Lacoste Alligator S.A.v.Southern Smocked Company, LLC

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board

Aug 20, 2021

91244445 (T.T.A.B. Aug. 20, 2021)

Mailed: August 20, 2021
UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
_____

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
_____

Lacoste Alligator S.A.
v.
Southern Smocked Company, LLC
___

Opposition No. 91244445
___

Richard Z. Lehv and Daniel M. Nuzzaci of Fross Zelnick Lehrman & Zissu, P.C.
for Lacoste Alligator S.A..

Stephen C. Aertker, Jr. of Aertker Legal, L.L.C.
for Southern Smocked Company, LLC.
______
Before Cataldo, Adlin and Allard,
Administrative Trademark Judges.

Opinion by Adlin, Administrative Trademark Judge:
Applicant Southern Smocked Company, LLC seeks registration of the mark shown
below

This Opinion is Not a
Precedent of the TTAB
Opposition No. 91244445
2
(SMOCKED COMPANY disclaimed) for “children's and infant's apparel, namely,
jumpers, overall sleepwear, pajamas, rompers and one-piece garments; dresses for
babies and children; shirts for babies and children; shortalls; shorts for babies and
children; swimsuits,” in International Class 25.1 In its notice of opposition, Opposer
Lacoste Alligator S.A. alleges prior use and registration of “crocodile or alligator
logos” for clothing, including the following design marks:
;2
all of Opposer’s pleaded registrations are over five years old. As grounds for
opposition, Opposer alleges that use of Applicant’s mark would be likely to cause
confusion with, and dilute, Opposer’s pleaded marks. In its answer, Applicant denies
the salient allegations in the notice of opposition, and raises affirmative defenses

1 Application Serial No. 87902522, filed May 1, 2018 under Section 1(a) of the Trademark
Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051(a), based on claimed first use dates of March 3, 2014. The application
includes color claims and this description of the mark: “The mark consists of the words
‘SOUTHERN SMOCKED COMPANY’ in navy blue situated inside a circular seal comprised
of two interior pink lines of varying width and a pink scalloped edge. A cartoonish, two-
dimensional, right-facing alligator featuring a mint green body and outlined in kelly green is
depicted within the center of the circular seal, below the concave-curved words ‘SOUTHERN
SMOCKED’ and above the convex-curved word ‘COMPANY’.”
2 Registration Nos.: 1108987, issued December 12, 1978; 2004314, issued October 1, 1996;
3129817, issued August 15, 2006 (reproduced above on the left) (the “’817 Registration”); and
3220138, issued March 20, 2007 (reproduced above on the right) (the “’138 Registration”). All
four of Opposer’s pleaded registrations have been renewed.
Opposition No. 91244445
3
which it did not pursue or prove at trial and which are accordingly waived. Miller v.
Miller, 105 USPQ2d 1615, 1616 n.3 (TTAB 2013); Baroness Small Estates Inc. v. Am.
Wine Trade Inc., 104 USPQ2d 1224, 1225 n.2 (TTAB 2012).
I. The Record
The record consists of the pleadings and, by operation of Trademark Rule 2.122(b),
37 C.F.R. § 2.122(b), the file of Applicant’s involved application. In addition, Opposer
introduced the testimony declaration (with exhibits) of Michael Azran, the Head of
IP Prosecution & Enforcement Americas at Sporloisirs S.A. (“Azran Dec.”). 26-29
TTABVUE.3 Sporloisirs is Applicant’s “affiliate.” Mr. Azran testified that he is
“familiar with the history, intellectual property, and operations of Opposer,”
including “Opposer’s use and registration of its famous alligator trademark and
service mark.” 26 TTABVUE 2, 3 (Azran Dec. ¶¶ 1, 4).
Applicant did not take any testimony or introduce any evidence. Only Opposer
filed a Trial Brief.
II. Opposer and Its Alligator Design Marks
Rene Lacoste, “a legendary French tennis player who, in the 1920s, won
Wimbledon twice, the U.S. Open twice, and the French Open three times” founded
Opposer. Id. at 3-4 (Azran Dec. ¶¶ 7, 9). Lacoste, nicknamed “The Alligator,” got his
start in the clothing business in 1933, when he teamed up with the owner of France’s

