George Banta Co.Download PDFNational Labor Relations Board - Board DecisionsJul 14, 1978236 N.L.R.B. 1559 (N.L.R.B. 1978) Copy Citation GEORGE BANTA COMPANY George Banta Company, Inc., Banta Division and Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 88L, AFL-CIO-CLC and Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 32B, AFL-CIO-CLC. Cases 30- CA-4033, 30-CA4121, 30-CA4044, and 30- CA4 120 July 14, 1978 DECISION AND ORDER BY CHAIRMAN FANNING AND MEMBERS JENKINS AND MURPHY On August 11, 1977, George Banta Company, Inc.. Banta Division, herein called the Respondent, and the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board entered into a settlement stipulation over the objection of the Charging Unions, subject to ap- proval of the Board, providing for the entry of a con- sent order by the Board and a consent judgment by any appropriate United States court of appeals. Sub- sequently, on October 8, 1977, Graphic Arts Interna- tional Union, Local No. 88L, AFL-CIO-CLC, and Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 32B, AFL-CIO-CLC, herein called Local 88L and Local 32B, respectively, and Charging Unions, collectively, entered into the settlement stipulation.' The parties waived all further and other procedure before the Board to which they may be entitled under the Na- tional Labor Relations Act, as amended, and the Rules and Regulations of the Board, and the Re- spondent waived its right to contest the entry of a consent judgment or to receive further notice of the application therefor. Thereafter, by letter dated October 25, 1977, the Respondent sought to withdraw from that settlement because of the delay in approving the settlement stip- ulation and because of the new issues relative to the settlement raised by the 8(a)(3) charges filed in Case 30-CA-4396. By letter dated November 9, 1977, the Charging Unions opposed the Respondent's with- drawal request. By letter dated November 15. 1977, the Respondent filed an answer to the Charging Union's opposition. On December 30, 1977, the General Counsel filed an opposition to the Respon- By letter dated August 5, 1977. to the Regional Director the C hargilg Unions filed objections to the settlement stipulation. Subsequently. the Act- ing Regional Director by letter dated August 12. 1977. advised that he had carefully considered all the objections and, notwithstanding the objections. he was forwarding the stipulation to the General Counsel for approva;l it letter dated September 22. 1977. the General ( ounsel advised the ( h;arging Unions that he was approving the stipulation and was submitting it to the Board. After the settlement stipulation had been submitted to the Boalrd for approval, the Charging Unions, bs letter dated October 8. 1977. submitted the signed stipulation whic., li effect. w ithdrei their obleci.ons. dent's withdrawal request, and, on January 16, 1978, the Respondent filed a memorandum in support of its withdrawal request. The above-entitled proceeding is hereby trans- ferred to and continued before the Board in Washing- ton, D.C. All the documents mentioned above, includ- ing the settlement stipulation, are made a part of the record herein. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 3(b) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the Na- tional Labor Relations Board has delegated its au- thority in this proceeding to a three-member panel. Upon the basis of the aforesaid settlement stipula- tion and the entire record in the proceeding, the Board makes the following: Rulings on Motion To Withdraw From Settlement Stipulation and on Approval of the Settlement Stipulation The basic issue herein is whether a party which has executed with the General Counsel a formal settle- ment stipulation, requiring Board approval, has the right unilaterally to withdraw therefrom prior to Board approval.2 The Respondent argues that it has a right to withdraw and that the Board should honor its withdrawal request. The General Counsel and the Charging Unions disagree, contending that the Re- spondent may not unilaterally withdraw and that the Board should proceed to pass on the adequacy of the settlement stipulation. We agree with the General Counsel and the Charging Unions. A review of the file and record herein, including the submissions of the parties, reveals that, in sub- stance, there is no factual dispute giving rise to the legal issue herein. After the General Counsel, the Re- spondent, and the Charging Unions had approved and executed the settlement stipulation herein,3 the Respondent, in a letter dated October 25, 1977, ad- vised the Board that it was withdrawing from the settlement because of the great delay in approving the said stipulation and because new issues, relative to the settlement, were raised by the 8(a)(3) charges filed against it in Case 30- CA--4396. 