Manhattan Day School

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Apr 25, 2006

346 N.L.R.B. 992 (N.L.R.B. 2006)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
346 NLRB No. 89
992
Yeshiva Ohr Torah Community School, Inc. d/b/a
Manhattan Day School and Local 808, Interna-
tional Brotherhood of Teamsters.1 Case 2–CA–
32420
April 25, 2006
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN BATTISTA AND MEMBERS SCHAUMBER
AND WALSH
On December 28, 2000, Administrative Law Judge D.
Barry Morris issued the attached decision. The General
Counsel filed exceptions and a supporting brief, the Re-
spondent filed an answering brief, and the General Coun-
sel filed a reply brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings, and conclusions as
modified and further explained below and to the extent
consistent with this Decision and Order.
I. INTRODUCTION
The complaint alleges that the Respondent, Manhattan
Day School (the Respondent or MDS), committed vari-
ous unfair labor practices related to its subcontracting of
bargaining unit work in the summer of 1999. Specifi-
cally, the complaint alleges that the Respondent violated
Section 8(a)(5) by negotiating the subcontracting clause
in bad faith; Section 8(a)(1) by its supervisors’ state-
ments about subcontracting; Section 8(a)(3) and (5) by
terminating unit employees’ employment and subcon-
tracting their work; Section 8(a)(5) by failing to provide
information about the subcontracting; and Section 8(a)(3)
by constructively discharging two employees. The judge
recommended dismissal of all allegations.
Contrary to the judge, we find that the Respondent vio-
lated Section 8(a)(1) by informing unit employees of its
plan to subcontract work because of their support for the
Union. For the reasons below, we adopt the judge’s dis-
missals of all other allegations.
II. FACTS
A. Background
MDS is a nonprofit Jewish elementary school, with
revenues derived from charitable contributions, tuition,
and the school’s trust fund. Teamsters Local 808 (the
Union) was certified as the exclusive collective-
bargaining representative of the Respondent’s kitchen

1 We have amended the caption to reflect the disaffiliation of the In-
ternational Brotherhood of Teamsters from the AFL–CIO effective July
25, 2005.
and maintenance employees after an election held March
30, 1998. Supervisor Ismael Vasquez testified that after
the election, MDS Executive Director Joshua Samborn
instructed him to obtain bids from subcontractors for the
maintenance and food service work. Samborn and the
Respondent’s attorney, Neil Frank, testified that the pur-
pose of the bids was for cost comparison and leverage
during negotiations.2
Negotiations for a collective-bargaining agreement be-
gan in May 1998 and culminated in an agreement signed
on April 20, 1999.3 The subcontracting clause in the
agreement stated:
In the event the Employer decides to contract to an-
other employer for the performance of any work here-
tofore performed by employees covered under this
Agreement, it shall give advance notice to the Union at
least one (1) month prior to the effective date of its con-
tracting for such services, or changing contractors, in-
dicating the name and address of the contractor. Em-
ployer may subcontract work of employees covered by
this Agreement, provided such subcontracting is justi-
fied by economic circumstances. In the event work is
subcontracted, the Employer agrees to request those
subcontractor[s] to employ the employees of the em-
ployer then engaged in the particular work to be con-
tracted.
Union Business Representative Osvaldo Loverme and em-
ployee Carlos Vargas testified that during negotiations
Frank said that he did not believe MDS would subcontract
unit work because the employees’ wages were below indus-
try standards. Vargas admitted, however, that the Respon-
dent never promised it would not subcontract the work.
Loverme also testified that during negotiations Frank de-
fined economic circumstances as excessive employee wages
and benefits, but there is no definition of that phrase in the
agreement.
Frank notified the Union on June 30:
In accordance with Article 4, Section 4 of the collec-
tive-bargaining agreement, this letter constitutes formal
notification that due to economic necessity, Manhattan

2 Vasquez also testified that at about the same time Samborn told
him, “It looks like the guys voted yes to the Union.” Vasquez asked,
“So what’s going to happen now?” and Samborn responded, “Nothing.
We’re just going to fire all of them.” Samborn denied making these
statements but admitted he told Vasquez that, if MDS and the Union
could not come to an agreement, MDS would have to hire different
employees. The judge did not resolve the conflict in testimony between
Vasquez and Samborn, although he credited other aspects of Samborn’s
testimony.
3 All dates are in 1999, unless otherwise specified.
MANHATTAN DAY SCHOOL 993
Day School intends to subcontract its maintenance and
kitchen operation to an outside contractor.
The letter listed the name and address of CityWide General
Cleaning and Maintenance Service (CityWide) as the sub-
contractor.4
Carlos Vargas and Pedro Martinez, two of the three
kitchen employees, resigned in early June. Vargas testi-
fied that he began looking for a job after Vasquez told
him that MDS intended to subcontract the unit work be-
cause it did not want the Union, and if Vargas was in the
Union, he “better start looking for a job.” Vargas be-
lieved that Martinez and employee Ramon Vasquez
might have been present during this conversation.5
On July 9, Loverme met with Frank and requested
bargaining about the subcontracting decision. In a July
28 letter to Frank, Loverme wrote, “The Union requested
and has yet to receive information on how the contract-
ing out of work will effect [sic] the school’s economy.”6
CityWide began performing the maintenance work on
August 1. On August 30, Frank sent information to the
Union showing the school’s net savings from subcon-
tracting the maintenance work. Subcontractor Essen
West began performing the kitchen work on September
1, and Frank sent Loverme copies of the agreements be-
tween MDS and both subcontractors later that month.7
The Respondent asserted at all times that its motiva-
tion for subcontracting was the financial difficulty it was
experiencing and the anticipated cost savings of almost
$22,000 that it would achieve by subcontracting the
maintenance work.8 The record shows that the Respon-
dent had difficulty paying bills and obtaining supplies
(for example, several checks were returned due to insuf-
ficient funds) during the months preceding the subcon-
tracting. Frank admitted that, at the time he sent the June
30 notification to the Union, MDS was not aware of any