3 Citations to the record refer to TTABVUE, the Board’s online docketing system. Specifically,
the number preceding “TTABVUE” corresponds to the docket entry number(s), and any
number(s) following “TTABVUE” refer to the page number(s) of the docket entry where the
cited materials appear.
Opposition No. 91244445
4
largest knitwear manufacturer “to manufacture shirts bearing the Alligator Logo …
The first Lacoste shirts were white tennis shirts.” Id. at 4 (Azran Dec. ¶ 9).
The business became successful, and the alligator logo was first used in connection
with clothing in the United States in 1950. Id. at 4 (Azran Dec. ¶ 10). Today, Opposer
“generally” uses the logo on the left on labels and packaging for its goods, and
“generally” embroiders the logo on the right onto its garments:
4 5
Id. at 4-5 (Azran Dec. ¶¶ 11-12). Opposer refers to these logos collectively as the
“Alligator Design Mark.” Id.
“All of Opposer’s products prominently display the Alligator Design Mark,” often
in multiple places. Id. at 5 (Azran Dec. ¶ 15).6 Today, Opposer operates more than 80
Lacoste boutiques and outlets in the United States, and its products are also sold on
the Internet and in other stores including Nordstrom, Bloomingdales and Macy’s. Id.
at 6 (Azran Dec. ¶¶ 16, 17, 19).

4 Pleaded Registration No. 2004314.
5 Pleaded Registration No. 1108987.
6 “Because colloquial French does not distinguish between alligators and crocodiles,”
Opposer’s logo is sometimes described as a crocodile, and while Mr. Lacoste’s nickname in
the United States is “The Alligator,” in France it is “le Crocodile.” 26 TTABVUE 4 n.1.
Opposition No. 91244445
5
Opposer heavily promotes itself and its products on television and the Internet, in
print, and elsewhere, including through celebrity endorsers. In fact, Opposer has
spent more than $7 million on United States advertising each year from 2009-2019,
with total United States advertising expenditures exceeding $ 110 million during that
time. Id. at 7-8 (Azran Dec. ¶¶ 22-31). Examples of Opposer’s advertising are
reproduced below:

28 TTABVUE 12, 14, 35 (Azran Dec. Exs. 13, 16). Medium and AdAge have featured
stories about Opposer’s advertising efforts. Id. at 23-33 (Azran Dec. Ex. 15).
Perhaps relatedly, Opposer has been quite successful in the United States, with
sales in this country exceeding $238 million every year from 2009-2019, and totaling
more than $3 billion during that time. Id. at 6 (Azran Dec. ¶ 21). Each year from
2015-2019, Opposer’s website received over 10 million visits per year, including 18.2
million visits in 2019. “These numbers far exceed the total website visits of such other
famous brands as Brooks Brothers, Tommy Hilfiger, and Banana Republic.” 26
TTABVUE 7 (Azran Dec. ¶ 27). Opposer has more than 15 million “likes” and 15
Opposition No. 91244445
6
million followers on Facebook; more than 4.6 followers on Instagram; more than 2.1
million followers on Pinterest; and 79,000 followers of its YouTube channel. Id. at 7-
8 (Azran Dec. ¶ 28).
Opposer and its alligator marks have also received significant media attention,
including articles in Smithsonian Magazine, Time, CNN Money, CBS New York,
Details, Golf Digest, Men’s Fitness and Women’s Wear Daily, some of which focus on
Opposer’s turnaround in the 2000’s under a new Chief Executive Officer. 27
TTABVUE 23-30 and 28 TTABVUE 85-167 (Azran Dec. Exs. 3, 19). According to the
2005 Time article, “With a look that’s classic, colorful and once again hip, [Opposer’s]
polos are go-to shirts for almost anyone.” 28 TTABVUE 85. According to the
Smithsonian Magazine article, Opposer’s polo shirt “and its iconic logo spawned many
imitators and admirers. Designers and brands from diverse price points have taken
to embroidering animals onto polo shirts: ponies (Ralph Lauren), marlins (Tommy
Bahama), eagles (American Eagle) ….” 27 TTABVUE 29 (Azran Dec. Ex. 3).
III. Opposer’s Entitlement to Statutory Cause of Action7
Entitlement to a statutory cause of action is a requirement in every inter partes
case. Australian Therapeutic Supplies Pty. Ltd. v. Naked TM, LLC, 965 F.3d 1370,
2020 USPQ2d 10837 at *3 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (citing Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control
Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 125-26 (2014)). A party in the position of plaintiff

