Mountain State Construction Co., Inc.Download PDFNational Labor Relations Board - Board DecisionsJun 1, 1973203 N.L.R.B. 1085 (N.L.R.B. 1973) Copy Citation MOUNTAIN STATE CONST. CO. 1085 Mountain State Construction Company, Inc. and Inter- national Union of Operating Engineers , Local Union 132, AFL-CIO and Local Union No. 175, Interna- tional Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Ware- housemen and Helpers of America and Iron Workers Union Local 301, an affiliate of the International Association of Bridge , Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, AFL-CIO, and Construction and General Laborers Union , Local 1353 , Laborers In- ternational Union of North America , AFL-CIO and Kenneth R. Johnson , Chester Eugene Starcher, Dar- rell J. Starcher, and Donald L. Starcher, and Inter- national Union of District 50, Allied and Technical Workers of the United States and Canada , Party to the Contract . Cases 9-CA-6603-1-2, 9-CA-6626, 9-CA-6648, 9-CA-6657-1, and 9-CA-6657-2 -3,-4,-5 June 1, 1973 DECISION AND ORDER BY MEMBERS JENKINS, KENNEDY, AND PENELLO On February 15, 1973, Administrative Law Judge Thomas F. Maher issued the attached Decision in this proceeding. Thereafter, the General Counsel filed ex- ceptions and a supporting brief. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 3(b) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the Na- tional Labor Relations Board has delegated its au- thority in this proceeding to a three-member panel. The Board has considered the Administrative Law Judge's Decision in light of the exceptions and brief and has decided to affirm the Administrative Law Judge's rulings, findings, and conclusions, only to the extent consistent herewith. The complaint alleges in substance that Respon- dent violated Section 8(a)(1), (2), (3), and (5) of the Act by: (a) numerous acts of unlawful interrogation and threats to employees in an effort to force them to join International Union of District 50, Allied and Technical Workers of the United States and Canada; (b) unlawfully executing a collective-bargaining agreement with District 50; (c) unlawfully discharg- ing, laying off, and refusing to recall a considerable number of employees because of their nonmember- ship in District 50; and (d) unlawfully terminating its collective-bargaining agreements with the Operating Engineers , Teamsters, Laborers, and Iron Workers, and executing a contract with District 50 at a time when the terms and conditions of its contracts with the aforementioned labor organizations were in full force and effect. The Administrative Law Judge found the 1970-72 Heavy and Highway Agreements with the Operating Engineers, Teamsters, and Laborers, as well as the agreement with the Iron Workers, to be binding upon the Respondent at all times relevant to this proceed- ing.' It is also undisputed that Respondent signed an agreement with District 50 at a time when the terms and conditions of its contracts with the above-men- tioned Unions were in full force and effect. In a post- hearing brief to the Administrative Law Judge, Respondent raised the question of arbitration by sug- gesting that the Board should defer to the arbitration procedure set forth in the Heavy and Highway Agree- ments? The Administrative Law Judge dismissed the complaint by finding that the matters contained therein should be deferred to arbitration in the man- ner prescribed by Collyer Insulated Wire, A Gulf and Western Systems Co., 192 NLRB 837. We disagree. The record shows that Respondent's position, in its answer to the complaint and throughout the hearing, was that it was not bound by either the 1970-72 Heavy or Highway Agreements with the Operating Engineers, Teamsters, and Laborers. Under the cir- cumstances of this case, we consider the Respondent's actions set forth above to be a complete rejection of the principles of collective bargaining and the self- organizational rights of employees, as found in Chase Manufacturing, Inc., 200 NLRB No. 128. Thus, defer- ral to arbitration is not warranted in this case.' Ac- cordingly, we shall remand this case to the Administrative Law Judge so that he may make the appropriate findings of fact and credibility resolu- tions and issue a supplemental decision. ORDER It is hereby ordered that the Administrative Law Judge shall prepare and serve on the parties a supple- mental decision containing findings of fact, conclu- sions of law, and recommendations in accordance with this Order and that, following service of such supplemental decision on the parties, the provision of Section 102.46 of the Board's Rules and Regulations, Series 8, as amended, shall be applicable. 1 There were no exceptions filed with respect to this finding. 2 Respondent did not specifically request that the Board defer to the arbi- tration procedure in the Iron Workers agreement as set forth in the Adminis- trative Law Judge 's Decision. 