Medic One, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Jun 26, 2000

331 N.L.R.B. 464 (N.L.R.B. 2000)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 464
Medic One, Inc. and International Association of
EMTs and Paramedics, NAGE–SEIU, AFL–
CIO. Cases 9–CA–36620–1 and 9–RC–17204
June 26, 2000
DECISION, ORDER, AND DIRECTION OF
SECOND ELECTION
BY MEMBERS FOX, LIEBMAN, AND HURTGEN
On October 26, 1999, Administrative Law Judge Earl
E. Shamwell Jr. issued the attached decision. The Re-
spondent filed exceptions and a supporting brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and brief and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,1 and conclusions and
to adopt the recommended Order as modified.2
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge and
orders that the Respondent, Medic One, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
take the action set forth in the Order as modified.
1. Insert the following as paragraph 1(e).
“(e) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.”
2. Substitute the attached notice for that of the admin-
istrative law judge.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the election in Case
9–RC–17204 shall be set aside and this case is remanded
to the Regional Director of Region 9 to conduct a new
election at a time and place determined by him.
[Direction of Second Election omitted from publica-
tion.]

1 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
In adopting the judge’s recommendation to set aside the election, we
note that even absent Supervisor Neff’s statement that he would “kick
[employees’] asses” if they voted for the Union, the remaining 8(a)(1)
violations would warrant setting aside the election.
In the absence of exceptions, we adopt pro forma the judge’s rec-
ommendation to overrule the Excelsior list objections. Further, no
exceptions have been filed to the judge’s dismissal of the 8(a)(3) alle-
gations and his dismissal of the 8(a)(1) allegation involving Supervisor
Neff’s interrogation of employees.
2 The judge inadvertently omitted certain required provisions from
his Order. We correct these omissions here.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to
post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.
To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives
of their own choice
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected
concerted activities.

WE WILL NOT threaten our employees with loss of
wages and benefits if they select the Union as their co-
lective-bargaining representative.
WE WILL NOT inform our employees that regularly
scheduled wage increases would be postponed until after
the union campaign and election.
WE WILL NOT threaten our employees with physical
harm if the Union were selected as the employees’ col-
lective-bargaining representative.
WE WILL NOT inform our employees that if they se-
lect the Union as their collective-bargaining representa-
tive they will be required to pay for damages arising out
of accidents involving company vehicles.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
guaranteed you by Section 7 of the Act.
MEDIC ONE, INC.
Linda B. Finch, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Timothy P. Reilly, Esq. (Taft, Stettinus & Hollister LLP), of
Cincinnati, Ohio, for the Respondent.
Mark Pinkas, National Vice President, International Associa-
tion of EMTS and Paramedics, NAGE–SEIU, AFL–CIO, of
Ventura, California, for the Charging Party.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
EARL E. SHAMWELL JR, Administrative Law Judge.
These consolidated cases were heard before me in Cincinnati,
Ohio, on May 17 and 18, 1999, pursuant to unfair labor practice
charges filed originally on March 5, 1999, by the International
Association of EMTs1 and Paramedics, NAGE–SEIU, AFL–
CIO (the Union) against Medic One, Inc. (the Respondent);
these charges were amended on April 15, 1999, by the Union.
On April 15, 1999, the Regional Director for Region 9 issued a
complaint against the Respondent.
1 EMTs are emergency medical technicians.
331 NLRB No. 56
MEDIC ONE, INC. 465
On February 1, 1999, the Union filed its petition for certifi-
cation of representative with the National Labor Relations
Board (the Board), and an election was held on March 12,
1999, pursuant to the provisions of a Stipulated Election
Agreement approved by the Regional Director on February 10,
1999. On April 15, 1999, the Regional Director issued a report
on objections to election,2 order directing hearing, order con-
solidating cases, and order transferring cases to the Board.
The complaint3 alleges that the Respondent violated Section
8(a)(1) of the National Labor Relations Act (the Act) by threat-
ening its employees with loss of benefits and wages and physi-
cal harm, and by informing them that they would be required to
pay the deductible amounts on insurance claims arising from
accidents involving the Respondent’s vehicles if they selected
the Union as their collective-bargaining representative. The
Respondent also allegedly violated Section 8(a)(1) by inform-
ing its employees that regularly scheduled wage increases
would be postponed until after the union campaign (election).
Lastly, the Respondent is charged with violating Section 8(a)(1)
and (3) of the Act by suspending an employee because she
supported the Union and engaged in concerted activities and/or
because the Respondent believed that she engaged in these
activities.
On or about April 22, 1999, the Respondent filed its answer
essentially denying the commission of any unfair labor prac-
tices. The Respondent, however, admitted that the individuals
described in paragraph 4 of the complaint, along with the re-
spective position and title associated with each, were supervi-
sors within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Act and agents
of the Respondent within the meaning of Section 2(13) of the
Act. The Respondent denied having engaged in any objection-
able conduct during the critical period governing the election.4
The parties were represented by counsel at the hearing and
were afforded full opportunity to be heard, to examine and
cross-examine witnesses, and to introduce evidence. The par-
ties were also afforded an opportunity to submit posthearing
briefs. On the entire record, including my observation of the
demeanor of the witnesses, and considering the briefs filed by
the General Counsel, the Respondent, and the Union, I make
the following

2 The Union, having lost the election, filed objections to the election
on March 18, 1999. On March 25 and 26 and April 14, 1999, the Un-
ion requested of the Regional Director permission to withdraw Objec-
tions 3, 4, 9, and 10, which request was granted. The remaining objec-
tions were numbered Objections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in the report which
also included, as “other conduct” affecting the election, the Respon-
dent’s alleged unlawful suspension of employee Jennifer Wallace on
February 25, 1999.
3 The General Counsel moved, without opposition, to amend the
complaint at the hearing as follows.
(1) Part 2(c) was added and reads, “At all material times, Respon-
dent has been an employer engaged in commerce within the meaning of
Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.”
(2) The original part 2(c) was renumbered as part 3.
(3) Part 5(c) was amended to reflect that the allegedly unlawful con-
duct by the Respondent’s maintenance supervisor, John Neff, took
place at the Respondent’s Mitchell Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio facility as
opposed to its Sycamore Township, Ohio facility. I granted the motion
after determining that the Respondent did not object and there was no
prejudice to the Respondent.
4 The critical period as determined by the Regional Director is Feb-
ruary 1, 1999, the date the petition was filed, through March 12, 1999,
the election date.
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION—THE BUSINESS OF THE
RESPONDENT
The Respondent provides transportation by ambulance ser-
vices for patients to and from medical facilities, such as hospi-
tals, nursing homes, and doctors’ offices. The Respondent’s
company headquarters is located in Cincinnati, Ohio, and pro-
vides ambulance services to the general public at several facili-
ties located around the greater Cincinnati area.5 The Respon-
dent admits that in conducting its operations during the 12-
month period ending April 1, 1999, it received gross revenues
in excess of $500,000, and during that same period purchased
and received at its Cincinnati, Ohio facilities, goods valued in
excess of $50,000 directly from points outside the State of
Ohio. The Respondent admits, and I find, and conclude that it
is an employer engaged in commerce within the meaning of
Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
II. THE LABOR ORGANIZATION
The Respondent admits, and I find and conclude, that the In-
ternational Association of EMTs and Paramedics, NAGE–
SEIU, AFL–CIO (the Union) is a labor organization within the
meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
III. THE UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. Background
The Respondent operates as an ambulance transport com-
pany, basically transporting patients from one medical facility
to another. The Respondent provides essentially three types of
transportation services—advanced life support (ALS), basic life
support (BLS), and wheelchair—bound patients. The Respon-
dent began its operations on February 21, 1995, as a result of
the merger of seven predecessor ambulance companies. The
Respondent is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, and was the
subject of at least one prior organizational effort by the Union,
sometime in 1997. The Respondent, while not unionized in
Cincinnati, is unionized by a different union in Kalamazoo and
is party to a collective-bargaining agreement.
The Respondent employs approximately 162 employees in
an appropriate unit in the Cincinnati area.6 The Respondent
operates a fleet of 70 ambulances, which it maintains and re-
pairs primarily at its Mitchell Avenue station. The Respondent
employs approximately four mechanics (including a mainte-
nance supervisor) to service its fleet. Employees are not re-
quired to maintain or service vehicles assigned to them and
generally are not financially liable to the Respondent for dam-
ages arising from accidents occurring on company business.
Employees, however, are charged with washing, cleaning, and
5 These facilities are located in nearby Sycamore Township, Afton,
and Middletown, Ohio, and Mitchell Avenue (Cincinnati). In addition
to its Cincinnati service area, the Respondent operates in Toledo, Ohio;
Kalamazoo, Michigan; and Chattanooga, Knoxville, and Nashville,
Tennessee. This case concerns only those facilities operated by the
Respondent in the Cincinnati area.
6 The appropriate unit set forth in the Stipulated Election Agreement
is all emergency medical technicians, intermediate emergency medical
technicians, paramedics, wheelchair care drivers, dispatchers and all
talkers employed by the Respondent at its facilities located at Blue Ash
Road, Sycamore Township, Ohio; 2694 Batavia—Williamsburg Pike,
Afton, Ohio; 4700 Caprice Drive, Middletown, Ohio; and 4500 West
Mitchell Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio; but including all office clerical
employees, couriers, guards, and supervisors as defined in the Act.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 466
stocking their assigned vehicles. The Respondent is licensed
and regulated by the Ohio Ambulance Licensing Board and is
subject to its regulations and guidelines governing the operating
practices of ambulances in the State of Ohio. Under the Re-
spondent’s operating guidelines, ambulance crews are respon-
sible for not causing any unnecessary delays in the transport
and completion of a transport of patients and specifically are
directed to complete any transports they have embarked upon;
transport crew exchanges are expressly forbidden. On May 28,
1998, the Respondent formally issued a notice of its transport
policy essentially incorporating these guidelines and warning
all employees that violations will result in disciplinary action
up to and including termination.7
Beginning sometime in late December 1998, the Union be-
gan its organizing effort at the Respondent’s Cincinnati area
facilities. On March 12, 1999, an election was held. The Un-
ion lost this election 69 to 50 with 10 challenged ballots. The
Union filed timely objections to the election, which were then
consolidated with this unfair labor practice proceeding.
B. The 8(a)(1) Violations
1. The alleged threats of wage loss on February 23 and 24,
1999