7 Our decisions have previously analyzed the requirements of Sections 13 and 14 of the
Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1063-64, under the rubric of “standing.” We now refer to this
inquiry as entitlement to a statutory cause of action. Despite the change in nomenclature,
our prior decisions and those of the Federal Circuit interpreting Sections 13 and 14 remain
equally applicable.
Opposition No. 91244445
7
may oppose registration of a mark when doing so is within its zone of interests and it
has a reasonable belief in damage that is proximately caused by registration of the
mark. Corcamore, LLC v. SFM, LLC, 978 F.3d 1298, 2020 USPQ2d 11277, at * 6-7
(Fed. Cir. 2020) (holding that the test in Lexmark is met by demonstrating a real
interest in opposing or cancelling a registration of a mark, which satisfies the zone-
of-interests requirement, and a reasonable belief in damage by the registration of a
mark, which demonstrates damage proximately caused by registration of the mark).
Here, Opposer’s pleaded registrations establish that it is entitled to oppose
registration of Applicant’s mark on the ground of likelihood of confusion. 26
TTABVUE 9-10 and 29 TTABVUE 3-10 (Azran Dec. ¶ 33 and Ex. 20) (Opposer’s
pleaded registrations); Cunningham v. Laser Golf Corp., 222 F.3d 943, 55 USPQ2d
1842, 1844 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (registrations establish “standing”).
IV. Priority
Because Applicant has not counterclaimed to cancel any of Opposer’s pleaded
registrations, priority is not at issue with respect to the marks and goods identified
therein. King Candy Co. v. Eunice King’s Kitchen, Inc., 496 F.2d 1400, 182 USPQ 108,
110 (CCPA 1974).
V. Likelihood of Confusion
Our determination under Section 2(d) is based on an analysis of all of the
probative evidence of record bearing on the likelihood of confusion. In re E.I. du Pont
de Nemours & Co., 476 F.2d 1357, 177 USPQ 563, 567 (CCPA 1973) (setting forth
factors to be considered); see also In re Majestic Distilling Co., 315 F.3d 1311, 65
USPQ2d 1201, 1203 (Fed. Cir. 2003). In any likelihood of confusion analysis, two key
Opposition No. 91244445
8
considerations are the similarities between the marks and the similarities between
the goods. See Federated Foods, Inc. v. Fort Howard Paper Co., 544 F.2d 1098, 192
USPQ 24, 29 (CCPA 1976) (“The fundamental inquiry mandated by § 2(d) goes to the
cumulative effect of differences in the essential characteristics of the goods and
differences in the marks.”).
Opposer bears the burden of establishing that there is a likelihood of confusion by
a preponderance of the evidence. Cunningham, 55 USPQ2d at 1848. We consider the
likelihood of confusion factors about which there is evidence and argument. See In re
Guild Mortg. Co., 912 F.3d 1376, 129 USPQ2d 1160, 1162-63 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
We focus our analysis on Opposer’s pleaded ’817 Registration. If we find confusion
likely between that pleaded mark and Applicant’s involved mark, we need not
consider the likelihood of confusion between Applicant’s mark and Opposer’s other
pleaded marks. On the other hand, if we find no likelihood of confusion between the
mark in the ’817 Registration and Applicant’s mark, we would not find confusion
likely between Applicant’s mark and Opposer’s other pleaded marks. In re Max
Capital Grp., 93 USPQ2d 1243, 1245 (TTAB 2010).
A. The Goods, Channels of Trade and Classes of Consumers
The parties’ goods are legally identical in part, because the pleaded ’817
Registration identifies “shirts” and “dresses” without limitation or qualification.
Thus, Opposer’s “shirts” encompass Applicant’s more specifically identified “shirts for
babies and children,” while Opposer’s “dresses” encompass Applicant’s more
