Hot Shoppes, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Feb 10, 1961

130 N.L.R.B. 138 (N.L.R.B. 1961)

138 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
Hot Shoppes, Inc.' and Joint Executive Board of the Hotel and
Restaurant Employees and Bartenders International Union,
AFL-CIO, Petitioner. Case No. 5-RC-3071. February 10, 1961
DECISION AND DIRECTION OF ELECTION
Upon a petition duly filed under Section 9 (c) of the National Labor
Relations Act, a hearing was held before Thomas J. Walsh, hearing
officer. The hearing officer's rulings made at the hearing are free
from prejudicial error and are hereby affirmed.
Upon the entire record in this case, the Board finds :
1. The Employer is engaged in commerce within the meaning of
the Act.
2. The labor organization named below claims to represent certain
employees of the Employer.
3. A question affecting commerce exists concerning the representa-
tion of certain employees of the Employer within the meaning of
Section 9 (c) (1) and Section 2 (6) and (7) of the Act.
4. The Petitioner seeks to represent the employees of the Employer
in a unit composed, with the usual exclusions, of all employees at the
Employer's two operations at the Washington National Airport in
the District of Columbia metropolitan area. The Employer takes the
position that the unit sought is inappropriate and that the only ap-
propriate unit is one composed, with the usual exclusions, of all em-
ployees of the Employer in the District of Columbia metropolitan
area. The parties otherwise agree as to the composition of the unit.
Hot Shoppes, Inc., is a Delaware corporation engaged primarily
in the retail sale of food in a chain of restaurants. The central offices
of Hot Shoppes, Inc., are located in the District of Columbia area and
it operates, through 60 wholly owned subsidiaries, establishments lo-
cated in 11 States and in the District of Columbia. In the District
of Columbia area , Hot Shoppes, Inc., operates 48 establishments
through 39 subsidiaries.2 At the Washington National Airport
which is located in the State of Virginia just outside the District
of Columbia, Hot Shoppes, Inc., through its wholly owned
subsidiary, Hot Shoppes Food Service, Inc.,' operates two establish-
'Although the Employer was named in the petition as Hot Shoppes Caterers , Inc, in
its brief to the Board , Petitioner asked that the Board amend the petition if it found
that another name would be more appropriate. As the record indicates that the employees
sought herein are employed by Hot Shoppes , Inc., the name of the Employer is amended
accordingly.
2 In addition to the airport operations involved in the instant case, Hot Shoppes, Inc.,
through its subsidiaries in the District of Columbia area, operates public restaurants
and cafeterias in Government and other buildings and two motor courts or motels
11 In view of the foregoing, and as the record indicates that the officers of the sub-
sidiaries are, in general , the same persons who are the officers and directors of the parent
corporation , we find that for unit purposes Hot Shoppes, Inc., and its subsidiaries con-
130 NLRB No. 22.
HOT SHOPPES,.INC. 139
ments4 The subsidiary, Hot Shoppes Food Service, Inc., operates no
establishments other than those at the Washington National Airport.
The Employer's airport operations involve primarily the prepara-
tion and supplying of cooked meals for various airlines companies.
These meals are prepared , brought to the airport, and loaded on air-
planes by employees of the Employer, and are served by airline per-
sonnel to passengers while in flight. In addition to these catering
operations, Hot Shoppes Food Service, Inc., operates three cafeterias
at the airport. The cafeterias are open to employees of the Employer
but, so far as appears from the record, they are not open either to
employees of the airlines or to the general public.'
The following classifications of employees are employed only at the
Employer's Washington Airport operations : plane loaders (also
known as flight attendants) who place the food on trays; packers who
pack the trays in cartons which are later loaded on the airplanes;
and the employees who operate trucks on the airfields. These drivers
require special airport permits as well as Virginia drivers' licenses.
The other classifications of employees at the Washington Airport are
the same as the classifications at the Employer's other operations in
the District of Columbia. These classifications include busboys, sand-
wich girls, salad girls, waitresses, dishwashers, cafeteria line attend-
ants, storeroom clerks, and station attendants.
The operating head of the Washington National Airport operations
is Paul Marriott, who is also a vice president of Hot Shoppes, Inc.