4 The letter did not list the name or address of a kitchen subcontrac-
tor, and CityWide does not perform food service work. Vasquez testi-
fied that, when he asked Samborn how long MDS would keep City-
Wide, Samborn replied that MDS would keep them for about 6 months,
and then hire new employees. The judge did not address the credibility
of this testimony.
5 Vargas and Vasquez each testified that Kitchen Manager Aleta
Gelb said that the Respondent wanted her to form her own company to
perform kitchen work. The judge did not address the credibility of this
testimony.
6 The judge credited Frank’s denial that Loverme requested informa-
tion during their July 9 meeting, but the judge treated the statement in
Loverme’s July 28 letter to Frank as a request for information.
7 The contract for the kitchen work is undated.
8 The judge referred to savings of about $50,000, but the evidence
reflects that the extra savings resulted from Maintenance Supervisor
Vasquez’ termination, which occurred after the events at issue and,
thus, could not have been considered in the initial decision to subcon-
tract.
cost savings from subcontracting the kitchen work.
However, Samborn testified that the Respondent subcon-
tracted this work to Essen West because it was unable to
find adequate replacements after Vargas and Martinez
quit.9
B. Judge’s Decision
The judge recommended dismissal of the complaint in
its entirety. He found that the Respondent was entitled to
subcontract the unit work under the collective-bargaining
agreement’s subcontracting clause, which he concluded
was not negotiated in bad faith. The judge primarily
relied on this conclusion in his brief discussion dismiss-
ing each of the alleged violations.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Bargaining in Bad Faith During Negotiations
The General Counsel contends that the Respondent
planned to subcontract all unit work from the time of the
Union’s certification as bargaining representative and
that, through intentional misrepresentations, it induced
the Union to agree to a subcontracting provision de-
signed to provide legitimate “cover” for its plan. We
adopt the judge’s finding that the Respondent did not
violate Section 8(a)(5) by negotiating the subcontracting
provision in bad faith. “[S]imply because a party is un-
happy with a contract provision it has agreed to, the
Board will not step in to alter the provision’s plain mean-
ing.” Prudential Insurance Co. of America, 275 NLRB
208, 210 (1985), and cases cited therein. If the Union
was concerned about the breadth of the subcontracting
language, it should have satisfied its concern by negotiat-
ing further to define “economic circumstances,” rather
than relying on Frank’s oral statements. The Respondent
never promised not to exercise its right to subcontract.
The Union was fully aware that the Respondent had so-
licited subcontracting bids during the negotiating process
but nevertheless agreed to the broad language of the sub-
contracting clause. Under these circumstances, the Gen-
eral Counsel has failed to show that the Respondent used
misrepresentations to induce the Union’s agreement to
the subcontracting provision.10 We therefore find that
the Respondent did not negotiate the collective-bar-

9 At the Respondent’s request, CityWide hired the two unit mainte-
nance employees who applied for work, and Essen West hired the
remaining unit kitchen employee.
10 The negotiations in this case are easily distinguished from those in
Waymouth Farms, 324 NLRB 960 (1997), enfd. in relevant part 172
F.3d 598 (8th Cir. 1999), cited by the General Counsel. In Waymouth
Farms, the respondent repeatedly “misrepresent[ed] to the Union its
intentions and plans regarding plant relocation while engaged in nego-
tiations with the Union for a plant closure agreement” that terminated
the union’s status as the employees’ bargaining representative. 324
NLRB at 962.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD994
gaining agreement’s subcontracting provision in bad
faith.
B. Statement of Vasquez
We find, contrary to the judge, that the Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(1) by informing unit employees,
through the statement of Supervisor Ismael Vasquez, of a
plan to subcontract unit work because of employees’
support for the Union.11 Vasquez did not deny making
the statement attributed to him by Vargas—that he told
Vargas (possibly in the presence of the other kitchen
employees) that MDS intended to subcontract unit work
because it did not want the Union, and if Vargas was in
the Union, he “better start looking for a job.” This
statement specifically linked the Respondent’s subcon-
tracting intentions to employees’ union activity, and,
contrary to the judge, the contractual subcontracting
clause did not privilege Vasquez’ coercive statement
threatening subcontracting for antiunion purposes. Thus,
we find that the Respondent, through Vasquez’ state-
ment, violated Section 8(a)(1). See, e.g., H. B. Zachry
Co., 319 NLRB 967, 969 (1995) (citing Fontaine Body &
Hoist Co., 302 NLRB 863, 866 (1991)), enfd. in relevant
part sub nom. Boilermakers v. NLRB, 127 F.3d 1300
(11th Cir. 1997) (“An employer’s statement linking an
employee’s union activity to his discharge violates Sec-
tion 8(a)(1).”).
C. Subcontracting Unit Work and Terminating
Unit Employees
We adopt the judge’s finding that the Respondent did
not violate Section 8(a)(3) by subcontracting unit work
and terminating the unit employees’ employment. How-
ever, the judge failed to engage in a Wright Line12 analy-
sis of this issue. Under Wright Line, the General Counsel
must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the
employees’ protected conduct was a substantial or moti-
vating factor in the employer’s adverse action. Once the
General Counsel shows a discriminatory motivation by
proving the employees’ Section 7 activity, and employer
knowledge of and animus against that activity, the bur-
den of persuasion “shift[s] to the employer to demon-
strate that the same action would have taken place even

11 The Chairman and Member Walsh find it unnecessary to reach the
issue of whether an alleged statement about subcontracting by Kitchen
Manager Gelb to Vargas also violated Sec. 8(a)(1), because the finding
and remedy would be cumulative. Member Schaumber would dismiss
this allegation because he finds that the General Counsel has not proven
that Gelb’s alleged statement that the Respondent wanted her to form
her own company to perform the kitchen work, see fn. 5, supra, vio-
lated Sec. 8(a)(1).
12 Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir.
1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982).
in the absence of the protected conduct.” Donaldson
Bros. Ready Mix, Inc., 341 NLRB 958, 961 (2004).13
We find that, even assuming arguendo that the General
Counsel met his initial Wright Line burden of showing
unlawful motivation, based primarily on the unlawful
statement by Vasquez linking subcontracting to employ-
ees’ support for the Union,14 the Respondent has met its
burden of proving that it would have subcontracted unit
work for legitimate business reasons even in the absence
of union activity. The credited testimony shows that the
Respondent was suffering financial adversity in June
1999. It anticipated an annual cost savings of almost
$22,000 by subcontracting maintenance unit work, and it
subcontracted the kitchen work because it was unable to
find adequate replacements for the two unit employees
who quit. In sum, the Respondent met its affirmative
rebuttal burden under Wright Line. We therefore find
that it has not violated Section 8(a)(3).
We are not persuaded by the dissent’s criticisms of the
Respondent’s arguments and evidence in support thereof.
For example, our colleague states that no financial reason
was offered for subcontracting the kitchen work. How-
ever, Samborn credibly testified that he could not find
adequate replacements after Vargas and Martinez, two of
three kitchen employees, quit in early June. Certainly,
the Respondent’s lack of available workers to provide
necessary food services for the school is an economic
circumstance justifying the resort to an outside contrac-
tor, whether or not the subcontracting produced any cost
savings. In any event, the Respondent did in fact avoid
losing money by expeditiously replacing Vargas and
Martinez, who quit shortly before the start of the school’s
revenue-producing summer camp.