specifically identified “dresses for babies and children.” Moreover, because the goods
are in-part legally identical, we presume that the channels of trade and classes of
Opposition No. 91244445
9
purchasers for these goods overlap. In re Viterra Inc., 671 F.3d 1358, 101 USPQ2d
1905, 1908 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (even though there was no evidence regarding channels
of trade and classes of consumers, the Board was entitled to rely on this legal
presumption in determining likelihood of confusion); Am. Lebanese Syrian Associated
Charities Inc. v. Child Health Research Inst., 101 USPQ2d 1022, 1028 (TTAB 2011).
The identity of the goods in-part and their overlapping channels of trade and
classes of purchasers not only weigh heavily in favor of finding a likelihood of
confusion, but also reduce the degree of similarity between the marks necessary to
find a likelihood of confusion. In re Viterra, 101 USPQ2d at 1908; In re Mighty Leaf
Tea, 94 USPQ2d at 1260; In re Max Capital Grp. Ltd., 93 USPQ2d 1243, 1248 (TTAB
2010).
B. Strength/Fame of Opposer’s Mark
Before addressing the marks themselves, we consider the strength of Opposer’s
mark, to ascertain the scope of protection to which it is entitled. There are two types
of strength: conceptual and commercial. In re Chippendales USA, Inc., 622 F.3d 1346,
96 USPQ2d 1681, 1686 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“A mark’s strength is measured both by its
conceptual strength … and its marketplace strength ….”).
Turning first to conceptual strength, there is no evidence, and Applicant does not
argue, that Opposer’s mark is conceptually weak. There is thus no reason on this
record to find an alligator design anything but arbitrary for clothing. Opposer’s mark
is therefore conceptually strong.
As for commercial strength, we must determine where to place Opposer’s mark on
the “spectrum” of marks, which ranges from “very strong to very weak.” Palm Bay
Opposition No. 91244445
10
Imps. Inc. v. Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin Maison Fondee En 1772, 396 F.3d 1369, 73
USPQ2d 1689, 1694 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (quoting In re Coors Brewing Co., 343 F.3d 1340,
68 USPQ2d 1059, 1063 (Fed. Cir. 2003)). See also, Joseph Phelps Vineyards, LLC v.
Fairmont Holdings, LLC, 857 F.3d 1323, 122 USPQ2d 1733, 1734-35 (Fed. Cir. 2017).
The record in this case amply demonstrates that Opposer’s alligator design is at the
very least commercially strong.
While Opposer has not introduced any consumer surveys showing fame or
strength, they are not necessary; indeed, they “rarely appear.” Bose Corp. v. QSC
Audio Prods. Inc., 293 F.3d 1367, 63 USPQ2d 1303, 1305 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Rather,
fame or strength “may be measured indirectly, among other things, by the volume of
sales and advertising expenditures of the goods traveling under the mark, and by the
length of time those indicia of commercial awareness have been evident.” Id. Other
relevant factors include “length of use of the mark, market share, brand awareness,
licensing activities, and variety of goods bearing the mark.” Coach Services Inc. v.
Triumph Learning LLC, 668 F.3d 1356, 101 USPQ2d 1713, 1720 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
By each of these measures, Opposer’s alligator marks are, at the very least, quite
strong. Indeed, Opposer has been using what Smithsonian Magazine refers to as its
“iconic logo” in this country for almost three-quarters of a century. 27 TTABVUE 29
(Azran Dec. Ex. 3). In addition:
Opposer’s goods are offered, and its alligator logo marks
are prominently displayed, in more than 80 Lacoste
boutiques, as well as Nordstrom, Bloomingdales, Macy’s
and other retailers. 26 TTABVUE 6 (Azran Dec. ¶¶ 16, 17,
19).

