Pratt Towers, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Sep 30, 2002

338 N.L.R.B. 61 (N.L.R.B. 2002)

PRATT TOWERS, INC. 1
Pratt Towers, Inc. and Lawrence Folkes and Keith
Robinson and Local 32B-32J, Service Employees
International Union, AFL–CIO. Cases 29–CA–
22657, 29–CA–22660, and 29–CA–22666
September 30, 2002
DECISION AND ORDER
BY MEMBERS LIEBMAN, COWEN, AND BARTLETT
On September 27, 2000, Administrative Law Judge
Jesse Kleiman issued the attached decision, and on Octo-
ber 19, 2000, he issued an Errata to his decision. The
Respondent filed exceptions, a supporting brief, and a
reply brief. The General Counsel filed an answering
brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has considered
the decision and the record in light of the exceptions and
briefs and has decided to affirm the judge’s rulings, find-
ings,1 and conclusions, as explained below, and to adopt
the recommended Order as modified and set forth in full
below.
The primary issue raised by the Respondent’s excep-
tions is whether the judge correctly found that it violated
Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by refusing to reinstate
its six striking employees unless they abandoned their
support for the Union. The Respondent argues, inter alia,
that it was not obligated to reinstate the employees be-
cause the strike was illegal from its inception and be-
cause the strikers engaged in misconduct. We agree with
the Respondent that the strikers in this case forfeited the
special Laidlaw2 reinstatement rights of strikers because
they engaged in an unprotected strike.3 Nonetheless, for
the reasons stated below, we conclude that the Respon-
dent violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by indi-
cating its willingness to hire these employees on conclu-
sion of the strike and then unlawfully conditioning that
employment on the former strikers’ abandonment of the
Union as their collective-bargaining representative.4

1 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
The General Counsel’s motion to strike the Respondent’s exceptions
in their entirety, as well as its brief, is denied.
2 Laidlaw Corp., 171 NLRB 1366 (1968), enfd. 414 F.2d 99 (7th
Cir. 1969), cert. denied 397 U.S. 920 (1970).
3 See Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 96 NLRB 740, 741–742
(1951).
4 It is unnecessary to address the judge’s findings (1) that the Re-
spondent violated Sec. 8(a)(5) by bargaining in bad faith with the Un-
ion; (2) that the Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(2) by rendering unlawful
assistance to another labor organization; and (3) that these complaint
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Union’s Strike
At all material times, the Respondent employed a staff
of six long-tenured maintenance employees who were
considered by management to be excellent workers. On
April 21, 1998, the Board certified the Union as their
exclusive collective-bargaining representative. The Un-
ion and the Respondent subsequently met on four occa-
sions in an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a collective-
bargaining agreement.
At the end of the final session on January 7, 1999,5 the
Union stated that if the Respondent did not accept the
proposal then on the bargaining table, the Union would
strike. The Union’s proposed contract included a picket
line clause, but the clause had not been discussed by the
parties during their negotiations.6
The Respondent refused to sign the proposed contract,
and the Union struck on February 22. All six mainte-
nance employees participated in the strike. An object of
the strike was to compel the Respondent to sign the Un-
ion’s proposed contract.
B. The Employees Request Reinstatement
On March 11, three of the striking employees met with
the Respondent and asked to return to work. According
to the credited testimony, the Respondent replied that the
employees could not return to work until they obtained a
letter from the Union stating that it no longer represented
them. One employee repeatedly asked if the strikers
could return to work without this letter. The Respondent
consistently answered, “no.” The Respondent told the
employees that it needed a letter from the Union stating
that all ties were severed between the employees and the
Union in order to get the Respondent out of its legal ob-
ligation to bargain with the Union.

allegations are not barred by Sec. 10(b). The Respondent’s exceptions
to these three findings do not meet the minimum requirements of Sec.
102.46(b) of the Board’s Rules. The Respondent merely cites to the
judge’s decision and fails to allege with particularity on what grounds
the judge’s purportedly erroneous findings should be overturned. In
these circumstances, we find, in accordance with Sec. 102.46(b)(2), that
the Respondent’s exceptions on these points may be disregarded. See
Oak Tree Mazda, 334 NLRB 110 (2001).
The Respondent argues in its exceptions that the judge improperly
“forfeit[ed its] attorney-client privilege without a legal basis” by admit-
ting into evidence a December 8, 1998 management report to the board
of directors which contained legal advice from company counsel.
Because this alleged error relates solely to the 8(a)(2) and (5) violations
which, as discussed above, have not been presented to us through prop-
erly filed exceptions, we find no merit in the Respondent’s argument.
5 All dates refer to 1999 unless otherwise specified.
6 The picket line clause provided as follows: “No employee covered
by this agreement should be required by the Employer to pass picket
lines established by any Local of the Service Employees International
Union in an authorized strike.”
338 NLRB No. 8
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 2
On March 15, two additional employees met with the
Respondent and made unconditional offers to return to
work. The Respondent again replied that the employees
would have to get a letter from the Union stating that the
employees no longer wanted the Union to represent
them.
Also on March 15, the sixth employee telephoned the
Respondent and stated that he wanted to return to work.
The Respondent told this employee that he would have to
withdraw from the Union before he could return to work.
C. The March 16 Board of Directors Meeting
On March 16, the Respondent held an emergency
meeting of its board of directors and its counsel, Kevin
McGill. The judge specifically found that the Respon-
dent made its decision not to reinstate the strikers at the
March 16 meeting. In so finding, the judge relied on the
tape and minutes of the March 16 meeting, which were
introduced into evidence.
At the March 16 meeting, Valerie Brooks, president of
the board, informed the directors that “all of the men
have come back for their jobs.” She then stated:

We don’t want that. Somehow we were talking
to Kevin McGill about, you know, the conditions
and circumstances under which we could, you know,
make that arrangement, okay? And then we need to
know what happens, May 1st [the end of the certifi-
cation year] is approaching so we need to know
where we are so we can stall them, or you know,
what our positions is [sic]. So, he was saying if we
could prove misconduct on the part of one of the
men, then that would be grounds not to have to take
them back, okay?

Toward the middle of the meeting, McGill advised the
board that “when we tell these individuals that we are not
going to offer them reinstatement,” charges will be filed
with the NLRB. The tape of the meeting records Prop-
erty Manager Eunice Johnson stating that “since it’s the
opinion of the board members that we’re not going to
take any of these gentlemen back, we can prolong it as
much as we can.” The judge viewed the statements by
McGill and Johnson as clearly indicating that a decision
had already been made by the Respondent not to rein-
state the striking employees.
By letter dated March 16, the Respondent advised all
six employees that it was investigating reports of mis-
conduct which occurred during the course of the strike.
The letter stated that when the investigation was con-
cluded, the Respondent would inform the employees of
its response to their requests for reinstatement.
D. Events Between March 16 and 23
Sometime between March 16 and 23, McGill advised
Brooks that the evidence of strike misconduct was “ques-
tionable,” “not concrete,” and “not sufficient.” During
this time period, McGill began reviewing the Union’s
proposed contract looking for illegal or nonmandatory
clauses.
McGill’s review led him to conclude that the strike
was illegal or unprotected. During a board meeting on
March 23, the Respondent’s directors were advised for
the first time that the strike may have been illegal.
E. The March 24 Letter Denying Reinstatement
On March 24, the Respondent sent each striker a letter
denying the request for reinstatement. The letter stated
in pertinent part as follows:

This is to advise you that the Board of Directors
of Pratt Towers has voted to deny your request for
reinstatement. This action is based upon our conclu-
sion that the strike was not a protected strike under
applicable law. In addition, strikers engaged in se-
rious misconduct during the course of the strike.
F. The Judge’s Decision
The judge found that all six strikers engaged in a pro-
tected economic strike, that they made unconditional
offers to return to work on March 11 and 15, and that the
Respondent had not hired permanent replacements. The
judge further found that the Respondent told these em-
ployees that in order to be considered for reinstatement
they had to get a letter from the Union stating that they
no longer were represented by the Union, and that the
reason the Respondent sought these letters was that “it
wanted to get out from the [Union’s] certification any
way it could.” Accordingly, the judge concluded that the
Respondent unlawfully conditioned the strikers’ rein-
statement upon their abandoning the Union, and provid-
ing the Respondent with written proof by letter that all
ties with the Union had been severed and the Union no
longer represented them.
The judge found no merit in the Respondent’s two af-
firmative defenses. First, the judge considered and re-
jected the Respondent’s argument that serious strike mis-
conduct formed the basis for its refusal to reinstate the
striking employees. In this connection, the judge empha-
sized that the decision to deny the employees reinstate-
ment was made at the March 16 board of directors meet-
ing, “before [the Respondent] had concluded, or perhaps
even begun, its alleged misconduct investigation.” Thus,
the judge found that, as of March 16, the Respondent
lacked an honest belief that any strikers engaged in seri-
ous misconduct. Further, the Respondent admitted at the
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 3
hearing that three employees did not engage in any mis-
conduct whatsoever, yet the Respondent denied their
requests for reinstatement anyway. With respect to the
remaining three employees, the judge found that the al-
leged misconduct that the Respondent attributed to them
either did not occur or was not serious in nature. In sum,
the judge concluded that the “record evidence makes
clear that the Respondent’s [strike misconduct] explana-
tions for denying the strikers reinstatement are pretex-
tual. They either do not exist . . . or were not, in fact,
relied upon.”
The judge then turned to the Respondent’s second af-
firmative defense, i.e., that the strike was not protected
because an object was to compel the Respondent to agree
to the illegal picket line clause and other provisions that
were either unlawful or nonmandatory subjects of bar-
gaining. The judge again stressed that “the Respondent
made its determination to deny reinstatement to the strik-
ing employees on March 16, 1999. As of this time, the
Respondent had not raised or discussed the idea of the
possibility that the strike was unlawful.” Because the
board of directors decided to deny the employees rein-
statement before they knew of the possible illegality of
the strike, the judge concluded that that factor could not
have played any role in their decisionmaking.
In any event, the judge concluded that the strike did
not have an illegal object. The judge cited to his prior
decision in Service Employees Local 32B-32J (Pratt
Towers), Case 29–CC–1285 [337 NLRB 317 (2001)], in
which he found that the picket line clause in the Union’s
proposed agreement was prohibited by Section 8(e) of
the Act, but that there was insufficient evidence to estab-
lish that an object of the strike was to force or require
Pratt Towers to enter into an agreement containing the
picket line clause.
Accordingly, having rejected the respondent’s affirma-
tive defenses, the judge concluded that the respondent
violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) by refusing to reinstate
the six maintenance employees unless and until they
abandoned their support for the Union.
G. The Board’s Decision in Case 29–CC–1285
On December 20, 2001, the Board issued its decision
in Case 29–CC–1285. Service Employees Local 32B-32J
(Pratt Towers) (Pratt Towers I), 337 NLRB 317 (2001).
The Board agreed with the judge that the picket line
clause was prohibited by Section 8(e). Contrary to the
judge, however, the Board concluded that an object of
the strike was to force or require Pratt Towers to enter
into a contract containing the picket line clause. There-
fore, the Board concluded that the union violated Section
8(b)(4)(ii)(A) of the Act by engaging in a strike that had
as an object forcing or requiring Pratt Towers to enter
into an agreement prohibited by Section 8(e).
II. ANALYSIS
In cases involving an employer’s discharge or refusal
to reinstate strikers for having engaged in alleged acts of
misconduct, the General Counsel, as a threshold matter,
has the burden to establish that the employees had en-
gaged in a protected strike and that the employer’s disci-
plinary action resulted from conduct associated with the
strike.7 Once the General Counsel has established a
prima facie case of discrimination, the burden shifts to
the Respondent to prove that the strikers forfeited their
Laidlaw rights under the Act by engaging in unlawful
picketing, or other strike or picket line misconduct.8 The
Board has held that an employer only has to demonstrate
an honest belief that its employees were guilty of this
kind of strike misconduct in order to justify the discipline
imposed on them.9 If the employer can satisfy its burden
of showing its honest belief that unprotected conduct had
occurred, the General Counsel then has the opportunity
to prove that the strikers did not engage in the miscon-
duct that the Respondent has attributed to them.10
There is no dispute in this case that all six alleged dis-
criminatees participated in the strike against the Respon-
dent. Further, as stated above, the Board found in Pratt
Towers I, supra, that the union violated Section
8(b)(4)(ii)(A) of the Act by striking with an object of
forcing or requiring the respondent to execute a collec-
tive-bargaining agreement containing a provision prohib-
ited by Section 8(e).11 Therefore, the General Counsel
cannot establish that the strike was protected.

7 Laredo Coca Cola Bottling Co., 258 NLRB 491, 496 (1981).
8 Rapid Armored Truck Corp., 281 NLRB 371 fn. 1, 381–382
(1986); Teamsters Local 707 (Claremont Polychemical Corp.), 196
NLRB 613, 614–615 (1972); and Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.,
supra at fn. 3.
9 Virginia Mfg. Co., 310 NLRB 1261, 1271 (1993), enfd. 27 F.3d
565 (4th Cir. 1994).
10 Champ Corp., 291 NLRB 803, 805 (1988), enfd. 933 F.2d 688,
700 (9th Cir. 1990), cert. denied 502 U.S. 957 (1991).
11 In light of the holding of Pratt Towers I that the union’s strike was
illegal because an object was to force or require Pratt Towers to enter
into a contract containing a picket line clause prohibited by Sec. 8(e),
we find it unnecessary to pass on the respondent’s contention that the
strike was unlawful on the additional ground that the union conditioned
the reaching of an agreement on two nonmandatory subjects of bargain-
ing (the evergreen clause and the office of contract arbitrator clause).
The Respondent also argues that the strike was illegal on the ground
that an object was to obtain an unlawful union-security clause. In this
connection, the judge found that the respondent advised the union on
October 8, 1998, that the union-security clause in its proposed contract
“may not be legal.” During negotiations, the union pointed out to the
respondent that the second paragraph of that clause provided that in the
event the clause is deemed unlawful for some reason, it would be inter-
preted only in a lawful manner. The judge found that this was the only
time that the issue of the union-security clause arose during the course
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 4
Because the Union’s strike was unlawful from its in-
ception, “the strikers forfeited their rights to the protec-
tions of the Act” under Mackay, supra at 742, and there-
fore forfeited all rights to reinstatement. In this regard, it
is irrelevant that at the time the Respondent decided to
terminate the strikers it was unaware of the illegal nature
of the strike. The dispositive factor here is the Board’s
finding in the prior case that the strike was unlawful from
its inception. This is because the statutory rights of the
striking employees are tied to their participation in that
illegal strike and not to the respondent’s knowledge that
they had engaged in unprotected conduct. As the Board
held in Mackay:

. . . the employees who participated in the unlawful
strike of the kind herein found may not invoke the pro-
tection of the Act because they were denied permanent
reinstatement at the end of that strike, even though the
Respondent may have failed to assert the illegality of
the strike as the basis for denying reinstatement to such
strikers. [Emphasis in original.]

96 NLRB at 743.12 Thus, based on the strikers’ participa-
tion in the unlawful strike, the Respondent was privileged to
deny employment to all six former strikers when they
sought to return to work.
An employer may not, however, refuse to employ an
applicant for unlawful reasons. Here, the credited evi-
dence establishes that the Respondent was willing to hire
the six former strikers, but only if they renounced the
Union. Thus, on March 11, the Respondent told three
strikers that they could not work until they obtained a
letter from the Union stating that it no longer represented
them. On March 15, the Respondent told two other
strikers who sought work that they needed to provide a
letter from the Union stating that these former employees
no longer desired union representation. Further, the Re-
spondent told the sixth former striker, also on March 15,
that he would have to withdraw from the Union before
the Respondent would employ him.
The Respondent’s statements to the former strikers re-
quiring them to abandon the Union amounted to so-
called “yellow-dog contracts.” As the Board stated in
Eddyleon Chocolate Co., 301 NLRB 887 (1991):

Even before passage of the Wagner Act, Con-
gress enacted broad prohibitions against yellow-dog

of negotiations and that the respondent was satisfied with the union’s
response. Accordingly, we find no merit in the respondent’s conten-
tion.
12 See also Rapid Armored Truck Corp., supra at 373 fn. 8, where the
Board approved the judge’s finding that picketers could not invoke the
protections of the Act, even though the employer had not relied on the
illegality of their conduct as a basis for denying them reinstatement.
contracts. It is axiomatic that such agreements and
their solicitation are barred under the 8(a)(1) prohi-
bition of coercion directed at employee exercise of
rights protected by Section 7. [Footnote omitted.]

Thus, the Board has long held that it is unlawful for an em-
ployer to force or require its employees to sign yellow-dog
contracts as the Respondent attempted to do here.13 We
therefore conclude that, in these unique circumstances, the
Respondent’s refusal to employ the strikers violated Section
8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act. Accordingly, we shall require the
Respondent to offer employment to these individuals with
full backpay from the date that it unlawfully conditioned
their employment on renunciation of the Union.14
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge as
modified and set forth in full below and orders that the
Respondent, Pratt Towers, Inc., Brooklyn, New York, its
officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Refusing to hire applicants unless and until they
abandoned their support for Local 32B-32J, Service Em-
ployees International Union, AFL–CIO (the Union).
(b) Rendering unlawful assistance to Local 2, New
York State Independent Union of Building Service Em-
ployees and Factory Workers (Local 2) or any other labor
organization by volunteering to recognize Local 2 or any
other labor organization as the bargaining representative
of the Respondent’s employees at a time when the Union
is the certified bargaining representative of these em-
ployees.
(c) Engaging in a predetermined and planned course of
action designed to undermine the status of the Union, as
the exclusive bargaining representative of the Respon-
dent’s employees in the appropriate unit, and to convince
the employees that it would be futile to continue to sup-
port the Union and in their best interests to abandon the
Union.
(d) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed in Section 7 of the Act.
13 See Carlisle Lumber Co., 2 NLRB 248, 266 (1936), enfd. as mod.
94 F.2d 138 (9th Cir. 1937), cert. denied 304 U.S. 575 (1938) (em-
ployer violated the Act by imposing its “yellow dog” policy, pursuant
to which it refused to hire any of its striking employees unless they
renounced their union affiliations).
14 We shall modify the judge’s recommended Order to conform to
our findings and to our decisions in Ferguson Electric Co., 335 NLRB
142 (2001), and Excel Container, 325 NLRB 17 (1997). We shall
substitute a new notice in accordance with our recent decision in Ishi-
kawa Gasket American, Inc., 337 NLRB 175 (2001).
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 5
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, offer
Keith Robinson, Lawrence Folkes, Theorgy Brailsford,
Curtis Bailey, Angel Venzen, and Jude Obaseki instate-
ment to the positions for which they applied or, if those
positions no longer exist, to substantially equivalent posi-
tions, without prejudice to their seniority or any other
rights or privileges they would have enjoyed absent the
discrimination against them.
(b) Make Keith Robinson, Lawrence Folkes, Theorgy
Brailsford, Curtis Bailey, Angel Venzen, and Jude
Obaseki whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits
suffered as a result of the unlawful discrimination against
them, in the manner set forth in the remedy section of the
decision.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove
from its files any reference to the unlawful refusal to hire
Keith Robinson, Lawrence Folkes, Theorgy Brailsford,
Curtis Bailey, Angel Venzen, and Jude Obaseki and,
within 3 days thereafter, notify them in writing that this
has been done and that the refusal to hire them will not
be used against them in any way.
(d) On request, bargain with the Union, as the exclu-
sive bargaining representative of the Respondent’s em-
ployees in the following appropriate unit, and for 12
months thereafter as if the certification year had not ex-
pired, concerning wages, hours, and other terms and
conditions of employment and, if an understanding is
reached, embody the understanding in a signed agree-
ment:

All full-time and regular part-time building service em-
ployees employed by the Respondent at 333 Lafayette
Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, excluding all guards
and supervisors as defined in Section 2(11) of the Act.

(e) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, or such
additional time as the Regional Director may allow for
good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place desig-
nated by the Board or its agents, all payroll records, so-
cial security payment records, timecards, personnel re-
cords and reports, and all other records, including an
electronic copy of such records if stored in electronic
form, necessary to analyze the amount of backpay due
under the terms of this Order.
(f) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its facility in Brooklyn, New York, copies of the attached
notice marked “Appendix.”15 Copies of the notice, on

15 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
forms provided by the Regional Director for Region 29,
after being signed by the Respondent’s authorized repre-
sentative, shall be posted by the Respondent and main-
tained for 60 consecutive days in conspicuous places,
including all places where notices to employees are cus-
tomarily posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken by the
Respondent to ensure that the notices are not altered,
defaced, or covered by any other material. In the event
that, during the pendency of these proceedings, the Re-
spondent has gone out of business or closed the facility
involved in these proceedings, the Respondent shall du-
plicate and mail, at its own expense, a copy of the notice
to all current employees and former employees employed
by the Respondent at any time since March 11, 1999.
(g) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file
with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a re-
sponsible official on a form provided by the Region at-
testing to the steps that the Respondent has taken to
comply.

MEMBER LIEBMAN, concurring.
In the apt words of the judge, this case involves the ef-
forts of a Respondent determined to “get out from under
the [Board’s] certification [of the Union] any way it
could.” The primary means used by the Respondent to
accomplish its illegal objective was to refuse to reinstate
its striking employees unless they submitted written
proof that they had renounced the Union as their bargain-
ing representative. The judge found that the Respon-
dent’s conduct violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the
Act, and my colleagues agree. I, too, join my colleagues
in affirming the judge’s unfair labor practice findings,
but I write separately because I reach that result by a
somewhat different path.1
I.
The relevant facts are well stated in the majority opin-
ion and will only be briefly summarized here. In April
1998, the Union won a Board election and was certified
as the bargaining representative of the Respondent’s six
maintenance employees. It is undisputed that the Re-
spondent considered the maintenance staff to be excellent
employees.
Negotiations for an initial contract were unsuccessful.
In February 1999, the Union called a strike in support of

ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations.”
1 The judge also found that the Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(5) by
bargaining in bad faith with the Union and Sec. 8(a)(2) by rendering
unlawful assistance to another labor organization. I agree with my
colleagues that there are no proper exceptions to these unfair labor
practice findings. Therefore, I join my colleagues in affirming the
judge.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 6
its proposed collective-bargaining agreement. All six
maintenance employees participated in the strike.
The Union’s proposed contract contained an overbroad
“picket line clause” prohibited by Section 8(e).2 This
clause was not discussed, objected to, or even referred to
at any time during the negotiations. Nevertheless, be-
cause an object of the strike was to compel the Respon-
dent to sign the Union’s proposed contract, and because
the proposed contract included the clause prohibited by
Section 8(e), the Union’s strike was unlawful. Specifi-
cally, the Union violated Section 8(b)(4)(ii)(A) of the
Act, which makes it an unfair labor practice for a labor
organization to threaten, coerce, or restrain any person,
where an object is “forcing or requiring any employer . . .
to enter into any agreement which is prohibited by Sec-
tion 8(e).” The Board so held in Pratt Towers I, supra,
which issued in December 2001.
The Respondent, however, was completely unaware of
this legal technicality when the six strikers uncondition-
ally offered to return to work on March 11 and 15, 1999.
Although the Respondent had not hired permanent re-
placements, it did not reinstate the strikers. Instead, the
Respondent repeatedly told the employees that they
could not return to work unless they abandoned their
support for the Union and provided the Respondent with
written proof to that effect. The judge specifically found,
with full support in the record, that “the actual reason the
Respondent sought such letters from the Union by the
employees was because it was fully aware of its obliga-
tion, under the Board certification of [the Union] as the
bargaining representative of its employees, to bargain
with that Union, and it wanted to get out from under the
certification any way it could . . . .”
The judge also found that the Respondent then
“searched for [a] reason” to justify the decision it had
already made. Over the course of the next several days,
the Respondent fabricated two such “reasons,” which it
listed in its March 24 letter to the employees formally
denying them reinstatement: “the strike was not a pro-
tected strike under applicable law” and “strikers engaged
in serious misconduct during the strike.”
II.
In a comprehensive decision, the judge concluded that
the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the
Act by refusing to reinstate its six striking employees

2 The picket line clause provided as follows: “No employee covered
by this agreement should be required by the Employer to pass picket
lines established by any Local of the Service Employees International
Union in an authorized strike.” As the Board explained in Service
Employees Local 32B-32J (Pratt Towers) (Pratt Towers I), 337 NLRB
317 (2001), the language of the clause is overbroad because it protects
refusals to cross any picket line, whether primary or secondary.
unless they abandoned their support for the Union. The
judge rejected as pretextual the Respondent’s affirmative
defenses that the strike was illegal from its inception and
that the strikers engaged in serious misconduct.
In its exceptions, the Respondent argues that “the ALJ
erred by refusing to apply the dual motivation analysis
mandated by the Board in Wright Line.[3] He performed
only one-half of it.” According to the Respondent, if the
judge had properly applied the complete Wright Line
analysis, he would found that the strikers were lawfully
terminated.
III.
Under Laidlaw Corp., 171 NLRB 1366 (1968), enfd.
414 F.2d 99 (7th Cir. 1969), cert. denied 397 U.S. 920
(1970), economic strikers must be reinstated upon appli-
cation, absent a legitimate and substantial justification,
such as permanent replacement. In Pratt Towers I, how-
ever, the Board held that the union’s strike was not a
protected economic strike, but an illegal strike that vio-
lated Section 8(b)(4)(ii)(A) of the Act. Therefore, I agree
with my colleagues that Laidlaw does not apply here.
If this is not a Laidlaw case, what is the proper frame-
work for analysis? I agree with the Respondent that
Wright Line supplies the answer to that question.
It is well settled that the employer’s motivation in Sec-
tion 8(a)(3) cases is of central importance. As the Su-
preme Court stated almost 50 years ago in Radio Offi-
cers’ Union v. NLRB, 347 U.S. 17, 44 (1954): “That
Congress intended the employer’s purpose in discrimi-
nating to be controlling is clear.”
“The mere presence of legitimate business reasons for
disciplining or discharging an employee does not auto-
matically preclude the finding of discrimination.” J. P.
Stevens & Co. v. NLRB, 638 F.2d 676, 681 (4th Cir.
1980). For, “the pivotal factor is motive,” NLRB v. Lip-
man Bros., 355 F.2d 15, 20 (1st Cir. 1966), and the ulti-
mate “determination which the Board must make is one
of fact—what was the actual motive of the discharge.”
Santa Fe Drilling Co. v. NLRB, 416 F.2d 725, 729 (9th
Cir. 1969) (emphasis in original).
To resolve 8(a)(3) cases turning on motivation, the
Board uses the analysis set forth in Wright Line, 251
NLRB 1083, 1089 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir.
1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982). Approved in
NLRB v. Transportation Management Corp., 462 U.S.
393 (1983). Under Wright Line, the General Counsel has
the initial burden to show that antiunion animus was a
motivating factor in the employer’s decision. 251 NLRB
at 1089.
3 251 NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir. 1981), cert.
denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982).
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 7
If this is established, the burden shifts to the employer
to demonstrate that the same action would have taken
place even in the absence of the protected conduct. Id.
“[W]here an administrative law judge has evaluated the
employer’s explanations for its action and concluded the
reasons advanced by the employer were pretextual,” then
the employer has failed to satisfy its Wright Line burden.
Limestone Apparel Corp., 255 NLRB 722 (1981), enfd.
705 F.2d 799 (6th Cir. 1982). “For a finding of pretext
necessarily means that the reasons advanced by the em-
ployer either did not exist or were not in fact relied upon,
thereby leaving intact the inference of wrongful motive
established by the General Counsel.” Id.
Applying these principles here, I would find that the
General Counsel satisfied his initial Wright Line burden.
Even though the employees participated in an illegal
strike and could have been lawfully denied reinstatement
for that reason, the Respondent was not privileged to
discriminate against them on the basis of other conduct
that the Act protects. Yet that is precisely what occurred.
Thus, the credited testimony clearly shows that all six
employees unconditionally offered to return to work on
March 11 and 15, but the Respondent told them that they
could not be reinstated unless they presented proof that
the Union no longer represented them. There can be no
doubt that the employees’ desire for continued represen-
tation by their incumbent Union is protected by Section
7. Where, as here, “an employer’s representatives have
announced an intent to . . . retaliate against an employee
for engaging in protected activity, the Board has before it
especially persuasive evidence” of unlawful motivation.
Turnbull Cone Baking Co. v. NLRB, 778 F.2d 292, 297
(6th Cir. 1985). Thus, I would find that the General
Counsel has made a very strong showing that the Re-
spondent’s animus against the employees’ continued
support for the Union was a motivating factor in the de-
cision not to reinstate them.
Therefore, under Wright Line, the burden shifts to the
Respondent to demonstrate that it would have refused to
reinstate the six employees even in the absence of their
support for the Union. Before the judge, the Respondent
argued that it was privileged not to reinstate the employ-
ees because (1) they engaged in strike misconduct and
(2) the strike itself was illegal. However, the record sup-
ports the judge’s key finding that neither of these reasons
was actually relied on when the Respondent denied the
strikers reinstatement. Thus, the judge correctly found
that when the Respondent decided to deny the strikers
reinstatement, (1) the Respondent lacked an honest belief
that they had engaged in serious misconduct, and (2) the
Respondent was not even aware that the strike was ille-
gal.4 Accordingly, as the judge has correctly found the
Respondent’s explanations to be mere pretexts, I con-
clude that the Respondent has failed to satisfy its Wright
Line burden.
The Respondent, however, makes one further argu-
ment that needs to be addressed. In essence, the Respon-
dent argues that regardless of an employer’s motive, it is
not an unfair labor practice for an employer to refuse to
reinstate strikers engaged in an unlawful strike. Accord-
ing to the Respondent, the “Board has long held that em-
ployees engaged in an unlawful strike forfeit any right to
reinstatement.” Close examination of Board precedent,
however, reveals that it does not support the Respon-
dent’s forfeiture argument.
It is true that in Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 96
NLRB 740–741 (1951), the first case cited by the Re-
spondent, the Board stated that “the strikers forfeited the
protection of the Act by engaging in an unlawful strike
and that it would not effectuate the policies of the Act to
order that they be reinstated.” That statement, however,
cannot be divorced from its context. Mackay Radio in-
volved a strike “called and prosecuted, at least in sub-
stantial part,” to compel the respondents to violate Sec-
tion 8(a)(3) of the Act by agreeing to an unlawful union-
security provision. 96 NLRB at 741. The General
Counsel contended that the respondents condoned the
employees’ participation in the strike and therefore could
not assert the illegality of the strike as a basis for not
reinstating the strikers. The Board, however, refused to
apply the condonation doctrine to participants in a strike
which, in an appropriate proceeding, would have been
found to have been unlawful under Section 8(b)(2). 96
NLRB at 742–743. The Board distinguished prior
precedent applying the condonation doctrine on the
ground that the record in Mackay Radio “clearly demon-
strated the strikers’ determination to compel the Respon-
dents to violate the Act.” 96 NLRB at 742 fn. 7. The
Board limited its holding to the particular facts of the
case: “We decide no more than is required by the facts in
this case: namely, that the employees who participated in
the unlawful strike of the kind herein found may not in-
voke the protection of the Act because they were denied
permanent reinstatement at the end of that strike, even
though the Respondents may have failed to assert the
illegality of the strike as the basis for denying reinstate-
ment to such strikers.” 96 NLRB at 743 (emphasis in
original).5

4 See, e.g., Philips Industries, 295 NLRB 717, 718 (1989) (“An em-
ployer cannot be motivated by facts of which it is not aware.”).
5 In two subsequent cases not cited by the Respondent, the Board re-
fused to extend Mackay Radio to strikes alleged to be in violation of
Sec. 8(b)(1)(A) and (4)(D), respectively. Union Twist Drill Co., 124
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 8
Mackay Radio is distinguishable on the ground that the
Board did not find there, as the judge found here, that the
employer’s actual motive in denying the strikers rein-
statement was “to get out from under the [Union’s] certi-
fication any way it could.” Nothing in Mackay Radio
privileged the Respondent to utilize the employees’ re-
quest to return to work as leverage to relieve itself of its
statutory obligation to recognize and bargain with the
Union. Where, as here, the evidence affirmatively shows
that the Respondent’s motive was unlawful, Mackay Ra-
dio does not bar the finding of a violation of the Act.6
I also find distinguishable the next Board case that the
Respondent cites: Teamsters Local 707 (Claremont
Polychemical Corp.), 196 NLRB 613 (1972). Although
the Board’s decision contains dicta supportive of the Re-
spondent’s position when considered in isolation,7 the
facts of that case show that—unlike here—the employer
actually relied on the strikers’ participation in picketing
prohibited by Section 8(b)(7)(B) as the basis for denying
them reinstatement. See 196 NLRB at 627 and 628.
Therefore, Claremont Polychemical does not constitute a
precedent establishing that the Respondent may prevail
on its illegal strike defense even though that factor
played no role whatsoever in its decision not to reinstate
the employees. Indeed, as discussed above, here the evi-
dence affirmatively shows that the Respondent’s decision
not to reinstate the strikers was based on the fact that
they would not disavow the Union, an impermissible
consideration.
Finally, in Nassau Insurance Co., 280 NLRB 878
(1986), and Rapid Armored Truck Corp., 281 NLRB 371
(1986), the Board found that employees who participated
in illegal strikes and picketing were lawfully denied rein-
statement. These cases are distinguishable because in

NLRB 1143 (1959); Marquette Cement Mfg. Co., 219 NLRB 549, 552–
553 (1975). The effect of these two cases was to reinforce Mackay
Radio’s self-imposed limitation to its precise facts. Thus, extant Board
law does not broadly hold that employees who participate in an unlaw-
ful strike of any kind forfeit their rights to reinstatement.
6 Mackay Radio was a divided Board decision with a strong dissent,
which sharply criticized the majority opinion on both legal and policy
grounds. 96 NLRB at 746–748. Furthermore, Mackay Radio appears
to be inconsistent with the statute itself, which provides for loss of
protected status for employees engaging in one kind of unlawful strike
and one kind of unlawful strike only (strikes in violation of a Sec. 8(d)
notice period). However, because I find Mackay Radio to be distin-
guishable on the ground set forth above, I need not reach the issue of
whether it should be overruled. For the same reason, I need not decide
whether Mackay Radio can also be distinguished on the basis of the
particular Section of the Act alleged to be violated by the union’s
strike. See the cases cited in fn. 5, supra.
7 “[W]here the activity engaged in by the employee is the participa-
tion in an activity which contravenes the policies of the Act the em-
ployee has forfeited his right to invoke other provisions of the same
statute to restore him to his job with backpay.” 196 NLRB at 614.
neither one was there a finding (or even a contention)
that the employer’s defense was a mere pretext to con-
ceal an unlawful motive.
In conclusion, I reject the Respondent’s forfeiture ar-
gument as based on an unduly broad reading of Board
precedent. I apply instead the well-established principle
that “if the employer [discriminates against] an employee
for having engaged in union activities and . . . if the rea-
sons that he proffers are pretextual, the employer com-
mits an unfair labor practice.” Transportation Manage-
ment, supra, 462 U.S. at 398. For all the reasons set forth
above, I would find that the Respondent refused to rein-
state its six maintenance employees because they would
not abandon their support for the Union. I also reject the
Respondent’s defenses as pretexts. Accordingly, I con-
clude that the Respondent’s refusal to reinstate the six
employees violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and
obey this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on
your behalf
Act together with other employees for your bene-
fit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected
activities.