13 Member Schaumber points out that under the Board’s Wright Line
analysis the General Counsel must prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that antiunion animus (i.e., Sec. 7 animus) was a substantial or
motivating factor in an employer’s adverse employment action. It was
with this understanding that the Supreme Court approved Wright Line
as “at least permissible” under the Act. NLRB v. Transportation Man-
agement Corp., 462 U.S. 393, 401 (1983) (“As we understand the
Board’s decisions, they have consistently held that the unfair labor
practice consists of a discharge or other adverse action that is based in
whole or in part on anti-union animus—or as the Board now puts it,
that the employee’s protected conduct was a substantial or motivating
factor in the adverse action. The General Counsel has the burden of
proving these elements under Section 10(c).)” 462 U.S. at 399. Con-
sistent therewith, the Board, administrative law judges, and circuit
courts of appeals have sometimes specifically delineated as a fourth
element of the General Counsel’s initial burden of proof under Wright
Line proof of a causal nexus. Member Schaumber agrees that identify-
ing a causal nexus as a separate element under Wright Line is prefer-
able, lest the burden of proof on this issue be misplaced.
14 Contrary to the dissent, we place no reliance on testimony by
Vasquez that Samborn made statements indicating an antiunion purpose
for subcontracting. The judge did not credit Vasquez’ testimony.
MANHATTAN DAY SCHOOL 995
With respect to the maintenance work, there is an an-
ticipated savings of $22,000. Our colleague argues that
the Respondent could have turned to other cost-saving
measures, rather than resorting to the subcontracting of
maintenance work. However, the bulk of the Respon-
dent’s budget is allocated to personnel expenses, and
there is no showing that Samborn unreasonably ignored
any other options before subcontracting the maintenance
work.15 To be sure, there were other expenses that the
Respondent was incurring, but there is no showing that
these expenses were avoidable. Indeed, those expenses
actually lend additional credence to the need for MDS to
curtail expenses where it could do so, i.e., by subcon-
tracting the unit maintenance work.
Our colleague argues that retention of the work would
have entailed only a limited increase in labor expenses
under the collective-bargaining agreement. This argu-
ment also misses the point. As previously stated, there is
nothing in the parties’ subcontracting agreement that
limits “economic circumstances” to bargaining unit labor
costs. The Respondent has never argued that its financial
difficulties were caused solely, or even primarily, by
increased labor costs in the new bargaining agreement.
Rather, the Respondent cited its overall financial prob-
lems as the circumstance that necessitated the cost-
saving subcontracting action. The fact that the Respon-
dent’s financial problems were not caused by cost in-
creases for unit employees does not negate the antici-
pated savings of almost $22,000 resulting from subcon-
tracting unit work.
Finally, our colleague implies that the difference be-
tween the Respondent’s March 1999 statement of income
and expenses (showing over $900,000 net income) and
its daily cash report for the same date (showing a nega-
tive balance of $104,529.43) somehow undermines its
defense. We disagree. At the hearing, the Respondent’s
accountant thoroughly explained this alleged discrep-
ancy: the statement of income and expenses uses the
accrual basis method of accounting, which shows
amounts billed as income (even if the payments have not
yet been received). In other words, the Respondent may
not have actually taken in the full amount of money

15 Samborn testified that he did take advantage of several cost-saving
approaches that he had not used in the past. For example, he said that
he made bartering arrangements with parents who provide services in
lieu of part of their children’s tuition expenses, so that the Respondent
could pay off some of its bills. Samborn also said that he started suing
parents for delinquent tuition payments, using a similar barter arrange-
ment with a parent who is an attorney. As the dissent acknowledges,
Samborn explored alternate sources for supplies, in addition to negoti-
ating with the suppliers to delay payments. The Respondent also re-
peated the arguably drastic tactic of borrowing against the school’s
endowment trust in order to meet expenses.
shown as income, even though it expects to receive the
money at some point before the end of the fiscal year.
On the other hand, the Respondent’s bank account util-
izes the cash basis method of accounting, which shows
the actual amount of money available in the account on
the daily cash report. This explains the situation in
which the Respondent could not pay its bills when they
became due, because it had not yet received all of the
income it expected for the fiscal year (even though the
expected payments were shown as net income on its
statement). Certainly, the fact that the Respondent uses
two different accounting methods for two different types
of statements does not lead to the conclusion that the
Respondent’s argument is invalid. In sum, the Respon-
dent has met its rebuttal burden under Wright Line.16
D. Failing to Provide Requested
Financial Information
We adopt the judge’s recommended dismissal of the
General Counsel’s allegation that the Respondent vio-
lated Section 8(a)(5) by failing to provide requested fi-
nancial information to the Union. The Respondent
timely provided cost-savings information regarding its
CityWide contract for the maintenance work. Because
the Respondent did not anticipate any cost savings for
the subcontracting of kitchen work, no such cost savings
information existed. The Respondent did, however, pro-
vide a copy of its agreement with kitchen subcontractor
Essen West. Because the Respondent provided the in-
formation that it had with respect to the subcontracting of
unit work, we find no violation of Section 8(a)(5) on this
basis.
E. Constructive Discharge
Finally, we adopt the judge’s recommended dismissal
of the General Counsel’s allegation that the Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(3) by its constructive discharge of

16 Inasmuch as we find that the subcontracting provision in the par-
ties’ collective-bargaining agreement was negotiated in good faith and
that the Respondent would have subcontracted unit work in any event
for lawful economic reasons pursuant to this valid provision, we affirm
the judge’s finding that the subcontracting did not violate Sec. 8(a)(5).
We note that the General Counsel challenges the validity of the subcon-
tracting provision, based on the rejected theory that the Respondent
negotiated it in bad faith, but does not contend that the Respondent
committed any breach of that provision, if valid, which would rise to
the level of an 8(a)(5) violation.
The dissent’s claim that the Respondent failed to give proper statu-
tory notice and opportunity to bargain about the decision to subcontract
unit work turns on the argument, which we have rejected, that the moti-
vation for subcontracting was unlawfully discriminatory. Absent dis-
criminatory motivation, the parties have already bargained to agree-
ment about the Respondent’s right to decide to subcontract due to eco-
nomic circumstances, and the Respondent met its obligation under this
agreement of providing a month’s advance notice of the intended sub-
contract.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD996
unit employees Martinez and Vargas. The Board has
held that when an employer threatens “some future ac-
tion which may or may not be carried out,” the employer
has not imposed intolerable working conditions sufficient
to establish constructive discharge until the threat is ac-
tually carried out. Groves Truck & Trailer, 281 NLRB
1194, 1195 (1986). In such a situation, “no matter how
reasonable an employee’s feeling of insecurity may be,”
a violation of Section 8(a)(1) is not converted into an
unlawful discharge. Id. at 1195–1196. See also White-
Evans Service Co., 285 NLRB 81, 82 (1987) (no con-
structive discharge where employee resigned prema-
turely, “anticipating that he would face the choice [be-
tween quitting and forgoing union representation] that
subsequently confronted other unit employees”).
Martinez and Vargas resigned prematurely. Although
Vasquez’ statement to Vargas before the employees re-
signed in early June violated Section 8(a)(1), it referred
to a possible future action. Martinez and Vargas re-
signed in anticipation of the threatened unlawful subcon-
tracting of their work, not in the face of it. Therefore, no
constructive discharge occurred, and the Respondent did
not violate Section 8(a)(3).
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in the
unfair labor practice described above, we shall order it to
cease and desist and to take certain affirmative action
designed to effectuate the policies of the Act.
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board orders that the
Respondent, Yeshiva Ohr Torah Community School, Inc.
d/b/a Manhattan Day School, New York, New York, its
officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Threatening employees with subcontracting of bar-
gaining unit work because of their union support or un-
ion activities.
(b) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its New York, New York facility copies of the attached
notice marked “Appendix.”17 Copies of the notice, on
forms provided by the Regional Director for Region 2,