The complaint in paragraph 5(a) alleges that the Respondent,
through one of its station managers, violated Section 8(a)(1) of
the Act by telling employees that they would lose wages and
other benefits if they selected the Union as their collective-
bargaining representative.8 To establish this charge, the General
Counsel called as witnesses Stanley Dale Lewis, a current em-
ployee, and Josey Nunn, a former employee.
Lewis testified that he was currently an EMT receiving $9.50
per hour assigned to the Afton station. According to Lewis, he
was called in to meet with William “Bill” Shepherd on Febru-
ary 24, 1999, and had what he described as a private father-son
type of discussion with him about the Union.9 Shepherd related
an experience that he had had with the Teamsters Union as a
young man over 30 years ago where he was reprimanded by the
Union for performing a service—changing a light bulb on a
trailer—when that was not his job. Shepherd also told Lewis
that the union campaign was actually part of plot, a conspiracy,
by another company executive to get the Union in so that he
could renegotiate company wages starting at “ground zero”
with the hoped for result that wages could be reduced overall.10
Shepherd then volunteered to Lewis that if the Union were
elected, the employees would probably lose a couple of dollars

7 See R. Exh. 1.
8 Objection 8 of the report on objections alleges, in essence, a similar
charge stating that if the Union were voted in by the employees, their
pay and other benefits would be adjusted to those set out in the Re-
spondent’s Kalamazoo collective-bargaining agreement with the United
Auto Workers Union. In general, Objection 8 is substantially coexten-
sive with part 5(a) of the complaint.
9 Shepherd was the Respondent’s crew manager at the Afton station;
he is an admitted supervisor under the Act. The meeting occurred in
the conference room at the Afton station; no one else was present.
10 Lewis testified that Shepherd further explained to him that Onder-
linde, the executive in question, also was instrumental in getting the
Union in the Respondent’s Michigan operation and actually had insti-
gated the present union campaign. According to Lewis, Shepherd said
that Onderlinde wanted a union at Cincinnati in part so that he could
take over the general manager position held by James Sakel, with
whom Onderlinde did not get along.
per hour. According to Lewis, he told Shepherd that he did not
believe that this would occur because he had discussed the
union campaign and wage issues with his father-in-law who
advised him that wages were subject to negotiation and that
employees cannot be told they were going to lose money or
make more money without negotiation. Therefore, Lewis told
Shepherd that his claim of a loss of $2 if the Union were
elected was not true as he understood matters involving union
representation.
However, Lewis also noted that around 2 weeks before the
election he saw a contract between a union (he believed to be
the UAW) and the Respondent’s Kalamazoo company covering
EMTs and wheelchair drivers. Lewis observed the contract in
the employees’ break area on a picnic table at the Afton station.
According to Lewis, he read the contract and determined that
the Kalamazoo employees made less money than the Cincinnati
employees although he could not remember the exact figures.
Lewis had no knowledge as to who may have put the contract
on the table, but the contract was a topic of conversation among
the employees. Lewis did not discuss this contract with man-
agement, nor did he discuss his conversation with Shepherd
with any of the other employees.
Josey Nunn, a former employee,11 testified that on February
23, 1999, she received a page from Bill Shepherd’s wife,
Trudy,12 who informed her that Bill Shepherd wanted to speak
with her in his Afton office. According to Nunn, she and
Shepherd—her immediate supervisor—conversed for about 30
minutes about the Union and some other nonunion issues.
Shepherd told her he was “really concerned” about union issues
at the Company, and they discussed a union contract Nunn had
previously observed that day on the picnic table in the bay area
of the station.13 Shepherd specifically asked whether she had
read the contract. Nunn responded that she had and, in fact,
approved of some of its provisions. Thereupon, Shepherd, in a
reproving tone, advised her that were the Union to come in, the
employees could lose up to $2 per hour. According to Nunn,
she had already made up her mind to support the Union. Also,
Shepherd was known to “stretch a story 10 miles long,” so she
did not necessarily believe him. But, nonetheless, his state-
ments made her stop and think about the possible loss of $2 per
hour which she and a number of other employees with whom
she discussed the matter thought was a lot of money.14
11 Nunn, an advanced life support paramedic, was employed by one
of the Respondent’s predecessor companies for around 9 years and
joined the Respondent at its inception in February 1995. Nunn volun-
tarily terminated her employment with the Respondent in April 1999
because of what she believed were several problems with the way the
Company was operating. Her main complaint centered on the Com-
pany’s splitting up of the paramedics because they were understaffed.
12 Trudy Shepherd is the Respondent’s head of scheduling. She did
not testify at the hearing.
13 According to Nunn, in their encounter, Shepherd raised alleged
discriminatee Wallace’s rumored involvement in the union organizing
campaign and her possibly heading up the Union if it were elected.
This matter will be discussed in a separate section of this decision. It is
noteworthy to mention that Lewis and Shepherd also discussed Wallace
in a conversation of February 24.
14 Nunn specifically said (speaking of the loss of $2-per-hour):
Well, like I said it played on my mind, I thought about it, I
did. I thought you know—two dollars an hour is a lot, but I
thought about it. A lot of us did, we all discussed it, we did. (Tr.
66.)
MEDIC ONE, INC. 467
To rebut these charges, the Respondent called William
Shepherd. Shepherd admitted that he had participated in “cas-
ual conversations” with both Lewis and Nunn about various
topics, including matters touching on the Union—unionism in
general15 and the campaign specifically. Shepherd specifically
denied making any statements about the possibility of the em-
ployees taking a $2 loss in wages were the Union to come in.
Rather, according to Shepherd, he spoke to Lewis and Nunn as
well as around six to seven other employees about a rumored
$2 increase if the Union were elected. His intent was to dispel
this rumor and advise the employees that any raises had to be
negotiated.16 As to the Kalamazoo contract on the picnic table,
Shepherd stated that while only he and Mary Schaefer, the
Afton station manager, have keys to his office where the con-
tract was kept, he did not know how the contract found its way
onto the picnic table where the employees congregate. Shep-
herd denied putting it there but admitted that he saw it on the
picnic table. Shepherd conceded that the wages in the Kalama-
zoo contract were indeed lower than those paid by Medic One
in the Cincinnati area (about $2.50–$3 less on average) and that
some of the employees who evidently had seen it asked him
what he knew about it. Shepherd told them that he only knew
what he saw in the contract. According to Shepherd, he did not
know how long the contract had been on the table, but he re-
moved it when he saw it. Shepherd acknowledged that the
contract should not have been on the table. Shepherd believed
that he talked to Lewis about the rumored wage increase after
he discovered the contract on the table; he later destroyed the
contract.
As is often the case, the resolution of a charge redounds to
determining what version of the facts and circumstances stated
by the participants is the more credible. Regarding the conver-
sation, which undoubtedly occurred between Lewis, Nunn, and
Shepherd, I have decided to credit Lewis’ and Nunn’s version
over Shepherd’s. Notably, the Respondent in its brief argues to
the contrary that Shepherd’s testimony should be credited over
that of Lewis and Nunn, suggesting that both Lewis and Nunn
were strong union supporters. Moreover, the Respondent sub-
mits that Nunn was possibly disgruntled, having quit the Com-
pany because of problems with her working conditions. The
Respondent argues, thusly, that Lewis and Nunn were biased
against the Company. The Respondent submits that Shepherd’s
testimony about the rumor of a wage increase was corroborated
by Paul Mascavage, an employee who claimed that he heard
from another union adherent that there would be an increase
were the Union to come in.17
First, I would point out that Lewis is a current employee of
the Respondent. The Board has long held that the testimony of
current employees which contradicts statements of their super-

15 Shepherd admitted that he spoke with Lewis of his previous in-
volvement with a union and his being rebuked by that union for doing
work outside of his job classification, not being allowed to screw in a
light bulb on a trailer. Shepherd claimed this was just “casual conver-
sation” and denied telling Lewis that if the Union were elected things
like that would happen, and denied being wary of the Union at Medic
One.
16 Shepherd claimed to have gotten word of this $2-per-hour increase
from different employees he overheard talking among themselves
around the station.
17 Mascavage, an EMT–Basic assigned to the Mitchell station, testi-
fied at the hearing that many of the basic EMTs approached him, ask-
ing whether the wage increase rumor was true.
visors is likely to be particularly reliable because these wit-
nesses are testifying adversely to their pecuniary interests.
Flexsteel Industries, 316 NLRB 745 (1995).18
Lewis, however, was otherwise credible in my view. He tes-
tified forthrightly and consistently, with no exaggeration.
Moreover, his testimony was substantially corroborated, with
the exception of the offending statements by Shepherd himself.
Nunn also impressed me as a witness and, in spite of leaving
the Company for her stated reasons, she seemed to harbor no ill
will toward the Company or Shepherd, who, likewise, did not
speak disparagingly of her. I note that Nunn had been em-
ployed with the Respondent from its inception and apparently
was in good stead with the Company. She was, in my view,
forthright and honest and her testimony was corroborated both
by Lewis and, to an extent, Shepherd. Shepherd, however, was
not credible in material aspects of his testimony and, in fact, did
not appear to me to be entirely truthful. For instance, his testi-
mony regarding the mysterious appearance of the contract on
the employees’ picnic table did not ring true. Clearly, this con-
tract was in his possession under lock and key, but Shepherd
claimed not to know how he even acquired the contract. He
could only assume that corporate headquarters mailed it to him.
Shepherd “had no idea” what union was involved (in the con-
tract), but he clearly knew that contract and wages were $2.50–
$3 less than the Respondent’s.19 Shepherd also was less than
forthright about his views regarding unions, claiming to have
so-called mixed emotions about unions when clearly he had an
abiding negative attitude about unions of over 30 years’ stand-
ing. Shepherd’s testimony that his prior experience with a un-
ion had nothing to do with the present union campaign struck
me as particularly disingenuous. Accordingly, I would con-
clude that Shepherd made the statements attributed to him.
Discussion and Analysis
As noted by the General Counsel, it is well settled by the
Board that in the context of a union campaign employers may
violate Section 8(a)(1) by making direct or implied threats to
reduce employee benefits. Hamilton Plastic Products, 309
NLRB 678 (1992); Kenrich Petrochemical,s 294 NLRB 519
(1989). However, statements comprising the alleged threats
must be evaluated within the overall context in which the
statements are made. Bi–Lo Foods, 303 NLRB 749 (1991).
The General Counsel contends that Shepherd’s statements in
context were intended to dissuade the Respondent’s employees
18 See also Gold Standard Enterprises, 234 NLRB 618, 619 (1978);
Georgia Rug Mill, 131 NLRB 1304, 1305 fn. 2 (1961), enfd. in relevant
part 308 F. 2d 89 (5th Cir. 1962). It should be noted on this point that
Lewis credibly testified that before the election the Respondent allowed
him time in his work schedule to get to paramedic classes he was tak-
ing. After the election, management informed him that he would have
to find a replacement on his class days as it could no longer guarantee
that he could get off work in time to make his classes. Thus, the
Board’s concerns of pecuniary risk to a testifying employee are not
merely conjectural or theoretical.
19 I note that another current employee, Jane Lawrence, credibly tes-
tified that she saw the union contract on the picnic table at Afton on
March 9 and Shepherd, in her presence and about six other employees,
stated, among other things, that if the Union came in everything would
be negotiable and employee wages would start at the bottom of the pay
scale. Lawrence’s testimony casts further doubt about Shepherd’s
claims of immediate removal of the contract on February 23 or 24 and
that he was concerned solely about rumors of pay increases if the Union
were voted in. (Tr. 190–191.)
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 468
from voting for the Union and were unlawfully coercive. The
statements, she submits, were particularly coercive in view of
Shepherd’s concomitant actions of leaving the Kalamazoo con-
tract with its lower wages out for the employees to view, his
attempt to portray the union campaign as a conspiracy or plot
by management to reduce their wages, and relating a personal
negative experience with a union. In agreement with the Gen-
eral Counsel, I believe that under the totality of the circum-
stances, Shepherd’s statements (and actions) combined to inter-
fere impermissibly with the employees’ freedom to select a
representative of their choice. It should be noted that Lewis, by
his own admission, was an active and open union supporter;
Nunn, likewise, was by her testimony a union supporter.
Therefore, in my view, it was not by mere coincidence or the
result of so-called casual conversation that Shepherd sought
them out in particular and attempted to persuade them (and
perhaps other employees with whom Lewis and Nunn were
likely to converse) to see the negatives associated with union
representation and the futility of representation at the Company.
That Nunn and Lewis did not necessarily believe him is not
controlling as the Board’s test for 8(a)(1) violations does not
turn on the employers’ motive or the success or failure of the
attempted coercion. Rather, the test is bottomed on whether the
employer engaged in conduct, regardless of intent, which rea-
sonably tends to interfere with the free exercise of employee
rights under the Act. American Freightways Co., 124 NLRB
146 (1959); Roadway Express, 250 NLRB 393 (1980). Ac-
cordingly, I conclude that the Respondent, by threatening its
employees that they would lose wages if the union were voted
in, violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.

