KYNDI, INC.Download PDFPatent Trials and Appeals BoardMay 4, 202014965708 - (D) (P.T.A.B. May. 4, 2020) Copy Citation UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE United States Patent and Trademark Office Address: COMMISSIONER FOR PATENTS P.O. Box 1450 Alexandria, Virginia 22313-1450 www.uspto.gov APPLICATION NO. FILING DATE FIRST NAMED INVENTOR ATTORNEY DOCKET NO. CONFIRMATION NO. 14/965,708 12/10/2015 Arun MAJUMDAR 463372US124 2021 22850 7590 05/04/2020 OBLON, MCCLELLAND, MAIER & NEUSTADT, L.L.P. 1940 DUKE STREET ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 EXAMINER NGO, CHUONG D ART UNIT PAPER NUMBER 2182 NOTIFICATION DATE DELIVERY MODE 05/04/2020 ELECTRONIC Please find below and/or attached an Office communication concerning this application or proceeding. The time period for reply, if any, is set in the attached communication. Notice of the Office communication was sent electronically on above-indicated "Notification Date" to the following e-mail address(es): OBLONPAT@OBLON.COM iahmadi@oblon.com patentdocket@oblon.com PTOL-90A (Rev. 04/07) UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Ex parte ARUN MAJUMDAR Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 Technology Center 2100 Before JOSEPH L. DIXON, THU A. DANG, and JAMES R. HUGHES, Administrative Patent Judges. HUGHES, Administrative Patent Judge. DECISION ON APPEAL STATEMENT OF THE CASE Claims 1, 3–16, and 18–31 are pending, stand rejected, are appealed by Appellant,1 and are the subject of our decision under 35 U.S.C. § 134(a). See Final Act. 1; Appeal Br. 2.2 We have jurisdiction under 35 U.S.C. § 6(b). An Oral Hearing was held on April 15, 2020. 1 We use the word Appellant to refer to “applicant” as defined in 37 C.F.R. § 1.42(a). Appellant identifies the real party in interest as KYNDI, Inc. Appeal Br. 2. 2 Throughout our decision we refer to Appellant’s Specification (“Spec.”) filed Dec. 10, 2015 (claiming benefit of US 62/090,190, filed Dec. 10, 2014); Appeal Brief (“Appeal Br.”) filed Aug. 21, 2018; and Reply Brief Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 2 We AFFIRM. CLAIMED SUBJECT MATTER The invention “relate generally to a method and apparatus for encoding combinatorial hyper maps (CHYMAPS),” the encoding process uses “a unique reversible code and a tree based numbering system that embeds term algebras into the CHYMAPS.” Spec. 1:10–12. More particularly, “the apparatus and method provide complex data structure representation, pattern recognition, fast unification of sub-graphs, and arithmetic operations on the numberings that are reversible and lossless (i.e., bijective) to operations on the term-algebras.” Spec. 1:13–15; see Abstract. Claims 1 (reciting a method) and 16 (reciting an apparatus) are independent. Claim 1, reproduced below, is illustrative of the claimed subject matter: 1. A method of representing and comparing graph data in circuitry, the method comprising: [(A)] representing the graph data as a generalized combinatorial hypermap; [(B)] bijectively representing a sub-map of the generalized combinatorial hypermap using a plurality of arrays of numbers including an array of fixed point free involutions; [(C)] bijectively mapping the plurality of arrays of numbers to a Gödel number; [(D)] comparing the sub-map of the generalized combinatorial hypermap with another submap by comparing the Gödel number representing the sub-map to a Gödel number representing the another sub-map, thereby to improve computational efficiency for determining isomorphism between submaps in order to efficiently perform composition and unification of the graph data; (“Reply Br.”) filed Jan. 3, 2019. We also refer to the Examiner’s Final Office Action (“Final Act.”) mailed Oct. 4, 2017; and Answer (“Ans.”) mailed Nov. 5, 2018. Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 3 [(E)] compiling a database of compositional patterns to include topologies of submaps of the generalized combinatorial hypermap that are determined to be isomorphic with another submaps, the sub-map of the generalized combinatorial hypermap being included in the submaps of the generalized combinatorial hypermap, and the another sub-map being included in the another submaps; and [(F)] performing unification of respective submaps of the generalized combinatorial hypermap when the respective submaps of the generalized combinatorial hypermap are determined to be isomorphic. Appeal Br. 17 (Claims App.) (bracketed claim limitation designations added). REJECTION The Examiner rejects claims 1, 3–16, and 18–31 under 35 U.S.C. § 101 as being directed to patent-ineligible subject matter. Final Act. 2–3. ANALYSIS Subject Matter Eligibility—35 U.S.C. § 101 Under 35 U.S.C. § 101, a patent may be obtained for “any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof.” The Supreme Court has “long held that this provision contains an important implicit exception: Laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas are not patentable.” Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208, 216 (2014) (quoting Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576, 589 (2013)). The Supreme Court, in Alice, reiterated the two-step framework previously set forth in Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 77–80 (2012). “[F]or distinguishing patents that claim laws of Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 4 nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas from those that claim patent- eligible applications of those concepts.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 217. The framework requires us first to consider “whether the claims at issue are directed to one of those patent-ineligible concepts.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 217. If so, we then examine “the elements of [the] claim both individually and ‘as an ordered combination’ to determine whether the additional elements ‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 217 (quoting Mayo, 566 U.S. at 78, 79). That is, we examine the claim for an “inventive concept,” “an element or combination of elements that is ‘sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself.’” Alice, 573 U.S. at 217–18 (quoting Mayo, 566 U.S. at 72–73). The Patent Office has published revised guidance concerning this framework and the application of § 101. USPTO’s 2019 Revised Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. 50 (Jan. 7, 2019) (hereinafter “2019 Revised Guidance”). Under that guidance, we first look to whether the claim recites: (1) any judicial exceptions, including certain groupings of abstract ideas (i.e., mathematical concepts, mental processes, or certain methods of organizing human activity such as a fundamental economic practice or managing personal behavior or relationships or interactions between people) (hereinafter “Step 2A, prong 1”); and (2) additional elements that integrate the judicial exception into a practical application (see Manual of Patent Examining Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 5 Procedure (“MPEP”) § 2106.05(a)–(c), (e)–(h)) (hereinafter “Step 2A, prong 2”).3 See 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 51–52, 55. A claim that integrates a judicial exception into a practical application applies, relies on, or uses the judicial exception in a manner that imposes a meaningful limit on the judicial exception, such that the claim is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the judicial exception. See 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 54. When the judicial exception is so integrated, then the claim is not directed to a judicial exception and is patent eligible under 35 U.S.C. § 101. See 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 54. Only if a claim (1) recites a judicial exception and (2) does not integrate that exception into a practical application, do we then evaluate whether the claim provides an inventive concept. See 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 56; see also Alice, 573 U.S. at 217–18. For example, we look to whether the claim: (3) adds a specific limitation beyond the judicial exception that is not “well-understood, routine, conventional” in the field (see MPEP § 2106.05(d)); or (4) simply appends well-understood, routine, conventional activities previously known to the industry, specified at a high level of generality, to the judicial exception.4 3 All references to the MPEP are to the Ninth Edition, Revision 08-2017 (rev. Jan. 2018). 4 Items (3) and (4) are collectively referred to as “Step 2B” hereinafter and in the 2019 Revised Guidance. Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 6 See 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 56. With these principles in mind, we turn to the merits of the § 101 rejection. The Examiner rejects Appellant’s claims 1, 3–16, and 18–31 as being directed to patent-ineligible subject matter. See Final Act. 2–4; Ans. 3–6. Appellant does not separately argue the claims with specificity and, instead, argues the claims together for this rejection. See Appeal Br. 2–17. Accordingly, we address the Examiner’s rejection of independent claim 1 and the claims not separately argued by Appellant as a group based on claim 1, as permitted by 37 C.F.R. § 41.37(c)(1)(iv). Statutory Subject Matter Claim 1 recites a “method” (supra). Appellant’s “method” uses “circuitry” to represent and compare graphical data. Appeal Br. 17 (Claims App.) (claim 1). Accordingly, we analyze Appellant’s method as a process, which is a statutory category of invention (subject