17 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
after being signed by the Respondent’s authorized repre-
sentative, shall be posted by the Respondent and main-
tained for 60 consecutive days in conspicuous places
including all places where notices to employees are cus-
tomarily posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken by the
Respondent to ensure that the notices are not altered,
defaced, or covered by any other material. In the event
that, during the pendency of these proceedings, the Re-
spondent has gone out of business or closed the facility
involved in these proceedings, the Respondent shall du-
plicate and mail, at its own expense, a copy of the notice
to all current employees and former employees employed
by the Respondent at any time since May 1, 1999.
(b) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file
with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a re-
sponsible official on a form provided by the Region at-
testing to the steps that the Respondent has taken to
comply.
MEMBER WALSH, concurring and dissenting in part.
I. OVERVIEW
Within 4 months after entering into its initial collec-
tive-bargaining agreement with the newly-elected Union
in April 1999,1 the Respondent unlawfully threatened
some unit employees with discharge, and ultimately
unlawfully discharged all of its unit employees and
unlawfully subcontracted their work.
My colleagues and I agree that in May the Respon-
dent’s building manager, Ismael Vasquez, violated Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) of the Act by telling kitchen employee Car-
los Vargas that the Respondent was going to subcontract
the work of the unit employees because the Respondent
did not want the Union, and that if Vargas was in the
Union, he better start looking for another job.2 Vasquez’
threat came just after the parties entered into their initial
collective-bargaining agreement, covering a unit of main-
tenance and kitchen employees. The agreement was
reached following a full year of bargaining—during
which the Respondent was, from the start, soliciting bids
to subcontract the unit maintenance work.
Contrary to my colleagues, however, I find that the
Respondent also unlawfully terminated the unit employ-
ees and subcontracted their work in violation of Section
8(a)(3) and (5) of the Act.3

1 All subsequent dates are 1999, unless stated otherwise.
2 Vargas testified that fellow unit employees Pedro Martinez and
Ramon Vargas might have been present when Vasquez made this
threat; there is no evidence that they were not present.
3 I agree with my colleagues’ dismissal of the allegation that the Re-
spondent unlawfully failed to provide the Union with information; their
dismissal of the allegation that the Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(5) and
(1) of the Act by entering into the subcontracting provisions of the
collective-bargaining agreement in bad faith; and their dismissal of the
MANHATTAN DAY SCHOOL 997
II. SUBCONTRACTING UNIT WORK AND
TERMINATING UNIT EMPLOYEES
A. Facts
On March 30, 1998, immediately following the Un-
ion’s election victory that day, Vasquez asked the Re-
spondent’s executive director, Joshua Samborn, what
would happen now that the employees had unionized.
According to Vasquez, Samborn replied, “Nothing.
We’re just going to fire all of them.” (Most of the unit
employees had been employed by the Respondent for
between 8 to 12 years at the time of the election.)4
Vasquez asked Samborn how he was going to do that.
Samborn replied, “Well, there are ways around it. We’ll
just hire an outside contractor.”5 Samborn then told
Vasquez to look in the yellow pages for cleaning compa-
nies and find out what it would cost the Respondent to
have the building cleaned. Over the next 30 days,
through April 30, 1998, the Respondent obtained bids
from four cleaning companies to do the maintenance and
cleaning work then being done by the unit employees.
About a year later, around March 1999, while the par-
ties were still negotiating for their initial collective-
bargaining agreement, Food Services Manager Aleta
Gelb told the kitchen employees that the Respondent
wanted her to establish her own kitchen services com-
pany, and hire her own employees to take over the
kitchen services work performed by the Respondent’s
unit employees.6

allegation that the Respondent constructively discharged employees
Vargas and Martinez in violation of Sec. 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act.
4 Samborn’s version of this remark is less reckless, but no less re-
vealing. He testified that he told Vasquez on a number of occasions
that the Respondent had limited financial wherewithal and that if the
parties could not come to an agreement, the Respondent was going to
have to hire different employees. The judge did not discuss the differ-
ence between Vasquez’ and Samborn’s versions of Samborn’s remark.
Indeed, he did not recount either version.
Samborn further testified that he began to explore the idea of sub-
contracting the unit work when the Respondent began contract negotia-
tions with the Union in April 1998, because he wanted to find out how
much money the Respondent would be forced to spend to have its
cleaning and maintenance work done by an outside contractor if the
Respondent was not able to reach an agreement with the Union on a
contract covering the unit employees. Although the Respondent and
the Union did eventually reach agreement on a contract on April 20, the
Respondent nevertheless announced on June 30 that it was terminating
the unit employees and subcontracting their work anyway.
5 In his prehearing affidavit, Vasquez further testified that he then
asked Samborn, “[I]sn’t it going to cost us more with an outside con-
tractor,” to which Samborn replied, “[I]t doesn’t matter at the moment.
We’re not going to let the Union come in and boss us around.”
6 I agree with the Chairman that it is unnecessary to pass on whether
Gelb’s remark actually violated Sec. 8(a)(1), because such a finding
would be cumulative to the Board’s unanimous finding here that
Vasquez’ threat to Vargas discussed above violated Sec. 8(a)(1).
Gelb’s remark does, however, demonstrate the Respondent’s animosity
On April 20, the Respondent and the Union entered
into their initial collective-bargaining agreement, which
contained a subcontracting clause.7 In May, as seen,
Vasquez unlawfully threatened kitchen employee Vargas
(perhaps overheard by kitchen employee Martinez) that
the Respondent was going to subcontract the work of the
unit employees because the Respondent did not want the
Union and that if Vargas was in the Union, he better start
looking for another job. Vargas and Martinez resigned
on June 11.
On June 30, just 10 weeks after the Respondent and
the Union entered into a collective-bargaining agreement
covering the maintenance and kitchen employees, the
Respondent summarily notified the Union that due to an
unexplained “economic necessity” the Respondent was
going to subcontract all of the maintenance and kitchen
work performed by those employees to CityWide Gen-
eral Cleaning and Maintenance Service (CityWide).
(The record establishes, however, that CityWide did not
provide kitchen services, either in general or to the Re-
spondent in this instance.) Vasquez asked Samborn how
long the Respondent was going to keep CityWide. Sam-
born said about 6 months, and that after that the Respon-
dent would hire new employees (“[N]ot our guys. Dif-
ferent guys.”).8 On August 1, the Respondent subcon-
tracted its maintenance and kitchen operations and termi-
nated the unit employees.9 Ultimately, on August 30, the
Respondent provided the Union with a copy of a June 14
memorandum from Samborn to the Respondent’s attor-
ney, Neil Frank, in which Samborn reported that the Re-
spondent would save almost $22,000 by subcontracting
for the performance of its maintenance services.
B. The Subcontracting of Unit Work and
Termination of Unit Employees Violated
Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act
1. Applicable standard
To prove a violation of Section 8(a)(3) and (1), the
General Counsel must first prove, by a preponderance of
the evidence, that the employees’ protected conduct was