2. The March 1, 1999, statement regarding postponement of
wage increases

The complaint in part 5(b) alleges that on March 1, 1999,
James Sakel, the Respondent’s general manager (an admitted
supervisor), informed employees that regularly scheduled wage
increases would be postponed until after the union election
campaign.20
It is undisputed that on March 1 Sakel convened a meeting of
about 15–18 employees, including Nunn, in the bay area of the
Afton station to discuss various business—related subjects and
also to provide company—oriented information pertaining to
the upcoming union election. At this meeting, Sakel reminded
the employees that the Company had granted raises, instituted a
401 (retirement) plan, and upgraded the insurance plan since
the last union campaign. It was in the context of Sakel’s re-
marks about raises that Nunn spoke up and remarked that her
partner, Joe Cluff—a paramedic—had applied numerous times
for his raise and had not gotten any response from management.
She then asked Sakel why the employees like Cluff were not
getting the courtesy (respect) of a response from management
regarding pay raises to which they felt they were entitled.21
According to Nunn, Sakel said that he had not received Cluff’s

20 This allegation corresponds to and is coextensive with Objection 5
of the report on objections.
21 The Respondent requires its employees to make written applica-
tion for any raises to which they may be entitled on wage request
forms. The completed forms are given to the employees’ station man-
ager who then forwards them to the area manager and, ultimately, to
Sakel. Wage increases are available to employees when they reach
certain time in service points, e.g., at 3 months, 6 months, and 12
months. Employees are required to apply for raises at these intervals.
paperwork. At this point Cluff (who did not testify), according
to Nunn, said that he had sent in his requests numerous times
with no response from the Respondent. Sakel again responded
that he had not received any requests and suggested that Cluff
resubmit his paperwork. According to Nunn, Cluff filled out a
wage form on the spot, handed it to Sakel, and then asked if he
was going to get a raise. According to Nunn, Sakel responded
that he was sorry, “but . . . right now I can’t do anything be-
cause my hands are tied until this union issue is over with.”
(Tr. 51.)
Sakel admitted that at the meeting he discussed employee
raises in general and a specific raise request from Cluff, but
offered a different version of his conversation with Cluff. Ac-
cording to Sakel, when Cluff asked about an immediate raise
and handed him the wage request form, he took the form but
told Cluff there were more “parameters”22 to the raise process
and that Sakel could not simply at the time say that Cluff would
or would not get a raise; that if he were entitled to a raise, he
would get one. Sakel said that he further explained to Cluff
that if he were entitled to a raise, he would get the raise no
sooner than after the election because the following week was
an off week and there would not be a paycheck.23 Thus, if
Cluff were entitled to a raise, he would receive it after the elec-
tion.
The General Counsel (joined by the Charging Party) essen-
tially contends that Sakel violated Section 8(a)(1) when he told
the assembled employees that there would be no wage increases
until after the union election because his statements impermis-
sibly linked the awarding of the wage increase with the Union
and its organizing effort. In this fashion, the General Counsel
argues the Respondent attempted to coerce and interfere with
the employees’ Section 7 rights. The Respondent argues that
Sakel’s comments were statements of facts made in response to
a question raised by an employee who confronted him in the
middle of the meeting and, with a hastily filled out form, asked
for an immediate raise. Sakel’s response, so argues the Re-
spondent, was simply his attempt to explain the payroll system
and that any raise would of necessity be received on the next
pay period, which would occur after the union election. The
Respondent submits that the allegation in the complaint misrep-
resents the context of Sakel’s comments and should be dis-
missed.
Discussion and Analysis
If the Respondent’s version of the comments made by Sakel
to the assembled employees were credited or creditable, then
perhaps the statements present no offense to the Act. However,
Nunn, whom I found to be a credible witness, provided what I
22 Sakel explained that the wage increase parameters he was refer-
ring to included attendance, disciplines, the employee’s current pay
rate, and basic qualifications of the employee. Sakel, at the hearing,
explained that these parameters were set out on the form. While the
record is not entirely clear, Sakel evidently did not explain in detail
what the parameters for raises were to Cluff and the assembled em-
ployees.
23 Sakel explained “off week” to mean between pay periods. The
Respondent pays on a biweekly basis, on Fridays. According to Sakel,
the employees’ next payday would have been Friday, March 5, and
Cluff’s pay raise, if he were due one, could not be processed in time to
be received by that date. The next payday would have been March 17,
a week after the election.
MEDIC ONE, INC. 469
view as a vital context to the allegedly offending statement.24
First, Sakel broached the issue of raises in his presentation to
the employees, touting the Respondent’s having granted wage
increases without a union and thereby putting the Union in the
mix. Second, an employee complained in response that the
employees were not getting their raises, that paperwork was
getting lost or simply not being processed. Third, and most
importantly, Sakel then chose to deal with the employee’s spe-
cific request for an increase by linking the request not only to
the payroll process (parameters) but, also, to the union election.
Clearly, to me, mentioning the union election was not necessary
to explain why Cluff could not get a pay raise. Thus, it is rea-
sonable that employees hearing him could conclude, as argued
by the Charging Party, that raises were on hold because of the
Union or that their pay in general could be adversely affected if
the Union were voted in.25 I conclude that by informing em-
ployees that wage increases that may be due them would be
postponed until after the union election, the Respondent inter-
fered with and coerced its employees in the exercise of rights
guaranteed under Section 7 of the Act in violation of Section
8(a)(1). Laidlaw Waste Systems, 307 NLRB 52 (1992).

3. The March 10 alleged threat of physical violence

The complaint in part 5(c) alleges, in essence, that Neff, the
Respondent’s head mechanic (and an admitted supervisor),
threatened an employee with physical harm if the Union were
voted in on March 10, 1999,26 in violation of Section 8(a)(1).
The facts regarding the allegation are for the most part not in
dispute. On or about March 10, Mike Parker, a paramedic as-
signed to the Sycamore station, accompanied by his partner,
paramedic William Tomblin, brought his ambulance into the
Mitchell station for an oil change and scheduled maintenance.
It was here that Neff told the two men that, “if you guys vote
for the union [he] would ‘kick [their] asses.’” According to
Parker (who testified at the hearing), he responded by asking
why would Neff want to do that. Neff then said that he felt a
union would not be good for the Company, it would hurt the
employees and the Company. According to Parker, Neff re-
peated his threat to kick their asses if they voted the Union in
and these threats were made within earshot of several other
employees. Tomblin essentially corroborated Parker’s version
of this encounter, adding that Neff initially questioned them
concerning their feelings about the Union before making the
physical threats. Tomblin opined that Neff’s threat seemed to
be directed at Parker but that he (and Parker) took the threats
seriously.27

24 I note that Sakel was no novice to union electioneering and cam-
paigns because of his experience with the Union’s prior organizing
effort as well as his having participated in the Company—sponsored
classes for supervisors dealing with union electioneering—the do’s and
dont’s of the process.
25 I note that Jane Lawrence, another employee who attended the
meeting, testified without contradiction that she heard Sakel’s remarks.
According to Lawrence, several employees asked about raises they
were due to receive and Sakel said all wages were on hold until after
the union vote. (Tr. 190.) Thus, in spite of what Sakel may have meant
to say, it seems the employees heard something quite different.
26 This allegation corresponds to and is substantially extensive with
Objection 6, which alleges that the Employer created an atmosphere of
coercion, intimidation, and fear during the critical period by threatening
employees with physical violence if the Union was voted in.
27 Both Parker and Tomblin knew Neff and regarded him as basi-
cally a nice guy who reputedly frequently joked with the employees.
Neff testified about the March 10 encounter with Parker and
Tomblin and admitted saying the remark—“kick your asses”—
attributed to him; however, Neff considered these remarks to be
mere “joking,”28 and that he, Parker, and Tomblin merely
laughed over the remarks and, according to Neff, their remarks
“had nothing to do with anything that was going on, we were
just carrying on.” (Tr. 306.) Neff admitted that he did not see
Parker or Tomblin often on the job.