Marriott reports to the executive vice president of Hot Shoppes, Inc.,
in the same manner as other operating heads of the Employer. Be-
low Marriott in the Employer's hierarchy is a district manager, who
in turn supervises the managers of each of the two Washington Na-
tional Airport operations and the manager of a catering establish-
ment operated by the Employer at Friendship Airport, near Balti-
more, Maryland. Marriott does not supervise any other operations of
Hot Shoppes in the District of Columbia area.' The employer em-
ploys seven district managers who supervise its other operations
in the District of Columbia area. It does not appear from the record
stitute a single employer. Gibbs oil Company, et al, 120 NLRB 1783; Hot Shoppes, Inc.,
130 NLRB 144. Hot Shoppes, Inc., and Hot Shoppes Food Service, Inc., are sometimes
referred to herein as the Employer.
* These two establishments are designated by the Employer as No 24 and No. 25. No. 24
is located directly under the airport terminal and No. 25 includes operations at the air-
port hangar and at the annex building.
5 There are restaurants at the Washington National Airport open to the public which
are not owned or operated by the Employer.
Paul Marriott is also president and operating head of Hot Shoppes Caterers, Inc , which
is also a wholly owned subsidiary of Hot Shoppes, Inc. Hot Shoppes Caterers, Inc.,
operates the airline catering establishment at Friendship Airport, airline establishments
in Chicago, Miami, Dallas, and New York City, and restaurant establishments in Florida.
The Employer uses the name, Hot Shoppes Caterers, with respect to its operations at the
Washington National Airport for sales, merchandise, and cu,tomer relationship purposes.
140 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
that the Employer has any administrative subdivision which corre-
sponds to the entire District of Columbia metropolitan area.
For the period between April 2, 1959, through March 23, 1960,,
there were approximately 750 transfers of all types from one of the,
Employer's operations in the District of Columbia area to another of
its operations. Of these 750 transfers, only 4 were from one of the
airport establishments to a nonairport establishment. During the
past 5 to 8 years, -there were 202 transfers of all types involving the
airport operations in the District of Columbia area. Of these 202
transfers, 51 involved transfers from one of the airport operations
to the other airport operation.
All the operations of the Employer in the District of Columbia area
are located within an area 13 miles square. All these operations, in-
cluding the airport operation, are serviced by a central warehouse, a
central bakery, and a central commissary. Wages for employees at
the airport operations and at the commissary are 12 cents an hour
higher than in the restaurants as the airport and commissary em-
ployees- are covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act. However,
employees at the airport and the commissary, unlike other employees,
are required to pay for their own meals. The managers of the indi-
vidual stores are authorized to hire and discharge employees and, in
fact, they do approximately one-half of all the hiring. The individual
managers also recommend wage increases, arrange transfers, and
requisition supplies which are ordered by the Employer's central
procurement office.
The employment office of Hot Shoppes, Inc., at its central offices
in the District of Columbia metropolitan area, recruits and selects
employees for all the District of Columbia operations, including those
at the Washington National Airport,' as well as its operations
throughout the United States. All procurement is handled through
a central procurement office and is based on the requisitions of the
individual store managers. The Employer's central personnel de-
partment, which includes an employment division, a safety division,
a training division, an employee services division, and an employee
relations division, handles the personnel work for employees through-
out the United States. Personnel jackets on all employees are kept
at the Employer's central executive offices. The Employer also main-
tains a central accounting and finance department, a central archi-
tecture and engineering department, and a central real estate depart-
ment which service its operations throughout the United States. The
central office establishes wage scales for all employees on the basis of
the recommendations of the individual managers and it also sets the
general standards for employee discharges. Checks for all employees
are made out in the central offices and are delivered in bulk to the
'' The record indicates that the employment office hires approximately 50 percent of the
employees who are employed at the Washington National Airport.
HOT SHOPPES, INC. 141
individual establishments where they are distributed to employees.
All employees throughout the United States have the same working
conditions and the same benefits, such as vacations, holidays, sick
leave, bonuses, insurance program, and credit union.
There is no collective-bargaining history as to the employees sought
herein and no union seeks a unit broader than that sought in the
petition. Neither of the parties contend that a unit composed of
all -employees of the Employer, throughout the United States is
appropriate.