Opposition No. 91244445
11
Opposer’s marks are also prominently displayed on the
Internet, including on Opposer’s own website, which
receives in excess of 10 million visits per year, outpacing
competitors such as Brooks Brothers, Tommy Hilfiger, and
Banana Republic. Id. at 7 (Azran Dec. ¶ 27).

Opposer has over 20 million followers on social media,
including Facebook, Instagram and Pinterest. Id. at 7-8
(Azran Dec. ¶ 28).

Opposer has received a great deal of media attention, much
of it focused on Opposer’s pleaded alligator logo marks,
including articles in Time, CNN Money, Golf Digest and
Women’s Wear Daily. 27 TTABVUE 23-30 and 28
TTABVUE 85-167 (Azran Dec. Exs. 3, 19).

Opposer’s United States advertising expenditures from
2009-2019 exceeded $110 million. Id. at 7-8 and 28
TTABVUE 83 (Azran Dec. ¶¶ 22-31 and Ex. 18).

Opposer’s United States sales from 2009-2019 totaled over
$3 billion. 26 TTABVUE 6 and 28 TTABVUE 10 (Azran
Dec. ¶ 21 and Ex. 12).

This and the other evidence of record easily establishes that Opposer’s pleaded
alligator design marks are “renowned” in the clothing market, and, at the very least,
commercially quite strong.8 Opposer’s pleaded marks are thus entitled to a
concomitantly broad scope of protection. Joseph Phelps Vineyards, 122 USPQ2d at
1734-35. In fact, a strong mark such as Opposer’s “casts a long shadow which
competitors must avoid.” Kenner Parker Toys, Inc. v. Rose Art Industries, Inc., 963

8 In 2009, we found Opposer’s alligator design to be famous “[i]n view of [a competing
trademark owner’s] admission that opposer’s alligator mark is famous.” Lacoste Alligator
S.A. v. Maxoly, Inc., 91 USPQ2d 1594, 1597 (TTAB 2009). The defendant’s admission of fame
in that case has no relevance in this one. In any event, there is no need for us to find fame on
the record presented here, as our finding that Opposer’s mark is commercially strong is more
than sufficient for us to reach a decision on the merits of this case.
Opposition No. 91244445
12
F.2d 350, 22 USPQ2d 1453, 1456 (Fed. Cir. 1992). This factor weighs heavily in favor
of finding a likelihood of confusion.
C. The Marks
The marks are similar “in their entireties as to appearance, sound, connotation
and commercial impression.” Palm Bay Imps., 73 USPQ2d at 1691 (quoting du Pont,
177 USPQ at 567). Indeed, the involved application accurately describes Applicant’s
mark as featuring a green, right-facing alligator. The mark in Opposer’s pleaded ’817
Registration is also a green, right-facing alligator. The parties’ green, right-facing
alligators are both used for shirts and dresses.
To be sure, there are also differences between the marks, as Applicant’s mark also
includes a “circular seal” and the words SOUTHERN SMOCKED COMPANY, while
Opposer’s mark consists solely of a green, right-facing alligator. And the parties’
green, right-facing alligator designs are not identical. But for several reasons, the
parties’ similar alligator designs are likely to cause confusion despite the differences
between the marks.
First, and generally, we must keep in mind: (1) “the fallibility of memory over a
period of time;” and (2) that the “average” purchaser “normally retains a general
rather than a specific impression of trademarks.” Sealed Air Corp. v. Scott Paper Co.,
190 USPQ 106, 108 (TTAB 1975). See also In re St. Helena Hosp., 774 F.3d 747, 113
USPQ2d 1082, 1085 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (“marks must be considered in light of the
fallibility of memory”) (citation, internal quotation marks, and ellipsis omitted). This
is one reason why “[t]he proper test is not a side-by-side comparison of the marks, but
instead ‘whether the marks are sufficiently similar in terms of their commercial
Opposition No. 91244445
13
impression’ such that persons who encounter the marks would be likely to assume a
connection between the parties.” Coach Servs., Inc. v. Triumph Learning LLC, 668
F.3d 1356, 101 USPQ2d 1713, 1721 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting Leading Jewelers Guild,
Inc. v. LJOW Holdings, LLC, 82 USPQ2d 1901, 1905 (TTAB 2007)).
Second, and relatedly, the features of Applicant’s mark which are absent from
Opposer’s mark are less distinctive than the alligator designs, and thus entitled to
less weight in our analysis. In fact, the “circular seal” is quite pedestrian. See e.g. In
re American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 64 USPQ2d 1748,
1753 (TTAB 2002) (“However, ordinary geometric shapes such as circles, ovals,
squares, stars, etc., are generally regarded as nondistinctive and protectable only
upon proof of acquired distinctiveness.”); In re Benetton Grp. S.p.A., 48 USPQ2d 1214,
1215-16 (TTAB 1998); In re Anton/Bauer, Inc., 7 USPQ2d 1380, 1381 (TTAB 1988);
J.T. McCarthy, MCCARTHY ON TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION, § 7:33 (5th
ed. June 2021 update) (“Ordinary geometric shapes such as circles, ovals, squares,
etc., even when not used as a background for other marks, are regarded as
nondistinctive and protectable only upon proof of secondary meaning.”) (emphasis
added).
Similarly, the literal element SOUTHERN SMOCKED COMPANY is not
distinctive because SMOCKED COMPANY is descriptive and disclaimed, and
SOUTHERN is quite suggestive of the geographic origin or style of Applicant’s goods.
This makes the literal element of Applicant’s mark weak, and less important in our
analysis. Cunningham v. Laser Golf Corp., 222 F.3d 943, 55 USPQ2d 1842, 1846 (Fed.
Opposition No. 91244445
14
Cir. 2000) (“Regarding descriptive terms, this court has noted that the ‘descriptive
component of a mark may be given little weight in reaching a conclusion on the
likelihood of confusion.’”) (quoting In re Nat’l Data Corp., 753 F.2d 1056, 224 USPQ
749, 752 (Fed. Cir. 1985)); see also In re Dixie Rests., Inc., 105 F.3d 1405, 41 USPQ2d
1531, 1533-34 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (DELTA, not the disclaimed term CAFÉ, is the
dominant portion of the mark THE DELTA CAFÉ). Thus, while we have not forgotten
that generally “the verbal portion of a word and design mark likely will be the
dominant portion,” In re Viterra, 101 USPQ2d at 1911, in this specific case, not only
are the words SOUTHERN SMOCKED COMPANY mostly nondistinctive, but those
words are smaller than Applicant’s alligator design, which is dominant in part
because of how big it is in relation to the size of the words and its prominent position
in the logo.
This case thus calls to mind the Lacoste v. Maxoly case, in which we found that
because the design marks in question, reproduced below,

