agreement. Such a result would
be particularly unfair in circumstances such as those
here, where litigation of the Union’s charges took several
years and many of the Respondent’s unfair labor prac-
tices were of a continuing nature and were likely to have
a continuing effect, thereby tainting any employee disaf-
fection from the Union arising during that period or im-
mediately thereafter. We find that these circumstances
outweigh the temporary impact the affirmative bargain-
ing order will have on the rights of employees who op-
pose continued union representation.
For all the foregoing reasons, we find that an affirma-
tive bargaining order with its temporary decertification
bar is necessary to fully remedy the allegations in this
case.
AMENDED REMEDY
Contrary to the judge, we find that a broad cease-and-
desist Order is not appropriate because the Respondent
has not been shown to have a proclivity to violate the Act
or a general disregard for employees’ fundamental statu-
tory rights. See Hickmott Foods, 242 NLRB 1357
(1979). Further, the Respondent shall make unit em-
ployees whole for losses resulting from its unlawful uni-
lateral changes in accord with Ogle Protection Service,
183 NLRB 682 (1970), and it shall make the National
Shopmen Pension Fund whole for unlawfully withheld
contributions, including any additional amounts applica-
ble to such delinquent payments as prescribed in Merry-
weather Optical Co., 240 NLRB 1213, 1216 fn. 7 (1979).
We shall also modify the contingent notice-mailing pro-
vision in the judge’s recommended order in accord with
Excel Container, 325 NLRB 17 (1997).
Finally, we have found that the economic strike that
began on September 11, 1995, was converted to an unfair
labor practice strike on October 23, 1995. We have fur-
ther found that the Respondent unlawfully refused to
reinstate unfair labor practice strikers following their
unconditional offers to return to work. Accordingly,
with respect to those former unfair labor practice strikers
who were not offered immediate reinstatement, we shall
require the Respondent, if it has not already done so, to
reinstate them immediately to their former positions or, if
those positions no longer exist, to substantially equiva-
lent positions, without prejudice to their seniority and
other rights and privileges, discharging if necessary all
replacements hired after October 23, 1995. If, after such
dismissals, there are insufficient positions available for
the remaining former unfair labor practice strikers, those
positions which are available shall be distributed among
them without discrimination because of their union
membership or activities or participation in the strike, in
accordance with seniority or other nondiscriminatory
practice utilized by the Respondent. The remaining for-
mer unfair labor practice strikers, as well as those former
strikers who were permanently replaced prior to the con-
version, for whom no employment is immediately avail-
able, shall be placed on a preferential hiring list in accor-
dance with seniority or other nondiscriminatory practice
utilized by the Respondent, and they shall be reinstated
before any other persons are hired or on the departure of
their preconversion replacements. See Gaywood Mfg.
Co., 299 NLRB 697, 700–702 (1990); Chicago Beef, 298
NLRB 1039 (1990), enfd. mem. 944 F.2d 905 (6th Cir.
1991). Former unfair labor practice strikers who were
denied immediate reinstatement in response to their un-
conditional offer to return to work shall also be made
whole for any loss of earnings they may have suffered.
Backpay shall be computed as prescribed in F.W. Wool-
worth Co., 90 NLRB 289 (1950), with interest as pre-
scribed in New Horizons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB
1173 (1987).
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board orders that the
Respondent, Ryan Iron Works, Inc., Raynham, Massa-
chusetts, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns,
shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Bypassing the Union as the employees’ representa-
tive for collective bargaining by soliciting the sentiment
of employees about matters which are the subject of ne-
gotiations.
(b) Making unilateral changes in wages, hours, and
other terms and conditions of employment, except for the
terms and conditions for strike-replacements hired during
a strike, without first bargaining with the Union to im-
passe.
(c) Withdrawing recognition from the Union as the
collective-bargaining representative of employees in a
unit appropriate for collective bargaining.
(d) Refusing to reinstate unfair labor practice strikers
upon their unconditional offers to return to work.
(e) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Recognize and, on request, bargain with the Union
as the exclusive representative of the employees in the

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 510
following appropriate unit concerning terms and condi-
tions of employment and, if an understanding is reached,
embody the understanding in a signed agreement:
All production and maintenance employees employed
by the Respondent at its Raynham, Massachusetts loca-
tions, but excluding office and clerical employees,
draftsmen, engineering employees, watchmen, guards,
and supervisors as defined in the Act.
(b) On request of the Union, rescind the unilateral
changes made on and after November 6, 1995, reinstat-
ing the prior terms and conditions of employment for
bargaining unit employees, and make whole both the unit
employees, with interest, and the National Shopmen Pen-
sion Fund for losses resulting from these unilateral
changes.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, offer
those former unfair labor practice strikers who the Re-
spondent has not yet reinstated since their unconditional
offer to return to work full and immediate reinstatement
to their former jobs or, if those no longer exist, to sub-
stantially equivalent positions, without prejudice to their
seniority or other rights and privileges, discharging if
necessary, any replacements hired on or after October 23,
1995.
(d) Place any remaining former strikers for whom no
employment is immediately available, on a preferential
hiring list in accordance with their seniority or other es-
tablished nondiscriminatory recall practice and offer
them employment before any other persons are hired or
on the departure of any replacements hired before Octo-
ber 23, 1995.
(e) Make whole former unfair labor practice strikers,
who had not been replaced prior to October 23, 1995, for
any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a re-
sult of the discrimination against them, in the manner set
forth in the remedy section of this decision.
(f) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, make
available to the Board or its agents for examination and
copying, all payroll records, social security payment re-
cords, timecards, personnel records and reports, and all
other records necessary to analyze the amount of back-
pay due under the terms of this Order.
(g) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its facility in Raynham, Massachusetts, copies of the at-
tached notice marked “Appendix.”10 Copies of the notice,
on forms provided by the Regional Director for Region 1,
after being signed by the Respondent’s authorized repre-
sentative, shall be posted by the Respondent immediately
upon receipt and maintained for 60 consecutive days in
conspicuous places including all places where notices to
employees are customarily posted. Reasonable steps shall
be taken by the Respondent to ensure that the notices are
not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material. In
the event that, during the pendency of these proceedings,
the Respondent has gone out of business or closed the
facility involved in these proceedings, the Respondent
shall duplicate and mail, at its own expense, a copy of
the notice to all current employees and former employees
employed by the Respondent at any time since October
23, 1995.

