Ogihara America Corp.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Nov 30, 2004

343 N.L.R.B. 809 (N.L.R.B. 2004)

OGIHARA AMERICA CORP.
343 NLRB No. 91
809
Ogihara America Corporation and International Un-
ion, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricul-
tural Implement Workers of America (UAW),
AFL–CIO. Cases 7–CA–47071 and 7–RC–22589
November 30, 2004
DECISION, ORDER, AND DIRECTION OF SECOND
ELECTION
BY CHAIRMAN BATTISTA AND MEMBERS SCHAUMBER
AND WALSH
On July 12, 2004, Administrative Law Judge George
Carson II issued the attached decision. The Respondent
filed exceptions and a supporting brief. The General
Counsel and the Charging Party filed answering briefs,
and the Respondent filed a reply brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,1 and conclusions and
to adopt the recommended Order as modified.2

1 The judge found, inter alia, that the Respondent violated Sec.
8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act when, during the preelection “critical period,”
it issued employee Stefan Mikulka a written warning for distributing
union literature in a nonworking area on nonworking time to an em-
ployee who was also on nonworking time. The warning also stated,
however, that Mikulka had violated the Respondent’s “Rule 4,” which
prohibits the posting of unapproved material. The Respondent ac-
knowledged that the wrong rule was cited, and did not except to the
8(a)(3) violation finding.
The election was held on January 9, 2003. After the withdrawal of
determinative challenges, a revised tally of ballots issued, showing 148
votes for and 159 against representation by the Petitioner. The judge
found, and we agree, that the critical-period 8(a)(3) violation warrants
setting aside the election. In adopting the judge’s finding that Mi-
kulka’s discipline constituted objectionable conduct, we rely on the fact
that Mikulka was disciplined for protected conduct, and not on the fact
that the written warning inadvertently cited the wrong rule of work-
place conduct.
The judge also found objectionable the Respondent’s enforcement,
on the day of the election, of its policy concerning employee uniforms.
The Respondent excepts. Because we have found that Mikulka’s
unlawful discipline is independently sufficient to warrant a rerun elec-
tion, we find it unnecessary to pass on whether the Respondent’s en-
forcement of its uniform policy was also objectionable.
In setting aside the election based on the unlawful discipline of Mi-
kulka, the judge relied on Dal-Tex Optical Co., 137 NLRB 1782
(1962). Chairman Battista finds that the Respondent’s unlawful con-
duct would warrant a new election even under the standard set forth in
Cambridge Tool & Mfg. Co., 316 NLRB 716 (1995), because that
conduct had “the tendency to interfere with the employees’ freedom of
choice” and “could well have affected the outcome of the election.”
Accordingly, the Chairman finds it unnecessary to pass on Dal-Tex or
its progeny holding that an unfair labor practice will warrant setting
aside an election except where “it is virtually impossible to conclude
that the misconduct could have affected the election results.” See, e.g.,
Clark Equipment Co., 278 NLRB 498, 505 (1986).
Member Schaumber concurs in the result his colleagues reach and
agrees with the Chairman’s comments above. Additionally, because
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge as
modified below and orders that the Respondent, Ogihara
America Corporation, Howell, Michigan, its officers,
agents, successors, and assigns, shall take the action set
forth in the Order as modified.
Substitute the attached notice for that of the adminis-
trative law judge.
[Direction of Second Election omitted from publica-
tion.]
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey
this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist any union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on
your behalf
Act together with other employees for your bene-
fit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected
activities.
WE WILL NOT interfere with your right to distribute pro-
tected union literature in nonworking areas when neither
you nor the recipient is on working time.
WE WILL NOT discipline you for distributing literature
in nonworking areas on behalf of the International Un-
ion, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural
Implement Workers of America (UAW), AFL–CIO,
when neither you nor the recipient is on working time.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
set forth above.

the Respondent has not excepted to the 8(a)(3) violation found by the
judge, Member Schaumber finds it unnecessary to address the merits of
the judge’s discussion of Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd.
662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir. 1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982), and
NLRB v. Burnup & Sims, 379 U.S. 21 (1964).
2 We shall substitute a new notice that accords with the language of
the judge’s recommended Order and with our decision in Ishikawa
Gasket America, Inc., 337 NLRB 175 (2001), enfd. 354 F.3d 534 (6th
Cir. 2004).
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD810
WE HAVE rescinded the unlawful discipline that we is-
sued to Stefan Mikulka, and we will not use that disci-
pline against him in any way.
OGIHARA AMERICA CORPORATION
Mary Beth Foy, Esq., for the General Counsel.
A. David Mikesell and Aaron D. Graves, Esqs., for the Respon-
dent.