In view of the foregoing, we find that the unit sought in the petition
is appropriate. In so finding, we rely particularly on the following
factors : (a) The airport operations are "functionally distinct" from
the other operations of the employer in the District of Columbia
area; 8 (b) several classifications of employees employed at the airport
are not employed at the other operations in the District of Columbia
metropolitan area; B (c) the employees sought herein are geograph-
ically separated from other employees of the Employer and are sep-
arately supervised; 10. (d) the, extent of- interchange of employees
between the airport operations and other operations in the District
of Columbia area is, compared to the interchange of the employees
not involving airport operations, relatively limited; 11 (e) there is
no administrative segment of the Employer which corresponds to the
District of Columbia metropolitan area; (f) there is no history of
collective bargaining for these employees in a broader unit than that
solight in the petition; (g)_no union _is seeking a broader unit;. and
(h) the employees at the airport, unlike restaurant employees, are
covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act and are paid 12 cents an
hour more than restaurant employees.12
Accordingly, we find that the following employees of the Employer
constitute a unit appropriate for collective bargaining within the
meaning of Section 9 ('b) of the Act : All food, beverage , and' main-
tenance employees, dishroom and line supervisors ," dispatchers,
" See Chock Full O'1'ut8,118 NLRB 156.
See Wm . -R Whittaker Co., Ltd., 117 NLRB 339.
10 See Temco Aircraft Corporation , 121 NLRB 1085.
31 See Goldblatt Bros , Inc., 118 NLRB 643.
12 The fact that the citywide or countrywide unit may also be appropriate does not
militate against the finding here that the smaller unit is appropriate , where, as here,
factors support its appropriateness and no union seeks the more comprehensive unit
Interstate Co , Glass House Restaurants , Indiana Toll Road, 125 NLRB 101, relied on by
the Employer , in which the Board found appropriate a single unit of employees in a chain
of restaurants , is distinguishable in that there , unlike here, the parties were in essential
agreement that a divisionwide unit would be appropriate and the overall unit corre-
sponded to an administrative segment of the employer 's operations. The Interstate
Company , 118 NLRB 746, also relied on by the Employer , is also inapposite , as there all
employees worked in establishments engaged in the retail sale of food , while here, the
employees sought are engaged in a different-function from the other employees of the
Employer
is The record indicates that the line supervisors have no authority to hire, discharge,
or dihciphne employees and, unlike most supervisory employees , are paid by the hour,
Neither of the parties contends that they are supervisors Accordingly , we find that they
are not supervisors within the meaning of the Act , and include them in the unit.
142 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
switchboard operators, mechanics, helpers, cashiers, truckdrivers,
halimen, laundry employees, porters, and station attendants at the
Employer's establishments at the Washington National Airport, near
Washington, D.C., excluding office clerical employees, guards, and
all other managers and supervisors as defined in the Act.
[Text of Direction of Election omitted from publication.]
MEMBER RODGERS, dissenting :
I do not agree that a unit composed of employees at the Employ-
er's facilities at Washington National Airport is an appropriate unit
for the purposes of collective bargaining.
The Employer is engaged in the food service industry. Within the
District of Columbia metropolitan area are located its central execu-
tive offices, various centralized supply facilities, 46 Hot Shoppes res-
taurants and cafeterias, and 17 pantryhouse outlets selling food for
off-premises consumption. Eight of the area cafeterias, located in
hospitals and Government buildings, are institutional and do not serve
the general public. The airline catering facility and the employee
cafeterias located at the Washington National Airport are only a part
of the Employer's complex of operations in, and adjacent to, the Dis-
trict of Columbia.
From its central office in Washington, D.C., the Employer estab-
lishes management policies and directs programs that are applied
uniformly throughout its entire system, including all the Hot Shoppes'
facilities located in the District of Columbia metropolitan area. The
District of Columbia personnel department maintains all personnel
records, prepares and disburses all payrolls, and initiates and carries
out the employee training, employee services, safety, suggestion sys-
tem, job classification and wage administration, and industrial
relations programs for every facet of the employer's operations. Ac-
counting, financial, procurement, advertising, real estate, and
architectural and engineering activities for the District of Columbia
metropolitan area and the entire chain are also exclusively performed
by the Washington central offices.
Personnel for the National Airport facilities, as well as for all other
locations within the District of Columbia metropolitan area, are re-
cruited, interviewed, and hired by the District of Columbia central
offices. Employee terminations within that area are monitored by the
central personnel department. All the Employer's local establish-
ments, including those at the airport, utilize a central common ware-
house, bakery, commissary, printing plant, advertising, customer com-
plaint, and menu planning departments. All District of Columbia
metropolitan area facilities use the same requisition system, and re-
ceive deliveries from centralized supply facilities by means of a fleet
HOT SHOPPES, INC. 143
of Employer owned and operated trucks, whose drivers assist in load-
ing and unloading at the various locations. Employees within the
metropolitan area wear identical, interchangeable work clothes and
uniforms bearing the Hot Shoppes' name, which are received from
the same laundry on a daily basis.