4 In response to :In pertinent part. the language of the settlement stipulation proi.des in par II that "the Stipulation is subject to the approval of the Board, and shall be of no force and effect until the Board has granted such approval Upon the Board's approval of the Stipulation. the Respondent will immedl- atels complN Slth the provlsions of the Order Originally the (Charging U nions had objected to the settlement stipula- tion, but the (ieneral ( ounsel had overruled the objections and forwarded the settlement stipulation to the Board with his recommendation for ap- prosal on September 22. 1977. the ( harging Unions executed the settle- ment stipulation on October S. 1977 l In support of this latter contentlion. the Respondent. in its letter of No- vember 10. 1977. to the (tenteal (Counsel, stated that In viesw of the Board's recent decision in I alntrln t.lrri ( ,rporaliln. 231 NIRB 1014 11977). the settlement agreemnent migh he ued as a hasis for a finding of an §(a.t3 Continued 236 NLRB No. 224 1559 DECISIONS OF NATIONAl. LABOR RELATIONS BOARD the Cnarging Unions' letter to the Board opposing withdrawal, the Respondent, in its letter of Novem- her 15, 1977, stated that, at the time it signed the settlement stipulation early in July 1977, it was ad- vised that the agreement would not be binding until it was approved by the Regional Director, the Gener- al Counsel, and the Board. In addition, the Respon- dent cited the statement from the Board's Decker de- cision that "it is well settled that only formal approval by the Board will make a settlement bind- ing upon the parties." 5 Accordingly, it contended that the Respondent's signature on the settlement stipulation constituted, at best, an offer of settlement which had to be approved and accepted by the Board, a necessary party, in order to be binding and that its withdrawal from the settlement stipulation prior to Board approval must be permitted. In its memorandum in support of withdrawal, the Respon- dent further argues that the Decker statement is di- rectly relevant to the withdrawal issue herein, and that court precedents in Federal Trade Commission (FTC) cases cited by the General Counsel, discussed infra, are distinguishable. In those cases, the FTC it- self had originally accepted the consent order settle- ment before it refused to permit unilateral with- drawal during the 60-day public comment period which it had reserved for any reconsideration, while in the situation herein it is admitted that only the General Counsel. but not the Board, had accepted and approved the settlement stipulation. In his opposition to the Respondent's attempt to withdraw unilaterally from the settlement stipulation approved by him. the General Counsel asserts that there are no Board or court precedents directly in point 6 and therefore he relies on two United States court of appeals decisions which arose in the context of the FTC's consent decree procedures which, like the Board's rules, are silent as to whether unilateral withdrawal prior to FTC's final approval is permit- ted.' Noting that the FTC, unlike a private litigant, violation without the Respondent being afforded the opportunits to fulls litigate the 8(a)l3) issue. he Respondent noted that this statement which was taken from the Board's Decision in Loren .4 De)vir d i a Decker TnruA L.nes. 139 NLRB 65, 66 (1962). was cited with aIpproval bh the Eighth (Circuit in its decision enforcing the Board's Order in 322 F.2d 238. 242 (1963). w 'Ae agree with the General Counsel that the Respondent's reliance on the Bolrd's statenent in Decker is misplaced Decker involved compliance with the Board's backpay order and the statement., cited bh the Eighth ('rcuit without comment. was dituml as the Board had found there had been no settlement with the Regional Office as to compliance. Further. the "so-called hackpas settlernents" with the Region were merely preliminar? negotiations, not binding on the Board, while here the issue is the right if the Respondent to withdraw from its agreement with the GCeneral (Counsel prior to Board approval. Jo'hnson Products Companv v. F T ('. 549 F. 2d 35 (C A. 7. 1976\: also Ford Motor Companv v. I:T.C. 547 F.2d 954 (C.A. 6, 1976). 7 Johnson Products (omparno v. ::T(C, 549 F.2d 35 (CA. 7. 1976); also Ford Motor Compant, v. F T., 547 F.2d 954 (C.A. 6. 1976) must act in the public interest, the Seventh Circuit, in Johnson, agreed with the FTC's position that permit- ting unilateral withdrawals prior to final approval would pose a serious risk of undermining the contin- ued efficacy of its consent order procedures as an alternative to lengthy adjudication. The General Counsel argues that, since similar policy considera- tions underlie the Board's settlement procedures, the Board must act in the public interest and must refuse to permit, prior to its final approval, unilateral with- drawal by the Respondent from the settlement stipu- lation made with the General Counsel in order to prevent the undermining of the continued efficacy of its settlement procedures and the use of such proce- dures as a dilatory factor. The General Counsel also contends that the lan- guage of paragraph 11 of the settlement stipulation does not establish the Respondent's right unilaterally to withdraw from its