3 Member Jenkins would not, in any event , defer to arbitration in this case. See his dissenting opinions in Collyer and subsequent decisions. DECISON STATEMENT OF THE CASE THOMAS F. MAHER, Administrative Law Judge: Upon var- 203 NLRB No. 167 1086 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD sous charges and amendments thereto filed between No- vember 8, 1971, and March 3, 1972, respectively, by Inter- national Union of Operating Engineers, Local Union 132, AFL-CIO, hereinafter called the Operating Engineers, Lo- cal Union 175, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, here- inafter called the Teamsters, Iron Workers Union Local 301, an affiliate of the International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, AFL-CIO, here- inafter called the Iron Workers, Construction and General Laborers Union, Local 1353, Laborers International Union of North America, AFL-CIO, hereinafter called the Labor- ers, and by Kenneth R. Johnson, Chester Eugene Starcher, Darrell J. Starcher, and Donald L. Starcher, all individuals, against Mountain State Construction Co., Inc.,' Respon- dent herein, the Regional Director for Region 9 of the Na- tional Labor Relations Board , herein called the Board, issued a complaint on April 7, 1972, on behalf of the Gener- al Counsel of the Board, alleging violations of Section 8(a)(l), (2), (3), and (5) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended (29 U.S.C., Sec. 151, et seq.), herein called the Act. In its duly filed Answer Respondent, while admitting certain allegations of the complaint , denied the commission of any unfair labor practice. Pursuant to notice a trial was held before me in Charles- ton, West Virginia, at which all parties were present, repre- sented by counsel, and afforded full opportunity to be heard , present oral argument , and to file briefs . Briefs were filed with me by General Counsel and Respondent on De- cember 8 and 11 , 1972, respectively. Upon consideration of the entire record, including the briefs filed with me, and specifically upon my observation of each witness appearing before me,' I make the following: FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW I THE NATURE OF RESPONDENTS BUSINESS place of business in South Charleston, West Virginia. Dur- ing the 12-month period preceding the issuance of the com- plaint herein Respondent purchased and caused to be shipped to its construction sites in West Virginia goods and materials valued in excess of $50,000 directly from points outside of the State of West Virginia. Upon the foregoing admitted facts, I conclude and find Respondent to be an employer within the meaning of Sec- tion 2(6) and (7) of the Act. If THE LABOR ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED It is admitted, and I accordingly conclude and find that International Union of Operating Engineers, Local Union 132, AFL-CIO, Local Union No. 175, International Broth- erhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, Iron Workers Local 301, an affiliate of the International Association of Bridge, Structural and Or- namental Iron Workers, AFL-CIO, and Construction and General Laborers Union, Local 1353, Laborers Internation- al Union of North America, AFL-CIO, all charging parties herein, and International Union of District 50, Allied and Technical Workers of the United States and Canada, the party to a contract under consideration herein, to be labor organizations within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act. III THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES A. Introduction At the threshhold of this matter is the determination of whether or not there existed valid binding collective agree- ments between Respondent and the charging unions herein, in effect at the time of the unfair labor practices alleged in the complaint herein, and relating to the allegations in the complaint. Once having determined this question, itself a basic allegation of the complaint, the remaining allegations assume their proper perspective. Mountain State Construction Co., Inc., Respondent here- in, is a West Virginia corporation engaged in the building and construction industry, with its principal office and i Upon motion of counsel for the General Counsel and over Respondent's objection and in the interest of accuracy, the corporate name of the Respon- dent, as frequently used in the pleadings and at the hearing, and in the caption of this proceeding , is corrected to reflect the exact present wording of Respondent 's corporate title Following a change in corporate structure of March 31, 1969, Respondent 's name was "Mountain State Construction Co, Inc " Prior to that date it was "Mountain State Construction Company" in the pleadings, including Respondent 's Answer to the Complaint, the Respondent 's corpo- rate title was designated as "Mountain State Construction Company, Inc" At no point in the record does it appear that anyone has been confused or mislead by the use of the word "Company" rather than its abbreviation, "Co " nor has there been any consistency in the use of one or the other throughout the hearing . Indeeed Respondent 's own payroll records for peri- ods in 1971 , introduced into evidence by Respondent , use the abbreviation "Co" as part of the title on each sheet Under all of the circumstances , including the trivial nature of the discre- pancy, it is accordingly recommended that in