The Washington National Airport is located not more than 4 miles
from the heart of the Washington, D.C., downtown area. It is read-
ily accessible by public transportation or private automobile from all
other parts of the District of Columbia metropolitan area. All of the
Employer's facilities in and around the District of Columbia, includ-
ing those at the National Airport, fall within a recognized established
labor market and trading area. The greatest distance between any
two operations is 16 miles, and all Employer's facilities fall within a
very limited area bounded by lines 3 miles beyond the District boun-
dary lines. In addition to the airport facilities, the Employer has 10
other establishments located in the Virginia segment of the metro-
politan area. Most of these are further removed from the District
line than is the airport.
All Hot Shoppes' employees within the metropolitan area have the
same vacation, insurance, holiday, sick leave, bonus, and credit union
privileges and benefits. Working conditions are uniform and job
classifications are standardized for Hot Shoppes' employees within
the metropolitan area. The Employer's airport facilities employ 13
classifications of employees that are common to its other establish-
ments within the metropolitan area. The Employer pays uniform
wages throughout the area for comparable work. Such minor devia-
tions in the wage structure as do exist encompass the central commis-
sary and warehouse as well as the airport facilities.
During the 5- to 8-year period prior to this case, there were 151
transfers of rank-and-file employees to and from the airport facilities
and the Employer's other establishments within the District of Co-
lumbia metropolitan area. At a minimum this figures to 20 transfers
per year-a figure that goes a long way toward establishing the ex-
istence of a mutuality of interest between employees working at the
airport and other Hot Shoppes' employees within the geographic area.
The facts recited above impel a conclusion that a District of Colum-
bia metropolitan area unit, including the airport facilities as a com-
ponent part, is the only appropriate unit for purposes of collective
bargaining. In reaching this conclusion, I rely particularly upon
such demonstrated factors as: (a) the very high degree of centralized
control over all important management and personnel policies and
functions; (b) the administrative and operational integration of Hot
Shoppes' various District of Columbia area operations, and partic-
144 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
ularly the close and intimate relationship of those at the airport with
other establishments and facilities within the metropolitan area; (c)
the standardization and uniformity of conditions of employment
within the metropolitan area; (d) the proximity of the airport facil-
ities to all other of Employer 's establishment within the area; and
(e) the substantial interchange of employees between the airport
facilities and the balance of the Employer 's operations within the
metropolitan area.
My-colleagues seek here to rationalize their unit finding upon the
principal ground that operations at the National Airport are `func-
tionally distinct ." With this finding I cannot agree . Food prepara-
tion and handling is the common connecting link that runs through
the entire chain of the Employer 's operations within the District of
Columbia metropolitan area. I see no functional or any other realistic
distinction to be drawn from the fact that in one instance the diner
may be physically located in his automobile in a drive -in type estab-
lishment, in another he may be seated at a table in a conventional type
restaurant, in still another he may be at a group -sized table in an
employee cafeteria, and in 'a fourth' case;°he°may be,struggling- with a
food tray while airborne . The employees who prepared and handled
the food to the point of service must fairly in each instance be said
to have performed the same basic functions.
An alleged geographical separation of the airport employees from
other - Hot Shoppes establishments within the metropolitan area is
-asserted as -a additional.bgsis for my colleagues ' unit-position. Prox-
imity, or the lack thereof , is a relative concept. Here,-ities apparent
that all of the Employer 's District of Columbia operations fall within
a very limited metropolitan area. In the factual context of this case,
emphasis upon an asserted separation of employees is completely
unwarranted.
Tli majority's decision to cut up the overall District of Columbia
metropolitan area unit, and carve out a separate National Airport
,unit,.i ecessarily makes the Union's "extent of organization " the de-
cisive -factor in this case. This fact cannot be obscured by a routine
recital of certain of the Board's traditional criteria for unit formula-
tion , for those criteria do not comport to the facts of this case.
Hot Shoppes , Inc. and Chicago Truckdrivers, Chauffeurs and
Helpers Union of Chicago and Vicinity (Independent), Peti-
tioner. Case No. 13-RC-7143. February 10, 1961
DECISION AND ORDER
Upon a petition duly filed under Section 9 (c) of the National Labor
Relations Act, a hearing was held before Albert Kleen, hearing of-
1 30 NLRB No. 23.