Betsy A. Engel, Esq., for the Charging Party.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
GEORGE CARSON II, Administrative Law Judge. This case
was tried in Detroit, Michigan, on May 25, 2004, pursuant to a
complaint that issued on April 6, 2004.1 The complaint alleges
two violations of Section 8(a)(1) of the National Labor Rela-
tions Act and the unlawful discipline of employee Stefan Mi-
kulka in violation of Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act. On
April 6, contemporaneously with the issuance of the complaint,
the Regional Director issued an order that directed a hearing on
objections in Case 7–RC–22589 and consolidated that case for
hearing with the unfair labor practice case. The Respondent’s
answer denies all violations of the Act. I find that the Respon-
dent’s interference with its employees’ distribution of literature
and the discipline of Mikulka did violate the Act as alleged in
the complaint. I find also that the Employer engaged in objec-
tionable conduct and that a new election must be held.
On the entire record, including my observation of the de-
meanor of the witnesses, and after considering the briefs filed
by all parties, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
The Respondent, Ogihara America Corporation, the Com-
pany or the Employer, is a corporation engaged in the manufac-
ture and nonretail sale of automobile parts at its facility in
Howell, Michigan. The Company, in conducting its business,
annually purchases and receives goods and materials valued in
excess of $50,000 directly from points located outside the State
of Michigan. The Company admits, and I find and conclude,
that it is an employer engaged in commerce within the meaning
of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
The Respondent admits, and I find and conclude, that Inter-
national Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricul-
tural Implement Workers of America (UAW), AFL–CIO, the
Union, is a labor organization within the meaning of Section
2(5) of the Act.
II. ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. Background
Following the December 15, 2003 filing of the representation
petition in Case 7–RC–22589, the Employer and the Union
entered into a stipulated election agreement that was approved

1 All dates are in 2004 unless otherwise indicated. The charge in
Case 7–CA–47071 was filed on January 21.
by the Regional Director of Region 7 on December 23, 2003.
There were approximately 323 employees in the stipulated
appropriate unit.2 Thereafter, on January 9, an election was
conducted. The Union received 148 votes, 150 employees
voted not to be represented by the Union, and the Union chal-
lenged 9 ballots. A revised tally, following the withdrawal of
the Union’s challenges reflected 159 votes against representa-
tion by the Union. The Union filed objections to the election
and the unfair labor practice charge alleging, inter alia, that the
Respondent had illegally disciplined employee Stefan Mikulka.
The Company permits solicitation and distribution before
and after work and when employees are on break. Executive
Manager of Human Resources Patrick Casady testified that
these activities are limited to nonworking time. Although testi-
mony suggests that the foregoing practice is reflected in a writ-
ten rule, Rule 31, no document reflecting that rule was intro-
duced into evidence. There is no allegation that the Company
maintains or enforces an invalid rule.
Stefan Mikulka was disciplined on December 16, 2003. The
discipline was rescinded on February 16. The Company refers
to its employees as associates. Although the memorandum re-
scinding the discipline refers to Mikulka having been disci-
plined for “distribution of literature during work time,” the
disciplinary notice issued to Mikulka states that he “was seen
distributing a letter titled ‘Sometimes we need to remember’ to
another Associate in the building.”
B. The Discipline of Stefan Mikulka
1. Facts
Stefan Mikulka was an active union adherent. He attended
union meetings, distributed union literature, and spoke with
employees regarding the Union. On December 8, 2003, Mi-
kulka entered the breakroom at lunchbreak, about 11:30 a.m.,
cleared papers and trash from the table at which he then sat
down, placed his sandwich upon a clean piece of paper upon
which there was writing, and began playing cards with three of
his fellow employees. As Mikulka was eating and playing
cards, employee Wes Winnicki approached him. Mikulka could
not recall whether Winnicki took the piece of paper that he was
using as a placemat under his sandwich or whether he handed

2 The appropriate unit is:
All full-time and regular part-time production and maintenance
employees employed by the Employer at its facility located at
1480 West McPherson Park Drive, Howell, Michigan, including
the following classifications: calibration technician, CMM op-
erator, die finisher, material handling driver, layout tech, plant
maintenance associate, press maintenance associate, material
handling production associate, production planning production
associate, production associate APQP, press production associ-
ate, assembly production associate, quality production associate,
quality specialist APQP, customer quality specialist, data quality
specialist, ultrasonic quality specialist, receiving administrator,
APQP technician, tool & die assistant, production activity coor-
dinator, assembly team leader, press team leader, production
planning team leader, quality team leader, material handling
team leader, plant maintenance team leader, and tool & die team
leader; but excluding engineers, office clerical employees, MIS
employees, guards and supervisors (including facilitators) as de-
fined under the Act.