10 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
(h) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file
with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a re-
sponsible official on a form provided by the Region at-
testing to the steps that the Respondent has taken to
comply.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the complaint alle-
gations are dismissed insofar as they allege violations of
the Act not specifically found.

MEMBER HURTGEN, dissenting in part.
For the reasons stated by the judge, I agree with the
majority that the strike that the employees commenced
against the Respondent on September 11, 1995, was an
economic strike. However, contrary to my colleagues, I
find that this strike did not subsequently convert to an
unfair labor practice strike. Thus, the record fails to es-
tablish that either the single incident of unlawful direct
dealing on October 23, 1995, or the Respondent’s im-
plementation of some of its bargaining proposals during
the strike converted the economic strike into an unfair
labor practice strike.
The theory underlying the “conversion” doctrine is that
certain employer unfair labor practices can prolong an
economic strike by delaying a settlement that otherwise
would have been reached on the economic issues. “Con-
version” will not be presumed, however. It is well set-
tled that employer commission of unfair labor practices
during an economic strike does not ipso facto convert it
into an unfair labor practice strike. See, e.g., C-Line Ex-
press, 292 NLRB 638 (1989). Rather, a causal connec-
tion must be shown between the unfair labor practice(s)
and the continuation of the strike. Anchor Rome Mills,
86 NLRB 1120 (1949). To establish this causal connec-
tion, “the General Counsel must prove that the unlawful
conduct was a factor (not necessarily the sole or pre-
dominate one) that caused a prolongation of the work
stoppage.” Chicago Beef Co., 298 NLRB 1039 (1990),
enfd. 944 F.2d 905 (6th Cir. 1991). Phrased differently,
an economic strike will be found to have converted “only

RYAN IRON WORKS 511
where there is substantial evidence that the unfair labor
practice prolonged the strike.” NLRB v. Burkart Foam,
848 F.2d 825, 832 fn.6 (7th Cir. 1988).1 The burden is
on the General Counsel to establish conversion. In meet-
ing this burden, the General Counsel can rely on subjec-
tive and objective factors.2 Here, the General Counsel
did not satisfy that burden.
1. October 23 incident
Unlike my colleagues, I agree with the judge that the
October 23 direct dealing/bypassing violation did not
convert the strike. This was an isolated incident in which
the Respondent questioned a single employee as to what
employees wanted in negotiations, and explained the
Respondent’s bargaining proposals. While violative of
Section 8(a)(5), I cannot find that this single incident
prolonged the strike.
In this regard, I do not agree with my colleagues that
the October 23 incident is of a type which—on objective
grounds—converts an economic strike into an unfair
labor practice strike without regard to the strikers’ sub-
jective views. Forest Grove Lumber Co., 275 NLRB
1007 (1985).3 The cases on which the majority relies to
support their contrary conclusion are inapplicable. Thus,
in Safeway Trails, Inc., 233 NLRB 1078 (1977), enfd.
641 F.2d 930 (D.C. Cir. 1979), unlike here, the respon-
dent engaged in “egregious effort[s] . . . to obtain the
employees’ repudiation of their union representative as a
precondition to revoking a collective-bargaining agree-
ment.” Forest Grove Lumber Co., supra at fn. 1. And in
Beaumont Glass Co., 310 NLRB 719 (1993), rather than
the single incident here at issue, directed at one unit em-
ployee, there were multiple instances in which various
management officials bypassed the union and dealt di-
rectly with several employees. Additionally, the incident
which was found to have converted the strike in Beau-
mont consisted of management directly distributing
memos to its employees informing them (before it in-
formed the union) of the employer’s new bargaining pro-
posal. Contrary to my colleagues, there is no “marked
similarity” between such a direct communication with all
employees and the one-on-one conversation at issue in
this case. Nor is there support for my colleagues’ conten-
tion that the Respondent used Penniman as a conduit to
advance its bargaining positions. Finally, unlike Beaumont,
where there was tangible, credited evidence that the em-
ployer’s distribution of its proposal had the effect of de-
stroying negotiations and terminating any meaningful
bargaining, there is no support for the majority’s asser-
tion that the October 23 incident had “a proven deleteri-
ous impact on subsequent negotiations.” As case law
makes clear, “mere conjecture will not suffice.” (See fn.
1.) Nor will my colleagues’ unsupported claims.