4. The March 12, 1999, statement by Neff regarding
payment for damages to vehicles

The complaint in part 5(d) essentially alleges that on March
12, 1999, the Respondent informed employees that if the Union
were voted in they would be required to pay the deductible
amount on insurance claims arising from accidents involving
company vehicles.29
Here, again, the alleged statements attributed to Neff were
made to Parker and Tomblin. According to both men, Neff had
come to the Sycamore station around 9 a.m. during the polling
period on March 12 to check on a couple of vehicles which had
been damaged in accidents some few days before.30 Neff asked
Parker which one was damaged and Parker pointed to some
damage on the bumper of one of the ambulances. Then Neff
said that was okay because if the Union is voted in the employ-
ees would have to pay for the damage to the ambulances. Ac-
cording to Parker, a number of employees were within 10–20
feet of the remark.31 None of these employees made any re-
sponse to the comment. Neff denied making the remarks in
question and stated that he did not mention the Union in any
conversations he may have had that day as it was election day
and he was under specific instructions by his supervisors not to
discuss the Union. However, Neff admitted that on a day he
could not recall Parker had pointed out some damage to a vehi-
cle, but Neff insisted that he made no comments about employ-
ees being required to pay for any damages if the Union came in.
Neff allowed that he told Parker something he tells all employ-
ees—that they all need to be responsible for any damage to
company vehicles—but he denied saying this to Parker on May
12.32

Discussion and Analysis of the March 10 and 12 Allegations

Neither Parker nor Tomblin had spent much time in Neff’s presence
during their time with the Company. Parker, however, had seen Neff
lose his temper in spite of his general mild mannered disposition and
demeanor.
28 Neff admitted that when he made the remark, Parker and Tomblin
looked at him “kind of strange” and then they too started laughing.
Nunn told them he was kidding. According to Nunn, Parker and
Tomblin then jokingly threatened him.
29 This allegation corresponds to and is substantially extensive with
Objection 7.
30 Tomblin essentially corroborated Parker and differing only in re-
spect to the number of other employees who were within earshot of the
remarks. That is, he observed only two to four employees, some by the
door and some in the back of the (ambulance) unit, and that he thought
that Neff was only perhaps addressing Parker in terms of the previously
discussed physical threats.
31 According to Parker, the employees were Tomblin, Trudy Shep-
herd, several employees from the billing department, and three to four
employees in uniforms (presumably paramedics or EMTs) there to
vote.
32 Neff seemed to be saying that, in his view, the employees should
be responsible, meaning careful and accountable, in the operation of the
ambulances.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 470
The General Counsel contends that Neff’s statements on the
dates in question were violative of the Act. Specifically, the
General Counsel argues that Neff’s threats, irrespective of his
“joking” intent, was unlawful nonetheless because a comment
of this type could create an undercurrent of coercion in the
minds of the employees. As to the March 12 statement, the
General Counsel submits that Neff’s comment about the em-
ployees paying for damage to their vehicles, something they
were not required to do prior to the union campaign, constitutes
an unlawful threat of loss of benefits and/or change in working
conditions linked to the Union’s campaign or being voted in.
The General Counsel argues that Neff, as the maintenance su-
pervisor, clearly was in the position of making such a recom-
mendation to management and, therefore, his comments could
be particularly coercive and, at the least, interfered with the
employees’ freedom to choose their representative.
With respect to Neff’s physical threats, the Respondent ar-
gues that these were, in essence, harmless or innocuous. The
Respondent points to numerous witnesses who testified that
Neff was basically a nice guy, mild-mannered, amicable, and a
great kidder, as well as the extreme difference in physique be-
tween Parker—6 feet 4 inches and around 300 pounds—and
Neff—5 feet 9 inches and around 185 pounds—to discredit the
charge that Neff was serious in his threat to physically harm
them, as alleged by Parker and Tomblin. The Respondent also
submits that Parker and Tomblin should not be credited over
Neff who denied that he made any references to the Union on
March 12 as he was so instructed by management.
Contrary to the Respondent, I found Parker and Tomblin
highly credible witnesses. I note that at the time of the hearing
both men were current employees and, to me, their testimony
has a somewhat enhanced credibility. I note also that with
regard to the physical threats, Neff himself admitted to making
the remarks Parker and Tomblin attributed to him. He simply
disagreed with intent of his utterance. Thus, with regard to the
accuracy of Parker and Tomblin’s testimony, nothing can be
taken from them. Parker and Tomblin’s testimony regarding
the payment by employees for damages to company vehicles
has the ring of truth to it, since even Neff admits that he had
openly made comments to the employees about assuming re-
sponsibility for their actions, presumably their accidents with
company ambulances. As to Neff, I was not altogether im-
pressed with his testimony regarding these charges, although he
certainly was not totally incredible. To his credit, Neff admit-
ted he made the physical threat remarks. However, in signifi-
cant aspects, Neff’s testimony was less than forthright, hesitant,
somewhat evasive, and clearly overly protective of manage-
ment. To me, he obviously tried to minimize his remarks in a
self-serving way. On balance, I believe Parker and Tomblin’s
version of their encounter with Neff and especially the remarks
attributed to him by them.
As to the physical threat remarks by Neff, superficially, they
seem harmless and perhaps because of the disparity in phy-
siques between Neff, Parker, and Tomblin,33 the threat potential
seems somewhat ludicrous. However, in my view, Neff’s abil-

33 It should be noted that Tomblin also was a good-sized man, con-
siderably larger than Neff, though not as big as Parker. Clearly, there
was a physical mismatch between Neff and these two men, leading me
to conclude that neither Parker nor Tomblin were in reasonable fear for
their personal safety. However, this is not controlling, as explained
above.
ity to carry out his threat is not controlling, and Parker and
Tomblin’s reactions are not controlling. The question is
whether in context, Neff’s conduct posed an impermissible
coercive effect on the employees who, within about 2 days of
the physical threats, were about to exercise their rights to
choose a representative. I first note that, while not charged in
the complaint, Neff, according to Parker, also approached him
during the organizing campaign and in casual conversation
said, “So you started the union, you bad boy you.” This
prompted Parker to ask Neff where he got that idea of his in-
volvement and who told him. Neff told Parker that no one had
told him but went on to say that we (the Respondent) had sev-
eral names they suspected were union instigators and provided
the names.34 Clearly, Neff’s comments could cause employees
to feel that their activities were being surveilled by manage-
ment and could promote a coercive atmosphere in the critical
period. Then too, another EMT employee, Mascavage, testified
that Neff asked him how he felt about the Union, “if we were
for or against it.”35 Neff, by his own testimony, was instructed
not to discuss the Union by the Respondent’s management not
only on election day but also as much as a month before the
election, and he also surely attended the electioneering classes
management convened for supervisors and, therefore, presuma-
bly was apprised of the need to preserve the laboratory condi-
tions of the campaign and the election process. Yet, in seeming
defiance of instruction, good sense, and propriety, Neff did just
the opposite. In my mind, he did so with the intent to influence
the employees. I note that in spite of Neff’s protestations of
indifference to the Union the record clearly shows his antipathy
for the Union, as evidenced by not only the comments he made
but also his violation of management’s instructions not to dis-
cuss the Union during the critical time frame.
Neff was a supervisor who occupied a significant and vital
position with the Respondent. He repaired and maintained the
vehicles on which the employees depended for their livelihood.
Neff was respected and well liked by the employees. There-
fore, his views were capable of persuading and influencing the
employees. Thus, I agree with the General Counsel (and
Charging Party) that Neff’s physical threats underscored his
union animus and, while he could not (and probably would not)
carry out his threat, in context, his threats were calculated to
coerce and reasonably could be said to have the tendency to
interfere with the employees’ free exercise of their Section 7
rights; International Door, 303 NLRB 582 (1991); Great Dane
Trailers, 293 NLRB 384 (1989). In likewise, Neff’s statements
that employees would be required to pay for damages to the
Respondent’s vehicles involved in accidents, in my view, were
either a threat of a loss of a benefit and/or a threatened change
in working conditions calculated by Neff to coerce the employ-
34 Neff identified several persons. It is interesting to note here that
alleged discriminatee Wallace was not mentioned as one of these union
organizing suspects.
35 Mascavage further testified that Neff’s expressed opinions about
the Union vacillated depending on the response of the person ques-
tioned. If an employee was for the Union, Neff was for it; if the em-
ployee were against, then Neff was against the Union. It is noteworthy
that Mascavage identified an employee, John Hotarick, as an adamant
union supporter, and Neff identified Hotarick as a suspected union
supporter. Although the Respondent was not charged, the General
Counsel seeks a finding of a violation of the Act by dint of Neff’s inter-
rogations. This issue will be dealt with in a separate section of this
decision.
MEDIC ONE, INC. 471
ees and reasonably could have that intended effect. Hartman
Mechanical, Inc., 316 NLRB 395 (1995);36 Milford Plains, 309
NLRB 942 (1992). I would conclude that by threatening to
physically harm employees and requiring them to pay for dam-
age to company vehicles if the employees selected the Union as
their collective-bargaining representative, the Respondent co-
erced and interfered with the employees’ Section 7 rights, in
violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
C. The Union’s Objections to the Election: The Excelsior
List Objections
On a petition filed on February 10, 1999, and pursuant to a
stipulation for certification on consent election executed by the
parties and approved by the Regional Director for Region 9, an
election by secret ballot was conducted on March 12, 1999,
among the employees in an appropriate unit. At the conclusion
of the election, the tally of ballots showed that of approximately
162 eligible voters, 119 ballots cast—50 were for the Union, 69
were against, and 10 ballots were challenged. The challenges
were insufficient to affect the election’s results.