OGIHARA AMERICA CORP. 811
the paper to Winnicki. Executive Manager of Human Resources
Casady testified that Stamping Manager Jeff Hughes reported
that he observed Mikulka pass the paper to Winnicki. Winnicki
departed from the breakroom with the piece of paper. Mikulka
denied that he had read what was written on the paper that he
was using as a placemat. Thereafter, employee Winnicki was
observed distributing the paper that he had obtained from Mi-
kulka to employees in another breakroom located near the ship-
ping and receiving area of the plant.
Management officials met with Winnicki regarding his ac-
tions. Manager Casady testified that “we met with Wes
Winnicki,” but he did not name the other individual or indi-
viduals involved in the meeting. The only evidence of what
occurred in that meeting comes from Casady who testified that
Winnicki told him that he had “heard that there was a piece of
paper down in the break area near the B line, . . . where Stefan
[Mikulka] typically takes his break.” Winnicki informed
Casady that he went to that breakroom, obtained the document
from Mikulka, and then “came back and distributed it to the
people in the break area near . . . shipping and receiving.”
Winnicki also stated that Mikulka had “handed him the paper,”
and Manager Hughes informed Casady that he had seen Mi-
kulka do so. Casady testified that it was decided to discipline
Mikulka because of his active participation in the distribution
and “our belief that Wes [Winnicki] was on working time.”
Contrary to the assertion in the Respondent’s brief that
“Winnicki was also understood to confirm that he was on work
time,” there is no evidence of any such confirmation by
Winnicki. The only evidence relating to Winnicki’s status is
Casady’s testimony of “our belief” that Winnicki was not on
break because he had begun work at 5 a.m. rather than 6 a.m.
Although Manager Jeff Hughes testified, he was not asked
about, and did not address, any of the foregoing matters. Em-
ployee Wes Winnicki did not testify.
There is no evidence that the Company conducted any inves-
tigation to confirm its assumption that Winnicki was not on
break. Confirmation of the absence of any such inquiry is estab-
lished by Manager Casady’s testimony that, in February, after
learning that Winnicki contended that he was on lunchbreak, “I
discussed it with his [Winnicki’s] immediate facilitator just to
confirm that that was possible, that he was on lunch at that
time.”
The paper obtained by Winnicki from Mikulka was a one
page document with a heading, in boldface type, stating “Some-
times We Need to Remember” followed by three typed para-
graphs containing a prounion message that refers to an anti-
union article written by Manager Patrick Cassidy and published
in an internal newsletter received by employees. The prounion
response is signed “Concerned Associate.” The formatting and
contents of the typed document suggest that it was prepared for
distribution in response to Cassidy’s published remarks, and I
so find.
On the morning of December 10, 2003, Mikulka was sent to
the office of his supervisor, Facilitator Scott Thompson.
Thompson informed Mikulka that Manager Casady wanted to
speak with him about Rule 31 and that he “could be terminated
for handing out literature.” Mikulka denied handing out litera-
ture. Thompson did not testify, thus Mikulka’s testimony re-
garding the foregoing statement is undenied. I credit Mikulka.
That afternoon, Mikulka met with Casady and Thompson in
the plant conference room. Mikulka initially testified that
Casady stated to him that he “was handing out literature,” and
that he responded that he “wasn’t.” When questioned by coun-
sel for the Charging Party, Mikulka revised his testimony and
said that Casady asked if he had been handing out literature. I
do not credit his revised testimony. Casady then showed Mi-
kulka the “Sometimes we need to remember” document, asking
whether he had seen the document. Mikulka responded that he
had seen the document but that he did not know what it was.
Casady asked whether Mikulka would be willing to write a
statement regarding the incident. Mikulka asked when the inci-
dent had taken place and Casady answered “on December 8th
2003, 11:40 a.m.” Mikulka stated that he was playing cards. He
agreed to write a statement and did so on December 11, 2003.
Contrary to Mikulka’s denial, I find that he was aware of the
nature of the document that he had placed under his sandwich. I
find that he handed it to Winnicki.
On December 16, 2003, Mikulka was called to the office of
his supervisor, Facilitator Thompson, and issued a written
counseling. The offense for which Mikulka was disciplined was
“distributing a letter titled ‘Sometimes we need to remember’ to
another Associate in the building.” There is no mention of
working time in the discipline. The disciplinary notice states
that Mikulka violated Rule 4, which prohibits “[p]osting mate-
rial within the facility or grounds without . . . approval.” Man-
ager Casady acknowledged at the hearing that the cited rule on
the notice was not the rule that Mikulka had allegedly violated:
“the wrong rule was written down.”
Employees heard that Mikulka had been disciplined for dis-
tributing literature. Mikulka discussed the discipline that he had
received with numerous employees, eight of whom, William
Horn, Bill Frech, Helen Heinz, Randy Warren. Derrick Bynum,
Teraz Griffith, Denny Wilms, and Jeanine Ross, he recalled by
name and others whom he did not recall by name. William
Horn, who works second shift, heard about the discipline when
he came into work and then spoke about it with Mikulka.