settlement stipulation made with him, pending Board approval. He contends that the settlement stipulation imposes two commitments on the Respondent. First, the Respondent commits itself to take certain remedial action if and when the Board approves the settlement stipulation and the General Counsel agrees that the remedial action when taken would be considered a full remedy for the alleged unfair labor practices. Paragraph 11 ad- dresses itself to that commitment. The other commit- ment is an implied one to the effect that the first commitment will remain outstanding until the Board acts, while the General Counsel promises not to insti- tute litigation while the matter is pending before the Board. The basic disagreement between the Respondent and the General Counsel, in effect, comes down to a disagreement as to the identity of the parties to the settlement stipulation which, by its terms, is subject to approval of the Board.8 The Respondent argues that, because the settlement of the case is not binding on it until approval by the Board, the Board is a necessary party whose approval is required before there can be binding agreement to settle. Therefore, continues the Respondent, its offer to settle can be withdrawn any time prior to Board acceptance of the offer as signified by Board approval of the settlement stipulation and this is the situation herein. The Gen- eral Counsel, however, contends that, to the extent that contract law of offer and acceptance governs the situation herein, there has been an effective agree- ment between him and the Respondent requiring the Respondent to maintain and continue outstanding its " A charging party may be a necessary party to the extent that it is enti- tled to he heard upon its objections to a settlement stipulation between the General counsel and a respondent. Here the Charging Unions have joined in the stipulation. 1560 GEORGE BANTA COMPANY express commitment to take certain remedial action pending Board approval. The General Counsel's view would avoid the risk of undermining the effica- cy of settlement procedures and is more in accord with the factual, statutory, and policy considerations bearing on this question than is the view of the Re- spondent. The actual parties to the settlement stipulation submitted herein to the Board for approval are the Respondent and the General Counsel, through the Regional Director as agent for the General Counsel but subject to approval by the General Counsel him- self. Thus, if contract law of offer and acceptance applies, as the Respondent argues, the Respondent's offer to settle, having been accepted by the General Counsel, results in a binding agreement to settle and to submit the settlement stipulation to the Board for approval, with Board approval triggering the duties required of the parties to the settlement stipulation. This view as to the identity of the parties to the settlement stipulation accords with the provisions of Section 3(d) of the Act which gives the General Counsel "final authority, on behalf of the Board . in respect of the prosecution of such complaints .. . In formal settlement stipulations, he exercises that statutory authority by agreeing not to litigate the matter in consideration for the Respondent's agree- ment to consent to the entry of a Board Order and a consent court decree requiring the Respondent to take certain remedial action. Because of this final au- thority to prosecute, the General Counsel is a neces- sary party to a settlement agreement. Therefore, viewing the General Counsel and the Respondent as the parties to whom the contract law of offer and acceptance applies enables the General Counsel to exercise his statutory authority as to how unfair labor practice complaints are to be prosecuted and affords the Respondent, who need not have offered to settle, its due process with respect to such prosecution. Unlike the General Counsel, the Board's statutory function is judicial rather than prosecutory in nature and is to decide those issues raised and litigated by the General Counsel in his prosecution of the unfair labor practice complaints. The Board's adjudicatory function is exercised herein by its approval or disap- proval of the settlement stipulation which is a substi- tute for litigation of the unfair labor practice issues. To construe the language of the settlement stipula- tion as making the Board a necessary party whose approval is required before there can be a binding agreement between the Respondent and General Counsel on unfair labor practice issues would not only intrude the Board into the General Counsel's statutory role of exercising his final and exclusive au- thority in respect of the prosecution of complaints under Section 3(d) of the Act but would, in addition. join the prosecutors and adjudicatory functions in the Board contrar) to the congressional mandate that these functions he separated in the manner pro- vided in the Act.' FIinall', policy considerations militate against granting respondents the right to withdraw from for- mal settlement stipulations