Hudson Neckwear

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Mar 19, 1991

302 N.L.R.B. 93 (N.L.R.B. 1991)

93
302 NLRB No. 15
HUDSON NECKWEAR, INC.
1 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility findings.
The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an administrative law judge’s
credibility resolutions unless the clear preponderance of all the relevant evi-
dence convinces us that they are incorrect. Standard Dry Wall Products, 91
NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362 (3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully ex-
amined the record and find no basis for reversing the findings.
2 In agreeing that the Respondent violated Sec. 8(a)(1) by interrogating
Darmalingum Member Cracraft does not rely on Sunnyvale Medical Clinic,
277 NLRB 1217 (1985).
1 All dates refer to 1989 unless otherwise specified.
Hudson Neckwear, Inc. and National Organization
of Industrial Trade Unions. Cases 2–CA–23709
and 2–CA–23856
March 19, 1991
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN STEPHENS AND MEMBERS
CRACRAFT AND RAUDABAUGH
On November 13, 1990, Administrative Law Judge
D. Barry Morris issued the attached decision. The Re-
spondent filed exceptions and a supporting brief, and
the General Counsel filed a letter as a reply, in lieu of
an answering brief, along with a brief in support of the
judge’s decision.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated
its authority in this proceeding to a three-member
panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the
record in light of the exceptions and briefs and has de-
cided to affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,1 and con-
clusions2 and to adopt the recommended Order.
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge and
orders that the Respondent, Hudson Neckwear, Inc.,
New York, New York, its officers, agents, successors,
and assigns, shall take the action set forth in the Order.
Burt Pearlstone Esq., for the General Counsel.
Steven B. Horowitz, Esq. (Horowitz & Pollack), of South Or-
ange, New Jersey, for the Respondent.
Mr. Sam Kerr, of New York, New York, for the Charging
Party.
David M. Prouty, Esq., of New York, New York, for the In-
tervenor.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
D. BARRY MORRIS, Administrative Law Judge. This case
was heard before me in New York City on March 21, 1990.
On charges filed on June 29 and September 22, 1989,1 a
consolidated complaint was issued on January 22, 1990, al-
leging that Hudson Neckwear, Inc. (Respondent) violated
Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the National Labor Relations Act
(the Act). Respondent filed an answer denying the commis-
sion of the alleged unfair labor practices.
The parties were given full oportunity to participate,
produce evidence, examine and cross-examine witnesses,
argue orally, and file briefs. Briefs were filed by the General
Counsel and by the Respondent.
On the entire record of the case, including my observation
of the demeanor of the witnesses, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
Respondent, a New York corporation with an office and
place of business in New York City, has been engaged in the
manufacture of neckwear. It annually sells and ships from its
New York facility goods valued in excess of $50,000 to con-
sumers located outside the State of New York. Respondent
admits, and I so find, that it is an employer engaged in com-
merce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the
Act. In addition, it has been admitted, and I find that Na-
tional Organization of Industrial Trade Unions (NOITU or
the Union) and New York Joint Board of Neckwear Work-
ers, Amalgamated Clothing & Textile Workers Union, AFL–
CIO, CLC (ACTWU) are labor organizations within the
meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
II. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Issues
The issues are:
(1) Did Respondent interrogate employees, create the im-
pression of surveillance and imply that employees could not
select a collective-bargaining representative of their own
choice, in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act?
(2) Did Respondent discharge employees because of their
union activities in violation of Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act?
(3) Did Respondent make a valid offer of reinstatement to
Yvonne Agostini?
B. The Facts
1. Background
On May 15 or 16, 1989, representatives of NOITU began
visiting Respondent’s facility on a daily basis and handed out
union authorization cards to Respondent’s employees. On
May 18 ACTWU filed a representation petition to represent
Respondent’s production and maintenance employees. On
June 8 NOITU sent a mailgram to Respondent demanding
recognition as the exclusive collective-bargaining agent for
the production employees. Respondent stipulated at the hear-
ing that the alleged discriminatees were not laid off for eco-
nomic reasons.