WE WILL NOT refuse to hire applicants unless and until
they abandon their support for the Union.
WE WILL NOT render unlawful assistance to Local 2,
New York State Independent Union of Building Service
Employees and Factory Workers or any other union at a
time when our employees are represented by Local 32B-
32J, Service Employees International Union, AFL–CIO
(the Union).
WE WILL NOT engage in a predetermined and planned
course of conduct designed to undermine the status of the
Union and to convince our employees that it would be
futile to continue to support the Union and would be in
their best interests to abandon the Union.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
guaranteed you by Section 7 of the Act.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 9
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, offer Keith Robinson, Lawrence Folkes, Theorgy
Brailsford, Curtis Bailey, Angel Venzen, and Jude
Obaseki instatement to the positions for which they ap-
plied or, if those positions no longer exist, to substan-
tially equivalent positions, without prejudice to their sen-
iority or any other rights or privileges they would have
enjoyed absent the discrimination against them.
WE WILL make Robinson, Folkes, Brailsford, Bailey,
Venzen, and Obaseki whole for any loss of earnings and
other benefits suffered as a result of the unlawful dis-
crimination against them, less interim earnings, plus in-
terest.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, remove from our files any reference to the unlaw-
ful refusal to hire Robinson, Folkes, Brailsford, Bailey,
Venzen, and Obaseki, and WE WILL, within 3 days there-
after, notify them in writing that this has been done and
that the refusal to hire them will not be used against them
in any way.
WE WILL, on request, bargain with the Union, as the
exclusive bargaining representative of our employees in
the following appropriate unit, and for 12 months there-
after as if the certification year had not expired, concern-
ing wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of em-
ployment and, if an understanding is reached, embody
the understanding in a signed agreement:

All full-time and regular part-time building service em-
ployees employed by us at 333 Lafayette Avenue,
Brooklyn, New York, excluding all guards and super-
visors as defined in Section 2(11) of the Act.

PRATT TOWERS, INC.

Nancy K. Reibstein, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Kevin J. McGill, Esq. and Jennifer M. Crook, Esq. (Clifton
Budd & DeMaria, LLP), for the Respondent.
Ira A. Sturm, Esq. (Raab, Sturm & Goldman, LLP), for the
Union.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
JESSE KLEIMAN, Administrative Law Judge. On the basis of
charges filed by Lawrence Folkes and Keith Robinson on April
1, 1999, and Local 32B-32J, Service Employees International
Union, AFL–CIO (Local 32B-32J or the Union), on April 6,
1999, in Cases 29–CA–22657, 29–CA–22660, and 29–CA–
22666, respectively, against Pratt Towers, Inc. (the Respon-
dent), a consolidated complaint and notice of hearing was is-
sued on May 17, 1999,1 alleging that the Respondent violated

1 Also on May 17, 1999, a complaint and notice of hearing issued
upon the basis of a charge filed by Pratt Towers, Inc. against Local
32B-32J, Service Employees International Union, AFL–CIO, in Case
Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the National Labor Relations Act (the
Act), by refusing to reinstate its striking employees unless and
until they abandoned their support for the Union. By answer
timely filed on May 25, 1999, the Respondent denied the mate-
rial allegations in the consolidated complaint.
A hearing was held before me in Cases 29–CA–22657, 29–
CA–22660, and 29–CA–22666 (CA cases), in Brooklyn, New
York, from July 15 through August 13, 1999. By motion made
during the trial, counsel for the General Counsel moved to
amend the consolidated complaint to allege that (1) the Re-
spondent violated Section 8(a)(2) of the Act by rendering
unlawful assistance to Local 2, New York State Independent
Union of Building Service Employees and Factory Workers
(Local 2), by volunteering to recognize Local 2 at a time when
the Respondent’s unit employees were represented by Local
32B-32J; and (2) the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) and
(5) of the Act by engaging in a predetermined and planned
course of conduct designed to undermine the status of Local
32B-32J as the exclusive collective-bargaining representative
of the Respondent’s unit employees, and to convince these
employees that it would be futile to continue to support Local
32B-32J and would be in their best interests to abandon this
Union. The Respondent raised objections to the amendments
and denied these allegations. I granted the General Counsel’s
motion to amend the consolidated complaint as set forth above.
At the trial in the CA cases, the Respondent amended its an-
swer to admit that on or about February 22, 1999, all of its unit
employees, except for the superintendent,2 went out on strike,
and that in or about mid-March 1999, all the then-striking unit
employees made a verbal, unconditional offer to return to their
former positions of employment. The Respondent additionally
amended its answer to admit that Eunice Johnson, its site man-
ager, is an “agent of the Respondent” for the purpose of the
day-to-day operations, “but not for the purpose at issue in the
trial, namely the issue of strikers reinstatement.” The Respon-
dent also admitted that Valerie Brooks, the Respondent’s presi-

29–CC–1285, alleging that Local 32B-32J violated Sec. 8(b)(4)(ii)(A)
of the Act by engaging in a strike with the object of forcing Pratt Tow-
ers to sign a bargaining contract containing a clause prohibited by Sec.
8(e) of the Act. The clause in question involved a “picket line” clause.
On May 21, 1999, Local 32B-32J filed its timely answer denying the
material allegations in the complaint.
By Order dated May 17, 1999, the consolidated complaint in Cases
29–CA–22657, 29–CA–22660, and 29–CA–22666, and the complaint
in Case 29–CC–1285 were ordered to be heard consecutively. After the
close of the consolidated CA cases, Case 29–CC–1285 was heard and
closed on August 16, 1999. Subsequently all the parties filed briefs.
By motion dated February 24, 2000, Local 32B-32J moved to dismiss
the complaint in Case 29–CC–1285 for failure “to establish . . . a viola-
tion of the Act.” Both the General Counsel and Pratt Towers opposed
the motion. By Order dated March 24, 2000, I reserved decision on this
motion. On May 16, 2000, I issued my decision in Case 29–CC–1285
in which I found that the picket line clause in the proposed agreement
violated Sec. 8(e) of the Act, but that there was insufficient evidence in
the record to establish a violation of Sec. 8(b)(4)(A) of the Act. I there-
fore recommended dismissal of the complaint in this case.
2 The building superintendent, while a bargaining unit employee,
was on leave due to an injury he sustained on the job in January 1999,
and he did not participate in the strike.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 10
dent of its board of directors and chief executive officer, was an
agent of the Respondent as was Johnson, “for certain purposes,
but not for the purposes at issue in this Complaint,” and that
Brooks was empowered by the Respondent’s board of directors
to effectuate the Respondent’s policies.
Moreover, the parties stipulated that the Respondent’s build-
ing maintenance employees, Curtis Bailey, Theorgy Brailsford,
Lawrence Folkes, Jude Obaseki, Keith Robinson, and Angel
Venzen had participated in the strike and requested reinstate-
ment; and that the Respondent did not permanently replace the
striking employees, but had hired only temporary employee
replacements instead.
Subsequent to the closing of the CA cases, the General
Counsel, Local 32B-32J, and the Respondent filed briefs. At-
tached to the Respondent’s brief was an “Appendix” which
included various documents, which, while being admitted into
evidence as part of the record in Case 29–CC–1285, was not
received in evidence as part of the record in the CA cases.
Counsel for the General Counsel, by motion dated January 26,
2000, moved to “Strike the Appendix to and Part of Respon-
dent’s Post-Hearing Brief.” The Respondent submitted its op-
position to General Counsel’s motion to strike on January 28,
2000. I denied the General Counsel’s motion to strike the ap-
pendix to and part of the Respondent’s post hearing brief.3
Additionally, by Order dated January 13, 2000, I granted the
General Counsel’s motion to reopen the record in the above-
captioned CA cases to receive the Respondent’s answer filed in
a subsequent case involving the same parties, in Case 29–CA–
23012, into evidence as Administrative Law Judge’s Exhibit 4
as part of the official record herein. In its answer to the com-
plaint in Case 29–CA–23012, the Respondent admitted that

3 The appendix to the Respondent’s post-hearing brief includes the
following documents: a position statement for the Respondent’s coun-
sel for Region 29 dated April 19; three position statements dated April
23; position statements, dated May 6 and 10; a June 4, 1999 letter from
the Respondent’s counsel to the Deputy General Counsel appealing the
Regional Director’s dismissal of certain portions of its charge; and a
July 8 letter from the Board’s Office of Appeals denying the Respon-
dent’s appeal of the Regional Director’s dismissal of portions of the
Respondent’s charge. A party is not precluded from raising the sub-
stance of a dismissed charge as a defense to an unfair labor practice
complaint. Martel Construction, 302 NLRB 522 (1991), citing War-
wick Caterers, 269 NLRB 482 (1984). Nor is a party precluded from
having the defense considered by an administrative law judge during a
hearing. Id. That the Regional Director already investigated the sub-
stance of a defense has no bearing on a party’s due process privilege.
See, e.g., Chicago Tribune Co., 304 NLRB 259, 260 (1991); Warwick
Caterers, supra at 483. However, in sustaining its burden of proof on
affirmative defenses the Respondent must do so by the presentation of
evidence at the trial whether by sworn testimony or documentary in
nature. Since the Respondent’s “Appendix” contains documents never
entered into evidence I consider them as nothing more than “legal ar-
gument” which the Respondent raises in support of its position regard-
ing its affirmative defenses and certainly not to be considered as evi-
dence since not part of the CA cases record. However, I am aware of
cases in which attachments not in evidence have been stricken from
briefs. See AAA Fire Sprinkler, Inc., 322 NLRB 69 fn. 1 (1996); Postal
Service, 310 NLRB 391 fn. 1 (1993); EDP Medical Computer Systems,
284 NLRB 1286, 1287 (1987); and Washington Hospital Center, 270
NLRB 396 fn. 1 (1984).
Eunice Johnson, property manager “has been a supervisor
within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Act and an agent of
Respondent,” but denied that Johnson is “an agent for all pur-
poses.”
On the entire record and the briefs of the parties, and on my
observation of the witnesses, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. THE BUSINESS OF THE RESPONDENT
The Respondent, a New York corporation, is engaged in the
operation of a 23-story, 326-unit residential cooperative apart-
ment building located at 333 Lafayette Avenue, Brooklyn, New
York, its principal office and place of business. During the past
year, the Respondent, in the course and conduct of its business
operations derived gross revenues in excess of $500,000, and
purchased and received at its Brooklyn facility, goods, supplies,
and materials valued in excess of $5000 directly from points
located outside the State of New York. The consolidated com-
plaint in the above-captioned cases allege, the Respondent
therein admits and I find that Pratt Towers, Inc. is now, and has
been at all times material herein, an employer engaged in com-
merce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the
Act.
II. THE LABOR ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED
The consolidated complaint alleges, the parties admit, and I
find that at all material times, Local 32B-32J has been a labor
organization within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
The record evidence also indicates that Local 2, at all times
material herein, has been a labor organization within the mean-
ing of Section 2(5) of the Act.
III. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Evidence
1. Background
Pratt Towers, Inc. owns and operates a small (326 units, 23
floors) low-income, city-subsidized housing development lo-
cated at 333 Lafayette Street in Brooklyn, New York. It is a
Mitchell-Lama cooperative, a city-aided limited profit housing
company regulated by the city of New York Department of
Housing Preservation and Development. The cooperative is
bordered on one side by Lafayette Avenue and on the other by
DeKalb Avenue. The cooperatives’ bylaws state its object to
be, “to operate adequate, safe and sanitary housing accommo-
dations for persons of low and middle income, in accordance
with cooperative principles.” Senior citizens make up ap-
proximately 60–65 percent of its residents while young children
approximately 20 percent. Pratt Towers is governed by a nine-
member board of directors all of who are cooperators.
Pursuant to its bylaws the Respondent’s board of directors
has “entire charge of the property, interests, business and trans-
actions of the corporation, and may adopt such rules and regu-
lations for the . . . management of the corporation as it may
deem proper.” At all material times, Valerie Brooks has served
as the president of the Respondent’s board of directors and the
Respondent’s chief executive officer. John Porter has been
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 11
vice president of the Respondent’s board of directors and since
January 1999, Faythe Gaskin had held the position of assistant
secretary and previously as the board of directors’ secretary.
Eunice Johnson, employed by Century Management, the cur-
rent building’s managing agent, has been the Respondent’s
property and site manager for approximately 3 years.
2. Supervisory and agency status
The consolidated complaint alleges that Eunice Johnson,
Valerie Brooks, Faythe Gaskin, and Joan Newsome-White have
been agents of the Respondent, acting on its behalf, or supervi-
sors of the Respondent within the meaning of Section 2(11) of
the Act. The Respondent denies that Johnson and Brooks are
agents of the Respondent for purposes of the unfair labor prac-
tices litigated herein, and that board members Gaskin and
Newsome-White are agents of the Respondent for any purpose.
Section 2(11) of the Act provides:

The term “supervisor means any individual having the author-
ity, in the interest of the employer, to hire, transfer, suspend,
layoff, recall, promote, discharge, assign, reward, or discipline
other employees, responsibility to direct them, or to adjust
their grievances, or effectively to recommend such actions, if
in connection with the foregoing the exercise of such author-
ity is not of a merely routine or clerical nature, but requires
the use of independent judgment.

In enacting Section 2(11), Congress emphasized its intention
that only truly supervisory personnel vested with “genuine
management prerogatives” should be considered supervisors
and not “straw bosses, leadmen, set-up men and other minor
supervisory employees.” S. Rep. No. 105, 80th Cong. 1st Sess.
4 (1947).
The status of supervisor under the Act is determined by an
individuals’ duties, not by his or her title or job classification.
New Fern Restorium Co., 175 NLRB 142 (1969); Longshore-
men ILA v. Davis, 476 U.S. 380, 396 fn. 13. (1986). It is well
settled that an employee cannot be transformed into a supervi-
sor merely by the vesting of a title and theoretical power to
perform one or more of the enumerated functions in Section
2(11) of the Act. Advanced Mining Group, 260 NLRB 486
(1982); Magnolia Manor Nursing Home, 260 NLRB 377
(1982). To qualify as a supervisor, it is not necessary that an
individual possess all of these powers. Rather, possession of
any one of them is sufficient to confer statutory status. Cypress
Lawn Cemetery, 300 NLRB 609 (1990); Superior Bakery, 294
NLRB 256 (1989), enfd. 893 F.2d 493 (2d. Cir. 1990); NLRB v.
Bergen Transfer & Storage Co., 678 F.2d 679 (7th Cir. 1982).
However, consistent with the statutory language and legisla-
tive intent, it is well recognized that 2(11)’s disjunctive listing
of supervisory indicia does not alter the essential conjunctive
requirement that a supervisor must exercise independent judg-
ment in performing the enumerated functions. HS Lordships,
274 NLRB 1167 (1985); NLRB v. Wilson-Crissman Cadillac,
659 F.2d 728 (6th Cir. 1981). Indeed as the court stated in
Beverly Enterprises v. NLRB, 661 F.2d 1095 (6th Cir. 1981),
“Regardless of the specific kind of supervisory authority at
issue, its exercise must involve the use of true independent
judgment in the employer’s interest before such exercise of
authority becomes that of a supervisor.” Thus the exercise of
some supervisory authority “in a merely routine, clerical, per-
functory or sporadic manner does not elevate an employee into
the supervisory ranks,” the test must be the significance of his
judgment and directions. NLRB v. Wilson-Crissman Cadillac,
supra; Lakeview Health Center, 308 NLRB 75 (1992); Hydro
Conduit Corp., 254 NLRB 433 (1991). Consequently an em-
ployee does not become a supervisor merely because he gives
some instructions or minor orders to other employees. NLRB v.
Wilson-Crissman Cadillac, supra.
Nor does an employee become a supervisor because he has
greater skills and job responsibilities or more duties than fellow
employees. Federal Compress & Warehouse Co. v. NLRB, 398
F.2d 631 (6th Cir. 1968). Additionally, the existence of inde-
pendent judgment alone will not suffice for, “the decisive ques-
tion is whether [the employee has] been found to possess au-
thority to use independent judgment with respect to the exercise
. . . of some one or more of the specific authorities listed in
Section 2(11) of the Act.” Advance Mining Group, supra;
NLRB v. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., 169 F.2d 331 (1st Cir.
1948). In short, “some kinship to management, some empa-
thetic relationship between employer and employee must exist
before the latter becomes a supervisor for the former.” Ad-
vance Mining Group, supra; NLRB v. Security Guard Service,
384 F.2d 1 (5th Cir. 1967). Moreover, in connection with the
authority to recommend actions, Section 2(11) of the Act re-
quires that the recommendations must be effective.
The burden of proving that an employee is a “supervisor”
within the meaning of the Act, rests on the party alleging that
such status exists. Pine Brook Care Center, 322 NLRB 740
(1996); Ohio Masonic Home, 295 NLRB 390 (1989); RAHCO,
Inc., 255 NLRB 235 (1983); Tucson Gas & Electric Co., 241
NLRB 181 (1979).4 Where the possession of any one of the
aforementioned powers is not conclusively established, or “in
borderline cases” the Board looks to well-established secondary
indicia, including the individuals’ job title or designation as a
supervisor, attendance at supervisorial meetings, job responsi-
bilities, authority to grant time off, etc., whether the individual
possesses a status separate and apart from that of rank-and-file
employees. NLRB v. Chicago Metallic Corp., 794 F.2d 531
(9th Cir. 1986); Monarch Federal Savings & Loan, 237 NLRB
844 (1978); Flex-Van Corp., 288 NLRB 956 (1977). However,
when there is no evidence that an individual possesses any one
of the several primary indicia for statutory supervisory status
enumerated in Section 2(11) of the Act, the secondary indicia
are insufficient by themselves to establish statutory supervisory
status. J. C. Brock Corp., 314 NLRB 157 (1994); St. Alphonsus
Hospital, 251 NLRB 620 (1982). Additionally, whenever there
is inconclusive or conflicting evidence on specific indicia of
supervisory authority, the Board will find that supervisory
status has not been established with respect to those criteria.
In NLRB v. Health Care & Retirement Corp., 511 U.S. 571
(1994), the Supreme Court set forth the test for determining
whether an individual is to be deemed a supervisor. The Court

4 However, in NLRB v. Health Care & Retirement Corp of America,
987 F.2d 1256 (6th Cir. 1991), the Sixth Circuit held that the General
Counsel has the burden of establishing supervisory status.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 12
noted that in making a determination on the question of one’s
supervisory status:

[T]he statute requires the resolution of three questions and
each must be answered in the affirmative if an employee is to
be deemed a supervisor. First, does the employee have au-
thority to engage in one of the 12 listed activities [in Section
2(11)]? Second, does the exercise of that authority require
“the use of independent judgment”? Third, does the em-
ployee hold authority “in the interest of the employer”?

511 U.S. at 573–574.
3. The status of Eunice Johnson
Based upon the totality of the evidence it is clear that Prop-
erty Manager Eunice Johnson is a supervisor within the mean-
ing of Section 2(11) of the Act and I so find. Johnson manages
the day-to-day operation of the Respondent’s facility needing
no approval from the Respondent’s board of directors in this
connection.5 Johnson also exercises significant authority with
respect to the Respondent’s maintenance employees regarding
their terms and conditions of employment.
Johnson supervises the day-to-day activities of the mainte-
nance staff, directs them in their work, answers’ any questions
they may have involving their employment, and she resolves
their grievances. Johnson testified that the maintenance em-
ployees know that she is the boss ranking above the building
superintendent with authority to overrule any decision made by
him. Johnson admitted that she has the authority to grant over-
time and time off and has exercised this authority without the
need to obtain prior approval from the Respondent’s board of
directors. Moreover, the record establishes that Johnson has,
and exercises the authority to hire employees.6 Johnson also
has the authority effectively to recommend employee promo-
tions,7 and has and exercises the authority to discipline the
maintenance staff without prior approval of the Respondent’s
board of directors.8 Johnson also has the authority to recom-
mend effectively an employee’s termination to the Respon-
dent’s board.

5 However, Brooks testified that as president of the Respondent’s
board she “manages” managing agent Johnson who speaks to her daily
about matters involving the building and the maintenance staff.
6 When called as a witness by the General Counsel, Johnson admit-
ted that she has hired employees. Her authority to hire employees was
corroborated by the Respondent’s own witnesses, including CEO Val-
erie Brooks, and temporary employees Anibal Soriano and Daryl Tho-
mas-Bennett who testified that Johnson had hired them. However,
when subsequently testifying as a witness for the Respondent, she now
denied having the authority to hire or even recommend the hire of
employees, or that she had ever done so. To add to her inexplicable
and contradictory testimony, Johnson later changed her testimony
again, and admitted that she had made the decision to and hired all
temporary replacement maintenance employees.
7 Johnson effectively recommended the promotion of maintenance
employees Angel Venzen to acting superintendent and Curtis Bailey to
assistant superintendent.
8 Johnson testified that she determines the type of discipline to issue,
whether verbal or written which she imposes.
I also find that the record contains ample evidence that
Eunice Johnson is an agent of the Respondent acting on its
behalf.
Section 2(13) of the Act provides:

In determining whether any person is acting as an “agent” of
another person so as to make such other person responsible
for his acts, the question of whether the specific acts per-
formed were actually authorized or subsequently ratified shall
not be controlling.

Legislative history dictates that the Board is to apply common
law principles of agency in determining who is an agent under
the Act. See Longshoremen ILA (Coastal Stevedoring Co.),
313 NLRB 412, 415 (1993), remanded 56 F.3d 205 (D.C. Cir.
1995). In Longshoremen ILA (Coastal Stevedoring Co.), supra,
the Board noted that “when applied to labor relations, however,
agency principles must be broadly construed in light of the
legislative policies embedded in the Act.” Moreover, in Shen
Automotive Dealership Group, 321 NLRB 586, 593 (1996), the
Board held that the “common law principles of agency incorpo-
rate principles of implied and apparent authority.” See Service
Employees Local 87 (West Bay Maintenance), 291 NLRB 82
(1988), in which the Board noted:

Apparent authority is created through a manifestation by the
principal to a third party that supplies a reasonable basis for
the latter to believe that the principal has authorized the al-
leged agent to do the acts in question. NLRB v. Donkin’s Inn,
532 F.2d 138, 141 (9th Cir. 1976); Alliance Rubber Co., 286
NLRB 645, 646 fn. 4 (1987). Thus, either the principal must
intend to cause the third person to believe that the agent is au-
thorized to act for him, or the principal should realize that this
conduct is likely to create such belief. Restatement 2d,
Agency Section 27 (1958, Comment). Two conditions, there-
fore, must be satisfied before apparent authority is deemed
created: (1) there must be some manifestation by the principal
to a third party, and (2) the third party must believe that the
extent of the authority granted to the agent encompasses the
contemplated activity. Id. at Section 8.

See also Great American Products, 312 NLRB 962, 963
(1992); Dentech Corp., 294 NLRB 925 (1989).
As stated in a more subjective manner, “an employer can be
responsible for the conduct of an employee, as an agent, where
under all the circumstances the employees would reasonably
believe that the employee was reflecting company policy and
acting on behalf of management.” Kosher Plaza Supermarket,
313 NLRB 74, 85 (1993); Shen Automotive Dealership Group,
supra. The Board has also held that the burden of proof is on
the party asserting that an agency relationship exists. Shen
Automotive Dealership Group, supra.
In addition to supervising the maintenance staff, Johnson
also represents the Respondent regarding labor relations mat-
ters. Johnson testified, and it is undisputed, that she is on the
Respondent’s negotiating team and represented the Respondent
throughout collective-bargaining negotiations with the Union.
Johnson also testified that as part of her duties, she worked with
the Respondent’s counsel, McGill, in conveying important
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 13
information from him to the board of directors.9 Moreover,
Johnson’s duties and responsibilities include contacting and
retaining contractors for building repairs and vendors for sup-
plies. Similarly, Johnson also represents the Respondent by
soliciting and reviewing bids from contractors.
Thus, from Eunice Johnson’s real and perceived significant
authority over the Respondent’s maintenance employees (strik-
ers), including all of the above, the Respondent can be held
responsible for her conduct, as its agent, “where under the all
the circumstances the employees would reasonably believe that
the individual [Johnson] was reflecting company policy and
acting on behalf of management.” Shen Automatic Dealership
Group, supra; Kosher Plaza Supermarket, supra.10
4. The status of Valerie Brooks
In her capacity as president of the board of directors and
chief executive officer, Brooks is involved in the day-to-day
operations and functioning of the building. Brooks testified
that she “manages” the managing agent (Johnson) conferring
with Johnson on matters dealing with the maintenance staff and
the operation of the building. Brooks, as a board member, par-
ticipates in reviewing Johnson’s recommendations for the hire
of job applicants, promotion of employees, discharge of em-
ployees, etc. In addition, according to Brooks’ own testimony,
she directs the work of the maintenance staff by informing
Johnson of any problems to correct or work to be performed by
the maintenance employees. Brooks also represents the Re-
spondent in labor relations matters,11 and corporate matters.12
Under Board law, the test for agency is whether, under all
the circumstances, an employee would reasonably believe that
the alleged agent was speaking for management and reflecting
company policy. Lovilia Coal Co., 275 NLRB 1358, 1372
(1985). Further, elected or appointed officials of an organiza-
tion are presumed to be agents of that organization clothed with

9 Johnson additionally represents the Respondent by working with its
attorneys regarding corporate and landlord/tenant matters and worked
with McGill in interviewing and preparing employee witnesses for
testifying during this trial.
10 The Respondent argues that Johnson did not have the authority,
real or apparent, to preempt the board of directors and offer the strikers
reinstatement, conditionally or otherwise. But the test for agency is
whether, under all the circumstances, an employee could reasonably
believe that the alleged agent was reflecting company policy and speak-
ing for management. American Lumber Sales, 229 NLRB 414, 420
(1977). There is no doubt in my mind that the strikers unquestionably
believed that when Johnson requested that they obtain a letter from the
Union before they could be reinstated, she was speaking for the Re-
spondent as its agent, and that this was a prerequisite to returning to
their jobs. Moreover, as Sec. 2(13) of the Act provides, “the question
of whether specific acts performed were actually authorized or subse-
quently ratified shall not be controlling.”
11 Brooks represented the Respondent during the course of the April
1998 union representation election, signed the voting eligibility list,
designated the Respondent’s observer for the election and signed the
tally of ballots. Brooks admitted that she needed no special authority or
resolution by the board of directors to sign these documents.
12 Brooks testified that as chief executive officer, any corporate mat-
ters were “under her venue.” She signs contracts with vendors on be-
half of the Respondent and is one of two signatories of checks on the
Respondent’s behalf.
apparent authority. Nemacolin County Club, 291 NLRB 456,
458 (1988), enfd. 879 F.2d 858 (3d Cir. 1989).
Under all the circumstances, particularly her position as
president of the board of directors, I find that employees could
reasonably conclude that Valerie Brooks reflected the views of
the Respondent, and that she is an agent under the Act. House
Calls, Inc., 304 NLRB 311 (1991). Also see Barrow Utilities
& Electric, 308 NLRB 4, 13 fn. 8 (1992).
5. The status of Joan Newsome-White
At the time of the trial, Joan Newsome-White had been a
member of the board of directors for approximately 1 year. As
a board member she votes on matters affecting the building,
including decisions regarding building repairs and contracts
with outside contractors. As a board member Newsome-White
also votes on personnel matters, such as hiring and firing of
employees, hiring the managing agent, employee matters, etc.
Newsome-White testified that she attended the March 11,
1999 meeting at Johnson’s request, because she was a board
member, during which several striking employees made uncon-
ditional offers to return to work. Moreover, as a board member
Newsome-White voted on whether to accept the Respondent’s
counsel’s March 25, 1999 draft letter denying the striker’s rein-
statement.
The evidence demonstrates that Joan Newsome-White as a
board member has authority to act on behalf of the Respondent.
In addition elected or appointed officials, such as officers or
members of the board of directors, are presumed to be agents
and are clothed with apparent authority. House Calls, Inc.,
supra; Nemacolin Country Club, supra. I therefore find that
Newsome-White is an agent of the Respondent acting on its
behalf.
6. The status of Faythe Gaskin
Faythe Gaskin has functioned as secretary to the board of di-
rectors for 13 years and currently is the assistant secretary to
the board since January 1998. As a member of the board she
votes on matters pertaining to the operation of the premises
including contracting out work to vendors, maintenance and
repairs to be performed, and employee matters. While at first
denying that board members voted on the hiring and firing of
staff she then contradicted her own testimony, admitting that
board members do vote on Johnson’s recommendations on
these issues regarding the maintenance staff.
From the evidence herein and Board law, I find Faythe Gas-
kin to be an agent of the Respondent acting on its behalf.
House Calls, Inc., supra; Nemacolin Country Club, supra.
7. The maintenance staff
At all material times, the Respondent employed a building
staff of six maintenance employees, Curtis Bailey, Theorgy
(Theo) Brailsford, Lawrence (George) Folkes, Keith Robinson,
Jude Abaseki, and Angel Venzen. The record establishes that
the Respondent’s maintenance employees were long tenured;
Folkes (27 years); Obaseki (14 years); Brailsford (12 years);
Robinson (since 1994); Venzen (since 1993); and Bailey (at
least 3 years). It is undisputed that the Respondent considered
the maintenance staff to be excellent employees. Eunice John-
son testified that she often complimented the maintenance men
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 14
on how clean they kept the trash compacting room, that the
Respondent trusted them and had a good working relationship
with each of the employees, and that the maintenance employ-
ees were a “nice group.” In fact, several employees, including
Obaseki, Brailsford, and Bailey, often did favors for Johnson
and for the building that were not a part of their regular porter
duties.
Additionally, the Respondent rewarded several of the main-
tenance employees with promotions as good employees: Angel
Venzen to handyman, then in 1997 to assistant superintendent,
and when the superintendent was injured in January 1999 to
acting superintendent; Curtis Bailey from porter to acting
handyman also in January 1999.
8. Union representation
Prior to April 1998, the Respondent’s building service em-
ployees were represented by Local 2, New York State Inde-
pendent Union of Building Service Employees & Factory
Workers (Local 2). Pursuant to a stipulated election agreement
an election by secret ballot was held on April 7, 1998 with both
Local 2 and Local 32B-32J on the ballot. A majority of the
ballots being cast in favor of Local 32B-32J, on April 21, 1998,
the Union was certified as the exclusive collective-bargaining
representative of all full-time and regular part-time building
service employees employed by the Respondent at 333 Lafay-
ette Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, excluding guards and su-
pervisors as defined in the Act.
9. Board of directors’ meeting on April 27, 1998
On April 27, 1998, soon after the Board election, the Re-
spondent held a closed meeting of its board of directors. The
agenda for discussion included Local 32B-32J. Present at this
meeting, among others, were Valerie Brooks and Eunice John-
son. Minutes of this meeting establish that the Respondent
considered the election of Local 32B-32J as its maintenance
employees’ bargaining representative to be “a very bad situa-
tion.” Evidence in the record establishes that the Respondent
felt that the wage and benefit proposal by the Union would
“simply be too extravagant.”13 At this meeting Kevin Donohue
of Elm Management, the Respondent’s managing agent at the
time for whom Eunice Johnson the Respondent’s site manager
worked, commented on his knowledge of the process of a prop-
erty’s contract negotiations and transition from one union to
another. Donohue told the board of directors:

When the employees elect to join another union, a whole year
must pass before another election can be held. Most proper-
ties that either have no union or have Local 2 or 670, find it
difficult to move to Local 32B-32J because the welfare con-
tributions and salaries are much more. There is a possibility
whereby the [b]oard could investigate offering the staff an-
other union. You can do this, but they cannot decertify from

13 Brooks at first testified that both she and the board of directors
thought that the Union’s proposed contract was “not too expensive” but
more expensive than Local 2’s contract. Brooks then appeared to agree
that the Union’s demands were “far too high . . . and completely unac-
ceptable” and were “too extravagant.” In a June 8, 1999, memo to
shareholders, the Respondent reported that the Union’s demands were
“far too high” and completely unacceptable.
this union until a year has passed. You can also drag out the
negotiations for a period of time. If this is done, during this
time, there is a possibility that the employees—will not have
any medical coverage or there may be a strike. The problem
with that is there is no guarantee that the employees will de-
certify from 32B-32J and choose another union. The best
case scenario of a very bad situation is to negotiate with the
union.