executed with the Gener- al Counsel pending Board approval. Such a right would undermine the continued efficacy of the settle- ment process which, as an alternative to lengthy ad- judication, allows the Board as well as respondents and charging parties to save time, expense. and the inevitable risk of litigation. In Johnson, supra, the Seventh Circuit alluded to such considerations which it found justified the refusal to permit a respondent to withdraw from a consent order prior to FT'("s fi- nal approval. A similar approach is warranted herein where the situation is basically analogous to that in Johnl.son. Thus, the FTC's acceptance of the consent order agreed to by the Respondent is equivalent to the General Counsel's acceptance and approval of the Respondent's offer finally to settle a case. while the FTC's reservation of the right to withdraw its original acceptance after hearing public comment is analogous to the requirement that the settlement stip- ulation shall be subject to Board approval before it becomes binding. As the FTC itself is both prosecu- tor and adjudicator. it therefore had to act in both capacities. On the other hand, under the Act. the General Counsel is the prosecutor and the Board is the adjudicator and each must and does act sepa- rately. As in Johnson where the court agreed with the FTC that the respondent had no right unilaterall' to withdraw from the consent agreement prior to the FTC's action, so, too, here the Respondent, having agreed to the settlement stipulation herein with the General Counsel, has no right unilaterallv to with- draw therefrom pending Board action but must await the Board's determination to approve or disapprove the settlement stipulation. Accordingly, the Respon- dent's request of October 25, 1977. unilaterally to withdraw from the settlement stipulation herein is denied."' 'lhe language of rpar II of the settlentr t tipul atln proidine for Board approral and reHuqlllr the Respondent to .ompl lth Ihe :;etle- ment stipuation upon such approval is consistent Wth and reflect, the sepa- rate statutor. authorit, of the (ieneral ( ounsel and the Board and their separate indl idual responlhibilties To construe the language otherA se .ouid combine and confu.e the separate functions of the G(eneral (Counsel and Board. "i Bx letter dated March I1 1978, the Respondent requested that the Board take offlclll notice ,of the Fehruars 9. 1h78, letter from the (General ('ounsel's Freedonm Of Information Officer, herein he stated that a charged parts's lithdr;.,al frn, a settlement agreement would he "the same is if the part, had rcfued Io coimpl' .ith the settlement agreemnent and the agreement mill he set ;aiilc and forma; l pT.ceediug, instituted " tcc,ordinelg. ('OrnltlntJd 1561 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Having considered the entire matter and being of the opinion that the settlement stipulation fully reme- dies the allegations of the unfair labor practice com- plaint herein, providing as it does for the entry of a Board Order and a consent judgment in the appro- priate United States court of appeals, we are of the opinion that it would effectuate the policies of the Act to approve the settlement stipulation. Accord- ingly, the settlement stipulation is approved and, pur- suant to the provisions thereof, we shall make the appropriate findings of fact and enter the appro- private Order. FINDINGS OF FAC'I I. THE BUSINESS OF THE RESPONDENT The Respondent, a Wisconsin corporation, is en- gaged in the printing and bookbinding business from its facilities located at Menasha. Wisconsin. During the past calendar year, a representative pe- riod, in the course and conduct of its business, Re- spondent sold and shipped goods and products val- ued in excess of $50,000 to customers located directly outside the State of Wisconsin, and purchased and received goods valued in excess of $50,000 from sources located directly outside the State of Wiscon- sin. The Respondent admits, and we find, that it is an employer engaged in commerce within the meaning of Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act. 11. THE I.ABOR ORGiANIZATIONS INVOI.VEiD Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 88L. AFL-CIO-CLC, and Graphic Arts International Union. Local No. 32B, AFL-CIO-CLC, are labor organizations within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act. Local 88L has been at all times since about 1959 the recognized statutory representative of all employees in the appropriate unit (a) below for the purposes of collective bargaining within the meaning of Section 9(a) of the Act. Local 32B has been at all times since about 1951 the recognized statutory rep- resentative of all employees in the appropriate unit the Respondent argued that this statement is dispositive of the question before the Board and that the settlement stipulation herein is not binding on the Respondent which withdrew therefrom prior to Board approval. How- ever, the Respondent's argument is misplaced. It is clear from the FOI Officer's reference