2. Darmalingum
Appamah Darmalingum began her employment with Re-
spondent in March 1982. She was employed as one of sev-
eral packers, putting hooks and prices on the neckties and
placing them in boxes for the shipper to send out. At the
time of her discharge on June 28, she was the most senior
of five employees in the packing department. She testified
that she had never been disciplined in any manner, or warned
94 DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
for poor work performance or for any other reason, in the
7 years she was employed by Respondent.
Darmalingum signed a union authorization card on June
19. On June 28 one of Respondent’s owners, Irving Berger,
came to Darmalingum’s worktable and asked her to come to
his office. Darmalingum credibly testified that after she went
to Berger’s office he asked her if she had signed a union
card. Darmalingum responded that she had. Berger then said,
‘‘Here is your vacation pay, you could stay home.’’
Darmalingum asked him why and Berger responded, ‘‘Be-
cause you have signed the Union card.’’ Darmalingum testi-
fied that Respondent normally closes down each year for the
first 2 weeks of July. She testified that after the vacation she
called Berger to ask if there was work and he replied that
there was none. She was reinstated during the first week of
August.
3. Agostini
Yvonne Agostini began her employment with Respondent
on February 19. She credibly testified that at around 5:15
p.m. on June 28, as she was walking towards the elevator to
leave for the day, Respondent’s president, Leo Lieber, ap-
proached her and said, ‘‘Yvonne, I heard that you joined the
union.’’ Agostini replied, ‘‘What union?’’ and told Lieber
that she had never heard from the Union, paid dues, or at-
tended any meetings. Lieber told her not to come to work
the next day. When she asked him why, he simply replied,
‘‘Do not come back.’’ Sam Kerr, the executive vice president
of NOITU, credibly testified that he had a conversation with
Agostini during August and told her that he had spoken to
Respondent’s attorney who had advised him that Agostini
could return to work. William Berger testified that a letter
of reinstatement was sent to Agostini on September 5. How-
ever, Agostini testified that she never received the letter.
4. Gonzalez
Sara Gonzalez began her employment with Respondent in
1974. Her job was to sew the labels on the neckties. Kerr
handed her a union authorization card on June 19 and she
returned the signed card to Kerr the next morning. Gonzalez
credibly testified that at around 3 p.m. on June 28 Irving
Berger called her to his office. Berger told her that he knew
that she had signed a union card. Berger further said that
‘‘we are going to have a union over here too, another
union.’’ Gonzalez told Berger that she signed the card be-
cause she was told that she would get medical and dental
benefits. Berger then said to Gonzalez, ‘‘You are no longer
going to work here.’’ Kerr credibly testified that at around
3 p.m. on June 28 he saw Gonzalez leaving the building,
crying. She told Kerr that he had promised that nobody
would know that she signed the authorization card. She said
that the ‘‘boss’’ knew that she had signed the card and that
she had been fired for signing the card.
C. Discussion and Conclusions
1. Discharge of Darmalingum
Darmalingum appeared to me to be a credible witness. I
credit her testimony that on June 28 Irving Berger asked her
if she signed a union authorization card. When she replied
that she did, he told her, ‘‘Here is your vacation pay, you
could stay home.’’ When she asked him the reason, he said,
‘‘Because you have signed the union card.’’
Under Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083, 1089 (1980), enfd.
662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir. 1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989
(1982), the Board requires that the General Counsel make a
prima facie showing sufficient to support the inference that
protected conduct was a motivating factor in the employer’s
decision. Once this is established, the burden shifts to the
employer to demonstrate that the ‘‘same action would have
taken place even in the absence of the protected conduct.’’
I have credited Darmalingum’s testimony that Irving Berger
told her that she was discharged because she signed a union
authorization card. Accordingly, the General Counsel has es-
tablished a prima facie showing that protected conduct was
a motivating factor in the Employer’s decision to discharge
Darmalingum.