1 As stated by the Tenth Circuit in Facet Enterprises, Inc. v. NLRB,
907 F.2d 963, 977 (1990), “there must be some evidence in the record
that the . . . employees reacted to the information of [respondent’s]
direct dealing substantively in a fashion which aggravated or prolonged
the strike. [Cite omitted] Mere conjecture will not suffice.”
2 “Applying objective criteria, the Board and reviewing court may
properly consider the probable impact of the type of unfair labor prac-
tice in question on reasonable strikers in the relevant context. Applying
subjective criteria, the Board and the court may give substantial weight
to the strikers’ own characterization of their motive for continuing to
strike after the unfair labor practice.” Soule Glass and Glazing Co. v.
NLRB, 652 F.2d 1055, 1080 (1st Cir. 1981).
3 Unfair labor practices which have been found to convert strikes
without regard to subjective evidence include, among other things,
withdrawal of recognition from the exclusive bargaining representative
(Rose Printing Co., 289 NLRB 252, 253 (1988); refusal to reinstate
economic strikers (Gloversville Embossing Corp., 297 NLRB 182, 183
(1989)); and termination of strikers (Vulcan-Hart Corp., 262 NLRB
167, 168 (1982), enf. denied on other grounds 718 F.2d 269 (8th Cir.
1983). Contrary to the majority, I do not find that the same conclusion
attaches where the unfair labor practice involves a single Sec. 8(a)(5)
unlawful bypassing and direct dealing violation such as that at issue in
this case. Forest Grove Lumber Co., supra, 275 NLRB 1007 at fn. 1,
1012–1013.
Even when considered in so-called context, the Octo-
ber 23 incident did not convert the strike. In this regard,
I note that there is no finding that the Respondent en-
gaged in bad-faith bargaining. Further, negotiations con-
tinued unabated after the October 23 incident. The fact
that these negotiations did not produce an agreement
was, as in Forest Grove, due to the parties’ inability to
agree on the terms of a new contract, and not because of
the October 23 incident. See also Anchor Rome Mills,
supra, 86 NLRB at 1122.
Further, like the judge, I find no basis for the major-
ity’s conclusion that subjective evidence establishes that
the October 23 incident prolonged the strike. This con-
clusion ignores the judge’s clear (and correct) finding
that “there is simply no evidence that the employees con-
tinued to strike because of [this incident].” See, also, F.L.
Thorpe & Co., 315 NLRB 147, 159 (1994), enfd. in rele-
vant part 71 F.3d 282 (8th Cir. 1995). Indeed, the record
is devoid of evidence that employees considered or dis-
cussed the October 23 incident in terms of its effect on
the strike, or that they took concrete steps to indicate that
this incident prolonged the strike. Cf. Superior National
Bank & Trust, 246 NLRB 721 (1979). The mere fact
that some employees discussed the incident among them-
selves falls far short of establishing that this was a basis
for continuing the strike.4
4 This is particularly true here where the theme of these discussions
about the October 23 incident was initially optimism that negotiations
would soon conclude in an agreement, followed by anger at the Union
whom the employees blamed for not getting an agreement. In these
circumstances, it is clear that the October 23 incident reasonably could

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 512
2. Implementation of bargaining proposals
Finally, I do not agree that the Respondent’s imple-
mentation of certain of its bargaining proposals during
the strike converted it to an unfair labor practice strike
(as found by the judge) or further evidenced its conver-
sion (as found by the majority). There is neither a claim
nor any evidence that the Union or striking employees
knew during the strike that the Respondent had instituted
certain of its bargaining proposals for employees who
crossed the picket line. Robbins Co., 233 NLRB 549
(1977). And, I find wholly unpersuasive my colleagues
attempt to infer such knowledge on the basis that striking
employees “would certainly have recognized that there
had been a unilateral change in holiday policy,” because
crossover employees worked on November 11, 1995
(Veterans’ Day), which was a holiday under the expired
agreement. The phrase “would certainly have recog-
nized” is instructive. It is used to mask the fact that there
is no actual evidence of knowledge. More particularly,
there is no record evidence that: (1) picketing occurred
on November 11; or that (2) crossover employees
worked that day.
Further, even assuming arguendo that the record estab-
lished the foregoing, there is absolutely no evidence that
the striking employees discussed the change or relied on
the events of November 11 as a basis for prolonging their
strike. Finally, and perhaps most tellingly, it is most
unlikely that employees would continue to strike to pro-
test the terms and conditions of employment of cross-
overs (i.e., employees who had abandoned the strike).
Accordingly, I find that the September 11 economic
strike did not convert to an unfair labor practice strike.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to
post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.
To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives
of their own choice
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected
concerted activities.

not have prolonged the economic strike. If anything, it would appear to
have shortened it.

WE WILL NOT bypass the Union as the employees’
representative for collective bargaining by soliciting the
sentiment of employees about matters which are the sub-
ject of negotiations.
WE WILL NOT make unilateral changes in wages,
hours, and other terms and conditions of employment,
except for the terms and condition for strike-
replacements hired during a strike, without first bargain-
ing with the Union to impasse.
WE WILL NOT unlawfully, and without proper cause,
withdraw recognition from the Union as the collective-
bargaining representative of employees in a unit appro-
priate for collective bargaining.
WE WILL NOT refuse on request to reinstate unfair
labor practice strikers who were not permanently re-
placed prior to conversion of the strike.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
guaranteed you by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL, on request, bargain with the Union and put
in writing and sign any agreement reached on terms and
conditions of employment for our employees in the bar-
gaining unit:
All production and maintenance employees employed
by the Respondent at its Raynham, Massachusetts loca-
tion, but excluding office and clerical employees,
draftsmen, engineering employees, watchmen, guards,
and supervisors as defined in the Act.
WE WILL, on request of the Union, rescind the unilat-
eral changes made on or about November 7, 1995, rein-
state all terms and conditions of the 1972–1975 collec-
tive-bargaining agreement between the Respondent and
the Union, and make whole the affected employees for
losses incurred by virtue of the implementation of the
unilateral changes, with interest.
WE WILL make whole the National Shopmen Pension
Fund for any losses as a result of our unilateral cessation
of payments to the Fund.
WE WILL, within 14 days of the Board’s Order, offer
all employees engaged in an unfair labor practice strike
who were not permanently replaced prior to October 23,
1995, and were not subsequently offered reinstatement
by us, immediate reinstatement to their former jobs or, if
those jobs no longer exist, to substantially equivalent
positions, without prejudice to their seniority or other
rights and privileges, discharging if necessary any re-
placement hired on or after October 23, 1995.
WE WILL place the remaining former strikers who
were not replaced prior to October 23, 1995, as well as
those former strikers who were permanently replaced
prior to October 23, 1995, for whom no employment is

RYAN IRON WORKS 513
immediately available, on a preferential hiring list in
accordance with their seniority or other nondiscrimina-
tory practice and offer them employment before any
other persons are hired or on the departure of any re-
placements hired before October 23, 1995.
WE WILL make whole all unfair labor practice strik-
ers who were not permanently replaced prior to October
23, 1995, to whom the Respondent failed to offer rein-
statement upon their unconditional offer to return to
work, for any loss of earnings which they may have suf-
fered with interest.
RYAN IRON WORKS, INC.