were “readily discernable as alligators or crocodiles,” and Opposer’s mark was
concededly famous, the addition of the words COLBA ISLAND to the defendant’s
Opposition No. 91244445
15
mark was not sufficient to avoid confusion. Lacoste Alligator, 91 USPQ2d at 1599.
That holding is persuasive here by analogy.
Third, the differences between the parties’ alligator designs in this case are minor
compared to the similarities. The most (and immediately) noticeable feature of both
marks is an alligator, which is green and facing to the right in each mark.
Furthermore, the parties’ alligator designs each depict webbed feet in approximately
the same position, and tails which appear to curve up and to the left side of the
alligators’ bodies.
While the parties’ alligators have different facial expressions, and Opposer’s
alligator has “dots” on its body9 while Applicant’s does not, the marks are similar
enough that some of the many consumers familiar with Opposer’s strong and “iconic”
mark would be likely to assume that Applicant is somehow affiliated with Opposer,
perhaps as its subsidiary or licensee,10 especially because both parties use green,
right-facing alligators in connection with identical goods.
There is no doubt but that if the design marks here
involved would be placed side-by-side certain differences
between them including those enumerated by applicant
would be discernible. But in the normal environment of the
marketplace where purchases are actually made,
individuals would not usually have an opportunity to
examine these marks in minute detail. An individual relies
on his recollection of the marks that he has previously
encountered in the marketplace. And, more often than not,

9 Opposer’s ’817 Registration includes this description of Opposer’s mark: “The mark consists
of a stylized representation of an alligator or crocodile. The mark is green, with a red mouth
and white dots and white eyes.”
10 The Smithsonian Magazine article prominently discusses Opposer’s licensing of its marks
to Izod in the United States. 27 TTABVUE 26-27. The Time article discusses Opposer’s
corporate affiliations. 28 TTABVUE 85-86.
Opposition No. 91244445
16
in the case of design marks, his recollection is not
obfuscated with minute details or characteristics of the
marks, but is governed by an overall or general impression
of the many marks that surround him in his daily living
experiences. Viewing the marks in question in this light, it
is apparent that there are marked resemblances in overall
design format, and commercial impression. These
resemblances are sufficient, in and of themselves, to cause
individuals, including those described by applicant as
discriminating, familiar with either mark and then
encountering the other on competitive goods, to mistakenly
believe that these products originate from the same
producer.