Donohue also recommended that the Respondent “get a labor
attorney . . . it is money well spent. Again, the only option that
the [b]oard has is to slow up the phase-in.”
10. The Board of directors’ meeting of August 11, 1998
The minutes of this meeting, attended by Eunice Johnson,
states:

The maintenance staff elected to leave Local 2 and go with
32B-32J Union . . . . It was noted that without a contract, the
maintenance staff of 8 men is working without medical cov-
erage . . . . Mr. Gaggen14 suggested keeping them out of the
union altogether. Give the men a good salary and good health
benefits and you will never have to deal with the Union again.
It would be to the [b]oard’s benefit not to have a union. Since
their union is dragging their feet, the [b]oard might consider
approaching the maintenance men with this proposal. Ms.
Brooks did mention that legally we are bound to 32B-32J for
at least one year, since the men did vote, Mr. Gaggen indi-
cated that he would speak to Mr. Zabinsky regarding a non-
union.

Subsequently, on August 12, 1998, board member John Porter
met with the maintenance staff during which “a lot of issues”
were discussed. Porter was to meet with the employees again
later in order to “nip in the bud” any problems they might have.
11. The Board of directors’ meeting on October 27, 1998
The minutes of this meeting discloses:

Mr. Porter mentioned several options that can be offered the
staff. He plans to meet with the staff on November 10, 1998
and let them know where they stand and what their options
are . . . . In the meantime, Ms. Brooks felt that a strike con-
tingency plan should be worked on just in case the staff
chooses to go with the union and there is a strike.

Brooks testified that Porter had said that he intended to speak to
the employees, to tell them what their different options were
about getting a different union than Local 32B-32J.15
Moreover, in a building status report dated December 8,
1998, from Johnson to the board of directors, she states under
the heading of “Collective Bargaining” that the Respondent’s
14 Gaggen, having replaced Donohue, along with Eunice Johnson,
were employed by Elm Management, the Respondent’s managing agent
at that time.
15 However, Eunice Johnson testified, “In this, it is not speaking of
their options as far as the union is concerned . . . we didn’t want to be
accused of trying to give the men options for the other union. This
never happened. We discussed it, yes.” Johnson’s testimony was
contradicted by John Porter’s testimony herein who acknowledged that
“options” meant other unions.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 15
labor counsel, Kevin McGill, having received no response to
his October 28, 1998 letter to the Union, suggested that the
Respondent, “Indirectly propose to the staff the possibility of
going to another Union, such as Local 670. This union will
actually negotiate with the client . . . . Keep in mind Pratt
Towers is committed to Local 32B-32J for a period of one year
from the date of Certification.”
12. The contract negotiations
By letter dated April 28, 1998, the Union notified the Re-
spondent that on April 21, 1998, it had been certified by the
National Labor Relations Board as the bargaining representa-
tive of the Respondent’s building service employees and re-
quested dates for the commencement of negotiations.
The Respondent and the Union met on four separate occa-
sions: August 26, September 24, October 27, 1998, and on
January 7, 1999, to negotiate a collective-bargaining agree-
ment. Ira Sturm, Esq., counsel for the Union,16 and an experi-
enced labor attorney, was its chief negotiator and sole partici-
pant for the Union. The Respondent’s principal spokesperson
at the negotiations was its labor counsel, Kevin McGill, Esq.17
None of the unit employees attended or played any role in these
negotiations.
13. The August 1998 bargaining session
The first negotiation meeting between the parties was held
on August 26, 1998. Present were Kevin McGill, Eunice John-
son, and board of directors’ president, Valerie Brooks, for the
Respondent, and Ira Sturm for the Union. This being in the
nature of an introductory session, the parties set forth some of
their positions in generalities but did not engage in any substan-
tive bargaining or make any formal proposals. McGill briefly
described Pratt Towers as a residential apartment building of
low and middle income rentals subject to New York City’s
Mitchell Lama program. At McGill’s request Sturm now ex-
plained to the Respondent’s representatives the Real Estate
Advisory Board’s contract with Local 32B-32J (the RAB con-
tract), as well as the Union’s form independent apartment house
agreement of 1997 (the independent agreement). Sturm further
explained that the Real Estate Advisory Board is a multi-
employer association which negotiates a master pattern agree-
ment containing wages and terms and conditions of employ-
ment on behalf of its members and does not permit any change
in the terms of the agreement. Sturm then explained that the
independent agreement drafted by Local 32B-32J, was similar
to the RAB contract except in certain areas like the expiration
language in the “evergreen” clause and the “reduction-in-force”
provision. There was some discussion about the disparity be-
tween the wage rates in the RAB contract and the employees’
present wage rate.
Sturm testified that as an “offer in lieu of negotiation” Local
32B-32J gave Pratt Towers the option of entering into either the
RAB contract, or the independent agreement. Although Sturm
testified that he gave the Respondent a third option, “to bargain

16 Sturm has represented the Union for almost 20 years.
17 McGill is also an experienced labor attorney with approximately
20 years negotiating contracts with the Union. Eunice Johnson also
attended all the negotiation sessions.
an agreement from scratch” as was his standard procedure
when negotiating contracts, both McGill and Johnson testified
that Sturm never gave the Respondent such an option.18 McGill
testified that inasmuch as Pratt Towers could not afford the
RAB contract, the Employer’s only realistic option was to
choose the independent agreement as the starting point for ne-
gotiations.
McGill protested that the entire independent agreement cre-
ated a financial hardship for Pratt Towers. Sturm proposed that
Pratt Towers could have the option to negotiate wages or take
the wage increase in the independent agreement plus a $10
catch-up until wages reached the industry rate. Medical costs
was an Employer concern since Local 32B-32J’s health plan
costs were 60 to 70 percent higher than the cost of its employ-
18 McGill also testified that Pratt Towers, in fact, was never given
the option to bargain from scratch at any time during the entire negotia-
tion period. While McGill took no notes of this first meeting, Sturm
did. The record shows that no where in Sturm’s notes which he made
contemporaneously during the negotiations, including the August meet-
ing, is there any reference to the phrase “bargain from scratch” as an
option given to the Respondent during the negotiations between the
parties. Moreover, while the Union’s business agent Daniel Gross
testified that he exhibited copies of both the RAB and the independent
agreement to Pratt Tower’s employees to show them what Local 32B-
32J was offering the Employer for them, he never testified that he told
them that the Union had also offered Pratt Towers the option to bargain
from scratch, or any words to this effect. Additionally, noting McGill’s
constant protest, throughout the negotiations, about what he referred to
as “outrageous” clauses in the independent agreement (i.e.: the ever-
green clause, contract arbitrator clause, reduction-in-force clause,
medical insurance fund costs, etc.), it would seem improbable that Pratt
Towers would not consider to negotiate from scratch rather than the
independent agreement, which McGill also felt created a financial
hardship for Pratt Towers, if such a choice had been offered by Sturm.
As to McGill’s failure to take notes during the August 1998 meeting,
the record shows that he did take notes at all the other negotiation ses-
sions. McGill also testified that immediately after a bargaining session
he supplemented his notes with more detail. In addition, after each
bargaining session, McGill prepared a letter, which he sent to the Un-
ion, summarizing what he thought the parties had discussed. Moreover,
McGill failed to offer any explanation for not following his ordinarily
thorough note-taking practice. General Counsel in her brief “submits
that an inference that there are such bargaining notes, and that they
would not have supported Respondent’s position.” Johnson testified
that she had taken notes of the discussion at this meeting but could not
find them.
This issue presents a close credibility question.
However, it should be noted that while I may disbelieve Sturm re-
garding this part of his testimony, I do not discredit all of his testimony,
given in the CA cases since I did find him to be generally a truthful and
therefore believable and credible witness. A trier of fact is not required
to accept the entirety of a witness’ testimony, but may believe some
and not all of what a witness says. Americare Pine Lodge Nursing, 325
NLRB 98 (1997); Brinkman Southeast, 261 NLRB 204 (1982); Gio-
vanni’s, 259 NLRB 233 (1981); Maxwell’s Plum, 256 NLRB 211
(1981). As Chief Judge Learned Hand stated in NLRB v. Universal
Camerica Corp., 179 F.2d 749, 754 (2d Cir. 1950):
It is no reason for refusing to accept everything that a witness says,
because you do not believe all of it; nothing is more common in all
kinds of judicial decisions than to believe some and not all.
Moreover, the above would also be applicable to the testimony of
McGill and Johnson as will be discussed in other parts of this decision.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 16
ees previous coverage under Local 2’s plan. The parties were
also concerned that the employees had no medical coverage at
present, and this was also a topic of discussion. McGill sug-
gested using the American Arbitration Association (AAA),
since the independent agreement specifically provides for arbi-
tration via the Office of the Contract Arbitrator (OCA), and the
Respondent and the RAB have exclusive authority jointly to
select the arbitrators thus effectively negating Pratt Towers
input in the choice of an arbitrator under its own collective-
bargaining contract. The Union rejected McGills’ proposal.19
Additionally, both McGill and Sturm indicated their unhappi-
ness with some of the arbitrators listed in both the form RAB
and independent agreement.
The Respondent also expressed “great concern” over the re-
duction-in-force provision of the independent agreement (RIF).
Under this clause the Employer was required to obtain written
permission from the Union’s president before it could reduce its
staff size. Pratt Towers wanted the flexibility to determine its
staff needs and suggested that if staff were reduced from 8 to 6
employees, Pratt Towers might be able to afford the contract.
The parties adjourned with the agreement to “consider the
situation.”
14. The September 24, 1998 meeting
The second negotiation session took place on September 24,
1998. Attending this meeting were Kevin McGill, Eunice
Johnson, and board of director’ vice president, John Porter, for
the Respondent, and Ira Sturm representing the Union. The
parties discussed the economics of the contract. McGill again
expressed great concern about the cost of the Local 32B-32J’s
medical plan as provided for in the independent agreement and
proposed to offset this by “attriting” one position and no wage
increase for the term of the agreement or payment into the pen-
sion and other Union funds. The Union rejected the Respon-
dents proposal.
Sturm proposed that the wage increase go into effect on
April 21, 1999 (the annual date of the independent agreement),
with a $10 catch-up and that the Respondent start payments
into the union funds in November 1998. The Respondent re-
jected this as too expensive. Moreover, the parties discussed
the reduction-in-force issue with the Respondent wanting to fix
its own staffing needs. The Union finally took the position that
the unit, remain at eight not six employees. Sturm testified that
the Respondent made no counterproposal regarding wages at

19 One of the Respondent’s defenses to the allegation that it unlaw-
fully conditioned reinstatement upon the employees abandoning the
Union, the Respondent, at trial took the position that the arbitration
clause in the independent agreement is a nonmandatory subject of
bargaining, and that it constitutes a violation of Sec. 8(b)(1)(B) of the
Act to require an employer to agree to an arbitrator not of its choosing.
McGill stated that therefore the independent agreement was illegal and
a reason why the Respondent refused to reinstate the strikers. It is
undisputed, and the Respondent does not deny, that it did not raise this
argument during the course of the negotiations. Additionally, since the
record indicates that the Union made several proposals to accommodate
all of the Respondent’s concerns regarding arbitration, which the Re-
spondent rejected and failed to offer a counterproposal, there is a lack
of evidence to support the Respondent’s contention that the Union
insisted on the arbitration clause as a condition of reaching a contract.
this meeting. The parties also discussed the arbitration clause.
The Employer proposed to select two arbitrators, Bernard
Young and Howard Edelman, from among the list of arbitrators
in the independent agreement. The Union did not respond to
this proposal at that time.
Sturm testified that as of the conclusion of the second nego-
tiation session, the Union had proposed several variations from
the independent agreement, including the effective date of the
contract, when wage increases would go into effect, the amount
of the wage increases, the question of unit size and reduction-
in-force language, the effective date of fund coverage and
eliminating “security guards” from the contract. Sturm also
testified that issues that had been put on the table for discussion
were considered open issues as far as the Union was concerned,
and to the extent that no issues were raised regarding other
language in the independent agreement, there were no issues.
Johnson’s notes of the September 24 bargaining session in-
dicate that at the conclusion of this meeting, Kevin McGill
suggested that the Respondent meet with the maintenance em-
ployees to find out what they were looking for under the
agreement. John Porter corroborated that this occurred. Porter
testified that he and Johnson met with the maintenance employ-
ees in early October 1998.20 At first Porter was “positive” that
“Nothing” was said at all by anyone at this meeting concerning
the Union, however, he later testified that at one meeting he had
discussed with employees the issues raised at the negotiations.
However Theorgy Brailsford testified that in October or No-
vember 1998, Porter and Johnson met with the maintenance
staff and asked the employees what they wanted from the Un-
ion and asked whether the Union had kept them informed about
the negotiations.
15. Pratt Towers’ October 8, 1998 letter
By letter dated October 8, 1998, from McGill to Sturm, Pratt
Towers set forth its proposal for a collective-bargaining agree-
ment indicating that the parties should “work from the standard
1997 apartment house agreement.” This letter continues:

There are numerous provisions in this agreement we would
like to negotiate out, but we recognize that if we were to take
a hard and fast position with so many of these items that we
will not conclude an agreement anytime in 1998. Having said
that, we are unable to agree on the following provisions of the
apartment house agreement:

1. The wage scale.
2. The health plan contributions.
3. The annuity plan contributions.
4. The pension plan contributions.
5. The Office of the Contract Arbitrator.
6. The no reduction in force clause.
7. The “roll-over” or “evergreen” clause which ap-
pears to be camouflaged within the sale and transfer
clause.
20 Porter testified that the Respondent had arranged to have regular
monthly meetings with the men. However the evidence shows that the
only meetings with staff occurred in August and October 1998, and
perhaps one in 1997.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 17
8. The union security clause may not be legal. We
have no objection to a legally sufficient Union security
clause.
9. The inclusion of security guards in the unit de-
scription.

Wages—We are prepared to offer the following:
an increase in base weekly wages of $20.00 for
each classification and for each of the three
years of the contract. This is basically the
$15.00 increase recently negotiated in 1997 plus
a $5.00 per week “catch-up.”
Health and Welfare Benefits—We are prepared to of
fer an annual contribution of $3,500 which is the amount
we had been contributing to the Local 2 Welfare Fund.
This annual contribution would be for each of the three
years of the agreement.
Annuity Fund—We have no proposal for any contribu-
tions to the annuity fund.
Pension Fund—We offer an annual contribution of
$338.04 @ 28.17 per month).
Contract Arbitrator—We purpose Howard Edelman
and Elliot Shriftman to serve on a Rotating basis.
Reduction in Force—Our proposal is for the deletion
of all language restricting the Employer’s right to reduce
staff, if necessary.
Term of the Contract—The contact term we purpose is
three years from the execution date of the contract. We do
not agree that the contract will remain in full force and ef-
fect notwithstanding the expiration date, as appears to be
the case in the evergreen clause contained in your scale
and transfer provisions.
Security Guards—delete

The above-described proposal is an attempt to harmo-
nize our financial situation with the expectations of our
employees that they will be covered by a relatively stan-
dard industry agreement. The financial burdens contained
in the 1997 apartment house agreement are not something
that we can accept in toto. Nonetheless, we have at-
tempted to give our employees the numerous protections
and prerogatives contained in the Independent agreement.
Naturally, we are willing to discuss this with the Union
and to answer any of your questions or hopefully respond
to any of your concerns.

Therefore, by this October 8 letter, Pratt Towers informed
the Union that while it did not like all of the provisions in the
independent agreement, it was amenable to accepting all of the
terms of this agreement except for those major disputed items
listed above in McGill’s October 8 letter. Moreover, the record
demonstrates and the Respondent admitted that what McGill set
forth in his October 8, 1998 letter to the Union constituted the
Employer’s offer to Local 32B-32J. As McGill and Johnson
both testified, Pratt Towers’ proposal to the Union was the
independent agreement with the exception of the nine enumer-
ated items listed above.21

ct.

21 While McGill admitted on numerous occasions that the Respon-
dent proposed and agreed to all provisions of the independent agree-
McGill admitted that he did not read the independent agree-
ment for the purpose of identifying any illegal or non-
mandatory provisions until March 18 or 19, 1999. McGill
stated that he always suspected the illegality or nonmandatory
nature of certain clauses (contract arbitrator clause, evergreen
clause), however he admitted that in spite of this, he never at-
tempted to withdraw the Respondent’s previous consent to the
form language in the contract on these provisions, nor did he
tell the Union that the Respondent would no longer agree to
them. It appears that the first the Union learned that the Re-
spondent felt that the strike was illegal was in the Respondent’s
March 24, 1999 letter to its employees denying them reinstate-
ment.
16. The October 27, 1998 meeting
The third negotiation session between the parties with their
same respective representative occurred on October 27, 1998.
McGill again raised the issue of the expense of the Union’s
proposed medical plan as a major problem for the Respondent
as to cost. McGill proposed that the Respondent be permitted
to participate in the “Suburban Plan” a medical plan provided
for in the Union’s contracts with Long Island and New Jersey
employers that is less costly than the medical plan in the inde-
pendent agreement. The Union rejected the Respondent’s pro-
posal because it would raise too many problems.
Next, the Union proposed that the contract expiration coin-
cide with the industry contracts. The Respondent proposed a 3-
year contract, effective from the date of execution. The parties
then discussed the evergreen clause. The Respondent stated
that it would not agree to an evergreen clause, and that it
wanted a 3-year contract effective on the date of execution and
to expire on the anniversary at the end of the third year.
According to McGill’s testimony, the Union said that it would
not “change” or delete the evergreen clause from the contra
Pursuant to McGill’s October 8, 1998 correspondence to
Sturm, the Union agreed to use the standard apartment house
agreement, with certain changes that the parties discussed.
These changes included the Union wage proposal of $15 and a
$10 catch-up, effective in November 1998, with standard in-
creases after that, the effective date of benefits to be November
1, 1998, and exclusion of security guards from the unit. In
addition, the parties agreed to eliminate the named arbitrators
from the form agreement and substitute the name of Howard
Edelman. Because the Respondent continued to complain
about the cost of the union medical benefits, Sturm proposed an
idea that could save the Respondent money and yet allow them
their choice regarding the arbitrator. Sturm proposed that the
Respondent have the choice of using the office of the contract
arbitrator, or choosing Edelman to arbitrate crucial grievances.
If the Respondent chose the office of the contract arbitrator,

ment except for the nine enumerated items in the October 8 letter,
McGill contradicted this testimony by also testifying that the Respon-
dent did not agree to any of the specific items in the independent
agreement that were not discussed. I do not credit McGill’s contradic-
tory testimony concerning this. While McGill’s October 8 letter speaks
plainly to this issue, it also points up the fact that the Respondent’s
primary concern during the negotiations was related to the economics
of the contract.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 18
each party would pay the usual $200 fee. If the Respondent
wanted to appear before Edelman, the Union would pay the
$200 fee, and the Respondent would pay the difference be-
tween the arbitrator’s fee as an independent arbitrator and the
OCA fee. The Respondent neither accepted nor rejected this
proposal at the time.
The parties again discussed the issue of staffing. The Re-
spondent wanted to reduce the staff from eight to seven em-
ployees in order to fund any increased costs for medical and
pension funds. Concerned that the parties would be causing an
employee to leave his job in order to get a contract, Sturm in-
quired again about the seniority of unit employees. He learned
that the least senior person had 3 years with the Respondent.
Sturm asked the Respondent whether, if the union agreed to a
staffing level of seven, the parties had a contract. McGill said
no, that the Respondent still wanted the elimination of the re-
duction-in-force language so that the Respondent had the free-
dom to determine staffing levels at any point. The parties then
agreed to adjourn the meeting.22 The Respondent admitted that
from the beginning of negotiations through the end of the Oc-
tober 27 meeting, its proposals had remained unchanged.
McGill testified that after the October bargaining session, he
told Johnson to tell the board of directors to propose to the
employees that they seek another union.
17. The January 7, 1999 bargaining session
The same party representatives met for the fourth, and last,
bargaining session on January 7, 1999. Ira Sturm began the
meeting by presenting a wage proposal of a $15 increase on
November 1, 1998, with contract increases and a $10 catch-up
beginning in April 1999 rather than on November 1. The Un-
ion proposed that the Respondent contribute to the funds effec-
tive November 1, 1998, Sturm’s bargaining notes reflecting that
the issue of fund contributions being a significant problem for
the Respondent. The Union also agreed to provide a separate
rider for the building superintendent. The Union rejected the
Respondent’s proposals to eliminate the evergreen clause, the
3-year fixed contract, the reduction-in-force language, the arbi-
trator proposal, and the Respondent’s proposal to join the Un-
ion’s Suburban medical plan. McGill offered that the Respon-
dent could reluctantly live with the office of contract arbitrator
if the Union were more flexible on the medical issues.
Thus, by the end of this meeting Sturm had proposed the in-
dependent agreement language with modifications: the effec-
tive date of the wage increase be moved to April 21, 1999, a
wage catch-up period, a separate superintendent rider allowing
the Respondent more flexibility, a different contract expiration
date, and an effective date of January 1, 1999, for contributions
to the pension and welfare funds. The Respondent rejected the

22 McGill testified that Sturm had stated at this bargaining meeting
that there were only two variables that the Union would permit from the
independent agreement—retroactivity and wage increases. Sturm
denied that he had made this statement that actually McGill had done
so. However, Sturm’s notes of this bargaining session states, “U only
variables from U perspective is amount of increase and retroactivity,”
and McGill’s notes of this meeting reflect, “Ira says, there are basically
two variable—retroactivity—wage increase, amount of it” and that
these were the “only variables.”
Union’s proposals. The Respondent made no counterproposal
to the Union’s January proposal regarding wages, the annuity
fund, and the contract arbitrator. Moreover, the Respondent
never changed its proposal that it join the Union’s Suburban
medical plan and offered pension fund payments in the same
amount as it had paid under the prior Local 2 contract.23
However, the parties remained adamant as to their respective
positions, the Respondent regarding the items contained in its
October 8, 1998 letter to the Union, and the Union as to those
unresolved issues in the independent agreement vis-à-vis this
letter. The parties failed to reach a final agreement, and both
McGill and Sturm testified that after the January 7 bargaining
session, they believed that the parties had reached an impasse in
negotiations.24
McGill testified that he asked Sturm, what if anything, would
occur if the Respondent did not accept the Union’s proposed
agreement and Sturm replied that the Union would have no
alternative but to strike the building.
Moreover, according to McGill’s testimony, Sturm now told
him that he wanted the Respondent to sign the contract that
evening. McGill advised Sturm that he was obliged to take
back the Union’s last offer to Pratt Towers’ board of directors
for its consideration. This was the first that Sturm had been
made aware that the Respondent’s representatives at the nego-
tiations had no authority to agree to a contract. McGill testified
that he believed Sturm responded to this comment, “Look, its
on the table tonight and there’s no guarantee that if you accept
it after tonight that it will be there any more.” McGill stated:

This was towards the end of the meeting and [Sturm] said,
Look, the only thing that we can do for you is on the wage in-
creases and the implementation dates, and if you’re not pre-
pared to accept that as is, we will have no other choice but to
strike the building.25

McGill also testified that Sturm had reiterated that Pratt Towers
had to take the independent agreement “as is” that evening
more than once, but McGill also admitted that he knew that “as
is” meant the independent agreement with changes that the
parties had discussed. However, McGill never asked Sturm
23 The record evidence clearly shows that the Respondent on October
8, 1998, proposed to the Union the independent agreement, with the
nine modifications thereof, and thus in effect agreed to all the other
terms in the independent agreement except for the nine items listed in
its October 8 letter. McGill agreed that it was “essentially correct” that
after October 8, 1998, there was no dispute raised as to any of the items
or any of the terms contained in the independent agreement except for
the nine items that were listed in the October 8 letter, although he also
appeared to contradict this testimony elsewhere.
24 The evidence illustrates that on January 7, 1999, the parties had
reached impasse on wages, medical, and other benefit funds, contract
arbitrator issue, reduction-in-force language, the evergreen clause, and
the union security clause whose legality McGill questioned, while other
clauses, such as the “picket line” clause, the “subcontracting” clause,
were never discussed or challenged during the negotiations.
25 McGill initially testified that Sturm wanted a “response” from the
Respondent that night. He later testified that Sturm wanted the Re-
spondent to sign the contract that evening, adding that Sturm demanded
that the contract be accepted by the Respondent “as is” or the Union
would have no other choice but to strike the building.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 19
what was meant by “as is.”26 McGill asked Sturm if he could
give Pratt Towers some notice before a strike would occur, but
Sturm replied no, why should he do that? McGill told Sturm
that he would try, and call him the following day and the meet-
ing then ended.
Johnson testified that Sturm had said, “I would like to have
[Pratt Towers] sign this agreement tonight.” She also testified
that she recalled Sturm saying that Pratt Towers had to sign the
agreement “as is.”27 However, Johnson admitted that at the
conclusion of the January 7 negotiation session the Union’s
proposal included the independent agreement with changes
concerning wages, medical plan, reduction-in-force and effec-
tive dates of the agreement. Johnson added that other than
wages, benefits, the arbitrator and the length of the contract, the
Respondent was aware of no other issues that might have
caused the Union to go out on strike.
Sturm’s testimony directly contradicts that of the Respon-
dent’s witnesses. Sturm testified that he didn’t think that he
told the Respondent that the contract had to be signed that
night, but instead had said, “[T]his is a deal that’s on the table
tonight, you can either accept it or reject it, but if you turn it
down I’m not guaranteeing that this deal will be on the table
tomorrow . . . .” Sturm stated that he also may have said,
“Well, the offer may not be available after tonight . . . and if
you make another offer there’s no guarantee the Union will
accept it.” Sturm denied that he told McGill at the January 7,
1999 negotiation session or at any other time that the Respon-
dent had to sign the independent agreement “as is” with no
changes.
Both the Respondent and the Union during negotiations had
proposed changes in the independent agreement. It does not
seem reasonable to suppose that the Union would demand the
signing of the agreement “as is” without any changes. Even
assuming arguendo the Union did require the Agreement to be
signed “as is”, as admitted by the Respondent’s witnesses in
their testimony, “as is,” was interpreted by them to mean the
independent agreement with some changes and modifications
as discussed by the parties.
It is undisputed and the Respondent admits, that on October
8, 1998, it proposed to the Union the independent apartment
house agreement, with nine proposed modifications. Thus,
despite McGills contradictory testimony as to this, the record
establishes that the Respondent agreed to all terms in the inde-
pendent agreement, except for the nine items set forth in the
Respondent’s October 8 letter. Moreover, it is undisputed that
the Respondent never raised any objection to article 3, man-