Respondent contends, however, that Darmalingum was laid
off because her work became unsatisfactory. Thus, William
Berger testified that the work in Darmalingum’s department
had slowed down and that whereas she had once been the
‘‘best’’ employee she now became the ‘‘worst.’’ While
Darmalingum testified that there were times when the em-
ployees were urged to ‘‘hurry up’’ because a shipment had
to be made, she also testified that on the day she was dis-
charged no mention was made of her allegedly poor perform-
ance. Although William Berger testified that he overheard a
conversation in which Irving Berger told Darmalingum that
her work had deteriorated and that ‘‘we decided to lay her
off,’’I credit Darmalingum’s testimony in this regard. Wil-
liam Berger appeared evasive on cross-examination. While
William Berger testified that Darmalingum’s productivity
slowed down around the third week of May, it was not until
after Darmalingum signed the union authorization card that
she was discharged. Other than William Berger’s testimony,
Respondent introduced no evidence to indicate that
Darmalingum’s work performance deteriorated.
I find that Darmalingum was discharged for having signed
a union authorization card. I further find that at the time of
her discharge she was not told that the reason for her dis-
charge was unsatisfactory performance. I conclude that Re-
spondent has not satisfied its burden of showing that the dis-
charge would have taken place ‘‘even in the absence of the
protected conduct.’’
2. Discharge of Agostini
I have credited Agostini’s testimony that on June 28
Lieber told her ‘‘I heard that you joined the union.’’ He then
told her, ‘‘Do not come back to work tomorrow.’’ I find that
the General Counsel has made a prima facie showing that
Agostini’s having signed an authorization card was a moti-
vating factor in her discharge. William Berger testified that
Agostini was involved in various shouting incidents begin-
ning in May and that in the beginning of June she said to
him that ‘‘she hates to work here.’’ He further testified that
on June 28 he overheard Lieber telling Agostini that she has
‘‘too many problems in the shop and the best thing would
be if she wouldn’t come in.’’ Agostini denied that she was
told that she was being laid off because she did not get along
with the other employees. When questioned whether he heard
the entire conversation between Agostini and Lieber on June
28, William Berger testified that he was standing at a dis-
tance and he heard ‘‘approximately’’ what was said. William
95HUDSON NECKWEAR, INC.
Berger conceded that Respondent waited over 2-1/2 weeks to
discharge Agostini after the most recent alleged shouting in-
cident. I find that Respondent discharged Agostini because
she signed a union authorization card. I further find that at
the time of her discharge she was not told that the reason
for her discharge was the alleged problems she was having
in the plant. I conclude that Respondent has not satisfied its
burden of showing that the discharge would have taken place
even in the absence of the protected conduct.
3. Discharge of Gonzalez
Gonzalez appeared to me to be a credible witness. I credit
her testimony that on June 28 Irving Berger told her that he
knew that she signed a union authorization card and he then
told her, ‘‘You are no longer going to work here.’’ I find
that the General Counsel has made a prima facie showing
that Gonzalez’ signing of the union authorization card was
a motivating factor in her discharge.
William Berger testified that he received complaints begin-
ning in May that labels which Gonzalez sewed on the ties
were coming off. He also testified that Irving Berger used
identical language in laying off Gonzalez as he did in laying
off Darmalingum, that since her work deteriorated they de-
cided to lay her off. Gonzalez credibly testified that no rea-
son was given her for her discharge other than her having
signed a union authorization card. As noted earlier, William
Berger appeared to be evasive on cross-examination. Al-
though he claimed to be knowledgeable as to all aspects of
matters concerning Respondent’s employees, he testified that
he was not aware of the Board letter dated May 18 or the
ACTWU petition dated the same date. This strikes me as
highly unlikely, especially given the testimony that William
Berger regularly reviews Respondent’s incoming mail and
has regular conferences with Lieber concerning the ‘‘shop’’
and the ‘‘business.’’
Gonzalez had been an employee of Respondent for ap-
proximately 18 years. Until May her job performance was by
William Berger’s own admission, ‘‘very good.’’ In addition,
Gonzalez credibly testified that further instances of labels
falling off ties have occurred since she was reinstated by Re-
spondent in September, and that she was not warned or dis-
ciplined on those occasions. I find that Respondent has not
sustained its burden of showing that the discharge would
have taken place in the absence of the protected conduct.