matter) (USPTO’s Step 1). Abstract Idea The Examiner rejects Appellant’s claim 1 as being directed to patent- ineligible subject matter. See Final Act. 2–4; Ans. 3–6. Specifically, the Examiner concludes claim 1 and the other independent claims “are directed to . . . representing and comparing graph data. [T]he invention as recited in the claims merely include calculations and manipulation of data, and clearly can be performed mentally or with pencil and paper, and thus is directed an abstract idea” similar to CyberSource (CyberSource Corp. v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2011)). Final Act. 2. Appellant contends the Examiner erred in rejecting the claims as being directed to patent-ineligible subject matter. See Appeal Br. 5–11; Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 7 Reply Br. 2–7. Specifically, Appellant contends, with respect to the first step of the Alice analysis, that the instant claims are “not directed to an abstract idea” (Appeal Br. 5), the Examiner “oversimplifies the claims” (Appeal Br. 9) and fails to consider the claims as a whole (see Appeal Br. 9– 10; Reply Br. 3–4), and CyberSource is inapplicable in that “the manipulation of computer data structures” (Appeal Br. 10 (quotations omitted)) cannot be practically performed in the human mind (see Appeal Br. 10; Reply Br. 4). Appellant also contends that the instant claims “are directed to a particular solution to a technical problem in the computer related arts”—“searching a particular data-structure based on structure matching” (Appeal Br. 5), and “the claims . . . are directed to . . . [a] technological improvement, which . . . integrate[s] an abstract idea,” similar to the claims in Enfish and McRO (Appeal Br. 7 (citing Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp., 822 F.3d 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2016) and McRO, Inc. v. Bandai Namco Games Am. Inc., 837 F.3d 1299 (Fed. Cir. 2016))). See Appeal Br. 5–9; Reply Br. 3–6. For the reasons discussed below, we conclude Appellant’s claim 1 (and the other pending claims) recites abstract ideas, these abstract ideas are not integrated into a practical application, nor do they include an inventive concept. In view of the 2019 Revised Guidance, we clarify and expand the Examiner’s reasoning as follows. We begin our analysis by broadly but reasonably construing Appellant’s claim 1 (see Appeal Br. 17 (Claims App.)). Omitting the portions of the claim invoking use of generic technology (which are discussed separately below), claim 1 focuses on (as stated in the preamble) a method (process) of “representing and comparing graph data” by performing Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 8 the delineated functionality (steps, functions, or sub-processes). These functions elaborate on the functionality of the graphical data representation and comparison process, and comprise: (A) “representing the graph data as a generalized combinatorial hypermap” (limitation (A))—that is, converting a graph structure (graphical data) to a topological representation represented by a list of numbers (see Spec. 4:20–6:2; 11:19–23); (B) “bijectively representing a sub-map of the generalized combinatorial hypermap using a plurality of arrays of numbers including an array of fixed point free involutions” (limitation (B))—in other words, reversibly (see Spec. 1:15) transforming a portion (sub-set) of the generalized combinatorial hypermap into a number array that may include an invertible function (a function that is its own inverse, i.e., when applied to itself results in the same value) (see Spec. 8:24–9:15; 11:19–13:10); and (C) “bijectively mapping the plurality of arrays of numbers to a Gödel number” (limitation (C))—i.e., transforming or encoding the array of numbers into a single number (see Spec. 6:2–12; 13:11–21). The functions of the graphical data representation and comparison process further comprise: (D) “comparing the sub-map[s] . . . by comparing the Gödel number representing the sub-map to a Gödel number representing the another sub-map” (limitation (D)) (see Spec. 10:14–16; 24:16–21); (E) “compiling a database of compositional patterns to include topologies of submaps of the generalized combinatorial hypermap that are determined to be isomorphic with another submaps” (limitation (E))—that is compiling a database (storing data in a data structure) where the data are topologies of submaps (the arrays of numbers encoded as Gödel numbers) that are determined in the comparison (limitation (D)) to be isomorphic (see Spec. 28:15–30; 29:12–30:11); and (F) “performing unification of respective Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 9 submaps . . . when the respective submaps . . . are determined to be isomorphic” (limitation (F))—in