Thomas J. Morrison, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Robert P. Corcoran, Esq., of Boston, Massachusetts, for the
Respondent.
Marc Rifkind, Lynn A. Bowers, and Mary T. Sullivan, Esqs., of
Boston, Massachusetts, for the Pension Fund Trustees.
Alan H. Shapiro, Esq., of Boston, Massachusetts, for the Charg-
ing Party.

DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
JAMES L. ROSE, Administrative Law Judge. This matter
was tried before me at Boston, Massachusetts, on July 15 and
16, 1996, upon the General Counsel’s complaints which allege
various violations of Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Re-
lations Act (the Act). It is also alleged that the employees en-
gaged in an unfair labor practice strike and the Respondent’s
subsequent refusal to reinstate them on demand violated Sec-
tion 8(a)(3) of the Act.
The Respondent generally denied that it committed any vio-
lations of the Act and affirmatively contends that it bargained
in good faith. The Respondent further contends that at all times
the strike was economic and that the strikers were lawfully
permanently replaced.
Upon the record1 as a whole, including my observation of the
witnesses, briefs, and arguments of counsel, I hereby make the
following findings of fact, conclusions of law and recom-
mended order.
I. JURISDICTION
The Respondent is a Massachusetts corporation engaged in
the fabrication of iron, steel, and metal products at a facility in
Raynham, Massachusetts. The Respondent annually sells and
ships directly to points outside the Commonwealth of Massa-
chusetts, goods valued in excess of $50,000 and annually re-
ceives directly from points outside the Commonwealth of Mas-
sachusetts goods valued in excess of $50,000. The Respondent
admits, and I find, that it is an employer engaged in interstate
commerce within the meaning of Sections 2(2), (6), and (7) of
the Act.

1 The Respondent’s motion to correct transcript is entered into the
record as R. Exh. 9 and, absent objection, is granted. There are other
transcript errors which are obvious or trivial and are not formally cor-
rected.
II. THE LABOR ORGANIZATION INVOLVED
Shopmen’s Local 501, International Association of Bridge,
Structural and Ornamental Ironworkers, AFL–CIO (the Union),
is admitted to be, and I find is, a labor organization within the
meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
III. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Facts in General
For about 26 years the Union has been the bargaining repre-
sentative for a unit of the Respondent’s shop employees. The
parties have negotiated a series of collective-bargaining agree-
ments, the most recent of which was effective from September
11, 1992, to September 10, 1995.2 After some delay, occa-
sioned by both the Union and the Respondent, the parties met
for the first time on August 28 to begin negotiations for a suc-
cessor agreement. The Union presented a list of demands,
which included an increase in the hourly wage and increases in
other benefits. By the Union’s accounting, the Respondent
proposed to reduce wages and benefits in 14 areas (later in-
creased to 15 when the Respondent added a change to the sub-
contracting clause). Regardless of whether each of the Re-
spondent’s proposals in fact amounted to an economic conces-
sion, no doubt the Respondent proposed certain reductions from
the existing conditions.
At the first meeting, and subsequently, the Respondent stated
that it needed economic relief in order to remain competitive.
The Union spokesmen stated without reservation that they
would not agree to any givebacks. While the basic positions of
the parties did not change from the first meeting, the Respon-
dent did increase its health plan offer and the Union came off
slightly from its wage demand (75-cent to 50-cent increase each
year) and pension contribution, and on November 16 offered a
wage and benefits freeze for 1 year.
On September 7 the Union filed the original charge in Case
1–CA–33353 alleging that “Since on about August 31st 1995,
the above named Company has been engaging in bad faith bar-
gaining by its unreasonable demands and delays.” And on
September 8, officials of the Union met with the employees to
present and vote on the Respondent’s proposal. It was unani-
mously rejected. Then the employees voted on whether to
strike, being advised that the Union had filed the charge and
being told that any strike would be “an unfair labor practice
strike” and they could not therefore be permanently replaced.
The employees voted in favor of striking.
The strike and picketing began the following Monday, on
September 11. The parties met again on September 18, Octo-
ber 2 and 25, and November 10 without success. In October
the Respondent began hiring replacements (most of whom were
hired in November). However, the Respondent did not make
contributions on their behalf pursuant to obligations under the
expired contract, or even its 401(k) proposal. In other respects
the Respondent implemented the changes proposed on October
2 when replacements were hired and certain employees aban-
doned the strike.
2 Hereafter, all dates are in 1995 unless otherwise indicated.