toward the Union, regardless of whether it is also found to be unlawful
under the Act.
7 The subcontracting clause is set out by my colleagues in sec. II,A
of their majority opinion, and by the judge in sec. II,A,2 of his attached
decision.
8 Samborn did not deny Vasquez’ testimony, nor did the judge dis-
credit it. Indeed, he failed to mention Vasquez’ uncontroverted testi-
mony at all.
9 Subcontractor CityWide began performing the Respondent’s build-
ing maintenance and handyman unit work on August 1, and subcontrac-
tor Essen West began performing the kitchen operations unit work on
September 1.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD998
a motivating factor in the employer’s adverse action.10
The General Counsel can make a showing of discrimina-
tory motivation by proving that the employees engaged
in union activity, that the employer knew about it, and
that the employer had animus toward it (i.e., that the un-
ion activity was a substantial or motivating reason for the
employer’s action).11 Once the General Counsel estab-
lishes these things, the burden of persuasion shifts to the
employer to demonstrate that it would have taken the
same action even in the absence of the protected con-
duct.12
2. Analysis and conclusion
a. The Respondent’s union animus
The General Counsel has clearly established that the
Respondent was motivated by union animus to subcon-
tract the unit work and terminate the unit employees.
First, the employees engaged in union activity by choos-
ing to be represented by the Union. Second, the Respon-
dent was aware of it. Third, the statements of Samborn,
Vasquez, and Gelb, that the Respondent intended to sub-
contract the unit work and fire all the unit employees
because it did not want the Union, fully establish the
Respondent’s animosity toward the Union and toward
the employees’ selection of the Union to represent them.
b. The Respondent’s asserted economic defense
The collective-bargaining agreement permitted the Re-
spondent to subcontract unit work, but only when the
subcontracting was “justified by economic circum-
stances.” The Respondent asserts that its subcontracting
of the unit work was justified by economic necessity, and
that it would have subcontracted the unit work even if the
employees had not unionized. I find that it would not
have, and, for the reasons discussed herein, I therefore
find that the Respondent has not established its asserted
economic defense under Wright Line, supra.
There is evidence that the Respondent was experienc-
ing significant financial stress in March–June 1999, par-
ticularly an inability to pay all of its bills, resulting in
repeated dunning calls from numerous vendors. Never-
theless, and consistent with the Respondent’s expressed
determination to get rid of the Union, the only significant
purported cost-saving measure that the Respondent im-
plemented was subcontracting the unit maintenance work

10 Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd. 622 F.2d 899 (1st Cir.
1981), cert. denied 495 U.S. 989 (1982); Manno Electric, Inc., 321
NLRB 278, 280 (1996).
11 See, e.g., Naomi Knitting Plant, 328 NLRB 1279, 1281 (1999).
12 Wright Line, supra, 251 NLRB at 1089.
and terminating the maintenance and kitchen unit em-
ployees.13
No financial reason, however, was ever offered for
subcontracting the kitchen work. The Respondent con-
tends that the only reason it subcontracted the kitchen
work was because it could not find qualified replace-
ments after Vargas and Martinez quit.
The Respondent introduced evidence showing that on
March 31, nine of the Respondent’s checks, totaling
about $1600, had been presented to the Respondent’s
bank against insufficient funds. The Respondent’s book-
keeper, Martin Waldman, testified that in June, the Re-
spondent could not pay all of its accounts payable.
Waldman was receiving daily calls from three to five
vendors seeking payment. The Respondent was paying
only some of its bills. Yet, the Respondent’s statement
of income and expenses for fiscal year 1999 (July 1,
1998,–June 30, 1999) shows that as of March 31 the Re-
spondent had income of $4.196 million and expenses of
$3.245 million, for net fiscal year income to date of
$.951 million—only 90 days before the Respondent noti-
fied the Union that it was subcontracting all the unit
work because of an unexplained “economic necessity.”14
Samborn testified that his decision to subcontract the
maintenance work was based on the anticipated saving of
about $22,000 resulting from the Respondent’s subcon-
tracting this work to CityWide.15 Samborn also testified,
however, that the wage increase for the Respondent’s
maintenance employees provided in the new collective-