other words, unifying the submaps that are determined in the comparison (limitation (D)) to be isomorphic (see Spec. 28:15–30:11; 34:1–12). Apart from the use of generic technology (discussed further below), each of the limitations of claim 1 describes “‘collecting information, analyzing it,’” and compiling (collecting and storing) results of the collection and analysis, “where the data analysis steps are recited at a high level of generality such that they could practically be performed in the human mind.” October 2019 Update: Subject Matter Eligibility 7, available at https://www.uspto.gov /sites/default/files/documents/peg_oct_2019_update.pdf (hereinafter “October 2019 Update”). The graphical data representation and comparison process amounts to a mental process (see Final Act. 2) that is very similar to Electric Power Group. See Elec. Power Grp., LLC v. Alstom S.A., 830 F.3d 1350, 1351–54 (Fed. Cir. 2016). A person can practically perform the functions of limitations (A)–(D) and (F) (the representing, mapping, comparing, and unifying (performing unification) functions) mentally, or by using pen and paper. Nowhere does Appellant point to specific claim limitations that distinguish over a human process. Further, the revised guidance explains that “mental processes” include acts that people can perform in their minds or using pen and paper, even if the claim recites that a generic computer component performs the acts. See 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 52 n.14 (“If a claim, under its broadest reasonable interpretation, covers performance in the mind but for the recitation of generic computer components, then it is still in the Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 10 mental processes category unless the claim cannot practically be performed in the mind.”) Because each of the limitations discussed above encompasses an act that people can perform in their minds or using pen and paper, claim 1 recites mental processes. Appellant’s arguments have not persuaded us otherwise. See Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Capital One Fin. Corp., 850 F.3d 1332, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (identifying the abstract idea of collecting, displaying, and manipulating data); Content Extraction & Transmission LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat’l Ass’n, 776 F.3d 1343, 1345, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (Finding the “claims generally recite . . . extracting data [and] recognizing specific information from the extracted data” and that the “claims are drawn to the basic concept of data recognition.”). Even where the analysis requires one to access and gather data, or utilize a pen and paper in the analysis, such analysis may still be an abstract mental process. See CyberSource, 654 F.3d at 1372 (“[E]ven if some physical steps are required to obtain information from the database . . . such data-gathering steps cannot alone confer patentability.”). Additionally, the function of “compiling” information in a database (limitation (E)) (i.e., collecting and storing data) amounts to extra-solution activity to the mental process. Also, apart from the use of generic technology (discussed further below), each of the limitations of claim 1 describes activities that would be performed during a graph (graphical) data transformation, comparison, and unification process—i.e., standard mathematical techniques previously used for evaluating graph data (see Spec. 16:11–15): limitations (A)–(C) describe manipulating (transforming, converting, or encoding) (i.e., collecting and analyzing) information. See Spec. 11:19–13:16. Limitations (D) and (F) describe comparing (analyzing) the manipulated information, and unifying Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 11 (analyzing) the compared information. See Spec. 10:14–22; 11:1–10; 24:17–21. Because a person can practically perform the steps of claim 1 mentally, or by using pen and paper, we find Appellant’s contentions—that the Examiner oversimplified the claim and failed to consider the claim as a whole—unpersuasive. Appellant also contends (supra) that claim 1 is directed to a technological improvement similar to the claims in Enfish and McRO. Appeal Br. 7; see Appeal Br. 5–9; Reply Br. 3–6. We address the purported technical improvements with respect to the “Practical Application” of the abstract idea (below). In summary, we conclude Appellant’s claim 1 recites a judicial exception (USPTO’s Step 2A, Prong 1; see 2019 Revised Guidance). Specifically, claim 1 recites a process for representing and comparing graph data using circuitry—the graphical data representation and comparison process—by transforming data, comparing data, and performing data unification, as discussed