keeping with my correction of the caption and the correct designation of the Respondent in this Decision that all documents in this matter be corrected upon issuance of any Order herein i Bishop and Matco, Inc, d/b/a Walker's, 159 NLRB 1159, 1161 B. The Contract Beginning in September 1969 a committee of the Constructor's Labor Council of West Virginia, Inc., herein- after called the Council, commenced negotiations with rep- resentatives of the Teamsters, Operating Engineers, and Laborers directed to the reaching of agreement on the so- called Heavy and Highway Agreements covering all heavy construction work and all highway construction work, re- spectively, performed by members of the Council in the State of West Virginia. Respondent was a member of the Council since 1963. During the period of time encompassing the negotiations for the 1970-72 contract, to wit, between September 1969 and March 1970, Respondent's then vice president, Gerald E. Ray, represented Respondent on the Council, and was likewise a member of the Council's negotiating committee, having attended all neogtiating sessions including the final one in November 1970 at which the agreements were for- mally ratified by the Council on behalf of the member- employees. Ray, who became Respondent's president on MOUNTAIN STATE CONST. CO. April 1, 1970,3 credibly testified that during his tenure as president between April 1 and November 1970 he consid- ered Respondent to be bound by the terms and the condi- tions of the Heavy and Highway Agreements, and that it abided by the terms of those agreements, and used the hiring and referral systems of the signatory unions "where needed." Upon this credited testimony, and upon the docu- mentary evidence of payment by the Respondent during the period of the agreement of assessments to the various pen- sion and welfare funds of the signatory unions in behalf of their respective members in Respondent's employ, I con- clude and find that by its admitted membership in the Council in 1970 Respondent became obligated under the 1970-72 Heavy Highway Agreements which the Council executed in its behalf. Nor is it of significance to this conclusion that on January 6, 1971, Respondent's then president, Dean Lewis, commu- nicated to the Council Respondent's request that it be dropped from the membership rolls, Respondent refusing thereafter to pay its regular Council membership dues. No- where has it been claimed, either at that time or thereafter, that Respondent's withdrawal from Council membership was intended to constitute its withdrawal from the contrac- tual obligations established by its Council membership; nor does there appear any stated or implicit reason for its with- drawal midway into the term of the contract. Absent any reason, little less an impelling one, I conclude and find that such a withdrawal by Respondent as an attempt to abrogate its contractual obligation was an untimely one and the obli- gation, namely the 1970-72 Heavy and Highway Agree- ments, remain in force. Additionally, it is to be noted that Respondent, by the testimony of its president, Dean Lewis, claims that it is bound to the terms of the 1970-72 Heavy and Highway Agreements insofar as work commenced in 1969 is involved. Quite apart from Gerald Ray's credited testimony that dur- ing his term as president of Respondent until November 1970, supra, he considered Respondent bound by the Agree- ment, I have carefully studied the contract documents and portions of the record pertaining to them and, except for Lewis' testimony, I find nothing to support the limitation he places upon the scope of Respondent's obligation. I accord- ingly reject it. And finally it is to be noted that, at several points in the record, reference is made to efforts being sought to settle grievances, presumably under the contract, and Respon- dent in its brief to me specifically urges that in this matter the Board should defer to the arbitration procedure set forth in the Heavy and Highway Agreements. The inconsistency between this position being urged upon me and the Respondent's efforts to disavow the contract persuades me further of the lack of substance of its claim with respect to the contract. For all of the foregoing reasons, therefore, I 3In the colloquy in the record respecting General Counsel's motion to correct the caption as to Respondent's corporate title (supra, fn 1) there is a suggestion that two or more separate corporate entities might be involved here. Nothing to this effect has ever been raised in the pleadings, however, and a review of the corporation structure in the testimony of Respondent's president, Dean Lewis, clearly indicates that throughout all periods relevant herein Respondent is and has been the same identifiable organization, and I so conclude and find. 4 McAnary & Welter, Inc, 115 NLRB 1029 1087 conclude and find that the 1970-72 Heavy and Highway Agreements are binding upon Respondent at all times rele- vant to this proceeding. In addition to the disputed Heavy and Highway Agree- ments there is also directly involved in this proceeding the agreement entered into on June 1, 1970, by Kanawha Valley Builders