Thereafter, he discussed the discipline with employees Vince
Jenco and Bruce Slaughter. Horn testified that Mikulka’s disci-
pline was a topic of discussion at break. He explained, “It’s [the
plant is] a small town and talk runs rampant, good or bad.” Bill
Frech heard about the discipline in conversation at a break ta-
ble. Andre (Andy) Ahern, who like Horn works on second shift,
heard that Mikulka had been disciplined from first shift em-
ployee Ron Whittaker when he reported to work. He named
two second-shift employees, Tom Griswold and Chris Sim-
mons, who he knew had heard that Mikulka had been disci-
plined.
The Union filed timely objections to the election on January
16 and the charge alleging that Mikulka had been unlawfully
disciplined on January 21. The Board initiated its investigation.
In preparation for that investigation, Manager Casady spoke
again with employee Wes Winnicki. In this conversation,
Winnicki was assisted by employee Ryan Goetz. Casady testi-
fied that Winnicki has “a very thick [Polish] accent” and is
“[s]ometimes difficult to understand.” In their conversation,
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD812
Casady “learned that Wes [Winnicki] was actually on lunch
from 11:30 to noon.” As already noted, Casady thereafter con-
firmed this with Winnicki’s facilitator. On February 16, the
discipline that had been issued to Mikulka was rescinded. Al-
though the discipline issued to Mikulka did not refer to
Winnicki purportedly being on working time, the rescission
specifically states that the reason for the rescission was that
Winnicki “was on his lunch break and not work time.” It does
not address whether, in the future, Mikulka would be expected
to assure that any employee with whom he spoke in the break-
room was also on break. Casady testified that discipline had
also been issued to Winnicki and that it too was rescinded. The
record does not address the absence of any charge or allegation
relating to Winnicki, who did not testify.
2. Analysis and concluding findings
The complaint, in subparagraph 7(a), alleges that on Decem-
ber 8, 2003, Jeff Hughes and Scott Thompson interfered with
employees’ right to distribute protected literature. There is no
evidence of interference with distribution by Hughes. Hughes
did not intervene when he observed Mikulka hand the paper to
Winnicki. Although Winnicki distributed the document in the
shipping and receiving breakroom, there is no evidence of any
interference in that distribution. I shall recommend that sub-
paragraph 7(a) as it relates to Hughes be dismissed.
On December 10, 2003, Facilitator Thompson informed Mi-
kulka that Manager Casady wanted to talk to him and that he
“could be terminated for handing out literature.” I find, as ar-
gued by the General Counsel, that the foregoing undenied
comment, referring to possible termination for distribution with
no exception for the time or place of any such distribution,
interfered with Mikulka’s right to distribute literature and vio-
lated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act as alleged in subparagraph 7(a)
of the complaint. The minor discrepancy in the date, December
10 rather than December 8, 2003, is insufficient to establish any
prejudice to the Respondent in responding to the foregoing
allegation. Parts Depot, Inc., 332 NLRB 733, 734 fn. 6.
The complaint, in subparagraph 7(b), alleges that Thompson
and Casady coercively interrogated employees about the distri-
bution of protected union literature. Mikulka’s testimony does
not establish an unlawful coercive interrogation by either.
Thompson informed Mikulka that Casady wanted to talk to
him. At that meeting, Casady initiated the conversation by stat-
ing to Mikulka that he had been handing out literature, the ac-
cusation to which Mikulka was being given the opportunity to
respond. When Mikulka denied having distributed anything,
Casady showed him the document that he understood Mikulka
had given to Winnicki and asked if he had seen it. Unlike the
situation in Con-Way Central Express, 333 NLRB 1073 (2001),
cited by the General Counsel, Casady was not seeking to de-
termine the identity of the employee who had engaged in pro-
tected activity. Rather, the Respondent, properly, confronted
Mikulka, who had already been identified, with the information
it possessed and requested that he write a statement, which he
did. “The failure to conduct a meaningful investigation or to
give the employee an opportunity to explain has been regarded
as an important indicia of discriminatory intent.” K & M Elec-
tronics, 283 NLRB 279, 291 fn. 45 (1987). If the Respondent
were to fairly investigate the alleged improper distribution,
Mikulka had to be confronted with the accusation against him
and given the opportunity to respond. There was no unlawful
interrogation. The deficiency in the investigation was the fail-
ure to validate the assumption that Winnicki was not on break. I
shall recommend that subparagraph 7(b) of the complaint be
dismissed.