26 In his notes of this bargaining session, McGill reflected, “Ira says
we have to take the Ink as is or he will strike the building. Ask for
notice, Ira says he will not give notice.”
27 Johnson conceded that her recollection regarding what occurred at
the negotiation sessions was unreliable because she was only there as
an observer and was not paying that close attention. However, while
Johnson did testify that she recalled Sturm using the words “as is”
relating to the signing of an agreement, when asked by the judge subse-
quently in her testimony, if Sturm had said that the Respondent had to
take the “contract” or “proposals,” “as is,” Johnson answered that she
did not recall. Additionally, while Johnson testified that she had taken
notes of this meeting she could not find them for production at the trial.
agement-rights clause of the independent agreement. It is un-
disputed that neither the Respondent nor the Union, raised the
subject of picket lines and the picket line clause in the inde-
pendent agreement during the entire course of the negotiations.
Nor did the Respondent assert during the negotiations that the
strikes or lockouts provision in the independent agreement was
illegal or raise any objection to this proposal. The same is true
of the subcontracting clause in the independent agreement. No
discussion was had on these provisions. However, in its Octo-
ber 8, 1998 letter the Respondent did make reference to the
“evergreen clause” but not as to its legality, and to the legality
of the “union security clause.”28
McGill admitted that at no time prior to March 15, 1999, did
the Respondent seek to withdraw from its agreement to any of
the terms that had not been in dispute in the independent
agreement and the first time he challenged any provision was
when he filed an unfair labor practice charge against the Union.
Thus, the Respondent appears never to have asked the Union to
take any proposal off the bargaining table, other than what was
discussed or provided in its October 8th letter.29
18. The strike
On February 22, 1999, the Respondent’s maintenance em-
ployees went out on strike at the insistence of the Union. Sturm
testified that it was not an object of the strike to obtain the
picketing clause or subcontracting clause in the collective-
bargaining agreement between the parties.30 Sturm stated that
the purpose of the strike was to achieve agreement on issues
that were in dispute, such as the effective date of the contract,
wage rates, and the date of implementation of any wage in-
creases, whether the Respondent would contribute to the Un-
ion’s funds and when, the length of the contract, whether the
contract would include the evergreen clause, the reduction-in-
force language, whether the length of the contract would coin-
cide with the independent agreement or be for 3 years, as the
Respondent proposed, and whether the arbitrator would be
28 Sturm testified that in McGill’s October 8 letter, McGill raised the
question of whether the union-security clause was legal. Sturm testi-
fied that he pointed out to the Respondent during the negotiations that
the second paragraph of that clause provides that in the event the clause
is deemed unlawful for some reason, it would be interpreted only in a
lawful manner. As Sturm’s unrebutted testimony establishes, this was
the only time that the issue of the union-security clause arose during the
entire course of negotiations. It is undisputed that the Respondent
never proposed any language of its own to replace the union-security
clause in the agreement.
29 Sturm testified that some time after the fourth bargaining session
on at least two occasions, he attempted to pursue contract negotiations
with McGill. After the commencement of the strike, at a meeting with
McGill on another matter, Sturm suggested the possibility of putting off
all wage increases and fund contributions until April 1999 in order to
allow the Respondent to save money. On or about February 26, 1999,
Sturm made another proposal, which the Respondent also rejected
without making any counteroffers.
30 McGill admitted that had the parties reached agreement on the
nine items listed in the Respondent’s October 8 letter, the bargaining
agreement would have included the picketing and subcontracting
clauses.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 20
Howard Edelman or the office of the contract arbitrator
(OCA).31
Moreover, Union Business Agent Daniel Gross testified that
he had informed the maintenance employees that while the
independent agreement would be the basis for any settlement,
the Union had sanctioned a strike because the parties had
reached impasse. Gross admitted that an object of the strike
was to get the Respondent to sign a collective-bargaining
agreement. In fact, when the striking employees indicated their
desire to return to work sometime after the commencement of
the strike, Gross testified that he told them, “Yes, I would’ve
liked you to have stayed out longer because it probably
would’ve helped us get the contract signed, but its your deci-
sion, and I, you know, you have to make your own decision on
it . . . .”32
Union Business Agent Dan Gross testified that on February
22, 1999, he appeared at the Respondent’s premises and told
employee Keith Robinson to inform the other maintenance
employees that the Union had authorized a strike and to tell
Angel Venzen, the acting superintendent, to shut down the
boiler, this being for the safety of the tenants in the building,
something Gross maintained was done in all the Union’s strike
situations. According to the testimony of Robinson he did what
Gross had instructed him to do, whereupon Venzen then turned
off the boiler and both he and Robinson went to notify man-
agement of the strike, that the boiler would be shut down and to
surrender their keys to the building.33
Gross testified that he told the employees to take their be-
longings with them because once on the picket line, they were
not to enter the Respondent’s property, to shut down the boiler

31 Apart from these open issues, by virtue of the Respondent’s Octo-
ber 8 letter, each and every clause in the independent agreement was
proposed by the Respondent and agreed to by the Union. Furthermore,
the record establishes that the Respondent did not raise, and no other
issues were discussed, during the bargaining sessions. Moreover, John-
son testified that other than wages, benefits, the arbitrator, and the
length of the contract, the Respondent was aware of no other issues that
might have caused the Union to go out on strike.
32 Striking employee Theorgy Brailford testified that upon advising
Gross that he wanted to return to work from the strike, Gross said,
“[H]e would prefer us to stay out for a little longer because we would
have a better chance of getting a contract signed . . . .”
33 Not finding Property Manager Eunice Johnson in her office they
informed Johnson’s secretary, Chantel Bennett, that the employees
were going out on strike. Bennett then telephoned Johnson and Venzen
told Johnson that the employees were going out on strike, the boiler
would be shut down and he and Robinson were returning their keys to
the building. Johnson testified that she had received a telephone call
from Bennett who advised her that Venzen and Robinson were in her
office and that the employees were going out on strike and were turning
in their keys. Johnson then spoke to Venzen who told her the same
thing. Johnson failed to include that she had been told by Venzen that
he was shutting off the boiler. General Counsel objected to Johnson’s
testimony concerning the telephone conversation as hearsay and moved
to strike it. I deny this motion. Hearsay is admissible in administrative
proceedings where relevant and material and corroborated by other
evidence in the record. As to credibility determination, I note that
Chantel Bennett, an employee in the Respondent’s control, was not
called as a witness to support Johnson’s testimony. More about the
credibility of witnesses will follow herein.
and to take any licenses they have, to give their keys to the
property to management and to tell management that the em-
ployees were going on strike and that the boiler would be shut
off. Gross told the employees that if the Department of Sanita-
tion came by, to show their picket signs and ask the Sanitation
workers to honor the picket line. The record also establishes
that persons other than Pratt employees, including workers
from other buildings, joined the strikers on the picket line to
show their support.
19. What occurred on March 11, 1999
On March 11, 1999, Theorgy Brailsford, Keith Robinson,
and Curtis Bailey met with Eunice Johnson and board members
Faythe Gaskin and Joan Newsome-White in the boardroom on
the Respondent’s premises. It is undisputed that at that time
Brailsford, Robinson, and Bailey requested to return to work.
Gaskin asked if these employees were speaking on behalf of the
other striking employees and they responded that they were
only speaking on their own behalf. Johnson asked if the Union
knew that these employees were requesting their job back and
Brailsford answered, yes.
Brailsford testified that Johnson then said that it was not that
easy to return back to work. Brailsford asked what it would
take for the employees to return. Johnson responded that in
order to return to work, the Respondent wanted the employees
to obtain a letter from the Union stating that they were no
longer represented by the Union. Brailsford repeatedly asked
Johnson if the employees could return to work without getting
this letter and Johnson, quite upset about his repetitious re-
quests, consistently responded, no. Brailsford stated that John-
son said that because the Respondent was obligated to bargain
with the Union, the Respondent needed a letter from the Union
stating that all ties were severed between the employees and the
Union in order to get the Respondent out of its legal obligation
with the Union. Brailsford related that Johnson complained
that the employees had no idea how expensive the Union was
and that its medical plan and annuity were very high. Johnson
commented that the Union was not willing to budge in the ne-
gotiations and Brailsford answered that as far as the employees
knew it was the Respondent that was unwilling to negotiate.
Johnson then repeated that in order for the employees to return
to work, she needed a letter from them that they no longer
wanted the Union to represent them. Both Brailsford and Keith
Robinson testified that there was no discussion about contract
negotiations at all at this March 11 meeting.
Brailsford testified that he then suggested the possibility of
holding a meeting of board members, the Union, the tenants
and the employees after the employees were reinstated to their
jobs, to see who was failing to negotiate, since Johnson was
telling the employees that the Union was the one unwilling to
bargain, and also for the added reason to facilitate bargaining
and try to reach an agreement. Brailsford denied that he ever
suggested to Johnson that the employees sit down with the
board of directors themselves to discuss contract issues. Brails-
ford then asked what would happen if the Union refused to give
the employees such a letter and board member Newsome-White
responded that they should go to the Labor Board to get an-
swers to their questions. Brailsford testified that the question
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 21
Newsome-White told him the Board would answer was why the
employees needed a letter from the Union stating that the Un-
ion no longer represented the employees in order for them to be
allowed to return to work. The employees then left the building
and went to the Board’s Region 29 office.
Robinson’s account of the March 11, 1999 meeting was
similar to that of Brailsford. Robinson testified that after a
brief greeting, he, along with Brailsford and Curtis, told Eunice
Johnson that they wanted to return to work. Robinson stated
that Johnson replied that the employees could not return to
work until they got a written statement from Local 32B-32J
stating that they no longer have ties with the Union.34 The
employees repeatedly asked why they needed the letter and
Johnson upset, answered that they needed the letter because she
said so. After the discussion about the letter that Johnson de-
manded, Robinson testified that Newsome-White stated that if
the employees did not think that the Respondent was doing the
right thing, that they should go to the Labor Board. Robinson
explained that the conversation between the employees and
Johnson focused on the letter the Respondent demanded that
they obtain from the Union in order to return to work. In fact,
Robinson testified that he remembered Johnson’s demand for
the letter so clearly because that was the “whole topic” of the
March 11 meeting.
At the time of the trial, employee Curtis Bailey was hospital-
ized, indefinitely, with a very serious illness. Having made the
requisite showing that the requirements of Federal Rules of
Evidence 807 had been complied with. The judge admitted into
evidence the affidavit of employee Curtis Bailey. Bailey’s
affidavit corroborates the testimony of Brailsford and Robinson
with respect to all critical facts. Bailey’s affidavit establishes
that on March 11, after he, Brailsford, and Robinson requested
reinstatement, Eunice Johnson said that in order for the Re-
spondent to even consider their request for reinstatement, the
employees had to provide the Respondent with a document
stating that the employees are no longer affiliated with the Un-
ion.
In his affidavit, Bailey stated that Brailsford told Johnson
that the employees had been told by the Union that, “if we re-
turned to work, that would mean that we cut our ties with the
Union.” Bailey continued, “Johnson said that she would need a
document, in writing, stating that we are no longer affiliated
with the Union. Johnson told us that once we bring such a
document to her, they would consider our proposal to return to
work.” Brailsford testified that neither he, nor any other em-
ployee, stated that Dan Gross told the employees that if they
asked for their jobs back, that would mean that they were no
longer connected to the Union. Brailsford testified that perhaps
Bailey misunderstood what Brailsford was saying. Brailsford
was adamant in his testimony that none of the employees said
that they no longer wanted the Union to represent them. To the

34 After testifying that Johnson told the employees that they could
not return to work until they got a letter from the Union, McGill asked
Robinson whether Johnson said that the employees could not come
back to work until they got a letter saying that they did not want to be
in the Union anymore. Robinson did not waiver in his testimony,
replying, “[N]o, [she] said no ties with the union.”
contrary, Brailsford testified that the employees were still be-
hind the Union representing them.
Moreover, by letter dated March 11, 1999, to Dan Gross,
Robinson, Brailsford, and Bailey told Gross about their meeting
with Johnson on March 11, wherein she required them to get a
letter from the Union indicating there was no longer any ties or
connection between the Union and these employees.
The Respondent’s witnesses tell a different story than that re-
lated by the above-General Counsel’s witnesses. While admit-
ting that the employees made requests to return to work and
that during the course of the March 11 meeting, the Respondent
directed the employees to obtain a letter from the Union in
order to return to work, they testified that the employees came
to the Respondent because they were unhappy with the Union,
wanted to sever their ties with it and wanted the Respondent’s
assistance in getting a new union. Newsome-White testified
that at the March 11 meeting Eunice Johnson requested a letter
from the Union stating that the employees no longer wanted the
Union to be their union because the employees had said that
they were divesting themselves from the Union and the Re-
spondent wanted proof that they had severed their ties with the
Union. Faythe Gaskin testified that Johnson had told the em-
ployees that “she would need verification from 32B-32J indi-
cating that they were no longer connected with 32B-32J.” Gas-
kin also testified that Robinson and Brailsford had asked if
Johnson knew of another union to join and Johnson responded
that she could not answer that.
Eunice Johnson testified that Keith Robinson repeatedly
stated that because the employees had crossed the picket line to
request reinstatement, they severed their ties with the Union.
Johnson admitted that she told the employees that she could not
take their word for this, and that she needed a letter from the
Union to prove that the employees had severed their ties with
the Union. Johnson suggested in her testimony that the em-
ployees wanted to talk to the Respondent’s board of directors
about getting a different union.35
20. The employees at the NLRB
At the conclusion of their meeting with the Respondent on
March 11, 1999, Brailsford, Robinson, and Bailey, at the sug-
gestion of Board Member Newsome-White, went to the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board’s Region 29 office. Arriving at
approximately 4–4:30 p.m., Brailsford and Robinson met with
Board Agent Sharon Chau, the information officer for that day,
while Curtis Bailey waited outside in the car. The General
Counsel’s witnesses’ testimony regarding this meeting between
Board Agent Chau and the employees was detailed and mutu-
ally corroborative.
35 However, the testimony of the employees is consistent that at no
time did they tell the Respondent that they were unhappy with the
Union or that they no longer wanted the Union to represent them, and
this was corroborated by the testimony of Union Business Agent Dan
Gross. The employees denied asking the Respondent how to go about
getting a different union and their testimony is further supported by the
fact that being unhappy with their former Union, Local 2’s representa-
tion, they sought out and secured Local 32B-32J as their bargaining
representative through the Board’s processes and knew full well how to
change unions without any need for assistance from the Respondent.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 22
Chau testified that the employees told her that they were em-
ployees of Pratt Towers who had been on strike for several
weeks because they wanted to be represented by Local 32B-32J
and that they had just come from a meeting with their manager,
Eunice Johnson, during which they requested to return to work.
The employees told Chau that Johnson advised them that in
order to be reinstated they had to get a letter from the Union
stating that they no longer wanted the Union and that the Union
no longer represented the employees. Chau stated that she told
the employees that this did not sound lawful, and that she
would be happy to call Eunice Johnson about this. Chau called
Johnson while the employees were in the information office,
identified herself as an information officer of the NLRB and
informed Johnson of what the employees had just reported to
her. Whereupon, Johnson told Chau to call the Respondent’s
attorney, Kevin McGill, which she did. Chau testified that she
told McGill that two Pratt Towers employees were in the in-
formation office, that they spoke to Eunice Johnson about re-
turning to work after being on strike, and that Johnson asked
them to produce a letter from Local 32B-32J stating that the
Union would no longer represent the employees. Chau stated
that McGill responded that he had already spoken to Johnson,
and that the Respondent was prepared to reinstate the employ-
ees, but that they needed a few days to prepare a new schedule.
McGill told Chau that the employees would receive a letter in
the mail early the following week about returning to work.
When Chau hung up the telephone, she reported her conversa-
tion with McGill to Brailsford and Robinson telling them that
McGill said that he did not know why or did not understand
why Johnson told the employees that they could not return to
work and that they needed a letter from the Union. Chau told
them that McGill said that the tenants and the board wanted the
employees back to work.
Chau further reported that McGill said that the Respondent
needed 1 week to make up the work schedule, and the employ-
ees would be back to work in a week. Chau then told the em-
ployees that, according to the Respondent’s attorney, they
would be receiving a letter the following week to return to work
and that if they did not hear from the Respondent after 1 week,
they should come back to the Labor Board. The employees
then left the office.
Chau testified that either while the employees were still in
the office or immediately after they left, she completed the
information officer inquiry form in which she described the
nature of the employees’ inquiry. Chau testified that it was the
practice of the Board to complete the form for every phone call
or walkin. The form, dated March 11, 1999, is consistent with
Chau’s testimony, including that the employees were told by
Johnson that they would not be reinstated unless they obtained
a letter from the Union that it no longer represented the em-
ployees. The inquiry form also indicates that Chau spoke with
McGill, who said that the Respondent was prepared to reinstate
them, and would notify the men the following week after work-
ing out the schedule.36

36 At the time McGill told Chau that the Respondent was prepared to
reinstate the employees, he knew that the Respondent had accused the
Kevin McGill’s testimony regarding his March 11 conversa-
tion with Sharon Chau was not believable and less than forth-
right. McGill admitted that in the afternoon of March 11, he
received a telephone call from Board Agent Sharon Chau who
told him that Pratt Towers employees were at the NLRB, that
they had requested to return to work from their strike and that
Eunice Johnson told the employees that they “needed a letter”
in order to return to work. Absent from McGill’s testimony
was the part of his conversation with Chau in which she told
McGill that Johnson required a letter from the Union stating
that the Union no longer represented the employees in order to
return to work. Later, during cross-examination, McGill
changed his testimony and stated that Chau told him that the
strikers were told by Johnson that “in order to come back to
work, they needed a letter from the union saying that it was
okay to come back to work.” Thus, McGill admitted that Chau
told him that Johnson requested a letter from the Union, and
that she linked this letter to the employees’ return to work. In
response to the judge’s question, McGill testified that Chau told
him that Johnson advised the employees, “that they needed a
letter from their Union in order to come back to work.” Again,
McGill omitted the critical part of the conversation—that John-
son conditioned reinstatement providing a letter stating that
they quit the Union.37
McGill testified that he told Board Agent Chau that he was
going to recommend that the Respondent take the strikers
back.38 Thus, McGill denied that he told Chau that the Re-
spondent had made a decision to reinstate the strikers. McGill

employees of some misconduct, including shutting off the boiler and
clogging the laundry drains.
37 It is hardly believable that Chau, who recognized from what the
employees told her that it was possible that the Respondent unlawfully
conditioned the strikers reinstatement, who then offered to call the
Respondent and its counsel on behalf of the employees, and who care-
fully documented the nature of the employees’ visit to the NLRB,
would neglect to tell McGill that Johnson conditioned their reinstate-
ment upon abandoning the Union. That is what the employees’ inquiry
was about. McGill testified that he told Chau that he had no idea what
this “letter” could mean. His feigned ignorance, however, was belied
by his later testimony that he “was well aware of his client’s legal obli-
gations in this area of law.” Clearly, Chau and McGill were talking
about the same thing—the unlawful conditioning of reinstatement upon
the employees quitting the Union.
McGill, a labor attorney of 30-years experience, later testified, in-
credibly, during cross-examination that he did not know at the time of
his conversation with Chau that it would be unlawful for the Respon-
dent to condition reinstatement upon the employees’ abandoning their
membership in the Union. McGill then contradicted himself by testify-
ing that, “as an abstract proposition of law, that conduct would be
unlawful.” McGill then testified, again, that this was not an issue that
was raised or even referred to during his conversation with Chau.
38 McGill testified that as of March 9, he had been aware of two acts
of alleged misconduct, the boiler having been shut down, and the laun-
dry room drain problem. Despite having knowledge of these purported
acts of misconduct, which the Respondent and McGill professed to be
“serious” acts, McGill testified that he was “going to recommend that
[Respondent] take the strikers back.” This puts in question McGill’s
and the Respondent’s protestations that shutting the boiler and the
laundry incident constituted conduct so “serious” that it warranted
termination, as false.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 23
stated that he told Chau that the strikers would be notified soon
“about the response to their request for reinstatement.”39
From the above, and the mutually corroborative, consistent,
and I find credible testimony of the General Counsel’s wit-
nesses regarding this, especially the testimony of Board Agent
Sharon Chau, the evidence shows that the Respondent, through
its counsel, Kevin McGill, disavowed the condition imposed by
Eunice Johnson and board of director’s president, Valerie
Brooks, on the employees’ return to work, that of their aban-
doning the Union. The record conclusively establishes that the
Respondent, by its counsel, informed the Board agent that the
Respondent intended to reinstate the strikers and was now pre-
paring a work schedule.40
21. What occurred on March 15, 1999
On March 15, Lawrence (George) Folkes and Angel Venzen
met with the Respondent and made unconditional offers to
return to work. Again, the Respondent conditioned their rein-
statement upon their quitting the Union. The testimony of
Folkes and Venzen regarding this was consistent, mutually
corroborative, and given in a forthright manner.41
Folkes arrived at Pratt Towers before Venzen42 and met with
Eunice Johnson, Valerie Brooks, and Faythe Gaskin in the

39 McGill objected to Chau’s entire testimony alleging, among other
things, that this conversation was a privileged settlement discussion.
McGill testified that Chau said that she was going to have to take a
charge unless they could straighten out the problem. Chau denied
making this statement. I found Chau to be a credible witness, testifying
in a forthright and straightforward manner, and based on her demeanor,
inherent plausibility, and other corroborative evidence in the record, I
believe her rendition of her conversation with McGill.
40 At the time McGill told Chau that the Respondent was prepared to
reinstate the employees, he knew that the Respondent had accused the
employees of some misconduct, including shutting off the boiler and
clogging the laundry drains. As General Counsel asserts in her brief:
“Thus, even if Respondent’s defense that it refused to reinstate the
strikers for purported strike misconduct were credited, the evidence
conclusively establishes that Respondent condoned at least this alleged
misconduct if not all by agreeing to reinstate the employees.”
41 A review of the record reflects that the General Counsel’s wit-
nesses’ testimony during the trial was consistent with their affidavits on
all material facts. Any discrepancies were minor, more in the manner
in which something was said rather than in the substance of the testi-
mony. The record reveals that none of these purported discrepancies
involved material facts. For example, Folkes in his affidavit, stated that
he waited for three other workers in the lobby on March 15, and he
testified that he was waiting for Angel Venzen and Jude Obaseki.
Clearly, such a minor variation casts no shadow on Folkes’ forthright
and credible testimony. In addition, during cross-examination, Venzen
testified that he first learned of the strike on the morning of February
22. In his affidavit, he stated that he was advised of the strike the week
prior. It appears that this minor inconsistency has no bearing on any
relevant issues, and in no way impugns Venzen’s otherwise forthright
and credible testimony.
42 Like the employees who requested reinstatement on March 11,
Venzen and Obaseki went to Pratt Towers in the morning on March 15
and told the guard that they wanted to meet with Johnson. After calling
Johnson on the phone, the guard informed the employees that she was
busy, and directed the employees to return at 3 p.m. Venzen returned
to the building at 3 p.m. Obaseki could not return at that time because
he had to attend a class.
boardroom. Folkes testified that he told the Respondent that he
wanted to get his job back, as soon as possible, to which Val-
erie Brooks responded, that he had to get a letter from the Un-
ion stating that the employees did not want the Union and that
he was not in that Union anymore. Folkes related that the Re-
spondent said that if he did not have the letter, the employees
cannot return to work. Johnson said that the Respondent was
investigating accusations that the employees broke locks and
put cement in the laundry drain. Whereupon, Folkes emphati-
cally denied that any of the employees would do such things,
that they did not engage in such conduct.
Venzen now arrived at the premises and joined the meeting.
Brooks asked Venzen what she could do for him and he an-
swered that he wanted to return to work.43 Venzen testified that
Brooks then told Venzen that he would have to get a letter from
the Union stating that the employees no longer wanted the Un-
ion to represent them.44 Venzen stated that board member Gas-
kin said that, “it would be easier for [the employees] to get out
of the Union by getting a letter stating that we no longer want
the Union . . . it would be easier for [the employees] to do that,
than for the building to do that,” because the Employer had a
contract with the Union.45 Venzen related that he asked about
rumors the employees had been hearing that they sabotaged the
laundry room, but the Respondent would not discuss the issue
saying that the Respondent was investigating that problem, and
therefore could not talk about it at that time.46 The meeting
ended by the Respondent telling the employees that they would
get back to them at a later date. Apart from this March 15
meeting when Venzen requested reinstatement, Venzen did not
have any other conversations with the Respondent about return-
ing to work.47
43 Venzen’s affidavit reads that he told Brooks that “the employees”
wanted to return to work while Venzen testified that he told Brooks he
was speaking for himself.
44 While Venzen’s affidavit states that he “believed” it was Brooks
who first mentioned the Union and the need for a “written statement
from the Union saying that we no longer want the Union to represent
us,” in his testimony he clearly indicated that it was Brooks who first
brought up the Union and the need by the employees for a letter from
the Union severing ties with it in order to return to work. I see no real
significant inconsistency present in this.
Moreover, Folkes testified that Brooks had stated, “[T]hat we have
[sic] to go to the Union to get the letter. Go to the Union, bring the
letter, and soon that is possible you’ll get back the job.” Folkes was
clear that it was the Respondent who first mentioned the Union.
45 Venzen denied that Gaskin had actually said, instead, “It’s harder
for the building to get you out of the Union.”
46 After Venzen testified that Johnson prevented his effort to discuss
the rumors of employee sabotage of the laundry room, McGill asked,
Venzen “so there was apparently some discussion about sabotage.”
However, the testimony establishes that there was no discussion about
sabotage during the March 15 meeting.
47 Venzen testified that after Keith Robinson requested reinstatement
on March 11, Robinson told him that Eunice Johnson asked for a letter
from the Union. Venzen’s testimony is corroborated by that of Law-
rence Folkes and by the Respondent’s own witness, Faythe Gaskin.
Moreover, Venzen further testified that Robinson told him that he went
to the Labor Board, and a person there spoke to Johnson and the Re-
spondent’s lawyer, and that the Respondent was going to put the em-
ployees back to work. Thus, rather than diminish Venzen’s credibility,
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 24
Eunice Johnson’s testimony regarding the March 15 meeting
was limited. Johnson testified only that Venzen and Folkes
asked for their jobs back, and that Valerie Brooks said that she
would take their requests back to the board of directors. De-
spite having testified at great length regarding the March 11
meeting with employees, Johnson could not recall anything else
from the March 15 meeting.
Like Johnson, Brooks’ testimony was devoid of details, since
she too, could not recall what occurred during this important
meeting. Brooks testified only that Venzen and Folkes re-
quested reinstatement, and that she responded that she would
take the request under consideration. Brooks claimed not to
recall anything else about the meeting, except that Venzen had
said that he was not satisfied with the Union. However, this
contention was not corroborated by Eunice Johnson’s account
and her recollection of what occurred during the March 15
meeting.
Gaskin admitted when employees Folkes and Venzen re-
quested reinstatement, both Brooks and Gaskin told the em-
ployees that in order to return to work, they needed to provide
the Respondent with a letter stating that they were no longer
connected with the Union.
On the morning of March 15th, Jude Obaseki went with An-
gel Venzen to Pratt Towers to speak with Eunice Johnson.
Johnson was busy and asked the employees to return at 3 p.m.
Obaseki testified that since he could not return in the afternoon
because he had to attend a class, he telephoned Johnson that
afternoon. After identifying himself to Johnson, Obaseki said
that he was calling because he wanted to return to work.48
Johnson told Obaseki to talk to Valerie Brooks, who was with
Johnson and Obaseki then asked Brooks if he could come back
to work. Brooks responded that Obaseki had to withdraw from
the Union before he could return to work. Brooks also told
Obaseki that the Respondent was conducting an investigation,
but she did not tell him the nature of the investigation.49
Obaseki said thank you, and hung up the telephone. Brooks did
not tell Obaseki that he had done anything wrong.
In regard to her conversation with Obaseki, Brooks testified
only that Jude Obaseki asked for his job back, and that she
replied that the Respondent would “investigate” the matter and
get back to him.
22. The board of directors’ meeting on March 16, 1999
The strikers requested reinstatement on March 11 and 15.
On March 16, the Respondent held an emergency closed meet-
ing of its board of directors and the Respondent’s counsel,
Kevin McGill. The record establishes that the Respondent
made its determination not to reinstate the strikers and not to

Robinson’s communication with Venzen explains why Venzen sought
to meet with Johnson on March 15—he thought he would get his job
back, too.
48 Obaseki testified that he had not spoken to Business Agent Dan
Gross, or to anyone from the Union, about his decision to request rein-
statement.
49 Obaseki in his affidavit, given to the Labor Board during the un-
fair labor practice investigation, did not include Brooks’ statement
about an ongoing investigation. Obaseki explained that at the time he
gave the affidavit, it slipped his mind.
accept their unconditional offer to return to work, at this meet-
ing, for the purported reason of their “misconduct” and appar-
ently before the Respondent had concluded, or even started any
investigation into the alleged strikers “misconduct.” This is
supported by the tape and minutes of the March 16 meeting in
evidence and even by some of the testimony of the Respon-
dent’s own witnesses. However, it seemed to me that the Re-
spondent’s witnesses testimony denying this was generally
evasive, contradictory, and unbelievable, and is contraverted by
the other credible evidence in the record.
Eunice Johnson at first testified that during the March 16
meeting, the Respondent decided not to take the strikers back
because of what it felt was the strikers misconduct. Johnson
also admitted that the Respondent reached this decision before
it had concluded its purported investigation into the alleged
misconduct. Johnson then illogically changed her testimony to
deny that the decision not to reinstate the striking employees
was made at the March 16 meeting. Moreover, Johnson subse-
quently again admitted that the Respondent had decided at the
March 16 meeting not to reinstate the strikers, pending its in-
vestigation of their alleged misconduct after being confronted
with a copy of the minutes of the board of directors’ meeting of
March 16, 1999 which stated that, “after further discussion,
there was consensus that the Board’s position was not to take
the men back.” However, she again changed her testimony to
deny that this decision was made on March 16 when she was
shown a copy of her affidavit given to a Board agent which
stated that the decision not to reinstate the striking employees
was made on March 23.
McGill’s testimony regarding the March 16 meeting resem-
bled Johnson’s in its evasiveness and inconsistency. McGill
admitted that the tape of the March 16 meeting records Valerie
Brooks stating that the strikers asked for their jobs back, and
that the Respondent does not want that. When asked whether it
was then fair to say that the Respondent decided to deny rein-
statement as of March 16, McGill said, “[N]o. It is not cor-
rect.” When pressed further, McGill testified that the other
board members agreed with Brooks’ statement that the Re-
spondent did not want the strikers back, and that “that was the
substance of the meeting. That’s the very strong impression
that I got.” Mystifyingly, McGill again denied that the Re-
spondent decided not to reinstate the strikers on March 16.
Finally, McGill admitted that if the tape of the March 16 meet-
ing records Eunice Johnson stating that it was the opinion of the
board members not to take any of the strikers back, then it was
said during the meeting. The tape and minutes of the March 16
board meeting establishes beyond a doubt that Johnson stated
that it was the board’s opinion not to reinstate the men.50 Also,
Brooks informed the board at this meeting that she had spoken
to Local 2 to see if that Union would accept back the striking
50 General Counsel requested in her brief that the transcript of the
March 16 and 23 meetings submitted by the Respondent should not be
relied upon as being inaccurate and incomplete. Moreover, the Re-
spondent represented that a professional company transcribed the tapes,
but the transcriber is not identified at all, nor is it certified as being
accurate. General Counsel requests that the judge rely on the cassettes
themselves. I hereby grant the General Counsel’s request.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 25
employees as members after they decertify from the Union.
Local 2 refused according to Brooks.
The Respondent’s witnesses’ admission and the tape of the
March 16 meeting establish that the Respondent decided to
deny reinstatement to the striking employees on March 16.51
At the Respondent’s March 16 meeting, president of the
board, Valerie Brooks, informed the board that “all of the men
have come back for their jobs.” Brooks then stated,

“we don’t want that. Somehow we were talking to Kevin
McGill about, you know, the conditions and circumstances
under which we could, you know, we could make that ar-
rangement, okay?” And then we need to know what happens,
May 1st is approaching so we need to know where we are so
we can stall them, or you know, what our position is. “So, he
was saying if we could prove misconduct on the part of one of
the men, then that would be grounds not to have them back,
okay?”