1. Discussion of Objection 1

The Union’s Objection 1 alleged that the Respondent inter-
fered with the election and improperly affected the results of
the election by failing to provide an accurate list of the em-
ployee names and addresses. The Union’s Objection 2 alleges
that the Respondent interfered with and improperly affected the
results of the election by omitting eligible names from the Ex-
celsior list. In support of these objections, one witness, Marc
Pinkas, testified on behalf of the Union. The Respondent pre-
sented its director of human resources, Anthony Stagge, as its
sole witness.
The Union contends that of the 162 addresses provided by
the Respondent, a total of 21 were incorrect and, in addition,
the Respondent omitted the names of two other employees. At
the hearing, the Union introduced copies of only 19 envelopes
returned by the Post Office for address corrections (C.P. Exhs.
2 and 3), noting that the addresses on the returned envelopes
were taken from the list supplied by the Respondent. The 19
returned envelopes are part of 21 incorrect addresses in conten-
tion.37
According to the Employer’s director of human resources,
Anthony E. Stagge, the Excelsior list that was submitted to the
NLRB in connection with the election conducted on March 12,
1999, was compiled from a computer database at the Respon-
dent’s Cincinnati headquarters. Stagge testified that these are

36 The Respondent, in its brief at p. 18, alluding to the allegation in
part 5(d) that the offending statement related to the requirement of
employees to pay their deductible amount on insurance claims and the
General Counsel’s proof that employees would be required to pay for
damages to the vehicles, argues that the General Counsel did not prove
this charge. I would find that there was a variance between the charge
and the proof. However, I would conclude that the variance was de
minimus, as there is little or no substantive difference in the charge and
the proof adduced. Vulcan Hart Corp., 248 NLRB 1197 (1980).
Moreover, the Respondent has not asserted any prejudice attributable to
the variance, and the Respondent has fully taken advantage of the op-
portunity to defend against the charge. Accordingly, I would conclude
that any variance regarding this part of the complaint is not fatal, and
the General Counsel has met her burden. Custom Window Extrusions,
314 NLRB 850 (1994).
37 It is noteworthy that the Union received some of the returned en-
velopes as early as March 1, 1999.
the same addresses used by the Respondent during the cam-
paign and by its human resources department pursuant to its
normal business operations. (R. Exh. 3.)
According to Stagge, the Respondent received a fax trans-
mission from the Union on March 8, 1999, requesting an accu-
rate list of eligible employees, including the employees whose
mail was returned. Based on the Respondent’s own returned
mailings prior to receiving the March 10, 1999 fax from the
Union, the Respondent knew that the Excelsior list contained
some incorrect addresses. On March 10, 1999, the Respondent
hand-delivered to the Union an updated listing of the employ-
ees’ addresses. (R. Exh. 5.)
On March 10, 1999, the Union sent another fax to the Re-
spondent the next morning listing two additional employees
whose mail had been returned due to inaccurate addresses. (R.
Exh. 6.) On March 11, 1999, the Respondent faxed to the Un-
ion updated addresses for the two employees. Stagge admitted
that throughout this period the Respondent, at its own initiative,
did not attempt to rectify the situation by providing corrected
addresses to the Board.
Discussion
By execution of the stipulation for consent agreement, the
Respondent agreed to be bound by the Board requirement that
the employee list be forwarded within 7 days of approval of the
agreement. Bishop-Hansel Ford Sales, Inc., 180 NLRB 987
(1970); Rockwell Mfg. Co., 201 NLRB 358 (1973). Within 7
days after the Regional Director has approved a consent elec-
tion agreement, an employer must file with the Regional Direc-
tor an “Excelsior list”—an election eligibility list containing the
names and addresses of all eligible voters. The Regional Direc-
tor must then make this information available to all parties.
Excelsior Underwear, Inc., 156 NLRB 1236 (1966).
The Respondent, at the hearing, attempted to show that some
of the names contained in the Union’s March 8, 1999, fax list-
ing employees who had their mail returned were no longer in
the Employer’s employment as of the payroll eligibility date,
January 30, 1999. In particular, the Respondent maintained
that of the 17 named employees, at least 3—John Roland, Dar-
lene Thompson, and Christopher Shepherd—were not eligible
voters at the time of the payroll eligibility date. Therefore, the
Respondent contends that the incorrect addresses given to the
Union in the final Excelsior list (R. Exh 3) could not affect the
election. Assuming, arguendo, that the three were ineligible,
there remain, nonetheless, 14 other employees (or approxi-
mately 8.6 percent of the total) whose addresses were inaccu-
rate. Therefore, whether and to what extent these inaccurate
addresses may be said to have legal consequence must be
considered.
First, under Excelsior, supra, an employer’s failure to furnish
a voter eligibility list in a substantially correct manner is
grounds for setting aside an election if proper objections are
filed. In determining whether an election should be set aside
based on an employer’s failure to satisfy the requirements of
the Excelsior rule, the Board does not apply the rule on a me-
chanical or per se basis. Telonic Industries, 173 NLRB 588
(1968). Instead, the basic test is one of “substantial compli-
ance.” Program Aids Co., 163 NLRB, 145 (1967). Signifi-
cantly, a minor deviation from the rule does not necessarily
require setting aside the election. Telonic Industries, supra.
Moreover, the Board evidently views mere inaccuracies in
names and addresses of eligible voters as a less serious matter
than the total omission of names and addresses, and this distinc-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 472
tion is given effect in determining where the employer had
substantially complied with the Excelsior rule. Thrifty Auto
Parts, 295 NLRB 1118 (1989). Notably, the NLRB has indi-
cated that elections should not be set aside because of inaccura-
cies as long as the employer was not grossly negligent and
acted in good faith in supplying the required information.
Texas Christian University, 220 NLRB 396 (1975).38
Most recently in Mod Interiors, Inc., 324 NLRB 164 (1997),
the Board ordered a new election in the absence of bad faith,
where the original Excelsior list contained a significant number
of 40 percent inaccurate addresses; a corrected list was only
available to the union 8 days before the election; and the elec-
tion was decided by a close margin. In Mod Interiors, the
Board seemingly gave less credence to the employer’s good-
faith attempt to provide an accurate list. Rather, the Board
noted that, “The Excelsior rule is not intended to test employer
good faith or ‘level the playing field’ between petitioners and
employers, but to achieve important statutory goals by ensuring
that all employees are fully informed about the arguments con-
cerning representation and can freely and fully exercise their
Section 7 rights” (id. at 164). Clearly, to the Board, the high
percentage of inaccurate addresses overrode the employer’s
claim of good-faith compliance with the rule.
However, based on my research, the Board has yet to find
that an address inaccuracy rate below 40 percent constituted
insubstantial compliance. For instance, in Lobster House, 186
NLRB 148 (1970), inaccuracies on the Excelsior list were
found to be of an insubstantial nature to affect the results of the
election, when 20 out of 97 addresses were erroneous (a 16-
percent error rate). Similarly, in West Coast Meat Packing Co.,
195 NLRB 37 (1972), where 22 percent of addresses on the
Excelsior list was deemed inaccurate, the inaccuracies were not
found to be substantial enough to require setting aside the elec-
tion. In that case, the addresses had been drawn from the W-4
forms completed by employees. In Days Inns of America, 216
NLRB 384 (1975), 13.2 percent of voter addresses were incor-
rect, those addresses also having been drawn from employee
personnel forms. In Fountainebleau Hotel Corp., 181 NLRB
1134 (1970), the Board found substantial compliance with the
Excelsior requirement despite inaccuracies on the list which
involved 18 percent of eligible voters. In Women in Crisis
Counseling, 312 NLRB 589 (1993), there was a 30-percent
inaccuracy rate, and the Board ruled that the employer had
substantially complied with the requirements of the Excelsior
rule by providing the full names and addresses of all the eligi-
ble voters it had on file.
It should be noted that in all these cases, there was no show-
ing of bad faith or gross negligence, and the errors involved
inaccuracies and not the omission of eligible voters from the
list. Notable also in some of these cases, the vote was close
enough to have been possibly affected by the number of errors
on the list. For instance, in Lobster House, the vote was 27 yes
and 41 no; in West Coat, the vote was 17 yes and 19 no; in
Fountainebleau, the vote was 125 yes and 138 no.

38 The Board has noted that a finding of bad faith is not a precondi-
tion for the conclusion that an employer has failed to comply substan-
tially with the rule. North Macon Health Care Facility, 315 NLRB 359
(1994). Furthermore, the Board has stated that it has long recognized
that the rule is prophylactic, so that “[e]vidence of bad faith and actual
prejudice is unnecessary because . . . the potential harm from list omis-
sions is deemed sufficiently great to warrant a strict rule that encour-
ages conscientious efforts to comply.” Thrifty Auto Parts, supra.
In Bear Truss, Inc., 325 NLRB 1162 (1998), decided after
Mod Interiors, supra, the error rate was 14 percent and the elec-
tion was close. Nonetheless, the Board held that Mod Interiors
did not establish a bright line rule automatically overturning the
results of an election where the number of inaccuracies on the
Excelsior list exceeded the margin of the vote. Bear Truss,
supra. Furthermore, the Board maintained that Mod did not
specifically overrule previous case law where inaccuracies in
the Excelsior list are involved. The Board reasoned that al-
though at first blush such a rule would seem to be reasonable, it
would require that if there was one inaccurate address and the
election was decided by one vote, that the election be set aside,
even if the inaccuracy rate was only 1 percent or less.
Thus, it would seem that the Board applies the substantial
compliance rule on a case-by-case basis and not by simply
employing mathematical percentages to arrive at a determina-
tion of whether an election should stand or be set aside because
of inaccuracies in the list provided by an employer.
As to the instant case, if one assumes that the Union was
given 21 inaccurate addresses, then the percentage of error is
approximately 12.96 percent; 19 inaccurate addresses produces
an 11.72-percent error rate; and 14 inaccurate addresses equal
approximately 8.6 percent. Furthermore, it is undisputed that
the corrected list was received by the Union only 2 days prior
to the election, and the inaccuracies as alleged in the Excelsior
list were greater than the 19-vote difference for the Respondent
and against the Union.
Thus, under the extant circumstances, this election could be
described as close and the information not received by the pos-
sibly 21 employees may have impeded a free and informed
choice among the electorate. As the Board has suggested, it
would be anomalous indeed for the Board to certify results of
elections conducted without compliance with the Excelsior rule
because such elections do not ensure that employees are fully
informed about the arguments concerning representation and
thus are not able to exercise fully their Section 7 rights. North
Macon Health Care Facility, supra. Nevertheless, to date, the
Board has been unwilling to find in the absence of bad faith
that below a 40-percent inaccuracy rate in the addresses consti-
tuted insubstantial compliance, even when the vote was close
enough to have been possibly affected by the number of errors
on the list. Furthermore, in the case at hand, there seems to be
no evidence that the Employer acted with bad faith or gross
negligence.
The Board has stated that when an employer is presented
with a report that numerous employees had failed to receive its
mailings, the employer is obligated to use its best efforts to
furnish corrected addresses, especially if the employer had a
policy that employees were required to report address changes.
Laidlaw Medical Transportation, 326 NLRB 925 (1998).
On this record, the Respondent had knowledge that its Excel-
sior list contained some incorrect addresses and did not attempt
on its own to rectify the situation by providing a corrected list
to the NLRB. However, the Respondent also relied on the
same list during the campaign and, therefore, gained no advan-
tage by failing to correct the inaccuracies. There was no evi-
dence offered to show that the Employer routinely sent mail to
its employees, which would put the Respondent on notice of a
need to correct its records. Further, there is nothing of record
to show that the Employer did not provide the most accurate
addresses for its own records. On balance, thus, it does not
seem that there is sufficient evidence to establish that the Re-
MEDIC ONE, INC. 473
spondent acted with bad faith or, at a minimum, with gross
negligence. Ultimately, the Respondent did make some at-
tempts to comply with the requirements of the Excelsior rule.
Because it has not been sufficiently demonstrated that the Re-
spondent failed to substantially comply with the Excelsior rule
regarding the claimed inaccuracies in the lease, I would con-
clude that the Union’s Objection 1 should not be sustained.