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 514
By letter of November 16 the Union withdrew its previous
proposals and offered a 3-year contract without changes, a
wage freeze for 1 year, and a wage and pension fund reopener
for the second and third years. On November 21 the Respon-
dent notified the Union than this proposal was rejected, how-
ever, they were willing to meet to “discuss the significant dif-
ferences” between their offers.
On December 6 or 7 a petition purportedly signed by 55 em-
ployees to the effect they did not want to be represented by the
Union was delivered to Production Manager, Paul Chase. Of-
fered in evidence by the Respondent were summaries taken
from its employment records showing that as of December 7
there were 34 replacements, and as of November 17 there were
18 crossovers. On December 7 the Respondent notified the
Union by letter that it “does not believe that Local 501 repre-
sents a majority of our employees,” and therefore withdrew
recognition. On December 11 the striking employees offered
themselves for reinstatement. This was denied on grounds they
had been permanently replaced. Subsequently, all but 12 of the
original 61 strikers have been offered reinstatement.
By its bargaining tactics and other acts, the Respondent is al-
leged to have breached its duty to bargain in good faith, en-
gaged in coercive conduct, and unlawfully refused immediate
reinstatement to the strikers.
B. Analysis and Concluding Findings
1. Videotaping the picketline
It is alleged that on September 14 and continuing until Octo-
ber 26, the Respondent engaged in unlawful surveillance of
employees participating in protected concerted activities by
installing video cameras to monitor the picketline.
Unquestionably the Respondent did install such cameras.
According to the testimony of executive vice president and
treasurer, Paul Kelley, this was done on the advise of the secu-
rity company hired during the strike. The Respondent main-
tains that such was a necessary and reasonable security re-
sponse to mass picketing, coffee being thrown on cars entering
the premises, and tacks being put on the driveway.
The evidence concerning this allegation is limited; however,
Chase testified without contradiction that during the first 3 days
of the strike pickets blocked the entrance to the plant from
highway 138, coffee was thrown on the windshield of the com-
pany truck he was driving, and his own vehicle was spit upon.
This evidence of misconduct was uncontested and I find oc-
curred generally as testified to by Chase.
In F. W. Woolworth Co., 310 NLRB 1197 (1993), the Board
stated that it “has long held that absent proper justification, the
photographing of employees engaged in protected concerted
activities violates the Act because it has a tendency to intimi-
date,” citing Waco, Inc., 273 NLRB 746 (1984). In United
Food and Waco there was no evidence of even minimal picket-
line misconduct. Here, on the other hand, there is credible
evidence of minor incidents in the first days of the picketing. I
believe such was sufficient to justify the Respondent in accept-
ing the advice of the security firm it hired and place video cam-
eras.
A company has a legitimate business interest in insuring that
picketing of its premises is peaceful and that pickets do not
engage in personal or property damage or block the entrance.
Such evidence as there is, though minimal, is sufficient to es-
tablish such a predicate. Where there has been some picketline
misconduct, even though minor, placing video cameras at the
entranceway would not reasonably implant in the minds of
employees that the photographing had a reprisal purpose be-
yond protecting the employer’s property and nonstriking em-
ployees. I therefore conclude that the Respondent did not vio-
late Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by placing the video cameras,
and I shall recommend that paragraph 7 of the complaint in
Cases 1–CA–33353 and 1–CA–33762 be dismissed.
2. Bargaining in bad faith
It is alleged that the Respondent “entered into negotiations
with the fixed intention of frustrating agreement or of reaching
agreement only on its own terms;” and second, “failed to make
substantial changes in its initial bargaining proposals, despite
the Union’s numerous substantial changes in its bargaining
proposals.”
These allegations of bad-faith bargaining form the principal
issue of this case. As noted above, the Respondent presented a
contract proposal which contained numerous cuts in wages and
benefits. The union’s proposal called for increases; and during
negotiations, spokesmen for the Union adamantly stated that
they would never agree to any reductions in wages or benefits.
David Mortimer, the Union’s business agent, testified that the
Respondent’s proposal was “an insult and a piece of garbage,”
that they had “given concessions over the years,” and by his
reckoning, the men had given up about 70 cents per hour. This
estimate was neither confirmed by objective evidence nor dis-
puted.
The General Counsel contends that the Respondent’s posi-
tion was so unreasonable as to amount to a refusal to bargain,
whereas the Union’s equally strong opposing position was ac-
ceptable. It is not a function of the Board to decide which party
has been the more reasonable in negotiations, or whether a
particular position or set of positions taken by a party is justi-
fied. The Board’s function is to insure that each party ap-
proaches negotiations with an open mind. Thus, in Reichhold
Chemicals, 288 NLRB 69 (1988), the Board held that in appro-
priate circumstances “specific proposals might become relevant
in determining whether a party has bargained in bad faith.”
However, in reading a party’s proposals, the Board will not
decide whether they are “acceptable” or “unacceptable.”
Rather, the Board will analyze the proposals and “consider
whether, on the basis of objective factors, a demand is clearly
designed to frustrate agreement on a collective-bargaining con-
tract.”
The General Counsel’s theory is that the Respondent’s ob-
jective behavior—as demonstrated by its proposals and its re-
fusal to change them—proves that it never intended to engage
in meaningful bargaining. However, the testimony and exhibits
do not support such a conclusion. The Union was quite ada-
mant that it would not agree to “givebacks.” The Respondent
was adamant that it had to have concessions in order to be
competitive with nonunion companies. Indeed, the Respon-
dent’s bargaining posture here is similar to that held lawful in
Concrete Pipe & Products Corp., 305 NLRB 152 (1991),