4. Alleged violations of Section 8(a)(1)
The complaint alleges that on June 28 Respondent interro-
gated its employees concerning their union activities. I have
found that on June 28 Irving Berger asked Darmalingum if
she had signed a union authorization card. In Rossmore
House, 269 NLRB 1166 (1984), enfd. sub nom. Hotel &
Restaurant Employees Local 11 v. NLRB, 706 F.2d 1006 (9th
Cir. 1985), the Board requires that all the circumstances in-
volved in an interrogation be examined to determine whether
the interrogation tended to restrain, coerce, or interfere with
rights guaranteed by the Act. Among the factors examined
are the background of the interrogation, the nature of the in-
formation sought, the identity of the questioner and the place
and method of interrogation. Sunnyvale Medical Clinic, 277
NLRB 1217, 1218 (1985). In Raytheon Co., 279 NLRB 245,
246 (1986), the Board considered such factors as where the
questioning took place, whether the questioning was by an
immediate supervisor who worked closely with the em-
ployee, whether it was made in a joking tone and whether
the employee was an open, active union supporter.
Darmalingum was not an open and active union supporter.
The interrogation was by Irving Berger who was one of the
owners of Respondent, took place in Berger’s office and was
not done in a joking tone. I find, after considering all the cir-
cumstances, that the interrogation reasonably tended to re-
strain, coerce, or interfere with Darmalingum’s Section 7
rights, in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
The complaint also alleges that Respondent created the im-
pression among its employees that their union activities were
under surveillance. On June 28 when Leo Lieber interrogated
Agostini he stated, ‘‘I heard that you joined the union.’’
Similarly, on the same day, when Irving Berger interrogated
Gonzalez he stated that he ‘‘knew’’ that she had signed a
union authorization card.
The Act not only prohibits actual acts of surveillance but
also conduct by an employer which creates the ‘‘impression
of surveillance.’’ Inner City Broadcasting Corp., 281 NLRB
1210, 1223 (1986); Overnite Transportation Co., 254 NLRB
132, 133 (1981). I find that Lieber’s statement that he had
‘‘heard’’ that Agostini had signed a union authorization card
and Irving Berger’s statement that he ‘‘knew’’ that Gonzalez
had signed an authorization card constitute conduct which
creates the impression of surveillance, in violation of Section
8(a)(1). See Link Mfg. Co., 281 NLRB 294 (1986).
In addition, the complaint alleges that on June 28 Re-
spondent advised its employees that they could not select a
collective-bargaining representative of their own choice, in
violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. I have found that on
June 28, during Irving Berger’s questioning of Gonzalez, he
told her that Respondent would pay ‘‘more than the union’’
would and that ‘‘we are going to have . . . another union’’
here. I believe that such a statement implies that the Re-
spondent would choose the union to represent the employees
and that the employees would not have a choice in the mat-
ter. I find that such a statement violates Section 8(a)(1) of
the Act. See Multimatic Products, 288 NLRB 1279, 1310
(1988).
5. Offer of reinstatement of Agostini
The record contains a letter addressed to Agostini, dated
September 5, notifying her that Respondent is ‘‘calling you
back to work as of today.’’ William Berger testified that he
heard Irving Berger dictate the letter and that the office staff
was instructed to mail it. Agostini testified that she never re-
ceived the letter. However, I find that she was aware that Re-
spondent was offering her reinstatement because Kerr had al-
ready told her that.
For an offer of reinstatement to be effective the employer
must make it in good faith and in a manner in which it could
be reasonably anticipated that the employee would receive
notice of the offer. See Knickerbocker Plastic Co., 132
NLRB 1029, 1236 (1961); Salem Paint, Inc., 257 NLRB
336, 341 (1981). The offer may be effective even though not
received by the employee. Rollash Corp., 133 NLRB 464,
465–466 (1961); Salem Paint, Inc., supra, 257 NLRB at 341.
I credit William Berger’s testimony that the offer of rein-
statement was mailed to Agostini. While Agostini denied
having received the letter, she had been told by Kerr that he
96 DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
2 Under New Horizons, interest is computed at the ‘‘short-term Federal rate’’
for the underpayment of taxes as set out in the 1986 amendment to 26 U.S.C.
§ 6612.
3 If no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 of the Board’s Rules
and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and recommended Order shall, as
provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be adopted by the Board and all objec-
tions to them shall be deemed waived for all purposes.