Subparagraph 7(c) of the complaint alleges that the Respon-
dent disciplined employee Mikulka because of his distribution
of union literature in violation of Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act. The Respondent argues that it disciplined Mikulka based
upon its good faith but admittedly mistaken belief that em-
ployee Winnicki was not on break. The evidence does not es-
tablish that the Respondent could reasonably have held such a
good faith belief. No management official questioned either
Winnicki or Winnicki’s direct supervisor, his facilitator, regard-
ing whether he had been on break in December, when the dis-
cipline was issued to Mikulka. Testimony by Casady that
Winnicki is difficult to understand because of his Polish accent
affords no legitimate excuse. Language proved to be no barrier
when a full and complete investigation was conducted in con-
nection with the unfair labor practice charge in February. In
that investigation the Respondent learned that Winnicki con-
tended he had been on break, and his facilitator confirmed “that
that was possible, that he was on lunch at that time.”
The Respondent’s brief, although arguing that the rescission
of Mikulka’s discipline is evidence that it did not bear animus
towards protected activity, acknowledges that “there was no
effective repudiation under Passavant Memorial [Area] Hospi-
tal, 237 NLRB 138 (1978).” I do not agree that the rescission
reflects an absence of animus on the part of the Respondent
rather than an attempt to avoid liability for its unlawful actions.
I agree that there was no effective repudiation. The rescission
was untimely, and it was not “specific in nature to the coercive
conduct.” The rescission does not address the language of the
warning received by Mikulka, which makes no mention of
Winnicki or working time and states that Mikulka had been
distributing “in the building.” Nor does the rescission acknowl-
edge that the rule cited in the discipline was inapplicable and
cited in error. The rescission gives no assurance that, in the
future, the Respondent would not interfere with the exercise of
employee Section 7 rights. U.S. Service Industries, 324 NLRB
834, 837–838 (1997).
The Respondent concedes that the discipline issued to Mi-
kulka was improper because Winnicki was on break but argues
that the foregoing was a “technical violation.” I do not agree.
The warning Mikulka was given refers to “distributing . . . in
the building.” The document that Mikulka gave to Winnicki
was a prounion response to an article by Manager Casady. If
the Respondent, consistent with its contention that Winnicki
was on working time, was seeking to have Mikulka comply
with its rule, the discipline would have referred to working
time. It did not. There is no reference to working time. The
reference is to “distributing . . . in the building.” Six days ear-
lier, on December 10, 2003, Facilitator Thompson had told
Mikulka that he could be terminated for distributing literature.
The Respondent was seeking to put a stop to Mikulka’s lawful
distribution of prounion literature.
OGIHARA AMERICA CORP. 813
Notwithstanding the admission of a “technical violation,” the
Respondent argues that it did not discriminate against Mikulka
because it acted upon its good-faith belief that Mikulka en-
gaged in unprotected conduct rather than upon antiunion ani-
mus. I have found that the Respondent could not have reasona-
bly held a good-faith belief when neither the employee suppos-
edly not on break nor his supervisor were questioned regarding
the employee’s status. Even if I were to have found that the
Respondent’s belief that Winnicki was not on break was held in
good faith, “[w]here an employee is disciplined for having
engaged in misconduct in the course of union activity, the em-
ployer’s honest belief that the activity was unprotected is not a
defense if, in fact, the misconduct did not occur.” Keco Indus-
tries, 306 NLRB 15, 17 (1992).
The Respondent argues that the General Counsel failed to
present a prima facie case of an 8(a)(3) violation because “there
is no evidence of anti-Union animus on the part of Respon-
dent.” Contrary to the foregoing assertion, Facilitator Thomp-
son’s threat of termination to known union adherent, Mikulka
for “distributing literature” establishes animus. More impor-
tantly, animus is an element of proof in those cases which turn
on motivation and, therefore, require a Wright Line analysis.
This is not a dual motive case. See Nor-Cal Beverage Co., 330
NLRB 610, 611 (2000). Mikulka was disciplined for engaging
in protected union activity that the Respondent mistakenly, and
as I have found unreasonably, assumed occurred in violation of
its distribution rule. As the Supreme Court stated in NLRB v.
Burnup & Sims, 379 U.S. 21, 23 (1964), “A protected activity
acquires a precarious status if innocent employees can be dis-
charged while engaging in it, even though the employer acts in
good faith.” Unlawful discipline for engaging in protected un-
ion activity violates both Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act.
Keco Industries, supra at 19; see also Saia Motor Freight Line,
333 NLRB 784, 785 (2001).
The conduct in which Mikulka engaged, distribution of
prounion literature in a nonworking area on nonworking time to
an employee who was also on nonworking time, constituted
both union activity and protected Section 7 activity. In warning
Mikulka for an offense that he did not commit, the Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act.
C. The Objections to the Election
The Union filed objections to the election contending that the
Employer:
1. Interfered with employees engaging in protected so-
licitation and distribution
2. Changed employer work rules to discourage union
activity.
3. Engaged in reprisals for employees who engaged in
union activity.