RYAN IRON WORKS 515
where the Board rejected the judge’s subjective evaluation of
the company’s proposals as being inherently unreasonable.
The allegation that the Respondent “failed to make substan-
tial changes in its initial bargaining proposals, despite the Un-
ion’s numerous substantial changes in its bargaining propos-
als,” even if factually true does not make out an unfair labor
practice. The Act does not require a party to make concessions
in negotiations simply because the other party does. Beyond
that, the record here does not support the factual accuracy of
this allegation. While the Union did reduce its wage, pension,
and health insurance demands it is questionable that such re-
ductions were “substantial” until the proposal of November 16.
Further, at the second bargaining session (on August 31) the
Respondent amended its health care plan proposal—though by
an insufficient amount to satisfy the Union, since the proposal
still called for reductions from the previous contract.
Whether the Respondent would have further amended any of
its demands had the Union been willing to bargain concerning
them is, of course, unknown. It was the Union’s beginning
position, and the one it took into the strike, that it would not
accept or discuss the Respondent’s proposals. At the first ses-
sion, and thereafter, the Respondent’s spokesmen stated that
they did not need each issue as written, but wanted to discuss
them all. Robert Thomas, organizer for the International Un-
ion, testified that at the August 31 meeting he said “your pro-
posal stinks and we don’t want to talk about it” admitting that
he probably used stronger language than “stinks.”
The asserted basis for the Respondent’s bargaining position
was economic—that it was not able effectively to compete with
nonunion contractors. According to Kelley, they were not get-
ting their share of contracts and the last year was a “real bad
year.” This testimony is dubious, since he also testified that the
Company was working about 300 hours of overtime a week
(about five and one half hours per bargaining unit employee).
Thus, in the late summer, the Respondent had hired 7 new em-
ployees bringing the complement to 61. On the other hand,
company records indicate that sales for the year ending March
29, 1992, exceeded $15 million whereas sales for the year end-
ing April 2, 1995, were under $11 million. Nevertheless, the
logic of the Respondent’s economic argument is not for the
Board to decide, unless it is so clearly irrational as to require
the conclusion that the position was taken in order to frustrate
agreement. Reichhold Chemicals, supra. Here the evidence
does not show clearly that the Respondent’s economic argu-
ment was bogus.
The parties met on August 18, 29, 31 and September 8 (with
a Federal mediator). During the session of August 31 the Re-
spondent made some alterations in its health care proposal,
however the Union considered these no change in the com-
pany’s overall economic presentation. At the meeting of Sep-
tember 8 neither party changed position, thus, the proposal
presented to the membership that day was the Respondent’s
August 31 proposal.
The Union maintains that previous concessions amounted to
70 cents per hour. Therefore, the Respondent’s demand for
more concessions was an unlawful refusal to bargain, and so
informed the membership on September 8 prior to taking a
strike vote. The Union spokesmen said that the strike would be
an unfair labor practice strike, and on September 7 they had
filed an unfair labor practice charge in order to get the company
“off the dime.”
After, but, four negotiation sessions, at which some items
were discussed but with the Union stating unequivocally that it
would not discuss economic concessions, the objective facts
simply do no support the conclusion that the Respondent bar-
gained in bad faith as alleged in paragraph 12 (a) and (b) of the
complaint in 1–CA–33353 and 1–CA–33762.
In paragraph 13 of that complaint, it is alleged that on “Oc-
tober 2, 1995, Respondent, during negotiations, introduced a
subcontracting proposal that was regressive, harsh, vindictive,
and otherwise unreasonable,” and, thus, violative of Section
8(a)(5).
In the expired contract, section 1 (C) reads:

The foregoing provisions notwithstanding, it is agreed that the
Company has the right in the exercise of its sole discretion to
subcontract work when, in the Company’s exclusive judg-
ment, it is necessary to do so. It is further agreed, however,
that the Company will not subcontract work which has regu-
larly, exclusively, and historically been performed by bargain-
ing unit employees.

In the Respondent’s proposal of October 2, this language
was changed to read:

The foregoing provisions notwithstanding, it is agreed that the
Company has the right in the exercise of its sole discretion to
subcontract work when, in the Company’s exclusive judg-
ment, it is necessary to do so, including the right to subcon-
tract any part of a contract when the Company feels the work
in question can be performed more economically or efficiently
by another shop. It is further agreed, however, that the Com-
pany will not subcontract an entire contract where the work
involved has regularly, exclusively, and historically been per-
formed by bargaining unite employees. (Added language
emphasized.)

The General Counsel argues that the Respondent violated
Section 8(a)(5) by proposing to add the parenthetical phrase
“including the right to subcontract any part of a contract when
the Company feels the work in question can be performed more
economically or efficiently by another shop,” even if the work
had historically been performed by unit employees.
Though a proposal which is “regressive, harsh, vindictive
and otherwise unreasonable” might be considered objective
evidence of unlawful bargaining under Reichhold Chemicals,
the language in question here is none of these. The proposal
would give the Respondent increased freedom to subcontract
(allowing for partial but not total subcontracting of a contract)
but such does not seem much of a change. The basis for this
proposal was the Respondent’s experience during the strike that
some portions of its contracts could be done more efficiently by
other shops. The Respondent’s position is not so unreasonable
as to support a finding that objectively, by this proposal the
Respondent engaged in bad faith bargaining.
I therefore conclude that the Respondent did not engage in
subjective bad faith in making its proposals as alleged in para-
graphs 12 and 13 of the complaint.