2. Discussion of Objection 2
The Board views the omission of names and addresses of
eligible voters from the Excelsior list as a much more serious
matter than mere inaccuracies regarding names and addresses.
In this regard, the Board presumes that an employer’s failure to
supply a substantially complete eligibility list has a prejudicial
effect on the election without inquiry into the question of
whether the union may have obtained some additional names
and addresses of eligible employees or whether omitted em-
ployees might have garnered sufficient information about the
issues to make an intelligent choice. Thrifty Auto Partssupra.
The Board has stated that an employer, by omitting a substan-
tial number of voters’ names from the Excelsior list, can defeat
the very purpose of the Excelsior rule: “to further the fair and
free choice of bargaining representatives . . . by encouraging an
informed employee electorate and by allowing unions the right
to access to employees that management already possesses.”
EDM of Texaco, 245 NLRB 934, 940 (1979) (quoting NLRB v.
Wyman-Gordon Co., 394 U.S. 759 (1969)).
In the case of omissions from the Excelsior list, the Board
presumes that an employer’s failure to supply a substantially
complete eligibility list has a prejudicial effect on the election.
Thus, the question of whether the omissions were the result of
bad faith or mere inadvertence does not influence the calcula-
tion of whether compliance has been substantial or not. Evi-
dence of bad faith is unnecessary in these situations because the
potential harm from list omissions is deemed sufficiently great
to warrant a strict rule that encourages conscientious compli-
ance. Thrifty Auto Parts, supra.39
Notably, the Board in Shore Health Care, 323 NLRB 990
(1997), while reiterating that evidence of bad faith or gross
negligence is not required in order to find objectionable an
employer’s failure to comply with the Excelsior requirements,
nevertheless, also took bad faith in to account, concluding that
the omission of 5 percent of eligible voters from the Excelsior
list was sufficient to set an election aside where the employer
had acted in bad faith. In addition, the Board maintained that in
circumstances where the omission of names from the list is the
result of conduct demonstrating bad faith or gross negligence
on the part of an employer, such conduct is a relevant consid-
eration in determining whether the employer has failed to com-
ply with the Excelsior rule.
In the instant case, the Union alleges that the Respondent er-
roneously omitted the names of 2 out of a total of 162, or less
than 2 percent, of the eligible voters’ names from the eligibility
list. Union Representative Marc Pinkas testified that it was the
Union’s contention that there were some names incorrectly
omitted from the Excelsior list. However, Pinkas also testified
that he was unable to recall without his notes the names of

39 In Thrifty Auto Parts, omissions of 9.5 percent of eligible voters’
names from the eligibility list resulted in setting aside the election in
the absence of bad faith. A similar result was reached in Gamble Rob-
inson Co., 180 NLRB 532 (1970), where 10 percent of eligible voters
were inadvertently left off the list.
these employees and stated nothing more concerning the mat-
ter. There was no further evidence submitted by the Union in
support of Objection 2.
Thus, based on the credible evidence, first, I am not per-
suaded that the Respondent actually omitted two names from
the list and, on this ground alone, I would not sustain Objection
2. However, even assuming, arguendo, that the Respondent
may have omitted the two employees, they represent less than 2
percent of the eligible voters, which, in my view, is a de mini-
mus omission. Thus, in my view, these possible omissions
would not be enough to affect the results of the election. I rec-
ommend that Objection 2 not be sustained.
D. The 8(a)(3) Allegation
The complaint in part 6 alleges, in essence, that on about
February 25, 1999, the Respondent suspended employee Jenni-
fer Wallace because she supported the Union and engaged in
concerted activities on its behalf, and/or because the Respon-
dent believed that she supported the Union and engaged in
activities on the Union’s behalf—all in violation of Section
8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act.40

1. The December 19, 1998 incident

It is undisputed that Wallace’s suspension was based on
events occurring on Saturday, December 19, 1998, while Wal-
lace was on duty but near the end of her assigned tour of duty.
On that day, Wallace, an EMT working for the Respondent
since December 1997 out of the Afton station, and her assigned
partner, Roger Carl, were scheduled to make a “baby run”41
near the end of their shift from Cincinnati’s Children’s Hospital
to Dayton Children’s Hospital. However, Wallace received a
call from her grandparents about a half-hour before her shift’s
end and was advised that Wallace’s brothers needed to be
picked up from a local video arcade after she finished her nor-
mal shift. Wallace then requested a crew exchange of Phillip
Hauke,42 the Respondent’s dispatcher, so that she could pick up
her brothers. Wallace advised Hauke that the unit they were
then assigned, No. 570, was not equipped to handle a baby run.
After some discussion, the dispatcher ordered Wallace and Carl
to the Mitchell station to pick up a vehicle equipped for baby
transport—No. 580. Wallace and Carl then proceeded to Cin-
cinnati Children’s Hospital. However, on arrival, they were
told that the baby medical team was not available but was en
route to the hospital; the Respondent’s dispatcher was informed
of this. Wallace then asked the dispatcher if there were a crew
coming on duty. She was advised that one was scheduled for 6
p.m. Carl contacted the dispatcher and asked whether the on-
coming crew could come to the hospital to relieve him and
Wallace, since the baby medical team was late and it was ap-
proaching their normal quitting time. According to Carl, one of
the dispatchers approved this request. Meanwhile, one of the
40 This charge mirrors allegations in the report on objections cap-
tioned there as “Other Conduct.”
41 A baby run requires that the infant/child be transported in an am-
bulance specially equipped for their care needs, including oxygen cali-
brated for infants (baby air), and an incubator type device called an
isolette. There is in addition to the EMT team, a team of medical per-
sons, e.g., doctors and nurses who accompany and tend to the child
from beginning to end of the transport. The EMTs render no medical
assistance to the child and generally act as drivers only.
42 Hauke did not testify at the hearing. However, I have credited
Roger Carl, Wallace’s partner on that day, who explained his contact
with dispatcher Hauke and the other dispatchers who were named.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 474
baby team members had shown up and the other was still en
route. Around 6–6:15 p.m., the other medical team member
showed up and the dispatcher advised Carl that one member of
the oncoming ambulance crew—Charlotte Wells—had clocked
in and that as soon as her partner, Mike Hamlin, arrived, the
crew would be sent to the hospital to relieve Carl and Wallace.
Meanwhile, Wallace explained to the medical team member
that the run was going to keep her on duty past her quitting time
but that there would be another ambulance crew relieving them.
The team members told Wallace and Carl that the child in Day-
ton was stable and was only being transported to Cincinnati for
an evaluation. Carl and Wallace then recontacted the dis-
patcher and were advised that the oncoming crew was being
dispatched to the hospital. According to Carl, the now-
assembled baby team, once told this, asked if the oncoming
crew was anywhere near the routes they would take to Dayton
and, if so, suggested that the crew exchange be made en route.
Wallace and Carl contacted the dispatcher about the where-
abouts of the oncoming crew and were advised that the crew
was just past a BP gasoline station en route to Cincinnati Chil-
dren’s Hospital. Carl asked the dispatcher to advise the oncom-
ing crew to go back to the gas station and await their arrival for
the exchange; the dispatcher, according to Carl, approved this
request. Wallace, Carl, and the baby medical team proceeded
to the BP station.
However, as Carl and Wallace were approaching the gas sta-
tion, the dispatcher paged them and told them that the antici-
pated crew exchange violated company policy and if they com-
pleted the exchange they would be subject to disciplinary ac-
tion. With this, Wallace was unsure about completing the ex-
change. However, since she reasoned that she was only a quar-
ter a of mile from their rendezvous, she decided to meet the
other crew there and see what the others wanted to do.
Upon Wallace and Carl’s arrival at the BP station, in spite of
the warning, the crew exchange was completed. The medical
team was taken to Dayton by the oncoming crew, Wells and
Hamlin, to pick up the child.43

2. The aftermath of the December 19 crew exchange

After the crew exchange, Wallace and Carl proceeded to the
Sycamore station to drop off Carl. While there, Wallace and
Hauke argued with each other, with Hauke claiming that he had
not approved the exchange. Then Hauke advised that Sakel
was on the telephone and wanted to speak to her. Sakel in-
structed Wallace to give him a written report by the next Mon-
day morning. Wallace then proceeded to the Afton station and
decided she needed to speak to Sakel. She asked the dispatcher
there to have Sakel call her. Sakel returned her call and in that
conversation Wallace and he discussed the incident more at