Assocation, of which Respondent is a member, and the Iron Workers, which agreement expires by its terms on May 31, 1973. Respondent, by its answer and its statements on the record, admits its obligations under this agreement. As I find nothing in the record to otherwise limit Respondent's obligations under the agreement, I according- ly conclude and find that Respondent is bound thereby at all times relevant herein. C. Alleged Violations Relating to the Contracts in Force The complaint in this matter alleges violations of Section 8(a)(1), (3), and (5) of the Act. With respect to the Section 8(a)(3) allegations a considerable number of employees are listed of whom it is claimed Respondent has discriminatori- ly discharged or laid them off because of membership in one or another of the charging unions herein, all signatory to the contracts then in force. It is also alleged that Respondent refused, since November 1, 1971, to employ members of the Iron Workers in order to discourage membership in that union, that it refused to bargain collectively since Novem- ber 3, 1971, with the unions signatory to the Heavy and Highway Agreements, and with the Iron Workers, by uni- laterally withdrawing in an untimely and ineffective manner from the Council, and by refusing to be bound by the afore- mentioned contracts to which I have already found it to be obligated. Additionally, it is alleged that Respondent has refused to bargain collectively by allegedly rendering un- lawful aid, support, and assistance to District 50, executing a contract with it in behalf of employees being represented and bargained for by the charging unions herein, and by urgings and threats and solicitation to employees in behalf of District 50 as a condition of continued employment. Bearing in mind that I have already concluded and found that at all times relevant to the period covered by the allega- tions of the complaint, Respondent was covered by the Heavy and Highway Agreements and its agreement with the Iron Workers, it is obvious that the actions which Respon- dent is alleged to have taken with respect to its employees and with respect to District 50 are implicitly part and parcel of its responsibilities under, or claimed release from, the terms of the Heavy and Highway Agreements and its agree- ment with the Iron Workers, and I so conclude and find. Conclusions Each of the contracts involved herein contain certain grievance procedures which contemplate ultimate recourse to arbitration .5 At the hearing in this matter Respondent's president , Dean Lewis , testified without contradiction that prior to November 3, 1972, none of the signatories to any 5 The full text of the grievance and arbitration procedure of the 1970-72 Continued 1088 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD of the agreements ever filed a grievance or request for arbi- tration on any dispute they had with the Company under the contracts . In a similar vein Lawrence E. Burgess, the Iron Workers' financial secretary and treasurer , was ques- tioned on cross-examination concerning the presence, on November 15, 1971, of men on one of Respondent's jobs who were not members of his Union , as required by the contract . When asked if he filed a grievance against the Company pursuant to the grievance procedure he replied that he had not. From all of the foregoing, therefore, it is apparent that (1) there was available an appropriate procedure for the settle- ment of disputes arising under the contracts which I have found to be in full force and effect, and (2) the parties to the dispute were aware of this but did not, or would not, avail themselves of it . Such being the case there remains for determination whether the subjects at issue were proper subjects for resolution under this procedure , as items of contract determination. A review of the pleadings and the entire record herein discloses that basic to the dispute among the parties is the alleged breach by Respondent of the outstanding contracts by its execution on or about November 3, 1971, of an agree- ment with District 50 which it is alleged constituted unlaw- ful interference , restraint, and coercion of its employees in violation of Section 8(aX I) of the Act, unlawful aid, assis- tance, and support to District 50, in violation of Section 8(aX2), and a refusal to bargain collectively with the charg- ing unions, in violation of Section 8(a)(5). There is likewise evidence in support of allegations that in numerous individ- Heavy and Highway Agreements are identical , as follows- Article Vlll Grievances and Arbitration Section 1 . With the exception of failure to pay scheduled wage rates or payments required by Article VII or violation of Article 11 of Section 1, all provisions of this contract shall be subject to Arbitration . Pending, during and after arbitration , there shall be neither a lockout by the Employer nor a work stoppage by the employees . The decision of the board of arbitration shall be final and binding on the parties hereto. Section 2 All grievances, disputes or claims which may arise with re- spect to wages , hours or conditions of employment or the enforcement or interpretation