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 516
3. Bypassing the Union
In paragraph 14 is alleged that on October 23 Howard Shea,
the Respondent’s president, “bypassed the Union and dealt
directly with its employees in the unit concerning ongoing ne-
gotiations.”
Wallace Penniman testified that one day in October as he
was walking the picketline, and Shea was leaving in his car,
Shea stopped and asked Penniman to take a ride with him.
According to Penniman, Shea asked how things were going,
“that it was the Union’s fault because they weren’t negotiating
with the Company” and so on. After these preliminaries, Shea
asked what the men wanted exactly. Penninman said the main
thing was seniority. And they talked about some of the other
proposals, including “that he was going to need another three
year pay freeze to be competitive with the non-union shops.”
They discussed the pay freeze matter, as well as vacations,
holidays, work boots (the Respondent in fact accepted the Un-
ion’s proposal raising the workboot allowance from $25 to
$50), subcontracting, pension, and health insurance and arbitra-
tion. According to Penniman, their discussion was extensive,
as they drove to Waltham and back, a total trip of about 3
hours.
Shea testified that he took Penniman for the ride because he
wanted company and they discussed nothing about the contract
negotiations. He did admit, however, that he told Penniman
“that the union doesn’t seem to be dealing with anything that
we had on the table.” I do not believe Shea. I was more im-
pressed with Penniman’s demeanor. Beyond that, Penniman is
no longer an employee of the Respondent and is no longer a
member of the Union; therefore, his stake in the outcome of
this proceeding is limited. It is simply incredulous that Shea
would take a striking employee for a ride and not discuss the
most pressing concern of everyone associated with the Respon-
dent.
I find, in fact, that Shea solicited the sentiment of employees
about matters which were the subject of negotiations. While I
make no judgment as to Shea’s motive, I do find that he dealt
directly with an individual employee concerning negotiations,
and, thus, bypassed and undermined the Union. Harris-Teeter
Super Markets, 310 NLRB 216 (1993).
The Respondent thereby violated Section 8(a)(5) of the Act
as alleged in paragraph 14 of the complaint in Cases 1–CA–
33353 and 1–CA–33762.
4. Modifications of the collective-bargaining agreement
It is alleged and admitted that on December 11 the Respon-
dent changed and modified several clauses of the expired
collective-bargaining agreement relating to unit work, dues
checkoff, overtime pay, holiday pay, classification-work as-
signment-rates of pay, vacations, welfare benefits, seniority,
and safety and health.3 It is alleged that these matters relate to
wages, hours, and terms and conditions of employment (which
they clearly do) are therefore mandatory subjects of collective
bargaining (which they clearly are). It is also alleged that the
changes were unilateral and therefore violative of Section
8(a)(5). The parties stipulated that the Respondent “imple-
mented the terms of its October 2nd offer when crossover em-
ployees began abandoning the strike and returning to work on
November 6th.”

3 Case 1–CA–34066.
It has long been held that following an impasse in negotia-
tions, an employer does not violate its bargaining duty by mak-
ing unilateral changes reasonably encompassed by its pre-
impasse proposals. NLRB v. Katz, 369 U.S. 736 (1962); Blue
Circle Cememnt Co., 319 NLRB 954 (1995).
The changes implemented were proposals which the Re-
spondent made at the outset of negotiations and which the Un-
ion refused to consider, stating that it would never agree to any
“givebacks.” During the 4 months of negotiations, and pressure
of an economic strike, there was little movement on these is-
sues, although the Union did make concession on its proposed
wage and pension increases and the Respondent did agree to
the Union’s proposed shoe allowance and altered its proposal
on health insurance. However, the limited movement does not
mean there was impasse. While the parties were apparently far
apart, credible testimony shows that the Respondent was not
adamant on all its proposals. More importantly, the Respon-
dent never communicated to the Union that failure to achieve
its demands would result in a deadlock, or that there was an
impasse and that the Respondent would implement its propos-
als.
In Taft Broadcasting Co, 163 NLRB 475, 478, (1967), the
Board held:

Whether a bargaining impasse exists is a matter of
judgment. The bargaining history, the good faith of the
parties in negotiations, the length of negotiations, the im-
portance of the issue or issues as to which there is dis-
agreement, the contemporaneous understanding of the par-
ties as to the state of negotiations are all relevant factors to
be considered in deciding whether an impasse in bargain-
ing existed.

Here there was no contemporaneous understanding that the
parties were at impasse. Indeed, in his letter of November 21,
Counsel for the Respondent stated that the Union’s most recent
proposal (November 16) was unacceptable but suggested a
willingness to meet and discuss “the Company’s outstanding
offer of October 2nd.” He did not suggest impasse and I con-
clude there was none. “The failure of a party to communicate
to the other party the paramount importance of the proposals
presented at the bargaining table or to explain that a failure to
achieve concessions would result in a bargaining deadlock
evidences the absence of a valid impasse.” Hotel Roanoke, 293
NLRB 182, 185 (1989), and cases cited. The Union could not
reasonably have been on notice that the Respondent would
implement any part of its proposal unilaterally.
Thus, I conclude that the Respondent did violate Section
8(a)(5) by implementing its proposals, except for ceasing dues
checkoff. It is well settled that employees’ authorization to
have dues deducted from pay does not survive the termination
of the collective-bargaining agreement authorizing such deduc-
tions. Tampa Sheet Metal Co., 288 NLRB 322 (1988). Coun-
sel for the General Counsel argues that this long-standing inter-
pretation of Section 302 of the Act should be overruled. Ab-

RYAN IRON WORKS 517
sent some compelling reason, I will not recommend that the
Board change the law in this area.
5. Ceasing pension plan payments
Additionally, it is alleged, and admitted, that on November
10 the Respondent stopped making pension payments on behalf
of unit employees to the National Shopmen Pension Fund, as
required by section 14(A) of the collective-bargaining agree-
ment.4
The Respondent’s contract proposal was to “delete Section
14A in its entirety, cease all contributions to the National
Shopmen Pension Fund, and substitute a 401(k) retirement plan
as presented in negotiations.” On November 10 the Respon-
dent admittedly ceased making the payments required under the
expired contract. In fact it did not make October payments for
the replacement employees hired in October. The Respondent
defends this action on a claim that it intended to put the pay-
ments into a 401(k) plan, which was its preimpasse offer, but it
takes time and preparation to implement such a plan; and, on
December 7, the Respondent lawfully withdrew recognition
thereby obviating the necessity to continue making payments,
or even implement its 401(k) proposal.
The time delay excuse is weak in the extreme; but addition-
ally, ceasing payments unilaterally, where there was no im-
passe, was unlawful. Those striking employees who crossed
the picket line in November, and the newly hired employees,
were entitled to have the payments made on their behalf.
Unlike dues checkoff, pension plan payments do survive expi-
ration of the collective-bargaining agreement. Tampa Sheet
Metal Co., supra. Ceasing to make these payments was a sig-
nificant breach of the Respondent’s bargaining duty and was
violative of Section 8(a)(5).
6. Withdrawal of recognition
On December l7, Paul Kelley sent David Mortimer, the Un-
ion’s business agent, the following letter:

Please be advised that Ryan Iron Works does not believe that
Local 501 represents a majority of our employees. Accord-
ingly, Ryan Iron hereby withdraws recognition from Local
501 as the bargaining representative of the Ryan Iron em-
ployees.