supra. The graphical data representation and comparison process consists of mental processes that can be practically performed in the human mind (or utilizing pen and paper) including observation, evaluation, or judgment. See 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 52, 53 (listing “[m]ental processes—concepts performed in the human mind (including an observation, evaluation, judgment, opinion)” as some of the “enumerated groupings of abstract ideas” (footnote omitted)). Practical Application Having determined that claim 1 recites an abstract idea, we next determine, under Step 2A, Prong 2 of the 2019 Revised Guidance, whether the claims are directed to that abstract idea, or whether the claims integrate Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 12 the abstract idea into a practical application of that abstract idea. See 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 54. In doing so, we evaluate the claim as a whole to determine whether the claim “integrate[s] the [abstract idea] into a practical application, using one or more of the considerations laid out by the Supreme Court and the Federal Circuit.” 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 55; see also October 2019 Update 12 (discussing the practical application analysis). That is, we consider any additional elements recited in the claim along with the limitations that recite an abstract idea to determine whether the claim integrates the abstract idea into a practical application. See October 2019 Update 12. Claim 1 recites additional elements beyond the abstract graphical data representation and comparison process (the judicial exception). The additional elements in claim 1 include the circuitry and database (“compiling a database (i.e., a data structure)). Appeal Br. 17 (Claims App.) (claim 1). Appellant’s Specification describes the circuitry as processing circuitry (a computer processor)—the “processes described above and features of the invention can be implemented using some form of computer processor or processing circuitry” (Spec. 40:11–12) including a “Xenon processor . . . or an Opteron processor” (Spec. 41:13–14) or a “processing circuit” including “devices such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and conventional circuit components arranged to perform the recited functions” (Spec. 41:19–22). Appellant’s Specification does not expressly discuss the structure of the “database” recited in claim 1, but describes storing data in a database—the “database of basic compositional patterns can be defined by the compilation of input graphs into primitive submaps” and Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 13 the comparison search can be performed “by unifying submap schemata with query G-Maps from the database.” Spec. 29:14–18. In summary, Appellant’s written description does not portray the circuitry and database (additional elements) as anything but standard computer components and data structures. Nor does Appellant’s written description portray these components as operating in a new way. Instead the written description depicts these components as generic components operating in their accustomed manner. Accordingly, Appellant’s written description shows that additional elements are generic. See Hybritech Inc. v. Monoclonal Antibodies, Inc., 802 F.2d 1367, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (“[A] patent need not teach, and preferably omits, what is well known in the art.”); Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Erie Indem. Co., 850 F.3d 1315, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (“The claimed mobile interface is so lacking in implementation details that it amounts to merely a generic component (software, hardware, or firmware) that permits the performance of the abstract idea, i.e., to retrieve the user- specific resources.”). None of these additional elements, whether taken alone or in the context of the claims as a whole, integrate the judicial exception into a practical application. In particular, the recited limitations including the additional elements may improve the mental process of graphical data representation and comparison, but do not describe an improvement in the functioning of a computer, or an improvement to other technology or technical field such as graph databases, generally (see Appeal Br. 13 (“the technology of graph databases is improved by the specific features recited in the claims”)). See 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 55. Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 14 Appellant contends claim 1 (and the other pending claims) provides a “particular solution to a technical problem in the computer related arts” (structure matching) (Appeal Br. 5), and is directed to a “technological improvement,” similar to the claims in Enfish and McRO. Appeal Br. 7; see Appeal Br. 5–9; Reply Br. 3–6. In other words, Appellant contends the claims recite a technological improvement that amounts to more than simply utilizing a computer as a tool to accomplish the graphical data representation and comparison process. Appellant’s contentions correspond to the reasoning in MPEP §§ 2106.05(a) and 2106.05(d), where additional elements integrate the judicial exception into a practical application. We, however, disagree with Appellant’s contentions. Appellant’s additional elements do not apply or use the graphical data representation and comparison process (the judicial exception) in a manner that imposes a meaningful limit on the judicial exception, such that it is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the exception. See Alice, 573 U.S. at 221–24 (citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 78– 85). Rather, Appellant’s claim recites generic computer elements (e.g., the processing circuitry) that are utilized as tools to carry out the collection (compiling), analysis, and manipulation of information to represent and compare graphical information as discussed supra. Utilizing computers as tools to perform common data information analysis and data collection functions that can be mental processes (an abstract idea) does not impose a meaningful limit on the abstract idea. See MPEP § 2106.05(f); see also Alice, 573 U.S. at 223 (Finding “if [the] recitation of a computer amounts to a mere instruction to implement an abstract idea on a computer that addition cannot impart patent eligibility.”) (quotations and citations omitted). Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 15 Appellant’s claim 1 (and the other pending claims) can be distinguished from patent-eligible claims such as those in McRO, Enfish, BASCOM, and DDR Holdings that are directed to “a specific means or method that improves the relevant technology” (McRO, 837 F.3d at 1314), or “a specific improvement to the way computers operate” (Enfish, 822 F.3d at 1336), solving a technology-based problem (BASCOM Global Internet Servs., Inc. v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1349–52 (Fed. Cir. 2016)), or a method “rooted in computer technology in order to overcome a problem specifically arising in the realm of computer [technology]” (DDR Holdings, 773 F.3d at 1257). Contrary to Appellant’s arguments, claim 1 is not a technological improvement or an improvement in a technology. Appellant’s claim 1 does not “improve the functioning of the computer itself” or “any other technology or technical field.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 225. Nor does it provide a technological solution to a technological problem. See DDR Holdings, 773 F.3d at 1257; MPEP § 2106.05(a). Appellant fails to explain sufficiently and persuasively how the instant claim(s) are directed to an improvement in the way computers operate, nor has Appellant identified any technical advance or improvement or specialized computer components. See Appeal Br. 13–16. In summary, “the focus of the claims is not on such an improvement in computers as tools, but on certain independently abstract ideas that use computers as tools.” Elec. Power Grp., 830 F.3d at 1354; see also MPEP § 2106.05(f) (instructing Examiners to consider “[w]hether the claim invokes computers or other machinery merely as a tool to perform an existing process” in determining whether the claim recites mere instructions to apply the exception) (cited in 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 55 Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 16 n.30) (emphasis omitted). Thus, we conclude the claims are directed to an abstract idea that is not integrated into a practical application. Inventive Concept Having concluded Appellant’s claims are directed to an abstract idea under the 2019 Revised Guidance (Step 2A analysis), we consider whether claim 1 has an inventive concept, that is, whether the claim has additional elements that “‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 217 (quoting Mayo, 566 U.S. at 78, 79). As discussed above, this requires us to evaluate whether the additional claim elements add “a specific limitation or combination of limitations that are not well-understood, routine, conventional activity in the field” or “simply append[] well-understood, routine, conventional activities previously known to the industry, specified at a high level of generality.” 