43 The circumstances surrounding the decision to complete the crew
exchange are not entirely clear. Wallace and Carl said they received
the page from the dispatcher about the possible violation of company
policy before the actual exchange. Charlotte Wells testified that she did
not receive the policy violation page until after the exchange and did
not recall her partner saying at the BP station, “it’s their ass now, Phil
Hauke has approved the crew exchange,” as asserted by Wallace.
Hamlin did not testify. Carl could only recall that Wallace, on a special
radio channel with the Wells crew before the exchange, in effect said
we are already in trouble and might as well do the exchange. On bal-
ance, I would credit Wallace and Carl on this point and conclude that
all parties involved in the exchange were advised prior to the exchange
that they were violating company policy and faced disciplinary action.
length. Wallace questioned the violation because the policy in
question related to crew exchanges with patients on board,
which was not the case in her situation; Wallace also argued
that the baby team nurse approved the exchange, as well as
Hauke. Sakel was not persuaded by her argument and advised
her that more than likely, she would be suspended. Sakel
scheduled a followup meeting with her for the following week.
Wallace, having given a copy of her written statement44 to
Kenneth Crank, her night shift commander, on Tuesday, De-
cember 23, met with Sakel, Crank, and Gregory Garrison, the
ALS supervisor, during Christmas week. Sakel explained to
Wallace that they were meeting to deal with the December 19
incident. After some discussion, Sakel advised Wallace that
she was going to be suspended for violation of the Company’s
transport policy but that her suspension would not take effect
until after the holidays. For her part, Wallace did not agree
with Sakel’s assessment of the violation, mainly because she
felt that the exchange was approved and there was no patient on
board at that time.
Wallace received her suspension notice on February 25,
1999,45 from Garrison and William Shepherd, as witnesses at
the Afton station. None of the other employees directly in-
volved in the crew exchange received any discipline.46
The General Counsel (and Charging Party) contends that Wal-
lace was unlawfully suspended primarily because of the sus-
pected involvement of her and her boyfriend, Michael Morri-
son, in the union organizing campaign.47 The General Counsel
44 Wallace’s written report is contained in G.C Exh. 3.
45 Wallace’s disciplinary notice, contained in G.C. Exh. 4, is dated
February 9, 1999, and states that Wallace violated company policy
regarding a midtransport crew exchange on December 19, 1998. Wal-
lace was suspended for a minimum of four shifts without pay, to be set
by the Company. Ultimately, Wallace was suspended on March 3, 4,
10, and 11—a total of 40 hours.
46 Wells was doubtful about what discipline she might have received,
claiming that she was talked to and informed by persons whose names
she could not recall that the incident was on her record; she also was
asked to write up the incident by the dispatcher; but she did not ever do
this. Wells also said Hamlin was asked to write a report but does not
know whether he did. Carl also talked to Sakel who directed him to
write a report, which he did. Carl also met with Sakel on the Monday
after the incident and discussed it. According to Carl, Sakel basically
felt that Wallace was mainly at fault and promised to investigate the
matter; Sakel never disciplined him. Carl specifically denied ever
receiving a letter dated February 4, 1999, purporting to discipline him
(see G.C. Exh. 5) for the December 19 incident. However, another
employee, Michael Morrison, Wallace’s boyfriend and then a dis-
patcher and EMT, was disciplined—discharged—for his part in this
incident in mid-January 1999.
47 Morrison was called by the Respondent and testified at the hear-
ing. Morrison, a former employee, was given a verbal and later a writ-
ten reprimand in early January 1999 for interference with another detail
because of his involvement with December 19 incident. He was told at
the time that any discipline would be administered after the holidays
because Sakel did not like to impose a discipline at the holiday time.
Morrison’s written notice informed him that he would be terminated
within 30 days. His last day at the Company was around mid-January.
Morrison was a supervisor with the Respondent—lead dispatcher—
during the Union’s first organizing campaign. At the time of Wallace’s
discharge, he was no longer dispatching but was an EMT driver. He
claimed to have been demoted for complaints about the Company’s
policies and saying that he would like to see a union come in. How-
ever, while Morrison was familiar with the Union, he was not involved
in any organizing activities nor was he aware of any union activities
before or after the December 19 incident.
MEDIC ONE, INC. 475
readily concedes that Wallace was not involved in the union
organizing activities, did not sign an authorization card, and, in
fact, was not even aware of the union campaign until she re-
turned to work from a surgery on about February 13, 1999.
The General Counsel acknowledges that, at most, Wallace sup-
ported the Union and only discussed it with other nonmanage-
ment employees. The General Counsel argues that the Respon-
dent, however, believed she was a strong union supporter. In
support of her position, the General Counsel points to the testi-
mony of Nunn who testified that around February 23 Shepherd
volunteered in a conversation about the union campaign that
Michael Morrison was heading up the campaign and that Wal-
lace, then dating Morrison, was going to head up the Union.48
The General Counsel further submits that the Respondent’s
animus toward the Union was clearly evident by statements
Shepherd made to employees on February 23 and 24. Addi-
tionally, Neff’s physical threats and his informing employees
that they would have to pay for vehicular damages were clearly
hostile and connected to the Union’s possibly winning the elec-
tion. Moreover, the General Counsel argues that the timing of
the disciplinary action, February 6, approximately 3 days after
the Respondent’s receipt of the Union’s election petition, sug-
gests an unlawful motive underlying the discipline of Wallace.
The Respondent contends, in essence, that Wallace was sus-
pended, although belatedly, because she knowingly violated
company policy. Moreover, Wallace was told of the Respon-
dent’s decision by telephone on the day of the violation and in a
subsequent meeting about a week later. The actual suspension
was not implemented because of Sakel’s concern for his em-
ployees during the holiday season. The Respondent admits that
the entire month of January passed by with no action by man-
agement on the matter but that this was due to a misunderstand-
ing by Sakel and Supervisor Crank regarding who was to fol-
low through on Wallace’s discipline. The Respondent asserts
that delivery of the notice to her was delayed until February 25
because of Wallace’s being on sick leave, Crank’s difficulty in
reaching her, and the press of other business;49 the Respondent
also suggests that delivery was delayed possibly because Wal-
lace was trying to evade management’s’ attempt to give her
written discipline.50 The Respondent submits that the decision

48 Wallace confirmed that on about February 24, Nunn relayed
Shepherd’s conversation to her. The General Counsel also notes
Lewis’ conversation with Shepherd in which Shepherd said that he had
heard through the grapevine that if the Union were voted in, Wallace
would be the union representative. (Tr. 19.)
49 Crank testified at the hearing that he investigated the Wallace in-
cident but was under the impression that Sakel had already handled
Wallace’s discipline when he was approached by Sakel regarding the
status of Wallace’s case on February 4. Crank prepared Wallace’s
formal discipline on February 9 because he was out of the office on
February 5; February 6 and 7 fell on the weekend; and he was out of
the office on February 8. Wallace was on sick leave from February 9
through the 12 and returned to work on February 13. Crank, because of
his duties and schedule, found it difficult to catch Wallace, and ulti-
mately ALS Supervisor Garrison was told to give her the notice. Crank
believed that Garrison gave Wallace the notice on February 29. (Note:
February had only 28 days in the 1999 calendar year.)
50 Laurie Waldron, an EMT at the Afton station, testified that she
worked with Wallace from November 1998 through May 1999 and that
some time during the first of the year, Garrison and Shepherd were
looking for Wallace at the station and Wallace, contrary to her normal
routine, and procedure left the station by way of the side door. Wal-
dron was not sure of the date in 1999 or whether Wallace had not been
dispatched or otherwise notified that management was looking for her.
to suspend Wallace was made prior to its actual awareness of
the Union’s organizing efforts. Wallace herself admitted she
engaged in no activities supportive of the Union and, at the
time she received notice of her suspension, the Respondent
knew nothing of her support of the Union. In short, the Re-
spondent contends that Wallace was not suspended because of
union involvement, support, or activities first because she was
not involved with the Union and its activities, at least as far as
the Respondent was aware. Rather, her suspension was solely
based on her violation of company policy.

Legal Analysis and Conclusion of the 8(a)(3) Allegations

Section 8(a)(3) of the Act makes it an unfair labor practice
for an employer to discriminate in regard to hire or tenure of
employment, or any term or condition of employment, to en-
courage or discourage membership in any labor organization 29
U.S.C. §158(a)(3).
Preliminary to determining whether an employer has dis-
criminated against an employee in violation of Section 8(a)(3)
or Section 8(a)(1) of the Act, the Board has held that the Gen-
eral Counsel must first make a prima facie showing sufficient
to support the inference that the protected activity(ies) of the
employees was a motivating factor in the employer’s decision
to discipline or discharge her. If this is established, the burden
then shifts to the employer to demonstrate that discipline or
discharge would have occurred irrespective of whether the
employee was engaged in protected activity. Wright Line, 251
NLRB 1083, 1089 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir. 1981).
It is also well settled, however, that when an employer’s stated
motives for its actions are found to be false, the circumstances
may warrant an inference that the true motive is one that the
employer desires to conceal. The motive may be inferred from
the total circumstances proved. Moreover, under certain cir-
cumstances, the Board will infer animus in the absence of direct
evidence. That finding may be inferred from the record as a
whole. Fluor Daniel, Inc., 304 NLRB 970 (1991).
A prima facie case is made out where the General Counsel
establishes union activity, employer knowledge of that activity,
animus, and adverse action against those involved, which has
the effect of encouraging or discouraging union activity.
Farmer Bros. Co., 303 NLRB 638, (1991). Inferences of ani-
mus and discriminatory motivation may be warranted under all
the circumstances of a case, even without direct evidence.
Evidence of suspicious timing, false reasons given in defense,
failure to adequately investigate alleged misconduct, departures
from past practices, tolerance of behavior for which the em-
ployee was allegedly fired, and disparate treatment of the dis-
charged employees all support inferences of animus and dis-
criminatory motivation. Adco Electric, 307 NLRB 1113, 1123
(1992), enfg. 6 F.3d 1110 (5th Cir. 1993); Electronic Data
Systems Corp., 305 NLRB 219 (1991); Bryant & Cooper Steak-
house, 304 NLRB 750 (1991); Visador Co., 303 NLRB 1039,
1044 (1991); and In-Terminal Service Co., 309 NLRB 23
(1992).
Once the General Counsel has made a prima facie case, the
burden shifts back to the employer. That burden requires a
respondent “to establish its Wright Line defense only by a pre-