of any of the terms of this Agreement are to be prompt- ly processed and settled in accordance with the provisions of this Article Should any such dispute arise which cannot be adjusted between the contractor involved and the Union, it shall be taken up between a representative or representatives of the Union and a representative or representatives of the Constructors' Labor Council of West Virginia, Inc. Section 3 . Any complaint or grievance will be barred if not presented within ten ( 10) days after such a complaint or grievance originated in the event the dispute is not settled within seven (7) days, either the contractor or the Union may refer the matter to arbitration at any time within ten ( 10) days after the meeting of the Union representative or Council representative by mailing written notice of intention to arbitrate to the other party . If no written notice of intention to arbitrate is given within the time and manner prescribed (unless longer times are mutually agreed upon), the grievance shall be conclusively presumed to be aban- doned The written notice shall name an arbitration representative, the other party shall immediately thereafter name an arbitration representa- tive. The Employer and the Union arbitration representatives shall then seek to agree upon an impartial arbitrator . If within five (5) days after the notice of intention to arbitrate has been mailed , no impartial arbitra- tor has been agreed upon , the Union and Employer representatives shall write to Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service , Washington, D C requesting a panel of five (5) arbitrators Upon receipt of the panel, the ual instances Respondent communicated to its employees its determination to bargain with District 50 and to operate under a contract with it, and its insistence that its employees join District 50 as a condition of further employment. From my review of the evidence with respect to the individual instances alleged, and from my earlier conclusion that the contracts between Respondent and the charging unions were in full force and effect these allegations would appear to have merit. Quite apart from this, however, there remains for consideration the equally fundamental question of whether the employees who were alleged to have been dis- criminatorily deprived of their employment were the victims of Respondent's failure and refusal to abide by the hiring requirements of the contract, or were on strike in protest of its recognition of District 50. In either case the employees' claim against Respondent is bottomed upon the contract as well as upon the proscriptions of the contract, and I so conclude and find. Finding as I do that a resolution of the termination as- pects of the complaint flow from a breach of the existing contract, and recognizing in those contracts adequate ma- chinery for the remedying of such a breach, the Board's current policies in such mattersi.become significant. In Collyer Insulated Wire, 192 NLRB 837, the Board held that disputes over interpretations of the contract can best be resolved by the use of the method provided for in the con- tract itself, where such contract contains grievance-arbitra- tion procedures, as do the instant ones. Also included in the instant contracts are lawful union-security provisions, the Highway and Heavy Agreements and the Iron Workers Agreements, each stating that as a condition of employment after the eighth day of employment each employee will be Union and Employer arbitration representatives shall alternately strike names until the panel has been reduced to one (1) person who shall then be requested to serve as impartial arbitrator, should he be unable to serve , a new panel of five (5) shall be requested from FMCS. Section 4. The impartial arbitrator shall be the chairman of the arbitra- tion hearing and sole arbitrator of the dispute The decision of the arbitrator shall be final and binding upon both the Employer and the Union. The Union and the contractor will pay for their respective arbi- tration representatives The expenses of conducting the arbitration hear- ing, including the services of the impartial arbitrator, are to be shared equally by the Employer and the Union The full text of the Settlement of Dispute provision of the iron Workers Agreement is as follows B. Settlement of Disputes Any dispute as to the proper interpretation of this Agreement shall be handled in the first instance by a representative of the Union and the Employer If they fail to reach a settlement within five (5) days the dispute shall be referred to a Board of Arbitration composed of one (1) person appointed by each party and a third member to be selected by the two so appointed In the event that the two appointed members are unable to agree on the third member within two (2) days they shall jointly request the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service to furnish a panel of five (5) names from which the third member shall be selected . The decision of the Board of Arbitration shall be handed down within two (2) days after the selection of the third member and the decision of the Board of Arbitration