13 Samborn did testify without elaboration that he “explored” saving
money by trying different sources of supply.
14 According to the Respondent’s daily cash report for March, the
Respondent had a deficit ending cash balance on March 31 of minus
$104,529.43. When Waldman was asked why the Respondent showed
net income on March 31 of $.951 million, but showed a negative check-
ing account balance on March 31 of minus $104,529.43, the following
unenlightening colloquy ensued:
A. (WALDMAN): Because we knew that we were going to
spend more in the next few months; in April, May and June.
Q. (COUNSEL FOR THE CHARGING PARTY): But the money
was still there on the accounting basis, I mean.
A. On the accounting.
Q. Right.
A. Yes.
Q. So you weren’t operating it in that accounting loss on
March 31, 1999? It’s yes or no.
A. It shows a net income.
Much of Waldman’s testimony about the Respondent’s finances and
financial documents was either confused or demonstrably inaccurate in
light of documentary evidence.
15 The Respondent calculated that its total labor expense (wages and
benefits) for the maintenance employees under the terms of the new
collective-bargaining agreement was $109,286 per year. The Respon-
dent contracted CityWide to perform maintenance services for the
Respondent for $87,300 per year, for a purported saving to the Respon-
dent of $21,986 per year.
MANHATTAN DAY SCHOOL 999
bargaining agreement was no more than the wage in-
crease that the Respondent would have granted even if
the employees had not unionized. The only increased
labor expense that the Respondent incurred under the
new collective-bargaining agreement that it probably
would not otherwise have incurred if its employees had
not unionized was a contractual uniform allowance of
$50 per month for each of the approximately 10 unit em-
ployees. This uniform allowance, however, was ex-
pressly granted in lieu of the Respondent providing
health insurance and pension benefits to the unit employ-
ees, and was expressly intended by the parties to com-
pensate the employees in part for the absence of such
benefits. Thus, the anticipated increased labor costs for
fiscal year 2000 (July 1, 1999,–June 30, 2000) over fiscal
year 1999 resulting from the unionization of the mainte-
nance and kitchen employees appears to be limited to the
approximately $6000 in annual uniform allowances for
the unit employees.
The record establishes, on the other hand, that several
other of the Respondent’s operating expenses increased
substantially from March 1998 to March 1999. Salaries
(comprised mostly of faculty and administrative salaries)
increased 12 percent, from $1.881 million to $2.105 mil-
lion. The teachers education account increased 13 per-
cent, from $186.9 thousand to $210.6 thousand. Expen-
ditures for teachers’ supplies increased 22 percent, from
$29.3 thousand to $35.6 thousand. Miscellaneous ad-
ministrative expenses increased 58 percent, from $29.8
thousand to $47 thousand. Postage expense increased 82
percent, from $8.7 thousand to $15.8 thousand. “Trips”
(not further described) increased 106 percent, from $14.6
thousand to $30 thousand. Again, however, as far as the
record shows, the only significant purported cost-saving
measure implemented by the Respondent was the sub-
contracting of the unit work and termination of the unit
employees.
Samborn testified that during this time the Respondent
borrowed $250,000 from its $1.2 million trust fund (pre-
sumably to be repaid by future tuition payments) to pay
its bills and meet its payroll. The Respondent also bor-
rowed from its trust fund the year before, in 1998, to
meet financial exigencies. But the Respondent did not
consider subcontracting its maintenance work until 1999,
its first year with a unionized work force, and in the first
few weeks under the newly negotiated collective-
bargaining agreement.
As seen, the Respondent aggressively foreshadowed its
eventual antiunion termination and subcontracting, when,
immediately after the Union was elected in March 1998,
Executive Director Samborn told Supervisor Vasquez
that, because the Respondent did not want the Union, the
Respondent would simply fire all of the unit employees
and hire an outside contractor. Significantly, in neither
Vasquez’ nor Samborn’s version of this remark did Sam-
born also refer to any financial motive for terminating
the unit employees and subcontracting the unit work.
Indeed, Samborn told Vasquez that it did not matter if it
cost the Respondent more to subcontract the unit work,
because “We’re not going to let the Union come in and
boss us around.”
Likewise, Gelb’s remark to some unit employees,
about a year later, in March 1999, telling them that the
Respondent wanted her to establish her own kitchen ser-
vices company, to take over the kitchen services work
performed by the Respondent’s unit employees, did not
refer to any financial reason for a termination of kitchen
unit employees and subcontracting of kitchen work. In-
deed, as seen, there was no financial reason for subcon-
tracting the kitchen work. Similarly, Vasquez’ subse-
quent remark to Vargas in May that the Respondent was
going to subcontract the work of the unit employees did
not refer to any financial reason for subcontracting. In-
stead, the only reason asserted by Vasquez for subcon-
tracting was that Respondent did not want the Union.
Likewise, Samborn did not refer to any financial consid-
eration in June when he told Vasquez that the Respon-
dent was only going to keep the subcontractor, CityWide,
for about 6 months and then hire all new employees to do
the unit work after that.
Nevertheless, on June 30, the Respondent notified the
Union by letter that due to an unexplained “economic
necessity,” the Respondent was going to subcontract its
maintenance and kitchen work to CityWide. The Re-
spondent did not describe its asserted economic necessity
in this letter. It did, however, ask the Union to call the
Respondent “so we can arrange to bargain about the is-
sue, at which time we will present and discuss the eco-
nomics which required the school to subcontract.”
The Respondent and the Union did meet on July 9, but,
contrary to its promise in its June 30 letter, the Respon-
dent did not present anything to the Union. Indeed, the
Respondent did not provide the Union with any even
arguable economic justification for its subcontracting
until August 30, 2 months after its June 30 subcontract-
ing announcement, and 1 month after the August 1 start
of the subcontracting of the maintenance work itself.
And even then, the only information that the Respondent
finally did provide to the Union on August 30 was sim-
ply a copy of a 1-1/2 page June 14 memorandum from
Samborn to the Respondent’s attorney, Neil Frank, that
itemized the Respondent’s maintenance and kitchen staff
payroll at that time and expressed the wish to subcontract
the maintenance services to an unnamed contractor for a
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD1000
broadly asserted (but not substantiated) annual saving of
about $22,000.16
The memo from Samborn to Frank also stated that “it
does not appear economically advantageous for us to
replace the kitchen staff at this time.” As seen, the Re-
spondent never subsequently asserted that any cost sav-
ings would result from subcontracting the kitchen work.
In sum, then, except for the August 30 copy of the
June 14 memo from Samborn to Frank, none of the Re-
spondent’s above declarations of its plan to lay off the
unit employees and subcontract their work referred in
any way to a financial rationale for doing so, and some
instead expressly referred to an antiunion purpose. And
the June 14 memo asserts a saving from subcontracting
only in the broadest of terms.
c. Conclusion
For all of the reasons discussed above, I find that the
Respondent has failed to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that it would have terminated the unit employ-
ees and subcontracted their work for economic reasons
even in the absence of the employees’ union activity.
Accordingly, I find that the Respondent has failed to re-
but the General Counsel’s showing that the Respondent
took those steps in retaliation for the employees’ decision
to unionize. Consequently, I find that the Respondent’s
termination of the unit employees and subcontracting of
their work violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act.
C. The Subcontracting of Unit Work and
Termination of Unit Employees also Violated
Section 8(a)(5) and (1) of the Act
The complaint also alleges that the Respondent noti-
fied the Union that the Respondent had subcontracted the
unit work without prior notice to the Union and without
affording the Union a good-faith opportunity to bargain
with the Respondent about the decision to subcontract
and the effects of that decision, in violation of Section
8(a)(5) and (1) of the Act.
Because the Respondent’s decision to terminate the
unit employees and subcontract their work was discrimi-
natorily motivated by antiunion reasons in violation of
Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act, it cannot be construed
as a legitimate entrepreneurial decision, exempt under
First National Maintenance Corp. v. NLRB, 452 U.S.
666 (1981), from the Respondent’s bargaining obliga-

16 While I agree with my colleagues’ dismissal of the allegation that
the Respondent unlawfully failed to provide the Union with informa-
tion, I do find nevertheless that the very limited financial information
that the Respondent was ultimately able to provide to the Union fails to
lend persuasive support to the Respondent’s asserted economic defense
that it would have subcontracted all the unit work and terminated all the
unit employees for economic reasons even if they had not chosen to be
represented by the Union.
tion.17 Thus, I find that the Respondent also violated
Section 8(a)(5) of the Act in this regard.
Moreover, the Respondent’s notification to the Union
on June 30 that the Respondent “intends” to subcontract
its maintenance and kitchen operations to CityWide in
reality presented the Union with a fait accompli, because
in fact the Respondent had already signed its contract
with CityWide 3 weeks earlier, on June 7.
The finality of the subcontracting by the time the Re-
spondent notified the Union about it is further borne out
by the language in the closing sentence of Attorney
Frank’s June 30 fait accompli notice to the Union that the
Respondent had already subcontracted the unit work:
Please call me so we can arrange to bargain about the
issue, at which time we will present and discuss the
economics which required the school to subcontract.
[Emphasis added.]
As seen, however, the Respondent presented nothing of the
sort to the Union at their subsequent July 9 meeting.
III. TERMINATION OF VARGAS AND MARTINEZ
I agree with my colleagues that the General Counsel
has not met his burden of proving that the Respondent
constructively discharged employees Vargas and Marti-
nez, simply because they left in response to the Respon-
dent’s threat to subcontract the unit work and lay off the
unit employees. I write separately on this issue, how-
ever, to emphasize that this case is distinguishable from
Rock-Tenn Co., 310 NLRB 1139, 149–152 (1995), enfd.
101 F.3d 1441 (D.C. Cir. 1996). In that case, truckdriver
Gary Spence resigned on July 8 because he found out
that the employer was going to lay off all the drivers on
July 31, and he chose not to wait for the actual layoff.
The Board found that the July 31 layoff violated Section
8(a)(5). The Board concluded that Spence had been in
effect terminated in violation of Section 8(a)(5) because
he resigned in advance rather than wait to be unlawfully
laid off at the end of the month along with all of the other
drivers. The Board held that Spence’s backpay would
run from July 31, when the layoff was ultimately effectu-
ated.