McGill then spoke at this meeting about his conversation
with security officer Kennedy, regarding any asserted miscon-
duct that may have been present. McGill summed up his inter-
view with Kennedy by stating that compared to strikes he had
seen before, this one was very mild, and there were no viola-
tions of law by the strikers that he could discern. The board
members searched for anything that could be used against the
strikers, raising the possible issue of the Sanitation Depart-
ment’s refusal to pick up garbage at the beginning of the strike.
After explaining that the Sanitation Department does not cross
a picket line, McGill suggested that it would be helpful if they
could demonstrate that the strikers physically impeded the pick-
up of garbage. Brooks then suggested that they speak to the
security officer named Sal who might have information on the
garbage pickup—after Sal returned from his vacation 1 week
later. McGill testified that he told the board of directors that
Kennedy had said that the strikers were cutting across the front
of the building, trespassing on private property but while the
strikers conduct was disrespectful it was not threatening. Later
in this meeting, according to McGill, board member Brooks
and Johnson raised the issues of the shutdown of the boiler,
garbage collection, and verbal threats against temporary em-
ployees. Thus, the evidence reveals that the Respondent made
its determination before completing its purported investigation
of striker misconduct. Toward the middle of the meeting,
McGill stated that, “when we tell these individuals that we are
not going to offer them reinstatement” charges will definitely
be filed against the Respondent at the NLRB. McGill’s state-
ment clearly indicates that a decision had already been made by
the Respondent, not to reinstate the striking employees.
Finally, Johnson acknowledged that the tape of the March 16
meeting records her stating that, “since it’s the opinion of the
board members that we’re not going to take any of these gen-

51 The tape and minutes of the March 16 meeting also establish that
as of March 16, the Respondent did not deny reinstatement because
they suspected that the strike had been unlawful. This theory had not
yet been conceived of by the Respondent’s counsel and was only first
raised to the board during its March 23 meeting.
tlemen’s [sic] back, we can prolong it as much as we can.”52
Moreover, Johnson asked whether the Respondent lost the op-
portunity to permanently replace the strikers.
By letter dated March 16, the Respondent advised all six
employees that the Respondent was investigating reports of
“Striker Misconduct.” The Respondent’s employees were ex-
pecting to receive a letter from the Respondent informing them
of when to return to work after their meeting with Board Agent
Sharon Chau at the NLRB. Instead, the employees received a
letter dated March 16, signed by Eunice Johnson which stated,

In response to your recent request for reinstatement to your
position at Pratt Towers, please be advised that management
is currently investigating reports of strikers [sic] misconduct
which occurred during the course of the strike. We have not
concluded our investigation as yet but we expect that it will be
complete within a few days. Accordingly, we will be in touch
with you within the next week to inform you of our response
to your request for reinstatement.

Thus, by its March 16 letter, it appears that the Respondent
purposefully mislead the employees about the Respondent’s
answer to their requests for reinstatement and about the status
of their employment, since as demonstrated above, by the time
the letter to employees went out the Respondent had already
determined that it was not going to reinstate any of them, even
before it concluded its “investigation.” The letter fails to state
what alleged misconduct the Respondent was investigating.
Also noteworthy is that nothing in the letter indicated that the
Respondent was considering whether the strike was illegal, and
nothing was ever said to the employees in that regard.
The testimony of each employee witness, and of the Respon-
dent’s own witnesses, conclusively establishes that the Respon-
dent never told any of the strikers of what they were specifi-
cally and individually accused, not even when the employees
met with the Respondent to request reinstatement. It is undis-
puted, and the Respondent admits, that the Respondent never
contacted any of the employees to question them or to give
them the opportunity to present a defense to any allegations.53
Brooks testified that sometime between March 16 and the
March 23 board of directors meeting, she had a telephone con-
versation with the Respondent’s counsel, McGill, during which
McGill informed her that the evidence of striker misconduct
was “questionable,” “not concrete,” and “not sufficient.”
McGill also informed Brooks, for the very first time, that in his
opinion, the strike may have been illegal.54 McGill testified
52 Johnson also conceded that it was the Board’s intention to prolong
matters until May 1, when the Union’s certification year was over.
53 In fact, the uncontradicted testimony of Angel Venzen establishes
that when he met with the Respondent to request reinstatement, he
attempted to discuss with the Respondent rumors that employees had
sabotaged the laundry room. Eunice Johnson prevented the discussion,
stating that because the matter was under investigation, she could not
talk about it.
54 Brooks testified that she “thought” that McGill mentioned that the
picketing clause of the independent agreement was illegal, although she
did not know what this meant. She did not recall that McGill men-
tioned that any other provisions of the contract were illegal, adding that
they were supposed to talk later.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 26
that he did not form the opinion that the strike was illegal or
unprotected until “after I examined the contract at length, sub-
sequent to my meeting with the board of directors on March
16th . . . it might have been on March 18th or 19th.”
According to the testimony of Eunice Johnson, sometime be-
tween March 16 and 23, Johnson telephoned McGill and asked
him to prepare a draft of a letter for Johnson to present to the
Respondent’s board of directors at its scheduled March 23
meeting. The record establishes that Johnson asked McGill to
prepare a letter denying the strikers reinstatement. McGill’s
draft letter stated, “this is to advise you that the Board of direc-
tors of Pratt Towers has voted to deny your request for rein-
statement.”55 McGill admitted that Johnson did not ask McGill
to prepare a draft letter with an alternative outcome, namely a
letter reinstating the employees nor did McGill prepare any
other versions or drafts.
23. The board of directors’ meeting on March 23, 1999
Respondent’s board of directors met on March 23, 1999.
During the March 23 meeting, Valerie Brooks56 read McGill’s
draft letter to the Board.
Johnson testified that after some discussion, the board mem-
bers decided to change the sentence “all of the strikers engaged
in misconduct” to “strikers engaged in misconduct,” thus delet-
ing the word “all.” The Respondent admitted that this change
was made because not all of the strikers engaged in miscon-
duct.57
Brooks’ testimony about the March 23 board meeting was
inconsistent and contradictory. During direct examination by
McGill, Brooks testified that during the March 23 meeting, the
board members discussed whether or not to reinstate the strik-
ers and the “misconduct” that the employees had purportedly
engaged in. She testified that the board “probably” discussed
the flat tire, “definitely” discussed the employees stopping the
garbage collection, “probably” discussed the clogging of the
laundry drains, the accumulation of garbage and the harassment
of the temporary replacements. The cassette tape of the March

55 Even though McGill drafted a letter stating that the board voted to
deny reinstatement, McGill denied that the Respondent had “formally”
decided that as yet. He added that, . . . it was certainly my impression
that, that’s the way it was going to be voted on.
56 During direct examination, Brooks testified that the board made its
decision at the March 23 meeting not to reinstate the strikers. This
testimony is contradicted, by the record evidence, that establishes that
the Respondent made that decision during its March 16 meeting.
57 Valerie Brooks testified that during the March 23 meeting, the
board members reviewed the draft letter prepared by McGill for that
meeting by which the Respondent was to notify the strikers that they
were terminated. Brooks stated that the board members modified
McGill’s draft letter by changing the phrase “all of the strikers” en-
gaged in misconduct to just “strikers.” Brooks testified that the Re-
spondent deleted “all” of the strikers because it would not be fair to the
superintendent concerning the word “all” since he did not participate in
the strike. During cross-examination, Brooks stated that the Respon-
dent did not consider the superintendent to be a striker—because he did
not participate in the strike. Thus, the Respondent had no intention of
sending the termination letter to the superintendent. Brooks’ testimony
was contradicted by that of Johnson, Gaskin, and Newsome-White,
who testified that, the Respondent modified the draft to reflect, the fact
that, not all of the strikers engaged in misconduct.
23 meeting reveals that there was no discussion among board
members about whether or not to reinstate the strikers. It ap-
pears that this decision had already been made on March 16.
Brooks further testified that she advised the board members that
McGill told her that the strike might be illegal. Brooks testified
that on that basis, “we really couldn’t reinstate” the employees,
and that the board decided not to reinstate them because of
striker misconduct and the illegality of the strike.
Valerie Brooks testified that McGill advised her that there
was something illegal about the contract, and that technically
the strike was illegal although she did not understand what that
meant. Brooks testified that McGill mentioned something
about the picketing clause, but nothing else and that “on that
basis, we really couldn’t reinstate the employees.”58 Brooks
later admitted, however, that even though its counsel informed
the Respondent that the strike might have been unprotected, the
Respondent still could have reinstated the employees—had it
wanted to.
It is undisputed that the board members were advised for the
first time that the strike may have been illegal during the March
23 board meeting. McGill admitted that he did not review the
Independent agreement until after March 16 looking for non-
mandatory provisions and did not conclude that the contract
contained illegal or nonmandatory provisions until March 18,
19, 20, or 21. McGill testified as to why he reviewed the con-
tract looking for nonmandatory clauses, and why he did it on
March 18 or 19. He testified that, “. . . we had had a request for
reinstatement. We had to answer the request for reinstatement.
I needed to be able to advise my client as their attorney what
the board’s options were under the law. I did that.”
24. The March 24, 1999 letter denying reinstatement
By letter dated March 24, 1999, the Respondent sent each
employee a letter of termination. The letter stated in pertinent
part,

This is to advise you that the Board of Directors of Pratt Tow-
ers had voted to deny your request for reinstatement. This ac-
tion is based upon our conclusion that the strike was not a pro-
tected strike under applicable law. In addition, strikers en-
gaged in serious misconduct during the course of the strike.

The record shows that the Respondent never told the employees
what exactly they were accused of except that they had heard a
rumor prior to March 11, that the employees had supposedly
caused damage in the laundry room. Moreover, the Respondent
admitted that it had not been advised by its counsel McGill, that
the strike “might possibly” be illegal until sometime after
March 16 before the March 24 letter—after as the evidence
shows, that the Respondent had already made its decision to
terminate the strikers on March 16 and this was the first time
this reason was asserted for terminating the strikers.
The Respondent contends that it refused to reinstate the strik-
ing employees because of alleged “striker misconduct” and
58 Brooks initially testified that during the March 23 meeting, the
board voted to deny reinstatement because of “the strikers’ miscon-
duct.” She mentioned the “illegal strike” as an afterthought. Brooks
inconsistently testified that the board decided not to reinstate, “for those
two reasons.”
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 27
because the strike was unprotected. It is undisputed that the
Respondent made its decision to terminate, and did terminate
the strikers on March 16, 1999, before it concluded any pur-
ported “investigation” of alleged striker misconduct. The evi-
dence shows, and the Respondent’s own witnesses admitted,
that the Respondent terminated the strikers without ever telling
any of them what specific acts of misconduct they were ac-
cused of, and without giving any of them an opportunity to
defend themselves. Moreover, Eunice Johnson admitted that
three of the striking employees, Curtis Bailey, Lawrence
Folkes, and Jude Obaseki, did not engage in any misconduct
whatsoever. She also testified that the only misconduct Angel
Venzen is alleged to have admitted was turning off the boiler
just before commencing the strike. However, the Respondent
maintained that Theo Brailsford had prevented the garbage
from being put out on the second day of the strike and that
Keith Robinson had harassed or threatened replacement work-
ers. Also, Brooks testified that McGill had told the board of
directors that the allegation of striker misconduct was “ques-
tionable” and “not concrete” an insufficient basis upon which to
deny the strikers reinstatement.
25. The alleged incidents of striker misconduct
The Respondent’s witnesses testified extensively to asserted
incidents of alleged misconduct which constituted one of the
purported reasons for which the Respondent denied the striking
employees reinstatement, the other being that this was an illegal
and unprotected strike.
26. Accumulation of trash
During the trial, the Respondent contended that the excessive
number of trash bags that had accumulated in the trash room on
the second day of the strike was part of the misconduct for
which the strikers were denied reinstatement.
The evidence establishes that before the strike, the mainte-
nance staff brought garbage and recyclables to the compactor
room in the basement, where it was stored until trash pickup on
Wednesdays and Saturdays. Tenants also put garbage down the
chutes on each floor, which led directly to the trash compactor.
The record also shows that on January 8, before the strike be-
gan, the Respondent created and implemented a strike plan.
Pursuant to the strike plan, the Respondent closed the compac-
tor room and gave tenants their own garbage bags to fill. The
excessive amount of garbage the Respondent complained of
was discovered on Tuesday evening. It is undisputed that the
striking employees left the building as of 9:30 a.m. Monday,
February 22 when the strike began, and did not enter the build-
ing during the strike.59
Valerie Brooks testified that on Tuesday, February 23, the
day after the strike began, there was a significantly greater
amount of garbage bags accumulated in the trash room than
usual. Brooks stated that the “normal” amount of garbage was
50 bags; on the day after the strike began, there were “defi-
nitely more than 50; 75–80 bags. During cross-examination,
Brooks, however admitted that she never actually counted the

59 The employees only re-entered the building on March 11 and 15,
when they met with the Respondent to unconditionally offer to return to
work.
number of trash bags in the compactor room. Rita Bryant, a
tenant at Pratt Towers testified that there were approximately
100 bags of trash there.
The evidence establishes that when the strike began, the Re-
spondent closed the compactor room and did not use the trash
compactors. Brooks admitted that compacted garbage is
smaller than the uncompacted garbage after the strike began,
and therefore would require fewer bags. Brooks also admitted
that sometimes, tenants generate more garbage due to moving,
parties, and cleaning and that the maintenance employees did
not generate the garbage in the building, but that it is generated
by the tenants. Brooks never testified as to which strikers the
Respondent blamed for the extra trash bags.
Eunice Johnson also testified that before the strike, on a
“normal day,” there were 45–50 bags of garbage in the compac-
tor room and that on the second day of the strike, there was
“more garbage than normal piled there.” Johnson admitted that
she did not know why there was more garbage. Despite having
testified on direct that pursuant to the strike plan, tenants were
bagging their own garbage, on cross-examination, Johnson
contradicted herself, testifying that she did not know who
bagged and piled the garbage because she did not see it for
herself. Johnson then testified that it must have been the em-
ployees, “because who else would do our garbage. Certainly
not the residents, your Honor.” Next, Johnson contradictedly
admitted that she did not know who piled up the “extra” gar-
bage, and that “it might have been the residents.” In fact, dur-
ing her testimony about the extra garbage, there was no men-
tion of any strikers being involved.
The employees denied that they piled up extra garbage bags
in the compactor room.
27. Alleged harassment of temporary replacement
employees and tenants
The Respondent contends that on the second day of the
strike, the striking employees “harassed” and “threatened” the
replacement workers as they put out the garbage. The Respon-
dent also contends that during that “incident” Theo Brailsford
pushed the garbage cart as Eunice Johnson tried to take the
trash to the curb, and that Keith Robinson threatened the re-
placement workers.
Brooks testified that unnamed “strikers” “were harassing and
threatening” the temporary replacement employees and pre-
vented them from taking the garbage from the gate out to the
curb. Brooks failed to specify the conduct that was supposedly
threatening or harassing. When asked which strikers threatened
and harassed the temporary replacements, Brooks testified,
evasively, that she saw Theo, Keith, and Angel “out there.”
Noticeably, Brooks did not testify that she saw these employees
do anything, just that they were “out there.”
Temporary replacement worker Anibal Soriano testified on
behalf of the Respondent.60 Soriano testified that on his first
60 It was established during Soriano’s testimony that when he was in-
terviewed by the Respondent in preparation for trial, the Respondent
failed to give Soriano the assurances required under Johnnie’s Poultry.
In addition, his demeanor was hostile and his memory poor. Soriano
testified in Spanish, and it unclear how much English he understands.
In addition, Soriano testified that he was first questioned by the Re-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 28
and second days of work, Robinson told him that the employees
were on strike and that the replacements should not come to
work. Soriano stated that on one day, Robinson threatened to
break his face. Soriano testified that he said nothing in re-
sponse.
Soriano testified that the following day, some people on the
picket line tried to block him from taking out the trash, but it
was not Robinson. Soriano related that “the strikers” dumped
garbage on the street but Soriano did not know the names of the
persons who did this; therefore, it could not have been Brails-
ford or Robinson, whom Soriano did know. Soriano did not
even know if the persons he saw were employees of the Re-
spondent. Soriano finally testified, after his recollection was
refreshed, that Robinson had threatened to damage his car
which was parked on the street. Soriano’s car was in fact bro-
ken into at some point in time and his tools stolen. However,
no one saw what happened regarding the break-in.
Daryl Thomas-Bennett61 also hired as a temporary employee,
after the strike started and a witness for the Respondent, testi-
fied that on several occasions he was a victim of harassment.
Bennett testified that the strikers questioned him concerning
whether he lived in the building, and prevented him from taking
out the garbage. Bennett stated that there were several strikers
there but he did not know them nor did he know if all the peo-
ple with picket signs were the striking employees since there
were supporters picketing from other buildings. However,
Bennett related that some unidentified person told him that the
strikers’ name was Keith. A security guard, possibly security
officer Elliott Holloway came over to Bennett during this inci-
dent and asked if the strikers were threatening him, and Bennett
replied, no. The strikers then asked Bennett to call Johnson out
because they were not going to let the trash be taken out.
Rita Bryant, a tenant of Pratt Towers, testified that on Febru-
ary 23 while attempting to put out her garbage on the sidewalk,
being assisted by Daryl Thomas-Bennett, a newly hired tempo-
rary employee, Theo Brailsford and other striking employees,
stopped her by pushing against the trash cart to prevent its
movement and telling her that “we were interfering with their
jobs.” She stated that the manager of Wells Fargo Security was
called and he appeared since he was concerned about the safety
of his security men hired by the Respondent during the strike.

spondent about the events he testified to 1 week prior to trial. There-
fore, those events could not have been relied upon, by the Respondent
in deciding to deny reinstatement.
Soriano admitted that he understood only a part of what Robinson
had said to him, knew he would lose his job if the striking employees
were reinstated and was not told when questioned by McGill or John-
son that he was not required to speak to them or that the Employer
would not retaliate against him for refusing to do so (Johnnie’s Poultry
Co., 146 NLRB 770, 774–776 (1964)).
61 Regarding his credibility, Bennett was evasive and non-
responsive. He refused to answer questions on cross-examination,
notwithstanding an admonition from the administrative law judge. His
demeanor was less than that of a truthful witness. Moreover, Bennett
admitted having been convicted of a crime but not of the crime of per-
jury. Bennett also admitted being a contestant in “a lot of fights.” It
also should be noted that the Respondent failed to give Bennett the
assurances required under Johnnie’s Poultry, supra, when he was inter-
viewed in preparation for trial.
Eunice Johnson then arrived, called the police department, and
upon the arrival of the police, the garbage was put out on the
curb without further incident. This incident was documented
by Wells Fargo Security Officer Merikah Watkins in an inci-
dent report form stating: “Maintenance workers that are on
strike were stopping tenants from throwing the garbage out on
the DeKalb side . . . NYPD was notified about the situation and
they responded and defused the situation.” However, Watkins
was never called as a witness. According to Bryant, the strik-
ers, including Keith Robinson, continued to say that they were
interfering with the employees’ jobs.
Bennett testified that on another occasion while he and other
temporary replacement employees were attempting to take out
the garbage, Keith Robinson and two unidentified neighbor-
hood residents, who were not strikers, approached them. The
two men threatened the temporary employees with physical
harm while Robinson stood by and said nothing. Bennett con-
ceded that he returned threats back to the pickets equal to those
he received. Bennett stated that in the last conversation he had
with strikers Theo Brailsford and Keith Robinson during the
picketing, they told him that they had no problem with him and
it appeared to Bennett that they were attempting to make peace
with him. Bennett even testified that the strikers offered to try
to get him a permanent job at Pratt Towers. Holloway testified
that he had witnessed possibly this incident and removed the
temporary employees into the building.
Eunice Johnson testified that when the strikers did not allow
the temporary replacements to put the garbage out, she told the
replacement workers to go inside and she and tenant Rita Bry-
ant pushed the garbage cart toward the curb. Johnson stated
that as she pushed the cart, Theo Brailsford pushed back against
it. Johnson testified that Brailsford said that the replacement
workers were taking their jobs, and that they could not put the
garbage out to which Johnson said, no problem, that the tenants
would put the garbage out. Johnson testified that from that
point, she decided that the temporary replacements would bag
the garbage and bring it to the gate, and that the tenants would
take it from the gate to the curb.62 Johnson admitted that other
than this one incident on February 23, there were no other prob-
lems regarding putting out the trash.
Theo Brailsford testified that while picketing on the second
day of the strike, he spoke to the replacement workers, and they
agreed that they would take the garbage only to the fence. He
denies that he pushed the garbage cart. This is corroborated by
the testimony of other employees, including Keith Robinson
and Jude Obaseki. Obaseki testified that he witnessed Theo
Brailsford stand in front of a garbage cart being pushed by
Johnson, but he saw Brailsford step aside once a security guard
asked him to. Obaseki stated that he never saw Brailsford push
the cart.
Keith Robinson testified that while picketing, he told the re-
placement workers that they were taking his job and he asked
them to respect the strike. After a discussion with the replace-
ment workers, they agreed that they would bring the trash only
62 The record demonstrates that even prior to the strike, the Respon-
dent’s strike contingency plan provided that tenants would take the
garbage out to the curb.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 29
to the gate and would not take it all the way to the curb. Robin-
son testified that the employees shook hands on the arrange-
ment.63 This arrangement was followed throughout the strike.
Robinson denied that he left the picket line and brought back
neighborhood guys to coerce the temporary replacements. He
consistently testified that he did not leave the line. Robinson
testified that other persons, not only Pratt Towers’ employees,
joined the picket line, and they may have yelled at the replace-
ment workers. Robinson denied that he ever told the replace-
ment employees that he was going to kick their asses, or threat-
ened to “break Soriano’s face.”
The record evidence, including admissions by the Respon-
dent’s witnesses, shows that the trash got put out that day, and
that there were no further incidents involving the removal of
trash thereafter.
The record establishes that the strikers’ interaction with the
replacement workers at the beginning of the strike was neither
harassing nor seriously threatening. Instead, the strikers at-
tempted to inform the replacements about the strike and the
impact that the replacement workers had on their jobs.
28. The department of sanitation—garbage removal
The Respondent contends that part of the “misconduct” for
which the strikers were denied reinstatement was because of the
New York City Department of Sanitation’s (DOS) refusal to
pick up the Respondent’s generated garbage and that the strik-
ing employees prevented the pickup from happening. Brooks
testified that one basis for denying the strikers reinstatement
was that the DOS would not cross the picket line until the Re-
spondent obtained a health order. Brooks blamed the men on
the picket line for the Sanitation Department’s failure to pick
up the garbage and for making the tenants put the garbage out
on the curb. Brooks further testified that she had to implement
a policy for the tenants to bring the garbage to the curb, because
of the strikers and the way they were behaving on the picket
line. Yet, Brooks next testified that the policy was actually
created in April 1998, when the Respondent began preparing
strike contingency plan to address how garbage would be re-
moved from the building in the event of a strike. It was as early
as January 8, 1999, well before the strike began, that the board
of directors decided, and informed the tenants that they would
be responsible for putting garbage out to the curb. It is also a
fact that as early as January 8, 1999, as part of the same strike
contingency plan, the board of directors determined should a
strike occur the compactor would be sealed. Soon afterward
Brooks found out that the New York City Department of Sani-
tation does not cross picket lines and that the only way they
will cross a picket line is for the building to obtain a health
order.
The Respondent failed to explain why the DOS policy not to
cross a picket line was considered by the Respondent to be
misconduct on the part of the striking employees. Upon Brooks
being asked if “. . . after you learned that the Sanitation De-
partment, based on their own policy, honors picket lines, does

63 This testimony was corroborated by the Respondent’s own wit-
nesses, temporary replacement workers Anibal Soriano and Daryl
Thomas-Bennett.
not cross picket lines, did that change your mind about that
aspect of what you contend to be striker misconduct?”, Brooks
responded, “Policy yeah I guess it would.” However, Brooks
also testified that the strikers engaged in misconduct not be-
cause of the DOS policy, but by actively restraining the pick up
of garbage.64 Brooks related that someone had told her that
because DOS is unionized they don’t cross picket lines and
won’t pick up garbage if “they feel they’re going to have any
confrontation.”
Johnson testified that she called the Department of Sanitation
(DOS), stating,

they said to me that Sanitation will pick up the garbage, they
had no problem with that. However, if Sanitation arrives to
pick up the garbage and there is—the guys are picketing and
there’s any type of disturbance, they will not interfere . . . and,
this is what Sanitation said to me, that is what would happen
when they came to pick it up, and under those circumstances,
they would not pick up my garbage and that’s why they
didn’t.

Johnson never identified which striker or strikers if any were
responsible for the DOS refusing to pick up trash.65
The Respondent also called as its witness, Wells Fargo Secu-
rity Officer Elliot Holloway who testified that “one striker”
pulled a jeep between the garbage and the sanitation truck, and
that the sanitation workers said they would not pick up the gar-
bage. Holloway stated that he thought that Theo Brailsford was
driving the jeep. Holloway added that he also saw Curtis Bai-
ley speak to the sanitation truck driver but could not overhear
what was said. Brailsford denied ever having blocked the DOS
from picking up garbage.
29. The jammed lock
The Respondent’s witnesses suspected that strikers jammed
and broke the lock with a nail on the gate at the back of the
DeKalb side of the building but the Respondent proffered no
probative evidence to substantive this accusation. Both Valerie
Brooks and Eunice Johnson testified that on Friday, 4 days after
the strike began, the Respondent’s tenants proceeded to take
their garbage out when they found that the padlock on the gate
was jammed with a nail. This angered the tenants. The record
establishes that over 500 tenants live in the Respondent’s build-
ing. Although the Respondent purportedly held the strikers
responsible for the broken lock, Valerie Brooks testified that
the Respondent did not know who broke the lock, and that, in
64 The Respondent purportedly learned of an incident of this from
special officer “Pat” but failed to call him as a witness to testify on its
behalf and there is no written incident report concerning the alleged
occurrence. This unexplained failure to produce relevant, and material
witnesses and/or reports raises an adverse inference that the witness or
report would not have supported the Respondent’s position. Johnson
Freightlines, supra; Bay Metal Cabinets, Inc., 302 NLRB 152 (1990),
enfd. 940 F.2d 661 (6th Cir. 1991); and Redwood Empire, Inc., 296
NLRB 369 fn. 1 (1989).
65 It is interesting to note that at the Respondent’s March 16 board
meeting, McGill advised the Respondent that DOS employees usually
do not cross picket lines to pick up garbage and when this occurs, it is
not attributable to strikers unless it can be shown that in some way the
strikers physically impeded DOS from collecting the garbage.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 30
fact, it could also have been any of the Respondent’s tenants.
Johnson also admitted that she did not know who jammed the
lock, and that the Respondent had no evidence attributing the
problem with the lock to any of the strikers.
30. Garbage strewn on the Respondent’s premises
The Respondent also accused the strikers of strewing gar-
bage into the Respondent’s yard. Brooks testified that on one
occasion, garbage that had been put out was thrown back on to
the premises. Brooks did not testify as to when this happened,
or to which of the strikers threw the garbage. Brooks admitted
again, that the Respondent did not see who threw the garbage,
and that for all the Respondent knew, it could have been any-
one in the building, or even the temporary replacements.
Brailsford denied throwing any garbage around in the streets.
Johnson also admitted that neither she nor Brooks actually
saw any of the strikers throw garbage around. In fact, Johnson
admitted that the Respondent had no evidence that the strikers
were responsible for throwing garbage. Moreover, a Wells
Fargo serious incident report, dated February 24, completed by
Officer Holloway establishes that on February 24, an intoxi-
cated female entered the Respondent’s premises, “creating a
mess, overturned garbage cans.” Sorino at first testified that he
saw some men carrying signs who broke open garbage bags
which he was putting out. However, he then testified that he
never saw these people actually touch the garbage.
31. Brooks’ alleged confrontation with Theo Brailsford
One of Respondent’s reasons for denying strikers reinstate-
ment as misconduct was the purported “confrontation” between
Valerie Brooks and striking employee Theo Brailsford. Ac-
cording to Brooks, on Tuesday, February 23, she left the build-
ing with the Respondent’s secretary, Chantel Bennett, to go to a
deli down the street to get breakfast. Brooks testified that as
she crossed the street, Theo Brailsford drove up in a car and
then followed her down the street, yelling that she was taking
food out of his family’s mouth. Brooks stated that Brailsford
held the door to the deli closed as she tried to open the door,
and when she successfully did so, Brailsford then went away.
Brooks admitted that when she came back, “there was no—he
didn’t do anything else after that when I came back. There was
no contact between us at all.”66
Brailsford denied that he ever followed Brooks down the
street. He testified that he was certain of this because he had no
contact with Brooks during the strike, at all, accept when he
asked for reinstatement to his job.
Eunice Johnson testified that the alleged incident between
Brooks and Brailsford formed part of the basis for denying
strikers reinstatement, even though no other strikers were im-
plicated in this incident apart from Brailsford. Furthermore, it
is undisputed that the Respondent never questioned Brailsford
about the alleged incident and never allowed him to present his
side of the story.