4. Disciplined employees who engaged in protected
union activity.
I have found that, after the petition was filed on December
15, 2003, the Employer violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act by unlawfully disciplining employee Mikulka for distribut-
ing protected union literature in a nonworking area on non-
working time to a fellow employee who was also on nonwork-
ing time. The foregoing finding is coextensive with the Union’s
Objections 1 and 4 in that the Employer’s discipline of Mikulka
concomitantly interfered with employees’ protected right to
distribute protected union literature.
The Board, in IRIS U.S.A., Inc., 336 NLRB 1013 (2001), re-
affirmed longstanding Board precedent regarding the effect of
8(a)(1) conduct in the context of an election:
It is well settled that conduct in violation of Section 8(a)(1)
that occurs during the critical period prior to an election is “a
fortiori, conduct which interferes with the exercise of a free
and untrammeled choice in an election.” Dal-Tex Optical Co.,
137 NLRB 1782, 1786 (1962). The Board has recognized a
narrow exception to this rule for conduct that is so minimal or
isolated that “it is virtually impossible to conclude that the
misconduct could have affected the election results.”
The Employer, in its brief, argues that the discipline of Mi-
kulka had “no chilling effect.” The Employer notes that all
employees who testified at this proceeding, Mikulka, William
Horn, Bill Frech, Helen Heinz, and Andre (Andy) Ahern, con-
tinued to support the Union and that Heinz “assumed that they
[the Employer] thought that he [Mikulka] . . . [was engaging in
distribution] during working time.” Heinz gave no reason for
her assumption, and there is no evidence that any other em-
ployee shared it. Contrary to the assertion in the Employer’s
brief, there is no evidence that “Mikulka and other employees
believed . . . that Winnicki had been on work time.” Mikulka’s
discipline did not name Winnicki, and it did not mention work-
ing time. Following his discipline on December 16, 2003, Mi-
kulka did not distribute literature again until January 8, the day
before the election. The discipline of Mikulka directly related
to his union activity. The willingness of some employees to
engage in the distribution of union literature following that
discipline does not negate “the chilling and coercive effect”
inherent in the discipline of an active union adherent. Opryland
Hotel, 323 NLRB 723,732 (1997).
The Employer argues that its “technical violation” of Mi-
kulka’s rights was “de minimus.” In determining whether a
case falls within the “narrow exception” of de minimus conduct
where “it is virtually impossible to conclude that the miscon-
duct could have affected the election results,” the Board has
considered “the number of violations, their severity, the extent
of dissemination, and the size of the unit,” as well as “the
closeness of the election.” Bon Appetit Management Co., 334
NLRB 1042, 1044 (2001).
In this case, the election was decided by two votes prior to
the challenged ballots being counted, 11 votes after the chal-
lenges were withdrawn. The unit consists of approximately 323
employees, and there is no testimony rebutting the testimony of
employee William Horn that the plant is like “a small town and
talk runs rampant, good or bad.” Prior to the critical period, the
Employer had, on December 10, 2003, interfered with the right
of employees to engage in protected Section 7 activity by
threatening Mikulka with termination for distributing union
literature. On December 16, 2003, the day after the representa-
tion petition was filed, Mikulka was disciplined. Numerous
employees, 13 of whom are identified by name in the record,
became aware that Mikulka had been disciplined for distribut-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD814
ing union literature. Employees discussed the discipline at
breaks, and employees who worked on second shift heard of the
discipline when they reported to work. The Employer’s conduct
in unlawfully disciplining Mikulka was not de minimus stand-
ing alone. Furthermore, as discussed, it was accompanied by
other objectionable conduct.
Objections 2 and 3 relate to an alleged rule change and repri-
sals. There are no complaint allegations relating to these objec-
tions. The Employer allows employees to wear union pins and
buttons. The Employer has a uniform policy that provides that
employees wear company issued clothing; however, the Em-
ployer permits employees who have not been issued company
cold weather clothing to wear personal winter clothing “when it
is severely cold.” Employee Helen Heinz would wear a hooded
sweatshirt to work when “it was so cold.” The issue is whether
the Employer’s enforcement of its uniform policy in regard to
prounion T-shirts on the day of the election constituted objec-
tionable conduct.
In a prior union campaign in 2002, the Union had distributed
yellow T-shirts bearing the UAW emblem in the center, just
below the neckline. When worn under a uniform shirt, a portion
of the emblem was visible. In 2004, the Union distributed blue
T-shirts with the UAW emblem off center and thus not visible
when worn under a uniform shirt. There is conflicting testi-
mony regarding whether employees, in derogation of the uni-
form policy, wore the yellow T-shirts over their uniform shirts
on the day of the election in 2002. Employees Andy Ahern, Bill
Frech, Helen Heinz and William Horn all testified that they
observed employees wearing the union shirts over their uniform
shirts in 2002. Facilitator Calvin Kortman admitted that, at
lunchtime in 2002, he noticed some employees wearing union
T-shirts over their uniform shirts.