to sec. 10154 of the (asehandling Manual and a reading of that provision that he was referring to informal settlements where the complaint had not been issued or had been withdrawn and where, following noncompliance, formal unfair labor practice proceedings are then instiut- ed. Obviously, it would have no applicabilit) to formal Board settlements where, in the event of nonconmpliance, a court judgment would be entered enforcing the Board's Order. (b) below for the purposes of collective bargaining within the meaning of Section 9(a) of the Act. (a) All employees engaged in lithography, offset, photoengraving, intaglio and gravure op- erations at the Respondent's facilities, but ex- cluding office and clerical employees and super- visors as defined in the Act, and all other employees, constitute a unit appropriate for the purposes of collective bargaining within the meaning of Section 9(b) of the Act. (b) All bindery and finishing operations em- ployees employed at the Respondent's Menasha and Midway, Wisconsin, plants, but excluding office and clerical employees and supervisors, constitute a unit appropriate for the purposes of collective bargaining within the meaning of Sec- tion 9(b) of the Act. ORDER Upon the basis of the above findings of fact, the settlement stipulation, and the entire record in the proceeding, and pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Na- tional Labor Relations Act, as amended, the Na- tional Labor Relations Board hereby orders that: The Respondent, George Banta Company, Inc., Banta Division, Midway, Wisconsin, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall: 1. Cease and desist from: (a) Refusing or failing to bargain in good faith with Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 88L, AFL-CIO-CLC, as the exclusive collective-bar- gaining representative of its lithography, offset, pho- toengraving, intaglio and gravure operations employ- ees, but excluding office and clerical employees and supervisors as defined in the Act, and all other em- ployees. (b) Refusing or failing to bargain in good faith with Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 32B, AFL-CIO-CLC, as the exclusive collective-bar- gaining representative of its bindery and finishing operations employees at its Midway and Menasha, Wisconsin, plants, but excluding office and clerical employees and supervisors. (c) Unilaterally changing wages, hours of work, and other terms and conditions of employment dur- ing negotiations with the above-named Unions un- less a valid impasse is reached. (d) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of rights guaranteed by Section 7 of the Act. 2. Take the following affirmative action which we find will effectuate the policies of the Act: 1562 GEORGE BANTA COMPANY (a) Revoke implementation of the following terms of its "last contract offer" of April 4, 1977: elimina- tion of the percentage contribution to employees' in- surance carrier, increasing the workweek from 35 to 38 hours, and insistence on its proposed contract items. (b) Revert to the wages, hours of work, and other terms and conditions of employment which existed prior thereto, but excluding cost-of-living adjust- ments, arbitration procedure, and union security, and maintain such wages, hours of work, and other terms and conditions of employment, subject to col- lective bargaining thereafter, pursuant to paragraph (c) below. (c) Upon request, bargain collectively with Graph- ic Arts International Union, Local No. 88L, AFIL CIO-CLC, and with Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 32B, AFL-CIO-CLC, as the ex- clusive representative of employees in the respective units with respect to wages, hours of work, and other terms and conditions of employment, and, if under- standings are reached, embody such understandings in signed agreements. (d) Upon the making of unconditional offers to return to work by striking employees, who were on strike on or after April 4, 1977. made within 60 calen- dar days from the posting of the Notice to Employ- ees, offer immediate and full reinstatement to their former or substantially equivalent positions, if such jobs are available, without prejudice to their seniority or other rights and privileges unless they have been, or are, lawfully discharged, dismissing any persons, if necessary, hired by the Respondent between April 4. 