66 The Respondent did not call Chantel Bennett, who continues to
work in the office at Respondent’s facility, as a witness. The Respon-
dents failure to call Bennett to corroborate Brooks testimony gives rise
to an inference that Bennett would not have supported Brooks testi-
mony as to this incident. See Johnson Freightlines, supra.
32. The slashed tire
During the trial, Brooks testified that on February 23 on her
way from the deli back to the building, she noticed that the
front left tire of her car, which had been parked in the drive-
way, was going flat. Brooks testified that one reason the strik-
ers were denied reinstatement was because the air was let out of
her tires. She admitted that she never saw any employee do
anything to her tires, and admitted that this “misconduct” was
relied upon even though she had absolutely no idea who, if
anyone, let the air out of her tire.
The Respondent admitted that during the course of the strike,
the Respondent’s tenants heard rumors that the Respondent,
and Valerie Brooks in particular, accused the striking employ-
ees of slashing Brooks’ tires. Brooks admitted that between
February 22 and March 23, the Respondent did nothing to dis-
pel these rumors. During an open meeting of shareholders,
Brooks was confronted by an angry shareholder, Brenda Wor-
thington, who denounced the rumor, whereupon, Brooks admit-
ted that her tires had not been slashed. Brooks testified that at
this meeting she “clarified” the rumor to the shareholders, tell-
ing them that her tire went flat.
33. The clogged laundry drains
Among the various reasons proffered for denying the strikers
reinstatement was the accusation that they sabotaged the laun-
dry room by putting cement in the drains. Valerie Brooks testi-
fied that on the morning of Tuesday, February 23, the second
day of the strike, she started to do her laundry when the drain
backed up and flooded the floor of the laundry room. Brooks
stated that Roto-Rooter came and advised the Respondent that
there was cement in the drain. The evidence establishes that
the laundry room is open from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., but one needs
a magnetic swipe card to enter. At other hours, no one can
enter the laundry room except, for the superintendent and secu-
rity guards who have access at all times.
Brooks testified that she did not see the strikers enter the
building while picketing. In addition, the Roto-Rooter bills do
not indicate, as the Respondent’s witnesses testified, that there
was cement in the drains. Instead, they show that there was
heavy dirt and lint and some rocks, as Brooks admitted. Brooks
stated, that she had no idea how the rocks got in the drain, nor
did she know who put them there. In fact, Brooks admitted that
the rocks could have been in the pipes from construction years
ago.
Johnson also admitted that the Respondent had no evidence
that any strikers did anything to cause the backup in the laundry
room drain, yet this did not deter the Respondent from consid-
ering that event as a basis for denying the strikers reinstate-
ment.67 Johnson stated that the topic of the laundry room was
mentioned at the March 16 meeting of the board of directors.
67 The evidence demonstrates that the Respondent, did not conduct
an investigation of this problem to ascertain who, if anyone, clogged
the drain. The evidence also reveals that the computer swipe cards
used to gain entry into the laundry room are linked to a computer that
keeps a record of who enters and at what time. The Respondent admit-
ted that no check was made of the computer records. Moreover, the
Roto-Rooter plumber was never called as a witness to corroborate any
of the Respondents’ witnesses accusation. Nor did the Respondent
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 31
Faythe Gaskin also testified that the board had no proof that
the strikers had been responsible for clogging the laundry room
drains. She stated that it was simply assumed that Angel Ven-
zen was responsible for this alleged act of sabotage. Gaskin
related that since 1964, the inception of the building, and for a
long as she had lived there, the laundry room had never had a
clogged drain. However, Brooks testified that this is not the
first time the laundry room has flooded, as a matter of fact it
has happened often, as recent as 6 months prior to the February
23 flooding incident.
The Respondent’s witnesses admitted that the board of direc-
tors had no proof that the striking employees were responsible
for the clogging of the laundry drains yet they considered this
an act of misconduct on the part of the strikers as one of the
reasons for denying them reinstatement.
34. Shutting off the boiler
Another reason the Respondent asserted that it denied rein-
statement to all strikers was because they shut off the boiler.
This was considered one of the more serious of the infractions.
The evidence establishes that on the morning that the strike
began, Angel Venzen turned off the boiler, pursuant to the in-
structions of Union Business Agent Dan Gross. Gross testified
that the boiler was shut off in order to protect the Respondent’s
property and tenants from any mishap that could result from the
boiler being on but not monitored. New York City regulations
even state that boilers must be maintained by the person on the
premises, and that the license holder is liable for damage. The
boiler was turned on at 7:30 p.m. that same day.68
Angel Venzen, testified that he and Keith Robinson, went to
the Respondent’s office and told Eunice Johnson’s secretary,
Chantel Bennett, that the employees were going on strike and
that he needed to speak to Johnson. Bennett got Johnson on the
telephone, and Venzen told Johnson that the employees were
going on strike, that he was turning in his keys, and that he had
shut down the boiler for safety reasons.
Johnson admits that Chantel Bennett called her and advised
her that the employees were going on strike, but denies that she
spoke to Venzen that morning. The Respondent did not call
Chantel Bennett as a witness, although Johnson testified that
the Respondent spoke to her about testifying and told her she
might possibly be a witness.69

question any of the striking employees about this. See Johnson
Freightlines, supra.
68 Johnson testified that an unnamed tenant came to the office in the
afternoon saying that “it seemed a little cool today, but again it wasn’t
very, very cold at that point in the building.” Johnson stated that board
vice president, John Porter, turned the boiler back on, with the assis-
tance of the superintendent, some time that evening. Johnson’s testi-
mony contradicted the affidavit she gave in connection with the unfair
labor practice investigation. In her affidavit, Johnson swore that on the
day after the strike, she called a heating contractor who informed her
for the first time that the boiler had been turned off.
69 The unexplained failure to call Chantel Bennett as a witness for
the Respondent to corroborate Johnson’s testimony as to this, under the
circumstances present in this case, gives rise to a strong inference that
her testimony would not support the Respondent’s contention nor John-
son’s rendition of what happened. See Johnson Freightlines, supra.
Johnson testified that the boiler is checked at the beginning
and end of the day, usually by the superintendent or by the
handyman. During cross-examination, Johnson stated that after
the employees went on strike, the Respondent hired a boiler
maintenance company to check the boiler every day “because
its worth it for me to know that the building is safe.” Johnson
admitted that if the boiler is not maintained and checked every
day, it could create an unsafe condition. Brooks, too, agreed
that the boiler must be monitored daily or else it is dangerous.
Johnson also testified that had the strikers notified the Re-
spondent that they were shutting off the boiler, it would have
been less serious misconduct. Johnson admitted that she never
asked Venzen why he turned the boiler off. Johnson stated that
she never considered the possibility that Chantel forgot to tell
her that Venzen was shutting the boiler down, and admitted that
it was possible that Chantel could have forgotten to relay this to
Johnson.
Moreover, Johnson testified on direct examination that the
first day of the strike was a cold day, “one of the coldest days
of the winter.” Johnson did not testify as to what the tempera-
ture was, or how she happened to recall this detail. Later, she
contradicted her testimony, stating that in the late afternoon, it
was not yet very cold in the building.
Shutting off the boiler could not have been the “serious” act
of sabotage that the Respondent claimed. McGill testified that
he knew of the boiler having been shut off (along with one
other alleged act of misconduct) as of March 9, and yet on
March 11, he told Board Agent Sharon Chau that he was going
to recommend that his client reinstate the strikers.
35. Walking on Respondent’s walkway
The Respondent alleged another act of “misconduct” for
which the employees were terminated, that of using the Re-
spondent’s walkway between DeKalb and Lafayette Avenues.
The evidence demonstrates that the Respondent never advised
the employees that they were no longer allowed to use a path
they were privileged to use before the strike. In addition, it is
hard to imagine how Respondent could contend that this was an
act of “serious misconduct.”
Eunice Johnson testified that she did not know which em-
ployees walked on the walkway, but she was certain that
Obaseki and Folkes did not. Johnson admitted that the public
uses that walkway as a means of getting from one street to the
other without having to walk around the entire building. John-
son also admitted that the Respondent never promulgated any
rules prohibiting strikers from using the walkway, nor did it
instruct the strikers not to use the walkway. Johnson stated that
she “assumed” that they had been told, that they could not use
the walkway but did not know this for a fact.
Keith Robinson testified that the Respondent never told the
employees that they could not walk on the walkway. In fact,
Robinson frequently used the walkway before the strike be-
cause he lives right across the street.
With regard to the above-alleged incidents of striker miscon-
duct, Valerie Brooks testified to several such occurrences
blamed on the strikers including: more than the normal amount
of garbage accumulated in the trash compactor room; harassing
temporary replacements on the second day of the strike while
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 32
they tried to put the garbage out on the curb; responsibility for
the Department of Sanitation’s refusal to cross the picket line
without a health order; the jammed lock on the back gate; gar-
bage strewn on the Respondent’s premises; a confrontation
between Theo Brailsford and Brooks while on her way to a
nearby deli; a flat tire; and cement in the laundry room. It is
noteworthy that Brooks failed to mention that the employees
engaged in misconduct by shutting off the boiler, presumably
one of the more serious and inexcusable acts of misconduct by
the strikers. Interestingly, Brooks, during cross-examination,
added another reason that the Respondent also relied on as to
what they were told by a security officer. Brooks did not men-
tion which officers or what they reported to the Respondent.
Brooks also testified that during the March 23 meeting of the
board of directors, the board members discussed various acts of
misconduct allegedly engaged in by the strikers, including
Brooks’ flat tire, stopping the garbage collection, clogging
laundry drains, garbage accumulating in the basement, and
harassing the temporary workers. However, the cassette tape of
the March 23 board meeting reveals that the topic of alleged
strikers misconduct was not discussed at all.
Johnson testified about the following events as being mis-
conduct on the part of the striking employees: that on the sec-
ond day of the strike, strikers impeded the replacement workers
in putting the garbage out to the curb; the boiler shutdown;
more garbage than normal having accumulated in the trash
compactor room; and the Department of Sanitation refusing to
pick up trash until Respondent obtained a health order. John-
son testified that shutting off the boiler was one of the incidents
of “serious misconduct” for which the strikers were not rein-
stated.70 Johnson admitted that had the strikers informed the
Respondent in advance, it would have been less serious con-
duct.
Johnson contradicted the testimony of Valerie Brooks.
When asked whether the extra garbage in the trash room was
part of the misconduct for which the employees were denied
reinstatement. Johnson replied, “[N]ot directly, no, we didn’t
go after them because there was more garbage bags, no.” John-
son testified that another act the Respondent considered to be
striker misconduct was that they walked through the walkway
between Lafayette Street and DeKalb Avenue. Johnson also
added the alleged confrontation between Valerie Brooks and
Theo Brailsford as another reason why the strikers were denied
reinstatement (even though Brailsford was the only striker al-
leged to have been involved) the clogged laundry room drain
and that another act of “serious misconduct” was that garbage
had been strewn all over the fences.
Johnson related additional reasons that the Respondent de-
nied the strikers reinstatement. Johnson testified that the inci-
dent reports from the security officers were part of the “mis-
conduct” upon which the Respondent denied the strikers rein-

r.

70 While the Respondent asserted that shutting the boiler down was
misconduct for which the strikers were denied reinstatement, the
Respondent also admitted that only Angel Venzen shut off the boile
statement.71 Including an incident report from Officer Hollo-
way that he observed Keith Robinson

walking from DeKalb Avenue towards Lafayette Avenue. He
stop [sic] to say hello to me then I left to come in building,
and he was talking with a tenant from the building, then he
left . . . nothing out of the ordinary happened.

Johnson testified that the Respondent relied on Holloway’s
incident report because the strikers were not allowed on the
Respondent’s property—even though the incident report is
dated March 27—days after the strikers were already termi-
nated. When confronted with the impossibility that the Re-
spondent relied on an incident report dated after the employees’
termination, Johnson changed her testimony and now testified
that the incident was not a basis for denying the strikers rein-
statement.
Faythe Gaskin also testified about the reasons upon which
the Respondent based it decision to terminate the strikers. Gas-
kin testified that the strikers “cut off the hot water.”72 She testi-
fied that was an act of misconduct relied upon by the board of
directors, although she, herself, did not consider that to be seri-
ous misconduct. Gaskin testified that the strikers didn’t let the
oil trucks come in.73 Gaskin said that “as to the laundry room
. . . I don’t know for sure, but I know that we couldn’t do any
laundry because something had happened in the laundry room”
and that something blocked the pipes.74 Gaskin testified that
another act of misconduct was that Venzen had been seen
bringing his children to their babysitter in the Respondent’s
facility. No other witness for the Respondent testified to this
act of misconduct.
Gaskin also added to list of misconduct relied on by the Re-
spondent that UPS drivers did not cross the picket line. Ac-
cording to Gaskin, the Respondent also factored into their deci-
sion the Department of Sanitation’s initial refusal to cross the
picket line because it was inconvenient for tenants to bring their
garbage down. Gaskin also testified that part of the decision to
deny reinstatement was because of the inconvenience the strik-
ers created by the strike.
Gaskin was asked during cross-examination whether there
were any reasons other than “misconduct” for the Respondent’s
71 The other incidents of “serious misconduct” documented in secu-
rity officers reports, and which were included in the Respondent’s
decision to terminate the employees included: Strike guard S/O Wat-
kins: 7:42 a.m.—Theo walked by building going to DeKalb side. 7:44
a.m.—Theo walked by building going to Lafayette side; February 25,
1999: 8:50 a.m.—Theo walk [sic] across from DeKalb to Lafayette
Avenue with strike sign in his hand. He stop in front of building to talk
to home attendant that was entering the building. I told him he needed
to move on and he did. 3:26 p.m.—Keith walk through the driveway at
this time from DeKalb to Lafayette.
72 Gaskin testified that it was only Angel Venzen that the Respon-
dent held responsible for shutting off the boiler.
73 Gaskin testified that the board of directors said that Theo and
Keith blocked the oil delivery.
74 Gaskin testified that “they said it had to be Angel . . . just Angel”
that was responsible for the problem in the laundry room. Gaskin fur-
ther admitted that the Respondent had no witnesses and no proof that it
was Angel Venzen who caused the drain backup. The board of direc-
tors “just assumed” that Angel was responsible.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 33
refusal to reinstate the striking employees. Gaskin did not men-
tion that Respondent believed that the strike was unlawful.
36. Credibility
As to the credibility of the respective parties witnesses, after
carefully considering the record evidence, I have based my
findings on my observation of the demeanor of the witnesses,
the weight of the respective evidence, established and admitted
facts, inherent probabilities, and reasonable inferences which
may be drawn from the record as a whole. Gold Standard En-
terprises, 259 NLRB 618 (1978); V & W Castings, 231 NLRB
912 (1977); and Northridge Knitting Mills, 223 NLRB 230
(1976). From the above, I tend to credit the account of what
occurred as given by the General Counsel’s witnesses. Al-
though I did note some inconsistencies in the record, their tes-
timony was generally given in a forthright and believable man-
ner, was consistent and corroborative of each other on critical
issues and with the other evidence in the record, and discrepan-
cies in their testimony was sought to be explained in an appar-
ent truthful and reasonable manner. Further, based upon their
demeanor, and other facts in the record I find these witnesses to
be more trustworthy and credible.
In contrast, the testimony of the Respondent’s key witnesses,
Eunice Johnson, Valerie Brooks, and Kevin McGill was eva-
sive, guarded, and inconsistent of other evidence in the record,
and interestingly, in some instances supportive of the testimony
of the General Counsel’s witnesses. Their demeanor was un-
cooperative at times giving unresponsive answers and their
testimony contradicted each other and that of other of the Re-
spondent’s witnesses. For example, Gaskin testified that the
employees were told that they had to get a letter from the Union
wherein the Union disavowed interest in representing them in
order for reinstatement, while Johnson recalled that this was not
a precondition to reinstatement.
Additionally, Eunice Johnson testified that if her voice had
been recorded on tape and this was contradicted by her testi-
mony, that the tape was more reliable. If there was a writing
that contradicted the testimony, Johnson stated that the writing
would be more credible than the testimony, but less credible
than the tape recording. Johnson conceded that her own testi-
mony, was the least credible source of the truth. Also McGill
testified that he recommended, at the beginning of the meeting,
that the Respondent take the striking employees back. Yet the
minutes of that meeting make no reference to any recommenda-
tion by McGill as such. McGill admitted that there was no
statement by him, recorded in the minutes of that meeting rec-
ommending that the strikers be reinstated.
Moreover, while I do not discredit all of the testimony of
these witnesses where it does not conflict with that of the Gen-
eral Counsel’s witnesses, based upon their demeanor, I addi-
tionally found their testimony to be vague, less than credible,
not believable and they especially proved to be suspect as unre-
liable witnesses, changing their testimony when confronted
with evidence to the contrary. Of additional significance is the
failure of the Respondent to call Chantel Bennett, security offi-
cer “Pat,” and the Roto-Rooter man as witnesses without ex-
planation to corroborate, clarify, or rebut any of the testimony
given. Since their testimony was not elicited, it is presumed
that it would not support the contentions of the Respondent.75
B. Analysis and Conclusion
The consolidated complaint alleges that the Respondent in
March 1999, refused to reinstate its unit employees after they,
and also the Union on their behalf, made unconditional offers to
return to their former positions unless and until these employ-
ees abandoned their support for the Union, the Respondent
thereby discriminating against them in regard to the hire and
tenure and terms and conditions of employment, and thus dis-
couraging membership in a labor organization in violation of
Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act. The consolidated complaint
also alleged that the Respondent engaged in such conduct be-
cause its employees joined, supported, or assisted the Union,
and in order to discourage its employees from engaging in such
activities or other concerted activities for the purposes of col-
lective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection.
On February 22, 1999, six of the Respondent’s maintenance
employees, Curtis Bailey, Theorgy Brailsford, Lawrence
Folkes, Jude Obaseki, Keith Robinson, and Angel Venzen,
engaged in a strike and commenced picketing in support of the
Union’s demand for a collective-bargaining agreement. The
record evidence shows that on March 11 and 15, 1999, all these
six striking employees made unconditional offers to return to
work. Moreover, the parties stipulated that the Respondent did
not permanently replace the strikers. An economic strike is
protected activity and strikers retain the status of employees.
Although an employer may permanently replace strikers with
others in an effort to carry on its business, any discrimination in
putting the strikers back to work is a violation of Section 8 of
the Act. NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 304 U.S.
333, 346–347 (1938).
The respective rights of economic strikers and thus employ-
ees are well established. As the Supreme Court stated in NLRB
v. Fleetwood Trailer Co., 389 U.S. 375 (1967):

Accordingly, unless the employer who refuses to reinstate
strikers can show that his action was due to “legitimate and
substantial business justification,” he is guilty of an unfair la-
bor practice. NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers, 388 U.S. 26, 34
(1967). The burden of proving justification is on the em-
ployer. Ibid. It is the primary responsibility of the Board and
not of the courts “to strike the proper balance between the as-
serted business justifications and the invasion of employee
rights in light of the Act and its policy.” Id., at 33–34.

75 An adverse inference may properly be drawn regarding any matter
about which a witness is likely to have knowledge, if a party fails to
call that witness to support its position and the witness may reasonably
be assumed to be favorably disposed to the party. Hudson Moving &
Storage Co., 322 NLRB 1028 (1997); Redwood Empire, 296 NLRB
369, 384 fn. 83 (1988). Contrast, Goldsmith Motors Corp., 310 NLRB
1279 fn. 1 (1993); Property Resources Corp., 285 NLRB 1105 fn. 2
(1987), enfd. 863 F.2d 964 (D.C. Cir. 1988).
Also, from the failure of a party to produce material witnesses or
relevant evidence without satisfactory explanation, the trier of the facts
may draw an inference that such testimony or evidence would be unfa-
vorable to that party. Eleven Food Store, 257 NLRB 108 (1981); Pub-
lishers Printing Co., 233 NLRB 1070 (1977).
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 34
In some situations, “legitimate and substantial business
justifications” for refusing to reinstate striking employees who
engaged in an economic strike, have been recognized . . . .
NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 304 U.S. 333, 345–
346 1938).76

Further, in NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers, 388 U.S. 26 (1967),
the Supreme Court held that proof of antiunion motivation is
unnecessary when the employer’s conduct “could have ad-
versely affected employee rights to some extent,” and when the
employer does not meet his burden of establishing “that it was
motivated by legitimate objectives.” 388 U.S. at 34.
It is unlawful for an employer to condition the reinstatement
of strikers upon their abandoning a union, and to require strik-
ers to furnish proof that they have resigned from the union in
order to return to work. F. L. Thorpe & Co., 315 NLRB 147
(1994); Gaywood Mfg. Co., 299 NLRB 697 (1990); and Tri-
umph Curing Center, 222 NLRB 627 (1976).
The record evidence establishes that the Respondent unlaw-
fully conditioned the strikers’ reinstatement upon their aban-
doning the Union, and providing the Respondent with written
proof by letter that all ties with the Union had been severed and
the Union no longer represented them. It is undisputed that all
six strikers made unconditional offers to return to work on
March 11 and 15, 1999, and that the Union made an uncondi-
tional offer to return to work on behalf of the employees on
March 16, 1999. It is also undisputed that the Respondent
never replaced the strikers with permanent employees, but only
with temporary employees.
The credited testimony of Theo Brailsford and Keith Robin-
son, and the affidavit of Curtis Bailey shows that on March 11,
Eunice Johnson told these employees after they had made un-
conditional offers to return to work, that in order to be consid-
ered for reinstatement they had to get a letter from the Union
stating that they no longer were represented by 32B-32J. Seek-
ing an explanation for the Respondent’s demand Brailsford
repeatedly asked Johnson why such a letter was required and if
the employees could return to work without the letter. John-
son’s response was, “No.”
The credible and corroborative evidence also establishes that
on March 15, 1999, when Angel Venzen and George Folkes
made unconditional offers to return to work, Valerie Brooks
told them that they had to obtain letters from the Union stating
that they no longer wanted the Union and were no longer in the
Union. Additionally, on March 15, when Jude Obaseki made
an unconditional offer to return to work during a telephone
conversation with Brooks, she informed him that he had to
disassociate himself from the Union before he could come back
to work.
Furthermore, the testimony of the Respondent’s own wit-
nesses establishes that the Respondent required that the striking
employees abandon the Union and produce evidence of this in
the form of a letter from the Union stating that the Union no
longer represented them before they would be reinstated. Fay-
the Gaskin testified that during the March 11 and 15 meetings,

76 Also see; Laidlaw Corp., 171 NLRB 1366 (1968); Gibson Greet-
ings, Inc. v. NLRB, 53 F.3d 385 (D.C. Cir. 1995); and NLRB v. Fire
Alert Co., 566 F.2d 696 (10th Cir. 1977).
Johnson told the employees that she would need verification by
letter from Local 32B-32J that the employees were no longer
connected to the Union, and until such a letter was produced
there was nothing she could do about reinstating them. Gaskin
implied in her testimony that the failure of the men to produce
such a letter was the reason why the Respondent did not rein-
state them. Moreover, Joan Newsome-White testified that
Johnson requested that the employees obtain a letter from the
Union stating that the men no longer wanted Local 32B-32J to
represent them, and Eunice Johnson admitted that she told the
employees that they needed a letter from the Union stating that
these employees had severed their ties with the Union.
However, the Respondent asserts that the reason it told the
employees to obtain a letter from the Union indicating that they
had severed their ties with it was because the employees had
come to the Respondent not only seeking their jobs back, but
because they wanted the Respondent’s assistance in getting a
new union since they were unhappy with Local 32B-32J’s rep-
resentation of them in the negotiations and the resulting strike.
It should be noted that I do not credit the Respondent’s asser-
tion or its rendition of what occurred at the March 11 and 15
meetings with the striking employees, and its purported reasons
for the demand that the striking employees disassociate them-
selves from the Union with proof thereof. First as noted in the
“Credibility” section of this decision. I credited the testimony
of the General Counsel’s witnesses over that of the Respon-
dent’s, and the striking employees all testified that they never
told the Respondent that they were unhappy with the Union and
no longer wanted to be represented by the Union. As testified
to credibly by the General Counsel’s witnesses, it was the Re-
spondent who raised the issue of the Union in requiring the
employees to get letters from the Union indicating that they
were no longer connected to it, when the striking employees
requested their jobs back. It is apparent from the record evi-
dence that the actual reason the Respondent sought such letters
from the Union by the employees was because it was fully
aware of its obligation, under the Board’s certification of Local
32B-32J as the bargaining representative of its employees, to
bargain with that Union, and it wanted to get out from under the
certification any way it could, and not for the reason that the
striking employees no longer wanted the Union to represent
them, as alleged.
Furthermore, the Respondent’s contention that the employ-
ees sought to get rid of the Union was not supported by any
credible, probative evidence. Instead, the Respondent’s wit-
nesses’ presented only self-serving testimony to support its
defense. The Board does not treat self-serving testimony as
conclusive, even where it is uncontradicted, and here the Re-
spondent’s witnesses’ testimony was controverted by that given
credibly by the General Counsel’s witnesses. Twin Cities Elec-
tronics, 296 NLRB 1014 (1989).
Moreover, the employees’ testimony is supported by addi-
tional probative evidence. The record shows that the employ-
ees, having been dissatisfied with their former Union Local 2,
elected Local 32B-32J as their bargaining representative
through the auspices of an NLRB conducted representation
election. Thus, the evidence shows that the employees were
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 35
aware, without the Respondent’s assistance, at least what to do
when unhappy with their Union.
Also, the testimony of Board Agent Sharon Chau, given in a
highly forthright, credible, and believable manner, and without
any reason to be less than impartial or to embellish her testi-
mony, establishes that on March 11, 1999, the employees came
to the Board immediately after being denied reinstatement, and
told Chau that the Respondent had demanded a letter from the
Union stating that it no longer represented the employees.
Chau telephoned the Respondent on behalf of the employees
and spoke to McGill, the Respondent’s counsel. McGill admit-
ted though seemingly reluctedly that Chau informed him that
the Respondent required such a letter from the Union in order
for the employees to return to work.
Additionally, not only is the Respondent’s defense not be-
lievable; it is unavailing. The Respondent’s allegation that the
employees sought to get rid of the Union is no defense. Even
assuming arguendo the Respondent’s version, the testimony of
the Respondent’s witnesses establishes that the Respondent still
conditioned reinstatement upon the employees proving that
they resigned from and severed all ties with the Union in order
to be reinstated. Eunice Johnson testified that she told the em-
ployees that she could not take their word that they no longer
wanted Local 32B-32J. She testified that she needed proof, in
the form of a letter from the Union, that the employees had
severed their ties with the Union in order to return to work.
Thus, even if it is concluded that the employees wanted to
abandon the Union, the Respondent’s conduct requiring the
employees to return with written proof—does not provide the
basis for a different result. Reinstatement and who will repre-
sent the employees are two separate and distinct issues. The
evidence conclusively establishes that it was the Respondent
who, unlawfully, linked the two.
For the above reasons, the clear and convincing evidence es-
tablishes that the Respondent conditioned the striking employ-
ees’ reinstatement upon their abandoning the Union and fur-
nishing proof that they severed all ties with the Union. Accord-
ingly, I find that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) and
(3) of the Act.
1. The Respondent’s affirmative defenses
Board law is clear that after the striking employees, who
have not been permanently replaced, make unconditional offers
to return to work, the Respondent is obligated to immediately
reinstate them. NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., su-
pra; Gimrock Construction, 326 NLRB 401(1998).
The Respondent raises two affirmative defenses for its deny-
ing the striking employees reinstatement upon their uncondi-
tional request for their jobs back. (1) the alleged misconduct of
the striking employees and (2) the unlawfulness of the strike
itself.
2. The alleged striker misconduct
In cases involving either the discharge of or refusal to rein-
state strikers for having engaged in alleged acts of strike mis-
conduct, “the burden of proving discrimination is that of the
General Counsel.” Rubin Bros. Footwear, 99 NLRB 610, 611
(1952). In Virginia Mfg. Co., 310 NLRB 1261, 1271 (1993),
the administrative law judge with Board approval, stated:

But action taken against participants of a protected strike is
inherently destructive of Section 7 rights. NLRB v. Great
Dane Trailers, 388 U.S. 26 (1967). Accordingly, the General
Counsel’s threshold burden is to establish (1) that a worker
was, in fact, a striker and (2) that his employer took some ac-
tion against him for conduct associated with the strike.
Laredo Coca Cola Bottling Co., 258 NLRB 491, 496 (1981).

Thus, the General Counsel carries out its burden of establishing
a prima facie case by demonstrating that (1) the unreinstated
employee had been a striker and (2) the employer refused to
reinstate the striker on the ground that he engaged in strike
misconduct. Virginia Mfg. Co., supra at 1271, and cases cited
therein. It is undisputed and the parties stipulated that all six
employees involved were strikers. The Respondent alleges that
it refused to reinstate the strikers because they allegedly en-
gaged in strike misconduct. This is sufficient to find that the
General Counsel has established its prima facie case. General
Telephone Co., 251 NLRB 737, 739 fn. 18 (1980), enfd. mem.
672 F.2d 895 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
Having established prima facie case, the burden shifts to the
Respondent to prove that it had an honest belief that the em-
ployees were guilty of strike misconduct of a serious nature.
Virginia Mfg. Co., supra; NLRB v. Champ Corp., 933 F.2d 688,
700 (9th Cir. 1991); General Urethane Corp., 284 NLRB 1349,
1352 (1987); General Telephone, supra at 738. Serious mis-
conduct which disqualifies a striker from reinstatement, or
permits his discharge, is that which meets the test set forth by
the Board in Clear Pine Mouldings, 268 NLRB 1044, 1046
(1984), enfd. 765 F.2d 148 (9th Cir. 1985), cert. denied 474
U.S. 1105 (1986), “whether the misconduct is such that, under
the circumstances existing, it may reasonably tend to coerce, or
intimidate employees in the exercise of rights protected under
the Act.”77 Moreover, misconduct aimed at managers or other
nonemployees may also be grounds for denying reinstatement.
Virginia Mfg. Co., supra; General Chemical Corp., 290 NLRB
76, 82 (1988); Aztec Bus Lines, 289 NLRB 1021, 1027 (1988);
Clear Pine Mouldings, supra.
The Respondent’s honest belief burden is not satisfied by
generalities, and meeting that burden “requires some specificity
in the record, linking particular employees to particular allega-
tions of misconduct. “General Telephone,” supra at 739.78
However, the Respondent need not prove that the strikers did
engage in the alleged misconduct in order to satisfy its “honest

77 Medite of New Mexico, Inc. v. NLRB, 72 F.3d 780 (10th Cir.
1995); Mohawk Liqueur Co., 300 NLRB 1075 (1990).
78 While the Act does not protect striking employees who commit
acts of vandalism or sabotage against their employer, to lawfully deny
an employee reinstatement at the conclusion of the strike on the
grounds of alleged misconduct, the employer “must produce evidence
connecting the discharged employees to specific misconduct.” Colum-
bia Portland Cement Co. v. NLRB, 915 F.2d 253, 257 (6th Cir. 1990);
Augusta Bakery Corp., 957 F.2d 1467 (7th Cir. 1992); Midwest Sol-
vents, Inc. v. NLRB, 696 F.2d 763, 765 (10th Cir. 1982).
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 36
belief” burden, nor does it require “a concrete, conclusive link-
age.” Axelson, Inc., 285 NLRB 862, 864 (1987).79
Once the Respondent demonstrates its honest belief, the bur-
den shifts back to the General Counsel to prove the discharged
striker’s innocence. Champ Corp., 291 NLRB 803, 806 (1988),
enfd. 933 F.2d 688, 700 (9th Cir. 1991); Laredo Coca Cola
Bottling Co., supra at 496; Rubin Bros. Footwear, supra at 611.
The Respondent then may offer evidence rebutting the General
Counsel’s evidence of innocence. Laredo Coca Cola Bottling
Co., supra; Rubin Bros. Footwear, supra.80 If it is found that
the striker did not engage in the misconduct alleged, he or she
may not lawfully be discharged regardless of the Respondent’s
good faith. NLRB v. Burnup & Sims, 379 U.S. 21, 23 (1964);
NLRB v. Champ Corp., 933 688, 700 (9th Cir. 1991).
The Respondent maintains that it denied “some of the strik-
ers requests for reinstatement on [its] honest belief that such
individuals engaged in serious strike misconduct” and therefore
its actions were lawful. Big Horn Coal Co., 309 NLRB 255,
260 (1992). However, the record evidence casts doubt on
whether the Respondent actually held such an honest belief. A
finding that the Respondent’s defense is a pretext “necessarily
means that the reasons advanced by the employer either did not
exist or were not in fact relied upon, thereby leaving intact the
inference of wrongful motive established by the General Coun-
sel.” Johnson Freightlines, 323 NLRB 1213, 1221 (1997),
citing Limestone Apparel Corp., 255 NLRB 722 (1981), enfd.
705 F.2d 799 (6th Cir. 1982). Preliminarily, as revealed in the
tape of the Respondent’s March 16, 1999 board of directors’
meeting, the Respondent believed that “if we could prove mis-
conduct on the part of one of the men then that would be
grounds to not have to take them back . . .,” and this being said
after it was acknowledged that the striking employees had re-
quested their jobs back, the Respondent through Valerie
Brooks, its board president stated, “[W]e don’t want that.” At
this meeting McGill also told the board of directors that to jus-
tify not reinstating the men it would have to present proof of
misconduct on the part of the strikers. Moreover, McGill also
said that after his interview with security officer Kennedy, the
day watchman, he could only tell the board that the men never
threatened, nor even harassed the other employees, but merely
insulted them. McGill then goes on to instruct the board to find
anything that would be of significance to prove that the striking
employees committed acts of misconduct.
First it should be noted that Board law holds that where an
employer offers shifting defenses, it must provide substantial
and convincing evidence to dispel doubt or it is fatal to its de-
fense. Caguas Asphalt, 296 NLRB 785 (1989). Additionally,
the record evidence shows that each of the Respondent’s wit-
nesses gave contradictory and inconsistent accounts of the al-
leged striker misconduct that purportedly formed the basis for