shall be final and binding upon both parties The Board of Arbitration shall have jurisdiction over all questions involving the interpretation and application of any selection or this Agreement It shall not, however , be empowered to handle negotiations for a new agreement, changes in the wage scale , or jurisdictional dis- putes. Each party shall individually pay the expenses of the arbitrator it appoints and the two parties shall jointly share the expense of the third arbitrator MOUNTAIN STATE CONST. CO. 1089 required to obtain and retain membership in good standing in his respective union. Thus it is clear that the obligation the Respondent had to retain in its employ the individuals listed in the complaint, emanated from the union-security provision in the respective contract, and more basically, from the clause in each contract wherein Respondent recog- nizes the charging unions as its employees ' bargaining rep- resentatives. Because the dispute as to the continued employment of these individuals arises over Respondent 's alleged failure to honor the contracts, which I have found to be in full force and effect, I am precluded by the Board's policy from decid- ing this dispute on the merits. It is obvious , of course , that certain allegations of the complaint, if proven, would, in these particular respects, establish violations of Section 8(a)(1), (2), and (5) of the Act. I refer to allegations of numerous instances of individual communication to employees by Respondent's officers and agents, urging them, threatening them, and soliciting them in behalf of membership in District 50 as a condition of further employment. It cannot be gainsaid that they also partake of the same interpretive aspects as do the other allegations , stemming as they do from Respondent's alleged avoidance of its oglibations of the very contract which pro- vides the mechanics for the settlement of grievances. But to avoid the anomaly of deciding half of a case and deferring to an arbitrator the other half, I shall withhold further con- sideration of the merits of the complaint 7 Nor am I per- suaded that the Board's contrary holding in Joseph T. Ryerson & Sons, Inc., 199 NLRB No. 44, is applicable to the situation here. There the Board viewed certain allegations of the complaint as being unrelated to the interpretation of the contract and not an arbitrable matter. Whereupon, after due consideration of these allegations on the merits, it dis- missed the complaint as to them, but deferred the remainder of the complaint to arbitration in the manner prescribed by Collyer. Should the allegations of the individual instances of Section 8(a)(1) and (2) violations in the instant case be - 6 Collyer Insulated Wire, supra, r Cf National Radio Company, Inc, 198 NLRB No. I, Appalachian Power Company, 198 NLRB No. 7; L.E.M., Inc., d/b/a Southwest Engraving Co. and Towell Printing Co., 198 NLRB No 99 viewed, contrary to my finding, as unrelated to interpreta- tions of the contract, it is to be further noted that, unlike the allegations in Ryerson, these do appear to have merit. To treat of them at this juncture would provide a complication of remedy not presented by the dismissal in Ryerson, and would develop an administrative hodgepodge inconsistent with the effects being sought by Collyer in the first place. In conclusion, therefore, it is my recommendation, for the reasons stated above, that the entire matter herein, stem- ming as it does from the existence of the disputed contracts and their intepretation, not be considered on the merits at this time. THE REMEDY Consistent with the Board's decision in Collyer, supra, it will be recommended that the complaint be dismissed, but that jurisdiction of the proceedings be retained by the Board to entertain an appropriate and timely motion for further consideration upon a proper showing that either (a) the dispute has not, with reasonable promptness after the is- suance of this Decision, either been resolved by amicable settlement in the grievance procedure or submitted prompt- ly to arbitration, (b) the dispute has been duly found by the arbitrator not to be arbitrable, or (c) the grievance or arbi- tration procedures have not been fair and regular or have reached a result that is repugnant to the Act. Upon the foregoing findings of fact and conclusions of law and upon the entire record, pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Act, I hereby issue the following recommended: ORDER8 The complaint herein is hereby dismissed; provided how- ever that jurisdiction of this proceeding is hereby retained for the limited purposes indicated in that portion of this Decision entitled "The Remedy." 8 In the event no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec 102 46 of the Rules and Regulations of the National Labor Relations Board , the findings, conclusions , and recommended Order herein shall , as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules and Regulations , be adopted by the Board and become its findings , and conclusions , and Order, and all objections thereto shall be deemed waived for all purposes Copy with citationCopy as parenthetical citation