In re Steury Corp., 189 USPQ 353, 355 (TTAB 1975). See also In re Vienna Sausage
Mfg. Co., 16 USPQ2d 2044, 2047 (TTAB 1990); In re United Service Distributors, Inc.,
229 USPQ 237, 239 (TTAB 1986); Puma-Sportschuhfabriken Rudolf Dassler KG v.
Garan, Inc., 224 USPQ 1064, 1066 (TTAB 1984).
In cases like this, where the designs are similar and prominent, Applicant’s
addition of three suggestive and descriptive words, which are smaller than the design
itself, is insufficient to prevent confusion. Indeed, in Kangol Ltd. v. Kangaroos U.S.A.,
Inc., 974 F.2d 161, 23 USPQ2d 1945 (Fed. Cir. 1992), the Court considered whether
the marks and , both for clothing, were likely to be confused. It held
that
the kangaroo design, common to both marks, is likely to be
perceived as the dominant feature. In both instances,
consumers are likely to ‘read’ what they see, regardless of
what the word below the design actually says. … Though
admittedly different in design, the use of the kangaroo by
both Kangaroos and Kangol may suggest to the consumer
that there is a common source or origin between opposer’s
and applicant’s goods.
Opposition No. 91244445
17

Kangol, 23 USPQ2d at 1946. See also In re Vienna Sausage, 16 USPQ2d at 2047-48.
This case also calls to mind a number of other analogous cases in which design
marks were found similar, notwithstanding their obvious differences. For example,
the following marks have been found confusingly similar:
and
In re Calgon Corp., 435 F.2d 596, 168 USPQ 278 (CCPA 1971) (both for bath
products).
and
Time Warner Entertainment Co. v. Jones, 65 USPQ2d 1650 (TTAB 2002) (applicant’s
road maps found to be within opposer’s “natural area of expansion” given its licensing
of its mark on a wide variety of goods).
and
Penguin Books, 48 USPQ2d at 1280 (computer programs and books).
Opposition No. 91244445
18
and
In re Vienna Sausage, 16 USPQ2d at 2044 (both for frankfurters).

and
Greyhound Corp. v. Both Worlds Inc., 6 USPQ2d 1635 (TTAB 1988) (both for
clothing).
and
In re United Service Distributors, 229 USPQ at 237 (distributorship services in the
field of health and beauty aids and moisturizing skin cream).
and
Puma-Sportschuhfabriken, 224 USPQ at 1064 (both for shirts).
Opposition No. 91244445
19
and
Odom Sausage Co., Inc. v. Doskocil Sausage, Inc., 169 USPQ 379 (TTAB 1971) (both
for sausage).
and
In re Triple R Mfg. Corp., 168 USPQ 447 (TTAB 1970) (both for oil filters).
In short, here, as in the cited cases, while there are differences between the marks,
they are not sufficient to overcome the various similarities, especially when the
parties’ marks are used on legally identical goods. This factor also weighs in favor of
finding a likelihood of confusion.
VI. Conclusion
Confusion is likely because the goods are legally identical, the channels of trade
and classes of consumers overlap, Opposer’s mark is strong and the marks are more
similar than dissimilar. Applicant has put forward no evidence or argument to the
contrary.

Opposition No. 91244445
20
Decision: The opposition is sustained on Opposer’s Section 2(d) claim.11 Registration
of Applicant’s mark is refused.

11 We need not reach Opposer’s dilution claim. Yazhong Investing Ltd. v. Multi-Media Tech
Ventures, Ltd., 126 USPQ2d 1526, 1540 (TTAB 2018); Multisorb Tech., Inc. v. Pactiv Corp.,
109 USPQ2d 1170, 1171 (TTAB 2013).