79 Moreover, the Respondent’s honest belief may be based on reports
from its security guards or on written reports from others. Clougherty
Packing Co., 292 NLRB 1139, 1142 (1989); General Telephone, supra
at 739.
80 It must be remembered that the General Counsel at all times has
the overall burden of proving discrimination by a preponderance of the
credible evidence. Champ Corp., supra at 806, 807 fn. 13; Axelson,
supra at 864; Gem Urethane, supra at 1352; Rubin Bros. Footwear, id.
the Respondent’s refusal to reinstate the striking employees.
For example, Valerie Brooks named eight “incidents” during
her direct examination, never stating that these were reasons for
the Respondent’s decision. During cross-examination, she
named only four incidents. Brooks then related a new reason,
one never asserted before, that the Respondent relied on reports
by the security officers. She provided no details regarding
which security officers the Respondent relied on or the nature
of their reports.81 Brooks noticeably failed to mention shutting
off the boiler, which was supposedly one of the more egregious
acts of “sabotage” committed by the strikers. It is not believ-
able that Brooks, the president of Respondent’s board, would
fail to remember such serious conduct—except for the likeli-
hood that it was not truly relied upon.
Like Brooks, Eunice Johnson testified to “events,” but never
directly stating that these incidents were relied upon by the
Respondent in denying the strikers reinstatement. On direct
examination, Johnson testified to four events. During cross-
examination she changed her testimony and contradicted that of
Brooks, unequivocally stating that the extra garbage in the
compactor room was not a reason that the Respondent “went
after” the employees. By her own admission, Johnson rendered
irrelevant days of testimony regarding the allegedly horrifying
amount of garbage bags on the second day of the strike.
Clearly, that the Respondent injected an irrelevant incident into
the record compels the conclusion that it was attempting to
fabricate its defense.
Faythe Gaskin testified, extremely vaguely, to numerous dif-
ferent reasons the Respondent allegedly relied on, including not
letting the oil trucks come in; Venzen bringing his children to
their babysitter in Respondent’s facility; UPS drivers not cross-
ing the picket line and the general inconvenience caused to the
tenants by the strike. None of the Respondent’s other witnesses
testified to these incidents. Gaskin, too, failed to mention many
events that were supposed to have been serious acts of miscon-
duct testified to by the other Respondent’s witnesses. Gaskin
admitted that other than the various acts of misconduct, the
only other reason that the Respondent denied the striker’s rein-
statement was because the employees did not furnish it with
verification that they were no longer connected to Local 32B-
32J.82
81 It is significant that while the Respondent did present security of-
ficer Holloway’s testimony, they failed to call other security guards
upon whose reports they allegedly relied, to corroborate this crucial
element of the Respondent’s defense. Nor did the Respondent explain
its failure to call these security officers. Accordingly, an adverse infer-
ence must be drawn that had the other security officers testified, they
would not have supported the Respondent’s position. Johnson Freight-
lines, 323 NLRB at 1222; Bay Metal Cabinets, 302 NLRB 152 (1990),
enfd. 940 F.2d 661 (6th Cir. 1991); Redwood Empire, Inc., 296 NLRB
369 fn. 1 (1980).
82 The Respondent’s witnesses’ testimony gives rises to the applica-
tion of the Board’s longstanding principle that because the Respondent
offered shifting and piled-on defenses, it must be concluded that its
stated reasons for denying reinstatement are false, and that its true
reasons are unlawful ones that the Respondent desires to conceal.
Johnson Freightlines, supra; 10 Ellicott Square Court Corp., 320
NLRB (1996); C. J. Rogers Transfers, 300 NLRB 1095 (1990).
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 37
In addition to the irreconcilable contradictions in the testi-
mony of the Respondent’s witnesses and the shifting defenses,
the pretextual nature of the reasons for not reinstating the strik-
ing employees is demonstrated by the Respondent’s failure to
adequately or fairly investigate the alleged misconduct. John-
son Freightlines, supra at 1222. Under Board law, the Respon-
dent’s failure to fairly investigate the alleged misconduct con-
stitutes a significant factor in concluding that the Respondent’s
proffered reasons for not reinstating the employees was pretext.
Id. at 1222; Doctor’s Hospital of Staten Island, Inc., 325 NLRB
730 (1998); Frick Paper Co., 319 NLRB 9 (1995); Emergency
One, Inc., 306 NLRB 800, 807 (1992). The Board found that a
supervisor’s failure to investigate the accusation of theft by one
employee, known to be antiunion, against another employee
who was known to be a leading union adherent, his failure to
ask the employee to explain, and his failure to verify the accu-
sations, “reveals an investigation designed not to find out what
occurred but rather to support a discharge of [the union adher-
ent].”
The evidence discloses that the Respondent made its deter-
mination to deny reinstatement on March 16 during its board of
director’s meeting, before it had concluded, or perhaps even
begun, its alleged misconduct investigation. Eunice Johnson
admitted several times that the Respondent decided not to take
the strikers back on March 16th before it had concluded its
“investigation” into the alleged misconduct. The tape of the
March 16th meeting conclusively reveals that the Respondent
decided to deny reinstatement before the return of Security
Officer Pat, who it believed, had critical information regarding
alleged misconduct. Furthermore, each of the Respondent’s
witnesses, along with the employees themselves, admitted that
the Respondent did not contact any of the striking employees to
inform them of the accusations against them, to ask questions
about any incidents, or to give them the opportunity to present a
defense. Such an unfair, incomplete investigation evidences
pretext, not honest belief. Frick Paper Co., supra. Clearly,
such an “investigation” was not designed to ascertain the truth,
but to support or manufacture the termination of the striking
employees.
The Respondent argues, that it did not decide to deny rein-
statement on March 16, but that the decision was made on
March 23, and that this contention is supported because the
Respondent sent its letter of termination on March 24. How-
ever, the record evidence does not support this contention; that
the Respondent decided to deny reinstatement on March 16, is
further established by the Respondent’s admissions that after
March 16 and before the March 23 board meeting, Eunice
Johnson asked McGill to prepare a draft letter, for the board’s
approval, stating that the board voted to deny the strikers rein-
statement. The Respondent admits that it did not ask for, nor
did McGill prepare, an alternative “draft” letter granting the
employees’ request to return to work. Thus, despite the Re-
spondent’s assertion that it decided to deny reinstatement on
March 23, the evidence shows otherwise.
The record evidence makes it clear that the Respondent’s ex-
planations for denying the strikers reinstatement are pretextual.
They either do not exist, were fabricated or were not, in fact,
relied upon. Therefore, under Board law, the Respondent “will
not have met its burden and the inquiry is logically at an end.”
Weis Markets, Inc., 325 NLRB 871, 892 (1998). As the Re-
spondent’s defense is pretext, the Respondent has failed to
establish that it had an honest belief that the strikers engaged in
serious misconduct.
Not only did the Respondent not establish an honest belief
that any strikers engaged in any misconduct, of a serious
enough nature to preclude reinstatement, the record evidence,
including admissions by the Respondent’s own witnesses, re-
veals that the Respondent knew that most of the employees
engaged in no misconduct, at all. Yet, the Respondent denied
their reinstatement anyway, without explanation. In addition,
the Respondent failed to establish with any credible, probative
evidence, that the remaining employees either engaged in the
conduct of which they were accused, or that any of the pur-
ported misconduct was serious in nature. Importantly, the Re-
spondent’s witnesses unequivocally admitted that striking em-
ployees Curtis Bailey, George Folkes, and Jude Obaseki did not
commit any acts of misconduct at all. This admission not only
warrants, but compels the conclusion that the Respondent’s
defense of serious misconduct on the part of the strikers was
pretextual. It also gives rise to the inference that the Respon-
dent’s witnesses willingly gave untrue testimony in regard to
Bailey, Folkes, and Obaseki constituting unsubstantial allega-
tions based upon what I perceive as suggestive testimony,
vague insinuation and innuendo against employees whom it
knew committed no acts of misconduct, in order to support its
defense.
As the record evidence establishes most of the alleged acts of
general misconduct have not been specifically connected to the
discharged striking employees. The Respondent admitted that
it had no evidence that any of the strikers were involved in the
alleged misconduct of sabotaging the laundry room drains. No
one saw any of the strikers placing “cement” in the drains. In
fact the Roto-Rooter workmen who fixed the clogged drain
found a heavy build up of lint and rocks in the pipes causing the
overflow and not cement.
After accusing the strikers of jamming the lock on the outer
parameter gate of the building the Respondent admitted that it
had no evidence that any of the strikers were involved and had
no idea who might have done this. With regard to the incident
of the air being let out of Brook’s tires, again there were no
witnesses to the incident yet the Respondent blamed the strik-
ing employees for this. Thus, there is no evidence in the record
that any one of the striking employees tampered with the lock
or the tires. The Respondent also asserted that the striker’s
committed acts of misconduct by using the walkway between
DeKalb and Lafayette Avenues. However, the evidence shows
that the Respondent allowed nonresidents to use the walkway
as a shortcut, so people did not have to walk around the entire
building. Furthermore, the Respondent admitted that it never
advised the employees that they were not to use the walkway.
There is much conflicting testimony regarding alleged mis-
conduct and harassment concerning garbage collection during
the strike. The Respondent held the strikers responsible for the
Department of Sanitation refusing to cross the picket line. This
contention is not supported by the evidence in the record. The
strikers could not be responsible for the DOS policy not to
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 38
cross picket lines without the issuance of a health order and the
Respondent knew of this policy even before the advent of the
strike. Moreover, the Respondent failed to produce Security
Office Pat or a Department of Sanitation representative that the
Respondent allegedly spoke to or relied upon in concluding that
the striking employees caused DOS not to pick up the trash.83
The Respondent also accused the striking employees of
throwing garbage about the Respondent’s premises but could
not substantiate this allegation. The Respondent admitted that
it had no idea as to who had done this as no one witnessed any
of the strikers doing it. In fact, the record shows that on one
occasion, an intoxicated visitor was observed overturning gar-
bage cans on the premises on February 24, 1999. Additionally,
the Respondent accused the strikers of responsibility for the
accumulation of extra bags of garbage in the trash compactor
room on the second day of the strike. But the strikers had not
been in the building since Monday, February 22. Over 500
tenants, who live in the building continued to generate trash
after the strike began. It is reasonable to assume the extra bags
of trash accumulated was due to the Respondent’s closing down
the trash compactor according to its strike plan and not any of
the strikers.
With Eunice Johnson finally and unequivocally testifying
that the Respondent had no proof that three of the six striking
employees, Curtis Bailey, Lawrence Folkes, and Jude Obaseki,
had engaged in any misconduct whatsoever, that leaves consid-
eration of the alleged misconduct of employees Angel Venzen,
Theo Brailsford, and Keith Robinson to consider.
In Milk Wagon Drivers Union Local 753 v. Meadowmoor
Dairies, 312 U.S. 287, 293 (1941), the Supreme Court noted
that during strikes, employees sometimes engage in “moments
of animal exuberance.” Thus name calling, minor threats, mass
picketing, and the like are generally not deemed sufficient to
deny employees their statutory protection. However, when the
striker has stepped over the line and engaged in threats of
physical violence, actual physical violence or property damage
such has a coercive affect on the rights of other employees.
The individual involved in such conduct may be deemed unfit
for further employment and be denied reinstatement.
In order to meet the standard set forth in Clear Pine Mould-
ing, supra, an employer must offer proof by objective evidence
that the verbal misconduct, for instance, meets the test. See for
example, Buffalo Concrete, 276 NLRB 839 (1985). Totally
benign behavior is not required on the picket line. However
where strikers physically assault others or threaten to do so
when the threat has the immediacy of reality, or when they
engage in property damage, then such is sufficient to justify the

t.

83 The failure to produce these witnesses gives rise to the inference
that their testimony if given would not have supported the Respon-
dent’s position. Johnson Freightlines, supra; Bay Metal Cabinet, supra,
Redwood Empire, Inc., supra.
I am aware of security officer Holloway’s testimony regarding cer-
tain incidents involving the first days of the strike wherein he observed
nonemployee pickets threatening temporary employees putting out
garbage and another incident where a red jeep supposedly driven by
Theo Brailsford blocked a garbage truck. More about this appears
hereinafter.
employer denying them reinstatement. Each case must be sepa-
rately considered on its own facts.
3. Angel Venzen
After the vague, unsubstantiated accusations against all
strikers are set aside, the Respondent contends that it refused to
reinstate Angel Venzen because he shut off the boiler. The
evidence shows that the boiler incident, which has been attrib-
uted to Venzen, was not an incident of misconduct at all.
Moreover, the Respondent failed to satisfy its burden that it had
an honest belief that Venzen had engaged in serious miscon-
duct.
The Respondent denies that Venzen told Eunice Johnson that
he was shutting off the boiler before going on strike. Because
of the crucial nature of Johnson’s testimony, it is extremely
significant that the Respondent failed to call Chantel Bennett,
Johnson’s then and current secretary, to testify on the matter.
An adverse inference must be drawn that Bennett would have
corroborated Venzen’s testimony and not Johnson’s. Bay
Metal Cabinets, Inc., supra. The Respondent did not explain its
failure to call Bennett, nor did it contend that she was not avail-
able to testify. To the contrary, Johnson admitted that the Re-
spondent had notified Bennett that the Respondent might call
her as a witness.
The record demonstrates that the Respondent failed to con-
duct a fair investigation regarding the allegation that Venzen
shut down the boiler as an act of sabotage. The Respondent
admitted that shutting off the boiler would have been less seri-
ous had Venzen notified the Respondent in advance. And yet,
the Respondent admitted that it never considered the possibility
that Chantel Bennett forgot to tell Johnson that she had been so
notified by Venzen.
The Respondent did know, based on the employees’ memo
to shareholders in response to the Respondent’s allegations
against them, that the employees asserted that they turned off
the boiler in accordance with the Union’s instructions and as a
safety precaution. Nevertheless, the Respondent completely
ignored this explanation. The Respondent never asked Venzen
about the event and failed to allow him to present his defense.
Venzen as he testified, would have told the Respondent that he
had shut off the boiler, pursuant to instructions from the Union,
to protect the safety of the Respondent’s property and the ten-
ants. All of these factors support the conclusion that the
Respondent’s defense is a pretex
Furthermore, the evidence demonstrates that shutting off the
boiler was not as serious as the Respondent would have it be-
lieved. First, the boiler was turned on by 7:30 that evening,
and the Respondent admitted that it was not that cold yet in the
building. In addition, although the Respondent’s counsel knew
that Venzen shut off the boiler as of March 9, McGill testified
that he recommended to his client that it reinstate the strikers.
Thus, having shut off the boiler could not have been the serious
infraction the Respondent states it was.84 Moreover, the Re-
84 The Respondent contends that, “Shutting off the boiler on a freez-
ing cold winter day without more, constitutes serious misconduct.19
Elderly residents could have died as a result of this reckless act.”

PRATT TOWERS, INC. 39
spondent also admitted this alleged misconduct was an insuffi-
cient basis upon which to deny reinstatement. Finally, even if
Venzen shut off the boiler without notifying the Respondent,
such misconduct is not of the sort that would have coerced or
intimidated employees so as to lose protection under the Act.
4. Theo Brailsford
Aside from the unsubstantiated accusations against the strik-
ers, in general the Respondent appears to contend that Theo
Brailsford was denied reinstatement because he blocked re-
moval of trash on February 23 the second day of the strike.
Johnson claimed that because of this disruption, she had to
devise a plan by which the replacement workers took the gar-
bage to the gate, and tenants took the trash to the curb. The
Respondent’s assertion is also without merit and is not bourne
out by the record evidence.
The evidence establishes that on the second day of the strike,
when the replacement workers began to take out the trash, the
strikers, including Brailsford, tried to inform the replacements
about the strike and enlist their support or sympathy. Brailsford
said words to the effect that the employees were on strike, and
that the replacements were taking their jobs. At the end of their
conversation, the replacement workers agreed not to take the
trash to the curb. Contrary to Johnson’s testimony that she
devised this plan because of a problem created by Brailford, the
Respondent’s January 1999 strike contingency plan reveals that
the Respondent had previously conceived the plan.
Again, even if true, the Respondent failed to prove that such
conduct was serious enough to remove Brailsford from the
protection of the Act. Johnson admitted the trash got put out
that day. Furthermore, Johnson admitted that apart from this
one brief incident, the Respondent had no further problems
putting the trash out.85 In fact, the Respondent admitted that
this alleged “misconduct” was an insufficient basis upon which
to deny reinstatement.
5. Keith Robinson
The Respondent appears to contend that Keith Robinson was
denied reinstatement because he harassed and threatened the
replacement workers. Again, this contention is without merit
and does not withstand scrutiny.

19 There should be no question about the strikers’ or Gross’ motivation
in shutting down the boiler. It was to freeze the residents of the build-
ing into submission. They immediately set up a picket line around the
building with the stated object of keeping contractors and suppliers out
of the premises. Having inflicted this act of sabotage, they purpose-
fully set out to prevent Pratt’s boiler maintenance company—or any-
one else—from coming to the aid of the building’s inhabitants. Gross
admitted as much (CA Tr. 989). It is false for the Union to suggest
that shutting down the boiler was for safety reasons.
However, the evidence does not support the Respondent’s conten-
tion in any way. Moreover, Gross only admitted that the picket line
objective is to keep contractors, and suppliers, and anyone else from
crossing the picket line, which they could do anyway if they wanted not
to honor it.
85 The incident involving tenant Rita Bryant and Brailsford, even if
true, does not appear serious enough to constitute misconduct sufficient
to deny Brailsford reinstatement.
The Respondent called as its witnesses temporary replace-
ment workers Anibal Soriano and Daryl Thomas-Bennett to
testify about Robinson’s alleged misconduct. As found herein-
before their testimony is suspect. First, the Respondent failed
to give these witnesses the assurances required under Johnnie’s
Poultry, supra, when interrogating them in preparation for the
trial. The Board is very strict in this requirement, for it is the
only safeguard against coerced testimony. The evidence shows
that the interrogations were held in a coercive atmosphere,
with, Johnson the person who hired them, present. Addition-
ally, Thomas-Bennett testified in a belligerent and combatative
manner. Moreover, Soriano’s testimony was unreliably devoid
of details. He testified that he did not even know if the persons
he saw at the facility were even employees of the Respondent.86
Finally, the witnesses are biased. They know that they will lose
their jobs if the strikers are reinstated.
Thomas-Bennett testified that Robinson left the picket line
and brought two neighborhood men back who threatened him.
Thomas-Bennett also testified that during this time, he went
inside the building. Therefore, his claim to have seen Robinson
get two “thugs” is not substantiated. The evidence establishes
that employees of other buildings joined the picket line to sup-
port the strikers. Thomas-Bennett admitted that it was two men
who were not Pratt employees who threatened him with harm,
and that Robinson said and did nothing.
Again, the evidence shows that if anything occurred, it was
not as serious as the Respondent indicates. Thomas-Bennett
testified that during his last conversation with Robinson and
Brailsford, the strikers said that there were no hard feelings,
that they had no problem with him, and that Robinson and
Brailsford were trying to make peace with him.
Security Officer Holloway initially testified regarding this
purported incident that Robinson brought two guys to the build-
ing who threatened the replacements. During cross-
examination, Holloway testified that there was a shouting
match, with obscenities, between Thomas-Bennett and the two
unnamed persons during which Holloway heard, “I’ll kick your
ass,” but he admitted that he did not know who said it, because
he was not concentrating then and not listening to the back and
forth of the conversation.87 In addition, Holloway admitted that
he does not know the context in which the words were said, nor
does he know if Thomas-Bennett provoked the others.
The temporary replacement workers’ testimony further es-
tablishes conclusively that the accusation against Robinson was
also pretext. They testified that they had not been questioned
86 Soriano also testified about his car window having been broken
and tools from his car stolen. This was yet another of the unsubstanti-
ated accusations against the striking employees. Soriano parked his car
in what he acknowledged was not the greatest neighborhood. Anyone
could drive or walk by. Soriano admitted that he did not see who broke
into his car, and that he had no idea who did it. Thus, he demonstrated
yet another reason why his testimony should be discounted.
87 Holloway admitted that on the incident report he completed, he
did not record what the temporary employees said during the argument.
Thomas-Bennett also testified that Robinson told Chantel Bennett, in
his presence, that if he kept “coming around he would get “fucked up.”
However, the Respondent never called Chantel Bennett as a witness to
corroborate his testimony.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 40
by the Respondent about the things they testified to until 1
week before the trial. Therefore, it must be concluded that the
Respondent did not rely on their account of these purported
events in determining not to reinstate Robinson.
In contrast to the incredible testimony of the replacement
workers, I credit Keith Robinson’s testimony. He testified in a
forthright, detailed, and sincere manner. Robinson denies that
he left the picket line, solicited two persons to join him, or that
he ever threatened the replacements, or anyone, with physical
harm. Additionally, Robinson also denied that he ever used a
jeep to block a DOS garbage truck from picking up the Re-
spondent’s truck.
From all of the above, and should the Respondent fail to
carry its burden of proving its other affirmative defense that the
strike was illegal and therefore the Respondent did not have to
reinstate the striking employees, I would find that the Respon-
dent violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act, and that all six
striking employees who sought reinstatement should be re-
turned to their jobs.
6. The legality of the strike
The Respondent argues that it also denied reinstatement to
the striking employees because, the Union conditioned the
reaching of an agreement upon nonmandatory or unlawful pro-
visions, therefore the strike was unprotected. However the
record evidence does not support this contention.
As found by me above, the Respondent made its determina-
tion to deny reinstatement to the striking employees on March
16, 1999. As of this time, the Respondent had not raised or
discussed the idea of the possibility that the strike was unlaw-
ful. In fact, Kevin McGill testified that until March 18 or 19,
when he first reviewed the independent apartment house
agreement, had he realized that the strike might possibly be
unprotected. The evidence establishes that some time after
March 23, Eunice Johnson requested that McGill prepare and
send a draft letter from the Respondent to the striking employ-
ees denying them reinstatement. The Respondent admitted that
the board of directors did not learn that McGill now raised the
possibility that the strike was illegal until March 23. This, it is
evident that the decision to terminate the employees preceded
the board learning about possible illegality of the strike, and
therefore not relied on in their deciding to deny reinstatement.
It appears from the record that the Respondent may have be-
lieved that the claim of “striker misconduct” was an insufficient
basis upon which to deny reinstatement. It cannot be more
clear that, having determined that it did not want the strikers
back and that it would deny reinstatement, if it could and know-
ing that its claim of misconduct was unsure, the Respondent
and its counsel searched for another reason to accomplish this,
that reason now being the unlawfulness of the strike.
It is undisputed, that on October 8, 1998, the Respondent
proposed to the Union the independent apartment house agree-
ment, with nine proposed modifications. Thus, the record es-
tablishes that the Respondent agreed to all terms in the inde-
pendent agreement, except for the nine items indicated in the
October 8 letter.
It is undisputed, and the Respondent admits, that neither the
Respondent, nor the Union, raised the subject of the picket line
clause in the independent agreement during the entire course of
negotiations. The Respondent did not raise the issue of the
union security clause, in particular the question of its legality,
during negotiations, other than in McGill’s October 8 letter.88
It is undisputed that at no time during the negotiations did the
Respondent assert that the evergreen clause was in any way
unlawful nor that article 4 of the independent agreement (the
strikes or lockouts provision) was illegal. In fact, there was no
discussion at all about that provision during contract negotia-
tions. At no time during negotiations did the Respondent raise
the issue that article 7 of the independent agreement (the sub-
contracting clause) was illegal.
Sturm’s unrebutted testimony establishes that it was not an
object of the Union’s strike to obtain the picketing clause or
subcontracting clause. According to Sturm’s credible testi-
mony, the purpose of the strike was to achieve agreement on
the issues that were in dispute, which were the effective date of
contract, wages, and the date of implementation of any wage
increases, whether and when the Respondent would contribute
to the Union’s funds, the length of the contract, whether the
contract would include the evergreen clause and whether it
would coincide with the independent agreement or be for 3
years, as proposed, whether the arbitrator would be the office of
the contract arbitrator or Howard Edelman.
Apart from those open issues, by virtue of the Respondent’s
October 8 letter and the parties conduct during subsequent ne-
gotiations, each and every clause in the apartment house
agreement was proposed by the Respondent and agreed to by
the Union. Furthermore, the record establishes that the Re-
spondent did not raise, and no other issues were discussed,
during the negotiation sessions. As the discussions of the con-
tract negotiations herein demonstrates, the Respondent failed to
show that the Union conditioned reaching an agreement on any
of the provisions that the Respondent complains of, that the
strike was motivated by an unlawful object.
When ascertaining if an “object” of a strike is unlawful, the
United States Court of Appeals in Electrical Workers Local 480
v. NLRB, 413 F.2d 1085 (D.C. Cir. 1969), held:

We agree that it would be impermissible for the Board to con-
clude from the secondary effect of picketing that it had a sec-
ondary object. The two must be kept separate . . . . A secon-
dary effect is but one evidentiary factor which may shed light
on the object of the actors.

Thus the fact that a strike occurs is not dispositive of the ob-
jects of the strike even if as a consequence of the strike the

88 Sturm testified that in McGill’s October 8 letter, McGill raised the
question of whether the union security clause was legal. Sturm stated
that he pointed out to the Respondent during negotiations that the sec-
ond paragraph of that clause provides that in the event the clause is
deemed unlawful for some reason, it would be interpreted only in a
lawful manner. As Sturm’s unrebutted testimony establishes, this was
the only time that the issue of the union security clause arose during the
entire course of negotiations. Thereafter, it was a nonissue. That the
Respondent was satisfied with the Union’s response is further evi-
denced by the undisputed fact that the Respondent never proposed any
language of its own to replace the union security clause in the agree-
ment.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 41
Employer may have entered into an agreement that would vio-
late Section 8(e) of the Act. Moreover, in ascertaining the ob-
ject sought by the strike, it does not matter that the union for-
mulates its objectives as a demand. “The parties well under-
stood what alternative action was expected of the Company as a
condition of the cessation of the picketing, without the neces-
sity of formulating the specific demand. Nor is it of any impor-
tance that not all the objectives of the picketing were proscribed
by Section 8(b)(4)(A).”89
The Respondent has alleged that Local 32B-32J violated
Section 8(b)(3) and Section 8(b)(4)(ii)(A) of the Act by striking
where an object of the strike was to compel the Employer to
sign a collective-bargaining agreement containing a picket line
clause and other mandatory and non-mandatory clauses which
are violative of Section 8(e) of the Act, and therefore the strike
was unlawful.
However, in General Longshore Workers ILA Local 1418
(New Orleans Steamship Association), 235 NLRB 161, 169
(1978), in a decision affirmed by the Board, Administrative
Law Judge Arthur Leff found:

Contrary to the General Counsel’s contention, I find that
the record in this case does not support a finding of a violation
of Section 8(b)(4)(ii)(A), separate and apart from the violation
of Section 8(e) found above. Section 8(b)(4)(ii)(A) to the ex-
tent here pertinent makes it an unfair labor practice for a labor
organization:

to threaten, coerce, or restrain any person engaged in com-
merce . . . where . . . an object thereof is:
(A) forcing or requiring any employer . . . to enter into
any agreement which is prohibited by section 8(e).

Unlike Section 8(e) which prohibits voluntary agreements,
Section 8(b)(4)(ii)(A) requires independent proof that the em-
ployer party was restrained and coerced.

Moreover, in ABC Outdoor Advertising, Inc., 169 NLRB 113
(1968), Administrative Law Judge Thomas A. Ricci stated in
his decision affirmed by the Board:

In support of its argument that Local 770 was striking
unlawfully on April 24, the Respondent rests primarily upon
those Board decisions holding that a union may not strike or
picket to force the employer to agree to a written hot cargo
contract provision. I cannot find on the record here that this
was the purpose of the strike; the true objectives could as well
have been the many company demands from which the Union
had refused to recede . . . . This is supporting indication that
the real disagreement which provoked the strike was a matter
of money . . . . No precedent has been cited for a proposition
of law that whenever a union, at any stage of bargaining nego-
tiations, requests an unlawful hot cargo clause, any strike
which follows is illegal regardless of how the respective posi-

89 ILWU Local 8 (General Ore, Inc.), 126 NLRB 172, 173 (1960).
Also see Mine Workers Local 1854 (Amax Coal Co.), 238 NLRB 1583,
1587 (1978). “The fact that one of the objectives of the strike was
lawful does not, in any way, diminish the fact that the other objective
was unlawful.”
tions of the parties may have changed in the intervening pe-
riod, and I do not believe this to be the law.90

In the instant case I cannot find that on the record the pur-
pose of the strike was to compel the Respondent to agree to the
picket line clause or any other illegal clause in the independent
agreement, as a major objective thereof, or as it seems to me
even one of the apparent objectives of the strike. The parties
each knew full well what the independent agreement contained
including the asserted contended clauses and yet most of these
clauses were never a topic of discussion or controversy between
the parties until the Respondent raised it as an issue after the
striking employees sought to return to work and the Respondent
filed an unfair labor practice charge with the Board. Addition-
ally, McGill admitted that the areas of contention between the
parties were those included in his October 8, 1998 letter to
Sturm. The evidence herein shows that these areas in dispute,
i.e., wages, benefits, arbitration provisions, and duration of the
contract, were economic and the real disagreement that pro-
voked the strike.
There is some Board precedent for finding that strikers who
engage in an illegal strike are not protected by the Act. Mackay
Radio & Telegraph Co., 96 NLRB 740 (1951). (The Board
held that strikers forfeited the protection of the Act by engaging
in a strike which was called for the purpose of requiring the
employer to agree to an unlawful union-security clause.) How-
ever, participation in an unlawful strike does not necessarily
terminate the strikers’ employment relationship. Id. Further-
more, the Board in Mackay Radio and subsequent cases has
limited its holding to the facts of that case.91 Marquette Ce-
ment Mfg. Co., 219 NLRB 549 (1975).
It is well settled that, having made unconditional offers to re-
turn to work, the Respondent was obligated to immediately
reinstate the strikers. Montauk Bus Co., 324 NLRB 1128, 1137
(1997). The Respondent’s conditioning reinstatement upon
abandoning the Union and refusing to reinstate the strikers
converted the economic strike into an unfair labor practice
strike on March 11 and 15. F. L. Thorpe & Co., 315 NLRB
147 (1994). (The Board found that the employer’s statement to
strikers that they had to resign from the union before they could
return to work converted the economic strike into an unfair
labor practice strike.) Thus, even assuming for argument sake
that the Union’s strike was motivated in part by an unlawful
object, the circumstances do not warrant denying the strikers
their special reinstatement rights as unfair labor practice strik-
ers. Colonial Haven Nursing Home, Inc., 218 NLRB 1007,
1011 (1975).
90 Citing MV Liberator, 136 NLRB 13, 20 (1962). In that case the
Board held:
While one of the original objectives of the picketing was renewal of
the Local 33 agreement, which contained an unlawful union-security
clause, . . . the record neither shows that Local 33 was adamant in its
union-security demand, nor that such demands were at any time a ma-
jor objective of the picketing.
91 The Board expressly excluded cases involving violence during an
otherwise lawful strike from the Mackay holding. Marquette Cement
Mfg. Co., 219 NLRB at 552. In addition, Mackay Radio was not ap-
plied where an employer charged that a union struck in violation of
Sec. 8(b)(4)(D). Gimrock Construction, 326 NLRB 401 (1998).
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 42
The General Counsel also asserts that the Respondent con-
doned any alleged misconduct by the strikers. Under the doc-
trine of condonation, even strikers engaged in serious miscon-
duct may not be denied reinstatement. General Electric Co.,
292 NLRB 843 (1989); White Oak Coal, 295 NLRB 567, 570
(1989). Board law provides that,

Condonation of unprotected activity “will not be readily in-
ferred, but must be based on clear, convincing and positive
evidence that the employer has agreed to forgive such mis-
conduct and desires to continue the employer—employee re-
lationship as though no misconduct had occurred. The Board
does not look for any magic words suggesting the forgive-
ness, but it examines whether all the circumstances establish
clearly and convincingly that the employer has agreed to
“wipe the slate clean” respecting any employee misconduct.