1977, and the 61st calendar day after the posting of the Notice to Employees. If insufficient jobs are available for those employees, or if they make uncon- ditional offers to return to work and they have been permanently replaced after the 60th day' following the posting of the Notice to Employees, and absent any findings of new unfair labor practices which cause prolongation of the strike, place such employ- ees on a preferential hiring list in accordance with seniority, and offer employment to them before other persons are hired. (e) Post at its Midway plant and at its Menasha plant, in Menasha, Wisconsin, copies of the attached Notice to Employees. Copies of said notice, on forms provided by the Regional Director for Region 30, after being duly signed by the Respondent's repre- sentative, shall be posted by Respondent immedi- ately upon receipt thereof, and be maintained by Re- spondent for 60 consecutive days thereafter, in conspicuous places, including all places where no- tices to employees are customarily posted. Reason- able steps shall be taken by the Respondent to insure that said notices are not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material. (f) Notify the Regional Director for Region 30, in writing. within 20 days from the date of this Order, what steps the Respondent has taken to comply here- with. APPENDIX NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES POS-ItD BY ORDER OF THE NA11ONAI LABOR RFI.ATIONS BOARD An Agency of the United States Government Pursuant to a stipulation providing for a consent judgment of any appropriate United States Court of Appeals, we hereby notify our employees that: After an investigation the National Labor Relations Board has found that we have violated employee rights under the National Labor Relations Act, as amended. In order to remedy these violations, we have agreed to refrain from such conduct in the fu- ture, to post this notice, and to comply with its provi- sions. The Act gives all employees these rights: To engage in self-organization To form, join. or assist labor organizations I-o bargain collectively through representa- tives of their own choosing To act together for collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection To refrain from any' or all of these things. Wt wiIt N ot do anything that interferes with, restrains, or coerces you with respect to these rights. iWE win. NOI refuse or fail to bargain in good faith with Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 88L, AFIL--CIO-CLC, as the exclu- sive collective-bargaining representative of our lithography, offset, photoengraving. intaglio, and gravure operations employees, but exclud- ing office and clerical employees and supervis- ors as defined in the Act, and all other employ- ees. Wr[. WIL.l Noi refuse or fail to bargain in good faith with Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 32B. AFL-CIO-CLC, as the exclu- sive collective-bargaining representative of our bindery and finishing operations employees at our Midway and Menasha plants. but excluding office and clerical employees and supervisors. WFi WILL NOI unilaterally change wages., hours of work, and other terms and conditions of em- ploNment during negotiations with the above- 1563 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD named Unions unless a valid impasse is reached between us. Wi wVII.. NOI in any like or related manner interfere with, restrain, or coerce you in the ex- ercise of the rights guaranteed to you by Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act. Wij wiiL. revoke implementation of the follow- ing terms of our "last contract offer" of April 4, 1977: our elimination of the percentage contri- bution to employees' insurance carriers, our in- creasing the workweek from 35 to 38 hours, and our insistence on our proposed contract term. WI: wi . revert to the wages, hours of work, and other terms and conditions of employment which existed prior thereto, but excluding cost- of-living adjustments, arbitration procedure, and union security. and maintain such wages, hours of work, and other terms and conditions of employment, subject to collective bargaining thereafter, with the Unions as indicated below. WEt wui.i, upon request, bargain with Graphic Arts International Union, Local No. 88L. AFLl CIO-CLC, and with Graphic Arts International UInion, Local No. 32B. AFL-CIO CLC. as the exclusive representatives of employees in the re- spective units with respect to wages, hours of work, and other terms and conditions of employment, and, if understandings are reached, embouy such understandings in signed agreements. WE WitL. upon the making of unconditional offers to return to work which are made within 60 calendar days from the posting of this notice by striking employees, who were on strike on or after April 4, 1977, offer immediate and full re- instatement to their former or substantially equivalent positions. if such jobs are available, without prejudice to their seniority or other rights and privileges, unless they have been (or are) lawfully discharged, dismissing any persons, if necessary, hired by us between April 4, 1977, and the 61st calendar day after the posting of this notice. If insufficient jobs are available for employees who make such offers, or if uncondi- tional offers are made by employees who have been replaced after the 60th day following the posting of this notice, and if there are no other findings of unfair labor practices, which cause prolongation of the stirke, WE WILL place such employees on a preferential hiring list in accor- dance with seniority and offer employment to them before any other persons are hired. GEORGE BANTA COMPANY, INc.. BANTA DIVI- SION 1564 Copy with citationCopy as parenthetical citation