Manufacturing Manager Michael Zimmerman testified that
he was unaware of any occasion upon which employees had
been permitted to wear a T-shirt over the uniform. Stamping
Manager Jeff Hughes testified that he was unaware of any em-
ployee wearing a T-shirt over a uniform shirt in 2002. In 2002,
in addition to the yellow T-shirts bearing the UAW emblem,
some employees obtained orange T-shirts bearing an antiunion
message.
On January 9, the day of the 2004 election, Hughes observed
employee Jeramiah Jerrad wearing one of the antiunion orange
shirts from the prior campaign over his uniform. He asked him
to remove it, and he did so. Hughes also observed employee
Anthony Davis wearing a prounion T-shirt over his uniform.
Hughes asked Davis to remove the shirt, and he did so. There-
after, Davis came to Hughes and “apologized and said he did
not mean any disrespect.”
On January 9, Bill Frech and Helen Heinz wore the blue un-
ion T-shirts over their uniforms when they reported to work.
Facilitator Kortman stated that it would “be best if they re-
moved their T-shirts or put them under their company uni-
form.” He then went to a meeting. When he returned, he in-
formed Frech and Heinz that Manager Bonnie Tyler would
soon be coming around and again told them that they should
either remove the T-shirts or place them under their uniforms.
Frech complied with the request and placed his union T-shirt
under his uniform shirt. He then gave a written request for a
“grace day,” one of three annual personal days of absence
which an employee may take without notice, to Kortman be-
cause “[i]t was just a bunch of hassle . . . people making you
take your shirt off.” Frech left. Heinz continued to wear the
union T-shirt. Manager Tyler arrived and offered Heinz three
options: she could take the shirt off, she could wear it under her
uniform shirt, or she could go home and change and then return
to work. Heinz asked if she could request a “grace day.” Tyler
informed her that she could not, that she had been asked to
comply with the uniform policy and had refused. Heinz elected
to leave and not return and thereby incurred a “point” against
her attendance bonus.
Counsel for the Petitioner argues that the foregoing actions
by the Employer constituted objectionable conduct, citing
Quantum Electric, Inc., 341 NLRB 1270 (2004). I agree. In that
case the Board concurred with the findings of the administra-
tive law judge, “for the reasons stated in her decision, that the
Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act when it
discharged employee Damir Tomas for wearing a T-shirt with
union insignia and refusing to turn the T-shirt inside out.” Id. at
fn. 1. There was no complaint allegation that the clothing pol-
icy violated the Act. There was, as in this case, conflicting evi-
dence regarding whether the policy was consistently enforced.
There was no evidence of animus regarding the application of
the policy. Nevertheless, the judge, as affirmed by the Board,
found that the prohibition of the wearing of a T-shirt bearing
the union’s insignia violated the Act, reasoning as follows:
[E]mployees have a right under Section 7 of the Act to wear
and display union insignia while at work. Republic Aviation
Corp. v. NLRB, 324 U.S. 793, 801–803 (1945). Absent “spe-
cial circumstances,” the promulgation or enforcement of a
rule prohibiting the wearing of such insignia violates Section
8(a)(1) of the Act. The special circumstances exception is nar-
row and “a rule that curtails an employee’s right to wear un-
ion insignia at work is presumptively invalid.” E & L Trans-
port Co., 331 NLRB 640 fn. 3 (2000). Respondent has not
elucidated any special circumstances to justify the prohibition
of employees’ wearing union T-shirts. There is nothing to
suggest the clothing policy is necessary to maintain produc-
tion or discipline or to ensure safety. See id. The only possible
special circumstance that might arguably apply is where dis-
play of union insignia may “unreasonably interfere with a
public image which the employer has established as part of its
business plan.” United Parcel Service, 312 NLRB 596, 597
(1993). Respondent has not, however, presented evidence of
that circumstance, and it cannot be inferred from the record,
particularly where Respondent’s employees do not normally
interact with the public. Accordingly, Respondent violated
Section 8(a)(1) of the Act when its supervisors directed
Tomas to reverse his union-superscribed T-shirt on penalty of
discipline. Id. JD slip op. at 11–12.
I am mindful that the Employer permitted employees to wear
union pins, thus the prohibition regarding prounion T-shirts
constituted only a partial ban upon protected union activity. In
Malta Construction, 276 NLRB 1494 (1985), enfd. 808 F.2d
1003 (11th Cir. 1996), the employer permitted employees “to
wear union insignia on articles of their personal attire,” but
OGIHARA AMERICA CORP. 815
prohibited union stickers on company issued hardhats. In find-
ing a violation of the Act, the Board noted that the employer
established no “special circumstances based on legitimate pro-
duction or safety reasons to justify [the] prohibition.” Id. at
1495.