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 56. The Examiner determined that Appellant’s claim 1 (and the other pending claims) do not amount to significantly more than the abstract idea itself—when viewed “both individually or in combination,” the additional elements “do not provide meaningful limitation(s) to transform the abstract idea into a patent eligible application of the abstract idea such that the claim(s) amounts to significantly more than the abstract idea itself.” Final Act. 3; see Final Act. 2–3; Ans. 5–6. Specifically, the Examiner found that the additional “elements such as circuitry and a processing circuitry in claims 1 and 16 are recited in a high level of generality that would encompass a generic compute[r], and a database for storing a data structure” that are “component[s] of a generic computer.” Final Act. 2–3; see Ans. 4– 5. Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 17 Appellant does not address explicitly which additional elements are not well-known, routine, or conventional, or how the additional elements perform functions that are not well-known, routine, and conventional with respect to the second step of the Alice analysis. Appellant does, however, contend that claim 1 and the other pending claims “recite specific features that, when considered as an ordered combination, amount to significantly more than the abstract idea itself”—specifically, that the claims recite technical improvements (supra). Appeal Br. 11–15. Appellant also contends claim 1 (as well as the other pending claims) should be upheld under the Step 2B analysis. See Reply Br. 7–8. Specifically, Appellant contends the Examiner has “provided no evidence or rationale to support [the] assertion that the ordered combination of claimed elements . . . are well-understood, routine and conventional in the field.” Reply Br. 8; see Reply Br. 7 (citing the Office’s Berkheimer Memo).5 Appellant fails to persuade us of error in the Examiner’s rejection with respect to the second Alice step (USPTO’s Step 2B). Claim 1 does not explicitly recite any structure (non-abstract additional elements), but does implicate additional elements (circuitry and compiling a database). To the extent Appellant argues features beyond the judicial exception amount to an “inventive concept,” we agree with the Examiner that Appellant’s claim 1 (as well as the other pending claims) does not evince an inventive concept 5 Memorandum from Robert W. Bahr, entitled “Changes in Examination Procedure Pertaining to Subject Matter Eligibility, Recent Subject Matter Eligibility Decision (Berkheimer v. HP, Inc.),” dated April 19, 2018 (“Berkheimer Memo”). The Berkheimer Memo is available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/memo-berkheimer- 20180419.pdf (last visited Apr. 20, 2019). Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 18 that is significantly more than the abstract idea itself. In particular, Appellant fails to explain how the additional elements (supra) add specific limitations beyond the judicial exception that are not well-understood, routine, and conventional in the field. As previously discussed, claim 1, to the extent it describes any non- abstract structure, merely recites additional non-abstract elements (circuitry and database) that perform the graphical data representation and comparison process. The record supports the Examiner’s findings (see Final Act. 2–3; Ans. 5–6) that the additional elements, individually and as an ordered combination, are generic computer components that carry out common information collection and analysis functions recited in the graphical data representation and comparison process (the abstract idea), and that the additional elements are well-understood, routine, and conventional, specified at a high level of generality. See, e.g., Spec. 29:14–18; 40:11–12; 41:13–14, 19–22; Ans. 5 (a “generic computer structure is merely invoked as a tool to perform the calculations and manipulation of values.” “Therefore, the claimed invention is directed to an abstract idea as it is more similar to Gottschalk v. Benson” (Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972))); see also 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 56. Such conventional computer processes operating on conventional computer hardware “do not alone transform an otherwise abstract idea into patent-eligible subject matter.” FairWarning IP, LLC v. Iatric Sys., Inc., 839 F.3d 1089, 1096 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (citing DDR Holdings, 773 F.3d at 1256). Further, generically claimed elements of circuitry and a database have been found to be no more than well-understood, routine, and conventional activity in the context of gathering, assembling, and analyzing Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 19 information. See, e.g., Berkheimer, 881 F.3d at 1370 (“These conventional limitations of claim 1, combined with limitations of analyzing and comparing data and reconciling differences between the data . . . amount to no more than performing