Virginia Mfg. Co., 310 NLRB 1261, 1272 (1993).
Offering reinstatement to the accused striker, after the al-
leged misconduct and before the refusal to recall, condones the
alleged misconduct. White Oak Coal, supra at 570–571.
General Counsel alleges that the record demonstrates that
“the striking employees did not engage in any misconduct and
that the Respondent’s defense is pretext. Even assuming that
the strikers did engage in misconduct, General Counsel submits
that the record establishes that the Respondent condoned any
and all striker misconduct.”
The credited testimony of Board Agent Sharon Chau estab-
lishes that on March 11, while serving as information officer,
she called the Respondent’s counsel, Kevin McGill. Chau in-
formed McGill that when several striking employees made
unconditional offers to return to work, Eunice Johnson directed
them to produce a letter from Local 32B-32J stating that the
Union no longer represented the employees in order to return to
work. Chau testified that McGill responded that he had already
spoken to Johnson and that the Respondent was prepared to
reinstate the employees, that the Respondent needed several
days in which to prepare a work schedule, and that the employ-
ees would receive a letter the following week regarding their
returning to work.
Chau’s testimony is substantiated by the March 11 informa-
tion inquiry form which according to office procedure, she
immediately completed. On the information inquiry form,
Chau memorialized her conversation with McGill, including his
representation that the Respondent was prepared to reinstate the
employees and would notify them of their work schedules the
following week.
Kevin McGill testified that he told Chau that he was going to
recommend that the Respondent reinstate the strikers. For the
reasons set forth in the “Credibility” section of this decision I
discredit McGill’s denial that he told Chau that his client was
going to reinstate the striking employees. In contrast to the
direct and forthright testimony of Chau, McGill’s responses
appeared hostile and calculated.
Moreover, Chau’s testimony is supported by the evidence
that the employees did not then file an unfair labor practice
charge because McGill advised Chau that the Respondent was
going to reinstate them.
However, critical to the doctrine of condonation is the as-
sumption that the employer representative who elects to forgive
the strikers’ unprotected activity does so with the full knowl-
edge of all the alleged misconduct. Circuit-Wise, Inc., 308
NLRB 1091 (1992). While it appears that the Respondent was
aware of some of the alleged acts of misconduct when McGill
agreed to “wipe the slate clean” and continue the employment
relationship as if no misconduct had occurred, White Oak Coal,
supra at 570–571, he was not aware of all the acts of alleged
misconduct which the Respondent asserts was the basis for
denying the striking employees reinstatement subsequently.
Therefore I do not agree with the General Counsel that the re-
cord establishes clearly and convincingly that the Respondent
agreed to “wipe the slate clean” respecting the striking employ-
ees alleged misconduct. Virginia Mfg. Co., supra; Circuit-
Wise, Inc., supra; White Oak Coal, supra.
However, this does not change my finding herein that the
Respondent failed to sustain its burden regarding its affirmative
defense of alleged employee misconduct, nor that the Respon-
dent violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act by failing and
refusing to reinstate the striking employees.
From all of the above, I find and conclude that the Respon-
dent’s defenses were either not relied on, pretextual and/or that
the Respondent failed to carry its burden of proving its affirma-
tive defenses. Therefore the Respondent violated Section
8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act by failing to reinstate the striking
employees.
7. Alleged violation of Section 8(a)( 2) of the Act
The amendment to the consolidated complaint alleges that
the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(2) of the Act by rendering
unlawful assistance to Local 2 by volunteering to recognize
Local 2 at a time when the Respondent’s employees were rep-
resented by Local 32B-32J.
Section 8(a)(2) of the Act provides that it shall be an unfair
labor practice for an employer “to dominate or interfere with
the formation or administration of any labor organization or
contribute financial or other support to it . . . .” A violation can
arise from action taken in good faith without any intention of
violating the Act. Ladies Garment Workers (Bernhard-
Altmann Texas Corp.) v. NLRB, 366 U.S. 731 (1961). Section
8(a)(2) insures that employees designate a collective-bargaining
representative of their own independent choice without inter-
ference by the employer, who might prefer dealing with an
inside or less aggressive outside labor organization. Employer
conduct that actively benefits a preferred outside labor organi-
zation over an incumbent92 or prefers one of two rival outside
labor organizations,93 violates the Act, and generally falls

92 Palmos Del Mar Co., 277 NLRB 71 (1985), enfd. 797 F.2d 39 (1st
Cir. 1986); Independent Assn. of Steel Fabricators, 231 NLRB 264
(1977), enfd. denied in part 582 F.2d 135 (2d Cir. 1978), cert. denied
439 U.S. 1130 (1979); Precision Carpet, Inc. 223 NLRB 329 (1976);
and Arkay Packaging Corp., 221 NLRB 99 (1975).
93 Ralco Sewing Industry, 243 NLRB 438 (1979); Ravenwood Elec-
tric Corp., 232 NLRB 609 (1977); and Hartz Mountain Corp., 228
NLRB 492 (1977).
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 43
within the definition of unlawful “assistance.”94 The Board
evaluates the totality of an employer’s conduct in determining
whether the “natural tendency of [that] support would be to
inhibit employees in their choice of a bargaining representa-
tive” and to restrict the employees group in maintaining an
arm’s-length relationship with an employer. Airstream, Inc.,
288 NLRB 220 (1988).
Soon after the certification of the Union as the bargaining
representative of the Respondent’s unit employees, the Re-
spondent started to consider ways of getting rid of the Union.95
The minutes of the closed meeting of the Respondent’s board
of directors’ meeting of August 11, 1998, indicates that Joseph
Gaggen, director of management for the management firm (Elm
Management) which provides management personnel for the
Respondent’s property, told the board that since no agreement
as yet had been reached between the Respondent and 32B-32J,
the Board certified bargaining representative of the Respon-
dent’s maintenance employees, Gaggen suggested that they
keep the employees “out of the Union altogether,” by offering
them good salaries and good health benefits, “and you will
never have to deal with the Union again.” After Brooks said
that the Respondent was legally bound to Local 32B-32J, Gag-
gen responded that he would speak to a Zabinsky “regarding a
non-union.” According to the minutes of the board of direc-
tors’ meeting on December 8, 1998, McGill in a telephone
conversation, apparently with Eunice Johnson, suggested “that
the Board indirectly propose to the staff the possibility of going
to another Union, such as Local 670.” McGill admitted having
made such a suggestion and after a bargaining session with the
Union, strongly suggested that the Respondent meet with the
employees immediately to discuss the Union and ascertain what
they wanted.
Moreover, the tape recording and minutes of the March 16
board of directors’ meeting shows that towards the end of the
meeting the Respondent discussed the possibility of getting rid
of Local 32B-32J and securing a different union. McGill, at
this meeting, stated that the employees can find another union
or they can be nonunion. When McGill asked whether Local 2,
the employees prior union would be interested in taking them
back as members, board of directors’ president, Valerie Brooks,
responded that she had spoken to Carlos Stewart, president of
Local 2, on the Respondent’s premises who advised her that
Local 2 would not take the men back. The Respondent admits
that it was totally aware during the above times that “Pratt
Towers is committed to Local 32B-32J for a period of one year
from the date of the Certification,” when it contacted Local 2.
Therefore, I find and conclude from the above circumstances
and the record evidence establishes that the Respondent’s con-
duct in considering to prolong negotiations for the entire certi-
fication year, without reaching an agreement, in approaching
Local 2 and soliciting that union to again represent its employ-

94 Park Inn Home for Adults, 293 NLRB 1082 (1989); Systems Man-
agement, 292 NLRB 1078 (1989); United Artists Communications, 280
NLRB 1056 (1986); and Windsor Place Corp., 276 NLRB 445 (1985).
95 At the April 27, 1998 board of directors’ meeting Donohue rec-
ommended that the Respondent consider offering the employees an-
other union and dragging out negotiations with Local 32B-32J until the
end of the certification year.
ees and in volunteering, in effect, to recognize Local 2, as its
employees bargaining representative if Local 2 agreed, and at a
time when Local 2 no longer represented its unit employees,
and when Local 32B-32J did, enjoying an irributable presump-
tion of majority support, that the Respondent rendered unlawful
assistance to Local 2 in violation of Section 8(a)(2) of the
Act.96
96 The Respondent objects to the amendments to the complaint alleg-
ing violations of Sec. 8(a)(2), (1), and (5) of the Act as being barred by
Sec. 10(b) (6 months statute of limitations) and because there is no
supporting charge. The Respondent maintains that “[t]he nature of the
8(a)(2) and (5) allegations could not be more different than the original
8(a)(3) complaint. Nor do the new allegations arise from the same
basic fact pattern upon which the 8(a)(3) complaint is predicated.
Therefore, these last minute allegations in the form of amendments to
the complaint do not relate back to the original complaint.”
I do not agree.
In Nickles Bakery of Indiana the Board, citing NLRB v. Fant Milling
Co., 360 U.S. 301, 309 (1959), held that “Consistent with Fant Milling,
the Board has long required a sufficient factual relationship between the
specific allegations in the charge and the complaint allegations.” In
Redd-I, Inc., 290 NLRB 1115 (1988), the Board held that in deciding
whether complaint amendments are closely related to charge allega-
tions, it would apply the closely related test, comprised of the following
factors. First, the Board will look at whether the otherwise untimely
allegations involve the same legal theory as the allegations in the pend-
ing timely charge. While this usually may involve the same section of
the Act it is not necessary that the same section of the Act be invoked.
Second, the Board will look at whether the otherwise untimely allega-
tions arise from the same factual circumstances or sequence of events
as the pending timely charge. Finally, the Board may look at whether a
respondent would raise similar defenses to both allegations.
The precedent relied on in Redd-I applies a similar closely related
requirement to both initial complaints and amendments to complaints.
See NLRB v. Dinion Coil Co., 201 F.2d 484, 491 (2d Cir. 1952). Davis
Electrical Constructors, 291 NLRB 115, 116 fn. 9 (1988); Whitewood
Maintenance Co., 292 NLRB 1159, 1169 (1989). Thus, in this case
while the same sections of the Act are not involved, the allegations
therein satisfy the relatedness requirement because they are predicated
on essentially the same legal theory. Whitewood Maintenance Co.,
supra; Proctor & Gamble Mfg. Co. v. NLRB, 658 F.2d 968, 984–985
(4th Cir. 1981), cert. denied 459 U.S. 879 (1982). Moreover, the new
allegations clearly arise from the factual circumstances or sequence of
events upon which the basic fact pattern of the 8(a)(3) complaint is
predicated. And lastly, the Respondent raises similar defenses to both
the initial and amended complaints. Redd-I, Inc., supra at 116. More-
over, the record reflects that the Respondent put in its defense to these
allegations and refused an offer of an adjournment by the judge in order
to meet these new alleged violations of the Act.
As regards it’s additional defense to the allegation that it violated
Sec. 8(a)(2) of the Act, the Respondent in its brief points to the fact that
the only contact between Eunice Johnson and Local 2, occurred in
August 1998, when she called to inquire about health coverage for the
employees, and that she never discussed nor offered to recognize Local
2 on the Respondent’s behalf. The Respondent then asserts that Pratt
Towers, through Eunice Johnson did not unlawfully assist Local 2 in
violation of Sec. 8(a)(2) of the Act. Even accepting Johnson’s state-
ment as true, it does not affect my finding of a violation of Sec. 8(a)(2)
of the Act. As set forth above, there is ample evidence without any
reliance on Johnson’s contact with Local 2 to support a conclusion that
the Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(2) of the Act.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 44
8. The alleged violation of Section 8(a)(1) and (5)
of the Act
The second amendment to the consolidated complaint alleges
that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(1) and (5) of the Act
by engaging in a predetermined and planned course of conduct
designed to undermine the status of the Union as the exclusive
bargaining representative of its unit employees, and to convince
them that it would be futile to continue to support the Union
and that it would be in their best interests to abandon the Union.
Section 8(a)(5) of the Act establishes a duty between an em-
ployer and its employees’ bargaining representative “to enter
into discussion with an open and fair mind and a sincere pur-
pose to find a basis of agreement.” Houston County Electric
Cooperative, Inc., 285 NLRB 1213 (1987), citing Herman Sau-
sage Co., 275 F.2d 229, 231 (5th Cir. 1960). Section 8(d) of
the Act requires the parties “to meet at reasonable times and
confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other
terms and conditions of employment, or the negotiation of an
agreement . . . .”
In determining whether an employer has engaged in bad-
faith bargaining, the Board examines the totality of the em-
ployer’s conduct, both away from and at the bargaining table.
Masssilon Newspapers, 319 NLRB 349 (1995), supplemented
320 NLRB 1029 (1996); Fairhaven Properties, 314 NLRB 763
(1994); Coal Age Service Corp., 312 NLRB 572 (1993);
Coastal Electric Coop., 311 NLRB 1126 (1993); Optica Lee
Boringuen, Inc., 307 NLRB 705 (1992). A party remains free
to bargain hard, but may not seek to frustrate the bargaining
process. Palace Performing Arts Center, 312 NLRB 950
(1993); Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., 288 NLRB 69 (1988), affd.
in pertinent part sub nom. Teamsters Local 515 v. NLRB, 906
F.2d 719 (D.C. Cir. 1990); J. D. Lunsford Plumbing, 254
NLRB 1360 (1981); and West Coast Casket Co. 192 NLRB 624
(1971).
In ascertaining whether a party has bargained in good faith,
making a genuine effort to reach agreement, direct evidence of
a party’s intent to frustrate the bargaining process is sometimes
hard to find. But the employer’s intent, after all, is the bench-
mark determination as to whether an employer is meeting its
obligation under the Act and this can be evidenced by the em-
ployer’s actions both at and away from the bargaining table. In
order for nonbargaining misconduct to taint the bargaining
process, there must be some nexus between the two, or the
misconduct must be of such an egregious nature that only one
conclusion can be drawn, that is, that the employer intended to
frustrate the bargaining process and not reach an agreement.
The record evidence, including the Respondent’s minutes of
the board of directors’ meetings, internal memoranda, man-
ager’s reports, and the cassette tapes of the meetings of March
16 and 23, 1999, clearly indicate that the Respondent engaged
in a calculated course of conduct designed “to render contrac-
tual agreement an impossibility and to erode support of the
Union among employees.” Smyth Mfg. Co., 247 NLRB 1139
(1980). It was the Respondent’s stated intent to drag out the
negotiations until May 1, 1999, when the Union’s certification
year ended and to undermine and eventually rid itself of the
Union. It appears from the record that starting in April 1998,
soon after the Union was certified as the bargaining representa-
tive of its maintenance employees, the Respondent considered
various options to rid itself of the Union, such as offering the
employees better wages and benefits, another union to represent
them and the dragging out of negotiations until the end of the
certification year.97 That the Respondent intended to drag out
negotiations is established by the record. When the Union
modified some of its proposals, made counteroffers, and tried to
address most of the Respondent’s concerns, the Respondent
rejected the Union’s offers outright, and raised new and differ-
ent issues. Moreover, the Respondent made no counterpropos-
als and did not change its proposal from its initial offer. At the
board of directors’ meeting on October 27, 1998, Brooks in-
formed the board that a strike contingency plan should be pre-
pared “just in case staff chooses to go with the union and there
is a strike.” But the employees had already “chose to go with
the Union” approximately 5 months earlier when they elected
Local 32B-32J as their exclusive bargaining representative.
At the board of directors meeting on December 8, 1998,
McGill suggested that the board indirectly propose to the staff
that they go to another union, such as Local 670. Further,
McGill testified that after a bargaining session he strongly sug-
gested that the Respondent meet with the men immediately to
bring up the subject of the Union in an attempt to ascertain
what they wanted.
McGill spoke during the March 16, 1999 meeting regarding
getting rid of the Union on May 1 or 2, stating “[I]f they were
to come back to work here, they could get rid of that union on
May 1st or May 2nd . . . then they can find another or they can
be non-union.” At this meeting McGill queried whether or not
Local 2, the maintenance employee’s prior union would be
interested in taking the men back. Whereupon, Brooks stated at
the meeting that she had spoken to Carlos Stewart, president of
Local 2, concerning whether or not he would take the men
back. This meeting between Brooks and Carlos Stewart took
place on the premises.
Johnson went even further than Brooks at the March 16,
1999 meeting stating that they are going to prolong and delay
the negotiations as much as possible. Johnson also stated that
she hoped the men found new jobs during the course of the
labor hearing, because then they would not want to come back
to the Employer. Brooks then started making plans for running
the building with four employees.
Additionally Brooks’ statement made during the March 23,
1999 board of directors’ meeting is revealing as to the Respon-
dent’s position vis-à-vis the Union. Brooks stated:

Because Kevin McGill said there was a possibility that the
Union would walk away from that. And I really hope it will

97 Johnson admitted that at the April 27, 1998 meeting, Donohue told
the board that they should consider offering the staff another union and
dragging out the negotiations until the end of the certification year. At
the board of directors meeting of August 11, 1998, Gaggen who re-
placed Donohue suggested to the board that they keep the employees
out of the Union by offering health benefits and better wages. Gaggen
also said he would look into the issue of a nonunion shop.
Moreover, Johnson’s own notes of the negotiation sessions illus-
trates an intent to bargain in bad faith until the anniversary date of the
certification.
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 45
happen once we start presenting our misconduct. Because
they’re going to have to—all right, and then once the Union
sees, that well, they started out with eight men, one man quit
and now they’re down to seven men . . . they’re legally bound
. . . they have to pay for legal representation . . . for these 6
guys who aren’t [sic] even long term members . . . like Kevin
said, they may walk away . . . .

Lastly is the fact that the Respondent demanded that the
striking employees discontinue their support and association
with the Union before they could be considered for reinstate-
ment to their jobs.
Based upon the record evidence, it is clear that the Respon-
dent did not want Local 32B-32J as its employees collective-
bargaining representative because it was too costly. Faced with
the Board’s certification of the Union as its employees bargain-
ing representative, the Respondent embarked on a plan to rid
itself of this Union by engaging in a predetermined course of
conduct designed to undermine the status of the Union with the
employees. The Respondent never intended to bargain in good
faith, dragging out the negotiations until the certification year
was up, instigating the employees to consider a different union,
requiring them to get letters disassociating themselves from the
Union in order for reinstatement and, raising insupportable and
even pretextual reasons for denying the men their jobs back in
the hope the Union and the striking employees who supported it
would “walk away.”
The Respondent asserts that it was the Union who bargained
in bad faith not the reverse. However, it should be remembered
that even if the Union had demanded that the independent
agreement be signed “as is,” the parties including the Respon-
dent had already agreed during bargaining to those clauses
aside from those listed in its October 8 letter, it subsequently
after impasse raised as illegal. What does that say as to the
good or bad faith bargaining of the Respondent.
From all of the above I find and conclude that the Respon-
dent, by its actions herein, violated Section 8(a)(1) and (5) of
the Act.
IV. THE EFFECTS OF THE UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
ON COMMERCE
The activities of the Respondent set forth in section III,
above, found to constitute unfair labor practices occurring in
connection with the operations of the Respondent described in
section I, above, have a close, intimate, and substantial relation-
ship to trade, traffic, and commerce among the several States
and tend to lead to labor disputes burdening and obstructing
commerce and the free flow thereof.
V. THE REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I shall recommend that it cease and desist
therefrom and take certain affirmative action designed to effec-
tuate the policies of the Act.
Having found that the Respondent unlawfully discharged
striking employees Curtis Bailey, Theorgy Brailsford, and
Keith Robinson on March 11, 1999, and Angel Venzen, Law-
rence Folkes, and Jude Obaseki on March 15, 1999, the Re-
spondent shall be ordered to offer them immediate reinstate-
ment to their former positions, discharging if necessary any
replacements hired since their terminations, and that they be
made whole for any loss of earnings or other benefits by reason
of the discrimination against them in accordance with the
Board’s decision in F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289
(1980), with interest computed as in New Horizons for the Re-
tarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987). See also Florida Steel Corp.,
231 NLRB 651 (1977), and Isis Plumbing Co. 138 NLRB 716
(1962).
As part of the remedy sought, the General Counsel and the
Union request an extension of the certification year in which
the Respondent is ordered to bargain with the Union upon re-
quest, in good faith for “the period required by” Mar-Jac Poul-
try Co., 136 NLRB 785 (1962). The Respondent, in effect,
opposes this by asserting that it never failed or refused to bar-
gain in good faith with the Union but that it was the Union who
bargained in bad faith.
The Board has long held that where there is a finding that an
employer, after a union’s certification, has failed or refused to
bargain in good faith with that union, the Board’s remedy there-
fore ensures that the union has at least 1 year of good-faith
bargaining during which its majority status cannot be ques-
tioned. Mar-Jac Poultry, Inc., supra. Also see National Medi-
cal Hospital of Compton, 287 NLRB 149 (1987); Colfor, Inc.,
282 NLRB 1173 (1987). The measures taken by the Board to
assure a period of good faith bargaining generally includes an
extension of the certification year for some period of time.
Valley Inventory Service, 295 NLRB 1163 (1989); Whisper Soft
Mills, Inc., 267 NLRB 813 (1983), revd. on other grounds 754
F.2d 1381 (9th Cir, 1984); Mar-Jac Poultry, Inc., supra. How-
ever, in some situations, the Board will not extend the certifica-
tion year, but merely require bargaining on request for a rea-
sonable period of time. G. J. Aigner Corp., 257 NLRB 669
(1981); San Antonio Portland Cement, 277 NLRB 309 (1985);
Libby Convalescent Center, 251 NLRB 817 (1980); Federal
Pacific Electric Co., 215 NLRB 861 (1974).
In assessing the appropriate remedy in these situations, it is
necessary to “take into account the realities of collective-
bargaining negotiations by providing a reasonable period of
time in which the Union and the Respondent can resume nego-
tiations and bargain for a contract without unduly saddling the
employees with a bargaining representative that they may no
longer wish to have represent them.” Colfor, supra at 1175.
Various factors are considered in making such an evaluation,
including the nature of the violations found, Glomac Plastics,
234 NLRB 1309 (1978); G. J. Aigner, supra; Libby, supra; the
number and extent of collective-bargaining sessions, G. J.
Aigner, supra; National Medical, supra; Colfor, supra; the im-
pact of the unfair labor practices upon the bargaining process,
Colfor, supra; Valley Inventory, supra; and the conduct of the
Union during the negotiations, Briarcliff Pavillion, 260 NLRB
1374 (1982), enfd. mem. 725 F.2d 669 (3d Cir. 1983).
In evaluating these factors, I conclude that a 1-year extension
of the certification year is appropriate to start from the date of
resumption of bargaining between the parties. The Union was
certified on April 21, 1998. The Union and the Respondent
held four bargaining sessions from August 26, 1998, to January
7, 1999. As indicated herein it appears that the Respondent
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 46
engaged in bad-faith bargaining intending to draw out the nego-
tiations to allow for the expiration of the certification year and
tending to undermine the Union’s representational status, while
outwardly pretending to negotiate in good faith. Moreover, the
Respondent engaged in most egregious unfair labor practices,
unlawfully refusing to reinstate and discharging its striking
employees, and in seeking and assisting another union to repre-
sent its employees in the attempt to rid itself of a lawfully certi-
fied but unwanted Union.
The Board has also held that the certification year should be
extended in cases in which the employer has engaged in perva-
sive and extensive illegal practices that commenced at the out-
set of bargaining, and when the employer has unlawfully en-
couraged employees to decertify the union. Frank Leta Honda,
321 NLRB 482 (1996).
From all of the above, I find and conclude that a 1-year ex-
tension of the certification year, will provide the parties with a
reasonable period of time for negotiations without unduly sad-
dling the employees with a bargaining representative that they
no longer support. Industrial Chrome Co., 306 NLRB 79 fn. 2
(1992); Den-Tal-Ez, Inc., 303 NLRB 968 fn. 2 (1991); Colfor
Inc., 282 NLRB 1173 (1987). Moreover, while the certification
year will be extended for 1-year, the Respondent’s duty to bar-
gain will not necessarily stop when the certification expires.
Colfor, Inc., supra, and cases cited therein.
In addition the Respondent will be ordered to resume nego-
tiations with the Union upon request and bargain collectively in
good faith concerning wages, hours, and other terms and condi-
tions of employment, and for 1-year thereafter, and if an under-
standing is reached embody it in a written agreement. South
Carolina Baptist Ministries, 310 NLRB 156 (1993); Hydro-
therm, 302 NLRB 990 (1991); Glomac Plastics, supra.
Additionally, the Union seeks reimbursement for any ex-
penses incurred as a result of the violations of the Act by the
Respondent, “including but not limited to all legal fees incurred
by the Union in bargaining and pursuing this claim.”98 The
Union asserts that the Respondent “entered into negotiations
with a preconceived position to delay, stall, and frustrate the
Union, so as to have the ability to cause the employees to de-
certify the Union after a year of fruitless negotiations.”
In Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., 224 NLRB 1418, 1420–1421
(1976) the Board stated:

In Hecks, Inc., 215 NLRB 765 (1974), the Board reviewed
and fully considered the question of the award of litigation
expenses and court costs to a charging party. In our decision
in Heck’s, we reaffirmed our position9 that the award of litiga-
tion expenses, except in extraordinary circumstances involv-
ing frivolous defenses, would discourage respondents from
gaining access to the appropriate forum in order to fully liti-
gate “debatable” defenses.

________________________________________
9 Tiidee Products, Inc., 194 NLRB 1234, 1236 (1972); 196 NLRB 158
(1972).

98 The General Counsel did not request such reimbursement here,
nor does he take a position on the Union’s request for reimbursement of
its reasonable litigation and negotiation expenses.
The Union contends that:

Against the background of the Employer’s conduct, one can
easily conclude that all Union efforts at meeting and negotiat-
ing a collective bargaining agreement were for naught. The
Employer entered into negotiations with a preconceived posi-
tion to delay, stall and frustrate the Union, so as to have the
ability to cause the employees to decertify the Union after a
year of fruitless negotiations. Reimbursement of these ex-
penses would not be punitive, but will merely restore the
status guo.

However, I am not persuaded that a proper application of the
Heck’s principle warrants granting the Union’s request for re-
imbursement of its litigation and negotiation expenses here.
In Retlaw Broadcasting, 324 NLRB 1148 (1997), the Board
held:

It is well settled that the assessment of costs against a Re-
spondent is an extraordinary remedy not ordinarily imposed.
Heck’s, Inc., 215 NLRB 765 (1974); Tiidee Products, 194
NLRB 1234 (1972), enfd. as modified 502 F.2d 349 (D.C.
Cir. 1974), cert. denied 421 U.S. 791 (1975). As long as the
defenses raised by the respondent are “debatable” rather than
“frivolous,” this remedy is inappropriate, even where the Re-
spondent had engaged in “clearly aggravated and pervasive
misconduct,” or a “flagrant repetition of conduct previous
found unlawful.” Mt. Airy Psychiatric Center, 230 NLRB
668, 681 (1977).

Under this standard, I find that extraordinary remedies in this
case are unwarranted.99
The Union also seeks a broad Order herein requiring the Re-
spondent “to cease and desist from violating the Act ‘in any
other manner’” citing Hickmott Foods, 242 NLRB 1357 (1979).
The Board in Hickmott Foods stated that an order is warranted
only when a respondent is shown to have a proclivity to violate
the Act or has engaged in such egregious or widespread mis-
conduct as to demonstrate a general disregard for the employ-
ees’ fundamental statutory rights. While it is true that the Re-
spondent bargained in bad faith, unlawfully encouraged em-
ployees to decertify the Union and refused to reinstate strikers,
I do not believe the Respondent meets the standard under
Hickmott and therefore a broad injunctive order is not war-
ranted herein.
Therefore, because of the nature of the unfair labor practices
found here, and in order to make effective the interdependent
guarantees of Section 7 of the Act, I recommend that the Re-
spondent be ordered to refrain from in any like or related man-
ner abridging any of the rights guaranteed employees by Sec-
tion 7 of the Act. The Respondent should also be required to
post the customary notice.
99 In accord see McGuire Steel Erection, Inc., 324 NLRB 221
(1997); Adam Wholesalers, Inc., 322 NLRB 313 (1996). (In Adam
Wholesalers, the Board held that a respondent’s defenses will generally
be considered debatable rather than frivolous, if they turn on issues of
credibility.) Contrast Harowe Servo Controls, 250 NLRB 958 (1980);
Wallman Industries, Inc., 248 NLRB 325 (1980).
PRATT TOWERS, INC. 47
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. Pratt Towers, Inc. is an employer engaged in commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. All full-time and regular part-time building service em-
ployees employed by the Respondent at its 333 Lafayette Ave-
nue, Brooklyn, New York facility, excluding all guards and
supervisors as defined in the Act constitute a unit appropriate
for the purposes of collective bargaining within the meaning of
Section 9(b) of the Act.
4. At all times material herein, the Union has been, and is
now, the exclusive bargaining representative of all employees
in the appropriate unit for purposes of collective bargaining
within the meaning of Section 9(a) of the Act.
5. At all material times the following named persons have
been agents of the Respondent, acting on its behalf, or supervi-
sors of the Respondent within the meaning of Section 2(11) of
the Act: Eunice Johnson (site manager), Valerie Brooks (board
of directors president), Faythe Gaskin (assistant secretary of the
board of directors), and Joan Newsome-White (board of direc-
tors’ member).
6. From February 22 to March 15, 1999, the Respondent’s
employees, Keith Robinson, Lawrence Folkes, Theorgy Brails-
ford, Curtis Bailey, Angel Venzen, and Jude Obaseki engaged
in a strike.
7. On March 11 and 15, 1999, the striking employees made
unconditional offers to return to their former positions of em-
ployment, and the Union, on March 16, 1999, made an uncon-
ditional offer on behalf of the striking employees to return to
their former jobs.
8. The Respondent has failed to carry its burden in establish-
ing its affirmative defense that the striking employees engaged
in misconduct of sufficient seriousness to deny them reinstate-
ment to their former positions.
9. The Respondent has failed to carry its burden in establish-
ing its affirmative defense that the strike engaged in by the
striking employees was unlawful, since its object was to com-
pel the Respondent to sign a bargaining contract containing
illegal clauses in violation of the Act and that the Union bar-
gained in bad faith, therefore the Respondent did not have to
reinstate its striking employees.
10. By unlawfully discharging and refusing to reinstate its
striking employees unless and until they abandoned their sup-
port for the Union the Respondent has engaged in unfair labor
practices within the meaning of Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act.
11. By rendering unlawful assistance to Local 2 by seeking
out and volunteering to recognize Local 2 as the bargaining
representative of its unit employees, at a time when the Re-
spondent’s employees were represented by Local 32B-32J, the
Respondent engaged in unfair labor practices within the mean-
ing of Section 8(a)(2) of the Act.
12. By engaging in a predetermined and planned course of
conduct designed to undermine the status of the Union as the
exclusive bargaining representative of the Respondent’s em-
ployees, and to convince the employees that it would be futile
to continue to support the Union and in their best interests to
abandon the Union, the Respondent engaged in unfair labor
practices within the meaning of Section 8(a)(1) and (5) of the
Act.
13. The aforesaid unfair labor practices constitute unfair la-
bor practices affecting commerce within the meaning of Sec-
tion 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]