17 See Westchester Lace, 326 NLRB 1227 (1998), citing Joy Recov-
ery Technology Corp., 320 NLRB 356 fn. 3 (1995), enfd. 134 F.3d
1307 (7th Cir. 1998) (an employer’s subcontracting decision cannot be
a legitimate entrepreneurial decision exempt from bargaining if anti-
union considerations are at the heart of the alleged fundamental change
in the direction of the corporate enterprise); Equitable Resources En-
ergy Co., 307 NLRB 730, 732 fns. 9 and 11 (1992), enfd. mem. 989
F.2d 492 (4th Cir. 1993); Delta Carbonate, 307 NLRB 118 (1992),
enfd. mem. 989 F.2d 486 (3d Cir. 1993); Continental Winding Co., 305
NLRB 122, 125 (1991) (discrimination on the basis of union animus
cannot serve as a lawful entrepreneurial decision), citing Strawsine
Mfg. Co., 280 NLRB 553 (1986).
MANHATTAN DAY SCHOOL 1001
In this case, Vargas and Martinez decided to resign in
response to Vasquez’ statement, in May, that the Re-
spondent intended to subcontract the unit employees’
work and lay them off because it did not want the Union.
At the time there was no definite plan to subcontract this
work and lay the employees off on any particular date.
Accordingly, they were not resigning in response to a
definite, unlawful decision to lay them off along with
other employees; that decision was not made until after
their resignation. Accordingly, this case is distinguish-
able from Rock-Tenn Co., supra, and I agree with my
colleagues that Vargas and Martinez were not terminated
in violation of Section 8(a)(5) and (3) of the Act.
Conclusion
For all the foregoing reasons, I would find that the Re-
spondent subcontracted all its unit work and laid off its
unit employees in violation of Section 8(a)(3), (5), and
(1) of the Act.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we
violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and
obey this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on
your behalf
Act together with other employees for your bene-
fit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected
activities.
WE WILL NOT threaten you with subcontracting of bar-
gaining unit work because of your union support or un-
ion activities.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
guaranteed you by Section 7 of the Act.
YESHIVA OHR TORAH COMMUNITY SCHOOL,
INC. D/B/A MANHATTAN DAY SCHOOL
Suzanne K. Sullivan, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Saul D. Zabell, Esq., for the Respondent.
J. Patrick Butler, Esq., for the Charging Party.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
D. BARRY MORRIS, Administrative Law Judge. This case was
heard before me in New York City on May 3–5 and 8–9, 2000.
Upon a charge filed on August 31, 1999,1 and amended on
November 24, a complaint was issued on March 17, 2000, al-
leging that Yeshiva Ohr Torah Community School, Inc. d/b/a
Manhattan Day School (Respondent or MDS), violated Section
8(a)(1), (3), and (5) of the National Labor Relations Act (the
Act). Respondent filed an answer denying the commission of
the alleged unfair labor practices.
The parties were given full opportunity to participate, pro-
duce evidence, examine and cross-examine witnesses, argue
orally, and file briefs. Briefs were filed by the parties on June
27, 2000.
Upon the entire record of the case, including my observation
of the demeanor of the witnesses, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
Respondent, a New York not-for-profit corporation, operates
a religious day school in New York City. It has admitted, and I
find, that it is an employer engaged in commerce within the
meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act. In addition, I
find that Local 808, IBT, AFL–CIO (the Union) is a labor or-
ganization within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
II. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Facts
1. Background
MDS is a nonprofit Jewish elementary school with approxi-
mately 400 students. Its revenues come from charitable donor
contributions and tuition. On February 26, 1998, the Union and
MDS entered into a Stipulated Election Agreement and on
April 7, 1998, the Union was certified as the exclusive collec-
tive-bargaining representative of Respondent’s kitchen and
maintenance employees.
2. Subcontracting
The parties began negotiating over the terms of a collective-
bargaining agreement in May 1998. Prior to contract negotia-
tions, MDS obtained bids from contractors to evaluate the Un-
ion’s proposals. Ozzie LoVerme, the Union’s business agent,
testified that he was aware that contractors were “walking
around the property” during negotiations.
During the negotiations the parties negotiated and agreed to
the terms of article 4, section 4 of the collective-bargaining
agreement, which provides:

1 All dates refer to 1999, unless otherwise specified.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD1002
In the event the Employer decides to contract to an-
other employer for the performance of any work hereto-
fore performed by employees covered under this Agree-
ment, it shall give advance notice to the Union at least one
(1) month prior to the effective date of its contracting for
such services, or changing contractors, indicating the name
and address of the contractor. Employer may subcontract
work of employees covered by this Agreement, provided
such subcontracting is justified by economic circum-
stances. In the event work is subcontracted, the Employer
agrees to request those subcontractor[s] to employ the em-
ployees of the employer then engaged in the particular
work to be contracted.
LoVerme agreed to the subcontracting language on September
1, 1998. The final agreement was signed on April 20, 1999.
Joshua Samborn, executive director of MDS, testified that in
May or June 1999 “our financial situation was deteriorating
very seriously. Throughout that year, we were having great
difficulty in paying our bills. “We were getting four, five,
sometimes more phone calls a day from vendors. People were
not shipping us.” He further testified, “I began to figure out that
we could not make payroll at the end of July. It would have
been impossible. [I] started to look wherever we could possibly
save money and the subcontracting was one in which we were
able to save money.” Samborn again began discussions with
subcontractors and negotiated over prior proposals to subcon-
tract the kitchen and maintenance work. By subcontracting the
maintenance work it initially appeared that MDS could save
approximately $20,000. Subsequent changes in the subcontract-
ing agreement resulted in savings of more than $50,000.
On June 30, Neil Frank, counsel to Respondent, wrote to the
Union, stating that “in accordance with Article 4, Section 4 of
the collective bargaining agreement, this letter constitutes for-
mal notification that due to economic necessity, Manhattan Day
School intends to subcontract its maintenance and kitchen op-
erations to an outside contractor.” The letter listed CityWide
General Cleaning and Maintenance Service as the contractor.
On July 9, Frank and LoVerme met. Frank testified that
LoVerme wanted to bargain about the decision to subcontract
and did not want to bargain about severance. LoVerme cor-
roborated this testimony.
On July 28, LoVerme wrote to Frank, requesting that MDS
reconsider its decision to subcontract the kitchen and mainte-
nance work. The letter requested information “on how the con-
tracting out of work will [a]ffect the school’s economy.” On
August 1, CityWide commenced its subcontract to perform the
building maintenance work. On August 30, Frank wrote to
LoVerme, enclosing financial information indicating net sav-
ings to the school through subcontracting the maintenance work
of $21,986. On September 1, Essen West, Inc. commenced the
performance of the kitchen operations. By letter dated Septem-
ber 24 Frank submitted to LoVerme copies of the agreements
with CityWide for the maintenance work and with the food
service operator.
3. Kitchen employees
Samborn testified that in early June, Pedro Martinez and
Carlos Vargas, two of the three kitchen employees, resigned.
Samborn testified, “[T]hey quit and I had nobody . . . to replace
them. It’s not easy to find someone who you can rely upon,
who knows what’s going on down there, who is familiar with
kosher rules and who is willing to work at a reasonable price.
So I scrambled over the place, I made a million and one phone
calls and I finally was able to hire the son of our food man-
ager.” Samborn further testified that that arrangement was not
satisfactory and the school negotiated and entered into a con-
tract with Essen West.
B. Discussion and Conclusions
1. Subcontracting
The complaint alleges that Respondent entered into the sub-
contracting provision in bad faith with the “intention of elimi-
nating the entire bargaining unit.” Accordingly, the complaint
alleges that Respondent’s subcontracting of the unit work vio-
lated Section 8(a)(3) and (5) of the Act.
The record shows that during contract negotiations the Union
was aware that subcontractors were visiting the school.
LoVerme testified that during negotiations Frank said that he
didn’t “believe” that the school would subcontract. Carlos Var-
gas, who was present at the negotiations, testified that Frank
told LoVerme that he “doesn’t feel that they were going to
subcontract.” When asked whether the school ever “promised”
that the work would not be subcontracted, he answered that
they never promised and that he believed that pursuant to the
contract the work could be subcontracted.
The subcontracting clause requires that Respondent give 1
month’s notice prior to subcontracting. The record is clear that
a timely notice was given. There is no contention otherwise.
The clause also requires that the subcontracting be justified by
economic circumstances. Frank advised the Union that there
would be a savings of approximately $20,000. Finally, the sub-
contracting provision requires that Respondent request the sub-
contractor to employ the present employees. Joel Bates, vice
president of CityWide, credibly testified that Samborn re-
quested that he hire the “existing employees from Manhattan
Day School.” Bates testified that he left applications with Is-
mael Vasquez, the building manager. He further credibly testi-
fied that only two employees returned the applications and that
CityWide hired both of them.
I find that the record does not support a finding that MDS
entered into the subcontracting provision in bad faith. I further
find that Respondent complied with all of the requirements of
the subcontracting clause. Thus, faced with severe economic
difficulties, pursuant to article 4, section 4 of the collective-
bargaining agreement, Respondent was permitted to subcon-
tract. Accordingly, the allegations that Respondent violated
Section 8(a)(3) and (5) by subcontracting its unit work are dis-
missed.
2. Request for information
By letter dated July 28, the Union requested information on
“how the contracting out of work will [a]ffect the school’s
economy.” It appears that the Union was asking for information
with respect to “decision” bargaining. Indeed, LoVerme testi-
fied that at his meeting with Frank on July 9, “I wanted to sit
down and negotiate what was going on.” Frank replied, “[D]o
MANHATTAN DAY SCHOOL 1003
you want to discuss severance?” to which LoVerme answered,
“[W]e’re not here to discuss severance pay.” Frank credibly
testified that at the meeting he told LoVerme, “I’m here to ne-
gotiate with you.” LoVerme told Frank that he knew the sav-
ings in subcontracting would be about $20,000 and “could I go
back to Mr. Samborn and talk to him about reversing the deci-
sion.” Frank asked LoVerme, “[I]sn’t there something that you
want me to take back to Mr. Samborn that you want for the
men? Because that was really my purpose of being there, which
was to negotiate the effects. And he said, no, no. He said, I
need for you to change this decision.” When asked whether
LoVerme asked for financial information at that time, Frank
credibly testified “absolutely not.” On August 30, Frank sent
financial information to LoVerme which indicated a savings to
the school of $21,986.
I have already found that article 4, section 4 of the collec-
tive-bargaining agreement permitted Respondent to subcontract
the work. Respondent was not required to bargain concerning
the “decision” to subcontract. Frank offered to bargain concern-
ing the “effects,” but LoVerme refused. On August 30, Frank
sent the Union the financial information indicated above. I find
that Respondent did not violate Section 8(a)(5) by failing to
provide the required financial information. Accordingly, the
allegation is dismissed.
3. Kitchen employees
The complaint alleges that Respondent violated Section
8(a)(1) of the Act by Aleta Gelb having informed the employ-
ees that Respondent wanted her to form a company to perform
kitchen operations. The complaint also alleges that Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(1) by Vasquez having informed the em-
ployees in May 1999 that Respondent had imminent plans to
subcontract the unit work. Inasmuch as I have found that Re-
spondent had a right to subcontract unit work pursuant to the
collective-bargaining agreement, I do not regard an announce-
ment to that effect as a threat, violative of Section 8(a)(1) of the
Act. Accordingly, the allegation is dismissed.
The complaint also alleges that by virtue of these announce-
ments, Respondent caused the termination of two kitchen em-
ployees, Pedro Martinez and Carlos Vargas. While the com-
plaint alleges this to be a violation of Section 8(a)(5), the Gen-
eral Counsel’s brief states that the two employees were con-
structively discharged, in violation of Section 8(a)(3). The Gen-
eral Counsel cites Crystal Princeton Refining Co., 222 NLRB
1068, 1069 (1976), where the Board stated:
There are two elements which must be proven to establish a
“constructive discharge.” First, the burdens imposed upon the
employee must cause, and be intended to cause, a change in
his working conditions so difficult or unpleasant as to force
him to resign. Second, it must be shown that those burdens
were imposed because of the employee’s union activities.
Vargas testified that he left MDS in June 1999. When asked,
“[D]id you leave on your own?,” he replied in the affirmative. I
find that the General Counsel has not shown that the employees
were constructively discharged. They were not informed that
the work would be subcontracted because of their union activi-
ties. Rather, they were informed that the work would be sub-
contracted because, pursuant to the collective-bargaining
agreement, Respondent had the right to do so. Accordingly, the
allegation is dismissed.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce within
the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. Respondent did not violate the Act in the manner alleged
in the complaint.
[Recommended Order for dismissal omitted from publica-
tion.]