the abstract idea of parsing and comparing data with conventional computer components.”). With respect to Appellant’s contentions that the purported technical improvements and benefits of the graphical data representation and comparison process (the abstract idea) in conjunction with the additional elements provide significantly more than the abstract idea, we are not persuaded. See Appeal Br. 11–15. According to Appellant, the Specification describes and the claims recite purported benefits and technical improvements—e.g., “the technology of graph databases is improved by the specific features recited in the claims, which solves one of the main issues in the technology of graph databases” (Appeal Br. 13). See Appeal Br. 11–15 (citing Spec. 4:20–5:2). The purported benefits and technical improvements, however, flow from the abstract idea and not the additional elements. That is, other than using generic technology, the purported benefits and improvements are elaborations on the basic abstract idea itself. “It is clear from Mayo that the ‘inventive concept’ cannot be the abstract idea itself.” Aatrix Software, Inc. v. Green Shades Software, Inc., 890 F.3d 1354, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Appellant also fails to persuade us that the Examiner did not support the determination that the additional elements are well-known, routine, and conventional. The Examiner provides a number of citations to precedent to support the determination. See Final Act. 3; Ans. 5 (citing Alice, Ex parte Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 20 Gutta (93 USPQ2d 1025, 1033 (BPAI 2009) (precedential)), and Gottschalk v. Benson). Appellant does not address the Examiner’s citations. “The second step of the Alice test is satisfied when the claim limitations ‘involve more than performance of []well-understood, routine, [and] conventional activities previously known to the industry.’” Berkheimer v. HP Inc., 881 F.3d 1360, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting Content Extraction, 776 F.3d at 1347–48 and Alice, 573 U.S. at 225). “Whether something is well-understood, routine, and conventional to a skilled artisan at the time of the patent is a factual determination.” Berkheimer, 881 F.3d at 1369; see 2019 Revised Guidance, 84 Fed. Reg. at 56. Accordingly, we find the Examiner has supported the finding that that the additional elements are well-known, routine, and conventional, and we agree with the Examiner (Final Act. 2–3; Ans. 5–6) that the additional elements (supra) are well-known, routine, and conventional. The Examiner has provided support from at least category 2 (below) of the four categories of information required by the USPTO’s guidance in its Berkheimer Memo: 1. A citation to an express statement in the specification or to a statement made by an applicant during prosecution that demonstrates the well-understood, routine, conventional nature of the additional element(s) . . . . 2. A citation to one or more of the court decisions discussed in MPEP § 2106.05(d)(II) as noting the well-understood, routine, conventional nature of the additional element(s). 3. A citation to a publication that demonstrates the well- understood, routine, conventional nature of the additional element(s) . . . . Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 21 4. A statement that the examiner is taking official notice of the well-understood, routine, conventional nature of the additional element(s) . . . . Berkheimer Memo at 3–4. For at least the reasons above, Appellant has not persuasively shown the additional elements amount to significantly more than the abstract idea when considered either individually or as a combination, and we are not persuaded of Examiner error in the rejection of claim 1 under 35 U.S.C. § 101. Thus, we sustain the Examiner’s rejection under 35 U.S.C. § 101 of independent claim 1, independent claim 16, and dependent claims 3–15 and 18–31, which depend from claims 1 and 16, respectively, and which were not argued separately with specificity. CONCLUSION For the reasons discussed above, we determine that claims 1, 3–16, and 18–31 are directed to an abstract idea and do not demonstrate an inventive concept. Appellant has not shown that the Examiner erred in rejecting claims 1, 3–16, and 18–31 under 35 U.S.C. § 101. Appeal 2019-001945 Application 14/965,708 22 DECISION SUMMARY In summary: Claims Rejected 35 U.S.C. § Reference(s)/ Basis Affirmed Reversed 1, 3–16, 18–31 101 Eligibility 1, 3–16, 18– 31 TIME PERIOD FOR RESPONSE No time period for taking any subsequent action in connection with this appeal may be extended under 37 C.F.R. § 1.136(a)(1)(iv). See 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(f) (2017). AFFIRMED Copy with citationCopy as parenthetical citation