Shepherd testified that he and Garrison tried to give Wallace the notice
on February 23. Shepherd said that Wallace did not know she was
wanted and he did not page her or otherwise try to notify her that day. I
am not inclined to believe that Wallace at any time attempted to evade
receipt of her disciplinary notice.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 476
ponderance of evidence.” The Respondent’s defense does not
fail simply because not all of the evidence supports it, or even
because some evidence tends to negate it. Merrilat Industries,
307 NLRB 1301, 1303 (1992).
Regarding the General Counsel’s case, it is clear that Wal-
lace engaged in no activities supportive of the Union either
before or during the critical period. So, to the extent that the
charge can be made out, it must rest on the allegation that the
Respondent believed she was a union organizer and that its
discipline of her during the critical period was motivated by
that belief. This is a hard proposition to accept under the total-
ity of the circumstances in this case. First, it is clear that Wal-
lace knowingly engaged in conduct which she knew possibly
violated the Respondent’s crew exchange policy and its basic
purpose or objective—avoiding delay and interruption of trans-
port service of patients. That there was no patient aboard the
ambulance and the medical team voiced no opposition to the
exchange does not alter the fact that the child to be transported
was delayed somewhat by the exchange. Before the exchange,
there well may have been some confusion about whether the
exchange was approved, but Wallace was clearly on notice
before the actual exchange that there was a question. She was
told not to effect the exchange and told that disciplinary action
could ensue. In point of fact, the Respondent acted expedi-
tiously and immediately regarding the violation and informed
Wallace that she would be disciplined by a suspension that was
similar to that received by other employees who had violated
the transfer policy.51 Consistent with management (Sakel’s)
policy, Wallace’s discipline merely was postponed until after
the holidays. In my view, this was in keeping with traditional
sentiments associated with Christmas and, as a consequence, it
is possible that her discipline, through inadvertence, could have
fallen through the cracks during this celebratory time of the
year. Plausible also is the possible miscommunication between
those responsible for administering the discipline and delivery
of the notice to Wallace.52 Notably, Wallace herself did not
actually pursue the status of her discipline (she probably, like
most people, hoped it would be forgotten) and she was on sick
leave for a period. Thus, while the timing of the delivery of the
discipline seems to be unwise53 an inference of animus and
improper motivation is not warranted. Certainly, the record is
clear that the Respondent did not want the Union, having previ-
ously resisted it, and as evidenced by Sakel’s employee meet-
ings, the Respondent felt that the Company could adequately
look out for the employees without the Union. However, I do
not believe that Wallace’s discipline had any connection with
the Respondent’s resistance to the Union’s organizing efforts.
The General Counsel’s position rests primarily on Shep-
herd’s queries of employees regarding Wallace’s possibly being
a union leader. While Shepherd seemingly had no qualms
about talking to the employees about the Union and, contrary to
the instructions of his management during the critical period, in
all likelihood communicated his opinions to management, he
had no hand in the decision to discipline Wallace and appar-

51 See R. Exh. 2, the suspension of Steve Popp on May 31, 1998.
52 It does seem somewhat odd to me that the Respondent’s manager
had such difficulty in getting the notice to Wallace; she was always
within radio contact or pager, and yet no one simply paged her in order
to give her notice.
53 I am once again mindful that the Respondent conducted training
for its management regarding the “do’s” and don’ts” in the context of a
union campaign and election.
ently was simply enlisted by management to give her the writ-
ten discipline because he was the onsite supervisor at Wallace’s
duty station.54 Thus, in my view, on balance, Shepherd’s erro-
neous belief that Wallace was a union ringleader was based on
his equally erroneous belief that Wallace’s boyfriend supported
the Union. Thus, reduced to its core, the General Counsel’s
argument is predicated on one erroneous “belief” piled on an-
other. The record evidence shows Wallace was not, and nor
was her boyfriend, ever involved in the Union’s campaign.
The record also shows that the decision to discipline Wallace
antedated the union campaign by over a month, and the reason
for her discipline is based on and justified by a sound business
policy. Thus, based on Wright Line, the General Counsel did
not establish, prima facie, that Wallace’s discipline was moti-
vated by her perceived union activities or involvement, and I
would recommend dismissal of this aspect of the complaint.55
E. The Alleged Interrogation of Employees by Neff
The General Counsel requests that Respondent be found in
violation of Section 8(a)(1) based on testimony of one of the
Respondent’s witness. The General Counsel contends that this
witness implicated Neff in an unlawful interrogation of em-
ployees during the union campaign in the course of my exami-
nation of him at the hearing.
The record reflects the following exchange between witness
Paul Mascavage and me (at Tr. 296):

BY JUDGE SHAMWELL:
Q. Let me just get in, there’s just one question I want
to know. You say you know Mr. Neff.
A. Uh—huh,
Q. Pretty well, and you . . . and you’ve dealt with him,
so you know something of his personality and his way.
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Now, during this campaign, did you ever hear him
speak about the Union?
A. The . . . he would ask how we felt about the Union,
if we were for or against.
Q. He asked you if you were for or against the Union?
And did he express any of his own opinions to you all re-
garding the Union?
A. His opinion would waiver depending if you were
for [or] against. If you were for it, he would say he was
for it. If you were against it, he would say he was against
it.
Q. So he sort of went both ways of the street?
A. He went both ways. He . . . he didn’t want to have
any conflict with anybody.
Q. I assume there [were] other mechanics, if he was
the head.
A. There . . . there were other mechanics, and he was
. . . he was the head mechanic.

Q. And he would . . . in any discussions about the Un-
ion, your testimony, he would ask whether you were for or
54 I have credited Crank’s testimony regarding his handling of Wal-
lace’s discipline and his attempts to get the notice in her hands.
55 If I had found, arguendo, that the General Counsel had made out a
prima facie case, I, nonetheless, am persuaded that the Respondent
would have imposed the suspension for violation of the crew exchange
policy on Wallace in spite of its belief that she was a union supporter
and/or engaged in activities on behalf of the Union under Wright Line
supra.
MEDIC ONE, INC. 477
against, and depending on the response of the person ad-
dressed, he would . . . he would make his own response
pretty much in agreement with them, I guess.
A. Uh—huh.

The General Counsel submits that although not alleged in the
complaint these statements are actionable and pose a violation
of the Act. She further argues for a finding of a violation as the
matter was fully litigated in the hearing.
As noted earlier here, the basic test for violations of Section
8(a)(1) is whether the complained of conduct, here the state-
ments by the Respondent’s maintenance supervisor, reasonably
tended to interfere or coerce. Instrumental to the application of
the test is the analysis of the context of the statements, the total-
ity of the circumstances, as it were. The General Counsel sub-
mits that this matter should be adjudicated, contending that it
was fully litigated. As to the statements, Mascavage claimed
that Neff asked various employees about their views on the
Union. However, Mascavage was not asked by me or by the
General Counsel about the particulars surrounding the state-
ment. Therefore, though Neff may have queried employees56
and such queries could be unlawful, we know nothing of the
circumstances under which he allegedly made them. In other
words, we know what Neff may have said but the where, when,
why, and whom questions remain unanswered. Therefore, in
my view, it can hardly be said that this matter was fully liti-
gated.
Also, there is the matter of what I consider fundamental fair-
ness. Although Mascavage testified under my examination, the
General Counsel and the Charging Party did not, at the hearing
or at its conclusion, request an amendment to the charges.
Thus, to me, the Respondent was not fairly alerted to the possi-
bility that these somewhat nebulous comments would be the
subject of additional charges.57 Accordingly, I decline to find a
violation.
The Objections
Having found support in the record for certain of the objec-
tions to conduct affecting the results of the election filed by the
Union (Petitioner) in Case 9–RC–17204, namely, Objections 5,
6, 7, and 8, and having also concluded that such conduct vio-
lates Section 8(a)(1) of the Act, I conclude that the Company
has interfered with the exercise of employee free choice in the
election conducted on March 12, 1999. Accordingly, I recom-
mend that election be set aside and a second election be di-
rected.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. Medic One, Inc. is an employer engaged in commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. International Association of EMTs and Paramedics,
NAGE–SEIU, AFL–CIO is a labor organization within the
meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. Medic One violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by threaten-
ing employees with loss of wages and benefits if they selected
the Union as their collective-bargaining representative; inform-
ing employees that regularly scheduled wage increases would
be postponed until after the union campaign and election;

56 I am not persuaded to credit Mascavage’s testimony that Neff in-
deed made these statements.
57 The Respondent’s counsel did not address this point in his brief,
confirming my belief that his client would be unfairly penalized by my
finding a violation based on this paltry record.
threatening employees with physical harm if the Union were
selected as their collective-bargaining representative; and in-
forming employees they would be required to pay for damages
to its vehicles arising out of accidents.
4. Medic One did not violate the Act in any other way.
5. By certain of the unfair practices found here, Medic One
has interfered with the freedom of choice of its employees and I
recommend that the election held on March 12, 1999, in Case
9–RC–17204 be set aside and that a second election be di-
rected.
6. The aforesaid unfair labor practices affect commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has violated Section
8(a)(1) of the Act, I recommend that it be required to cease and
desist and to take certain affirmative action designed to effectu-
ate the policies of the Act.
I further recommend the Respondent be ordered to post an
appropriate notice to employees attached as “Appendix” for a
period of 60 days in order that employees may be apprised of
their rights under the Act and its obligation to remedy the unfair
labor practices. I recommend the notice to employees be
posted in both English and Spanish.
On these findings of fact and conclusions of law and on the
entire record, I issue the following recommended58
ORDER
The Respondent, Medic One, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, its offi-
cers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Threatening its employees with loss of wages and bene-
fits if they select the Union as their collective-bargaining repre-
sentative.
(b) Informing its employees that regularly scheduled wage
increases would be postponed until after the union campaign
and election.
(c) Threatening its employees with physical harm if the Un-
ion were selected as the employees’ collective-bargaining rep-
resentative.
(d) Informing its employees that if the Union were selected
as their collective-bargaining representative, employees would
be required to pay for damages arising out of accidents involv-
ing company vehicles.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effec-
tuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Post at its Cincinnati, Ohio area facilities and stations
copies of the attached notice marked “Appendix.”59 Copies of
the notice, on forms provided by the Regional Director for Re-
gion 9, after being signed by the Respondent’s authorized rep-
resentative, shall be posted by the Respondent immediately
upon receipt and maintained for 60 consecutive days in con-
secutive days in conspicuous places, including all places where
58 If no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 of the
Board’s Rules and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and recom-
mended Order shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be
adopted by the Board and all objections to them shall be deemed
waived for all purposes.
59 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 478
notices to employees are customarily posted. Reasonable steps
shall be taken by the Respondent to ensure that the notices are
not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material.
(b) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the
Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official
on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps that the
Respondent has taken to comply.
IT IS FURTHER RECOMMENDED that the results of the
election held on March 12, 1999, in Case 9–RC–17204 be set
aside and that the representation matter be remanded to the
Regional Director for Region 9 for the purpose of conducting a
new election, at such time as he deems the circumstances per-
mit the free choice of a bargaining representative.