The Employer articulated no “special circumstance” for its
clothing policy. There is no evidence that the unit employees
interact with the public. The Employer permits deviations from
its policy by allowing employees who have not been issued
cold weather clothing to wear personal winter clothing at their
discretion when it is severely cold.
There is no evidence of a changed rule, only conflicting tes-
timony regarding the consistency of the enforcement of the rule
relating to the Employers uniform policy. Thus, the aspect of
Objection 2 relating to a changed rule is overruled.
Undisputed evidence establishes enforcement of the uniform
rule against four employees. The Employer’s enforcement of its
uniform rule interfered with the protected rights of those em-
ployees, and, as alleged in Objection 3, the union activities of
three of those employees. The conduct was never repudiated.
Following the direction by Manager Hughes that employee
Davis remove his prounion T-shirt, he apologized and assured
Hughes that he meant no disrespect. Employee Frech used one
of his three “grace days” to avoid the “hassle.” Employee
Heinz, after being informed that she would not be permitted to
take a grace day, chose not to comply with the Employer’s
instruction that contravened her right to engage in protected
union activity and incurred a point against her attendance bo-
nus. Although there was no changed rule, the Employer’s ac-
tions were predicated upon its uniform policy and, and as found
herein, enforcement of that policy did, as alleged in Objection
2, “discourage union activity” by requiring removal of prounion
T-shirts. Whether the foregoing interference with employees’
Section 7 rights constituted “reprisals” as alleged in Objection 3
is immaterial insofar as there is no complaint allegation and
hence no basis for a make whole remedy.
I find that the foregoing instances of enforcement of the Em-
ployer’s uniform policy on the day of the election interfered
with the Section 7 rights of employees and constituted objec-
tionable conduct. The Petitioner’s Objections 2 and 3 are sus-
tained.
I find that the discipline of Stephan Mikulka, conduct coex-
tensive with the Petitioner’s Objections 1 and 4, occurred dur-
ing the critical preelection period and interfered with the em-
ployees’ free choice of representation. Objections 1 and 4 are
sustained. The election must be set aside and a new election
held.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. By interfering with the right of employees to distribute
protected union literature in nonworking areas when neither of
the employees involved is on working time, the Respondent has
engaged in unfair labor practices affecting commerce within the
meaning of Section 8(a)(1) and Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
2. By disciplining Stephan Mikulka for distributing protected
union literature in a nonworking area when neither Mikulka nor
the recipient to whom he distributed the literature was on work-
ing time, the Respondent has engaged in unfair labor practices
affecting commerce within the meaning of Section 8(a)(1) and
(3) and Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find that it must be ordered to cease and
desist and post an appropriate notice. Notwithstanding the defi-
ciencies in the Respondent’s attempt to repudiate its conduct, it
is undisputed that the discipline has been expunged from Mi-
kulka’s record. Thus, the Respondent need not be ordered to
take an action that it has already taken. The notice should report
that the rescission has occurred.
On these findings of fact and conclusions of law and on the
entire record, I issue the following recommended3
ORDER
The Respondent, Ogihara America Corporation, Howell,
Michigan, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Interfering with the right of employees to distribute pro-
tected union literature in nonworking areas when neither of the
employees involved is on working time.
(b) Disciplining employees for distributing literature in non-
working areas on behalf of the International Union, United
Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers
of America (UAW), AFL–CIO, when neither the employee
distributing the literature nor the recipient is on working time.
(c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining,
or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed
them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effec-
tuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at its fa-
cility at Howell, Michigan, copies of the attached notice
marked “Appendix.”4 Copies of the notice, on forms provided
by the Regional Director for Region 7, after being signed by the
Respondent’s authorized representative, shall be posted by the
Respondent immediately upon receipt and maintained for 60
consecutive days in conspicuous places including all places
where notices to employees are customarily posted. Reasonable
steps shall be taken by the Respondent to ensure that the notices
are not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material. In
the event that, during the pendency of these proceedings, the
Respondent has gone out of business or closed the facility in-
volved in these proceedings, the Respondent shall duplicate and
mail, at its own expense, a copy of the notice to all current em-
ployees and former employees employed by the Respondent at
any time since December 10, 2003.

3 If no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 of the Board’s
Rules and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and recommended
Order shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be adopted by the
Board and all objections to them shall be deemed waived for all pur-
poses.
4 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD816
(b) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the
Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official
on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps that the
Respondent has taken to comply.
IT IS ALSO ORDERED that the complaint is dismissed insofar as
it alleges violations of the Act not specifically found.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the election is set aside and Case
7–RC–22589 is severed from Case 7–CA–47071 and remanded
to the Regional Director to conduct a second election when he
deems the circumstances permit a free choice.