4 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of appeals,
the words in the notice reading ‘‘Posted by Order of the National Labor Rela-
tions Board’’ shall read ‘‘Posted Pursuant to a Judgment of the United States
Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the National Labor Relations Board.’’
had been advised by Respondent’s attorney that she could go
back to work. I conclude that Respondent acted in good faith
in attempting to apprise Agostini of the offer. Accordingly,
I find that the letter dated September 5 constitutes a valid
offer of reinstatement to Agostini.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce within
the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. National Organization of Industrial Trade Unions and
New York Joint Board of Neckwear Workers, Amalgamated
Clothing & Textile Workers Union, AFL–CIO, CLC are
labor organizations within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the
Act.
3. By interrogating employees concerning their union ac-
tivities, by creating an impression among employees that
their union activities were under surveillance and by advising
their employees that they could not select a collective-bar-
gaining representative of their own choice, Respondent has
engaged in unfair labor practices within the meaning of Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) of the Act.
4. By discharging Appamah Darmalingum, Yvonne
Agostini, and Sara Gonzalez because they signed union au-
thorization cards, Respondent has engaged in unfair labor
practices within the meaning of Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the
Act.
5. The aforesaid unfair labor practices constitute unfair
labor practices affecting commerce within the meaning of
Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
THE REMEDY
Having found that Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find it necessary to order Respondent
to cease and desist therefrom and to take certain affirmative
action designed to effectuate the policies of the Act.
Respondent having discharged Appamah Darmalingum,
Yvonne Agostini, and Sara Gonzalez in violation of the Act,
I find it necessary to order Respondent to make them whole
for any loss of earnings that they may have suffered from
the time of their discharges to the dates of Respondent’s of-
fers of reinstatement. Backpay shall be computed in accord-
ance with the formula approved in F. W. Woolworth Co., 90
NLRB 289 (1950), with interest as computed in New Hori-
zons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987).2
On these findings of fact and conclusions of law and on
the entire record, I issue the following recommended3
ORDER
The Respondent, Hudson Neckwear, Inc., New York, New
York, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Interrogating employees concerning their union activi-
ties; creating an impression among employees that their
union activities are under surveillance and advising employ-
ees that they cannot select a collective-bargaining representa-
tive of their own choice.
(b) Discharging employees for activities protected by Sec-
tion 7 of the Act.
(c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restrain-
ing, or coercing employees in the exercise of their rights
under Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to ef-
fectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Make whole Appamah Darmalingum, Yvonne
Agostini, and Sara Gonzalez for any loss of earnings, with
interest in the manner set forth in the remedy section of this
decision.
(b) Remove from its files any references to the unlawful
discharges of Darmalingum, Agostini, and Gonzalez and no-
tify them in writing that this has been done and that the dis-
charges will not be used against them in any way.
(c) Preserve and, on request, make available to the Board
or its agents for examination and copying, all payroll records,
social security payment records, timecards, personnel records
and reports, and all other records necessary to analyze the
amount of backpay due under the terms of this Order.
(d) Post at its facility in New York, New York, copies of
the attached notice marked ‘‘Appendix.’’4 Copies of the no-
tice, on forms provided by the Regional Director for Region
2, after being signed by the Respondent’s authorized rep-
resentative, shall be posted by the Respondent immediately
upon receipt and maintained for 60 consecutive days in con-
spicuous places including all places where notices to employ-
ees are customarily posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken
by the Respondent to ensure that the notices are not altered,
defaced, or covered by any other material.
(e) Notify the Regional Director in writing within 20 days
from the date of this Order what steps the Respondent has
taken to comply.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us
to post and abide by this notice.
WE WILL NOT interrogate employees concerning their
union activities, create an impression among employees that
their union activities are under surveillance and advise em-
ployees that they cannot select a collective-bargaining rep-
resentative of their own choice.
WE WILL NOT discharge employees for activities protected
by Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere with,
restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights
under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act.
97HUDSON NECKWEAR, INC.
WE WILL make whole Appamah Darmalingum, Yvonne
Agostini, and Sara Gonzalez for any loss of earnings that
they may have suffered by reason of their discharges, with
interest.
WE WILL remove from our files any references to the un-
lawful discharges of Darmalingum, Agostini, and Gonzalez
and notify them in writing that this has been done and that
the discharges will not be used against them in any way.
HUDSON NECKWEAR, INC.