The Respondent argues that it was justified in withdrawing
recognition because it had hired 34 permanent replacements
during the strike and that 55 active employees had signed a
petition stating they no longer wished to be represented by the
Union.
Although the Board does sanction an employer’s withdrawal
of recognition where it has objective evidence that the Union
no longer represents a majority of employees, such withdrawal
must be in a context free from unfair labor practices. E.g.,
Bartenders Association of Pocatello, 213 NLRB 651 (1974).
Here, I conclude, the withdrawal was not in a context free
from unfair labor practices. Specifically, I conclude that the
Respondent unlawfully sought to bypass the Union and deal
directly with employees. And, the Respondent unlawfully im-
plemented changes in the terms and conditions of employment
beginning in October with its failure to submit pension pay-
ments on behalf of newly hired and crossover employees.

4 Case 1–CA–33956.
Since I conclude, infra, that the unilateral changes were
unlawful acts which tended to prolong it, the strike was con-
verted to an unfair labor practice strike. Therefore, the re-
placements were not permanent and their wishes concerning
being represented by the Union were irrelevant.
In this context, the Respondent unlawfully, and in violation
of Section 8(a)(5), withdrew recognition from the Union.
7. The strike
The Union and General Counsel argue that when the strike
began on September 11, it was to protest the Respondent’s
unfair labor practices. However, since I conclude that the Re-
spondent had not in fact bargained in bad faith at that time, I
conclude the strike was at its inception an economic strike. That
the Union had filed a charge on September 7 and told employ-
ees on September 8 that if they struck it would be an unfair
labor practice strike, does not make it so. The opinion of the
Union’s agents is irrelevant. There must have been unfair labor
practices which had some causal relation to the strike and I find
there were none. At the time of the strike there had been but
four negotiation sessions, with each party staking out its ada-
mant position; however, the Respondent had in fact made mi-
nor concession at the August 31 meeting. In any event, I con-
clude that the strike was an attempt to force the economic posi-
tion taken by the Union and references to it being to protest
unfair labor practices was a hope that employees would gain an
additional measure of protection.
I further conclude that the strike was not converted to an un-
fair labor practice strike when Shea sought to deal directly with
employees and bypass the Union in an effort to settle the con-
tract dispute. Not every unfair labor practice will convert a
strike. In order for a subsequent unfair labor practice to convert
a strike there must be shown a causal connection between the
“unlawful conduct and prolongation of the strike,” and direct
dealing such as that here “would not necessarily cause prolon-
gation of the strike.” Forest Grove Lumber Co., 275 NLRB
1007 (1985). Although Penniman told fellow employees what
Shea had said, there is simply no evidence that the employees
continued to strike because of Shea’s activity. Cf., F. L.
Thorpe & Co., 315 NLRB 147 (1994), where a strike was con-
verted due to the unlawful acts of a high management official
repeatedly telling strikers that they were fired and should go
home.
However, the unilateral changes, beginning with the Re-
spondent’s failure to make pension payments on behalf of
newly hired and crossover employees was such an unfair labor
practice to cause the strike to be converted. The pension plan is
a substantial benefit. Though the Respondent argues that it
intended to change the plan for the employees’ benefit, and that
it had some reservations about potential unfunded liability, the
fact of the matter is that the Respondent ceased contributing to
any kind of a pension plan. While the subjective evidence is
minimal that such caused a prolongation of the strike, or was
even known to the strikers, it must have been. Certainly the
Union know that contributions were not being made, since the
Fund received a report on November 14 showing zero payment

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 518
for October. Such a fundlemental altering of employee com-
pensation necessarily would prolong the strike and I find it did.
Therefore, I conclude that by this act of the Respondent, the
strike was converted to an unfair labor practice strike.
In addition is the Respondent’s egregious act of withdrawing
recognition, which also was was sufficient to convert the strike
from economic to unfair labor practice. Nothing could be more
detrimental to employee rights than to lose their capacity to
bargain collectively through a representative of their own
choosing. By withdrawing recognition, this is precisely what
the Respondent did. I conclude that the economic strike was
converted to an unfair labor practice strike. Brooks & Perkins,
282 NLRB 976 (1987). Standing alone, this act would require
finding that only those strikers who were not permanently re-
placed prior to the Respondent’s unlawful withdrawal of recog-
nition are entitled to preferential reinstatement. Lucky 7 Lim-
ousine, 312 NLRB 770 (1993). However, since the strike was
converted by early November (when the Union would first have
learned that October payments were not made to the pension
plan), and prior to the time most of the replacements were
hired, I conclude that all strikers were entitled to reinstatement
on request as of December 7.
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find that it must be ordered to cease and
desist and to take certain affirmative action designed to effectuate
the policies of the Act, including offering immediate reinstate-
ment to all strikers who had not been permanently replaced prior
to the time the Respondent ceased making payments to the pen-
sion fund, and make them whole for any losses they may have
suffered in accordance with the formula set forth in F.W. Wool-
worth Co., 90 NLRB 289 (1950), plus interest as computed in
New Horizons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987).
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]