Endicott-Johnson Corp.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Mar 29, 1954

108 N.L.R.B. 88 (N.L.R.B. 1954)

88 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
and maintenance unit . In that case , the Board decided that such
individuals must be regarded as falling within the statutory
exclusion , although they spent less than half their working
time in the excluded category . We believe that the policy
which prompted our decision in the Walterboro case, noted
above, is equally applicable to a category that is excluded by
statute from the definition of "employee " under the Act 6 Ac-
cordingly , even assuming arguendo that the employees herein
involved are partly engaged in a nonagricultural work, we
find that those employees who divide their time between
agricultural and nonagricultural employment must, to the
extent that they' spend a substantial part of their time in an
agricultural function , be deemed agricultural laborers within
the meaning of the Act and are, therefore , to be excluded from
the unit J
We find that all truckdrivers at the Employer ' s Frostproof,
Florida, operations , including " semi-drivers ," but excluding
"goat drivers ," " goat-flat drivers," office clerical em-
ployees, professional employees , administrative employees,
guards, and supervisors as defined in the Act , constitute a
unit appropriate for purposes of collective bargaining within
the meaning of Section 9 (b) of the Act.
[Text of Direction of Election omitted from publication.]
Member Beeson took no part in the consideration of the
above Decision and Direction of Election.
6 This analogy was relied upon by the Board in the Walterboro case wherein the Board
referred to its similar treatment of part-time supervisors. The practice of excluding in-
dividuals who spend a substantial part of their time in supervisory duties is clearly es-
tablished. See The Texas Company, 85 NLRB 1211; Phillips Petroleum Company, 97 NLRB
67, 69; Hampton Roads Broadcasting Corporation, 98 NLRB 1090, 1091; Hampton Roads
Broadcasting Corporation, 100 NLRB 238, 240.
7 To the extent that they are inconsistent with this decision, past Board cases holding
that truckdrivers dividing their time between agricultural and nonagricultural employment
are deemed to be within the unit found appropriate, are hereby overruled.
ENDICOTT-JOHNSON CORPORATION and INTERNATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS, A.F. OF L. Case No.
3-CA-571. March 29, 1954
DECISION AND ORDER
On September 15, 1953, Trial Examiner Ralph Winkler
issued his Intermediate Report in the above-entitled pro-
ceeding, finding that the Respondent had engaged in and was
engaging in certain unfair labor practices , and recommending
that it cease and desist therefrom and take certain affirmative
action, as set forth in the copy of the Intermediate Report
attached hereto. The Trial Examiner also found that the Re-
108 NLRB No. 23.
ENDICOTT-JOHNSON CORPORATION 89
spondent had not engaged in certain other unfair labor prac-
tices and recommended that the complaint be dismissed
in that respect. Thereafter, the General Counsel and the Re-
spondent filed exceptions to the Intermediate Report and
supporting briefs.
The Board has reviewed the rulings made by the Trial
Examiner at the hearing and finds that no prejudicial error was
committed. The rulings are hereby affirmed. The Board has
considered the Intermediate Report, the exceptions and briefs,
and the entire record in the case, and hereby adopts the
findings , conclusions , and recommendations of the Trial
Examiner.
ORDER
Upon the entire record in the case, and pursuant to Section
10 (c) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the
National Labor Relations Board hereby orders that the Re-
spondent , Endicott - Johnson Corporation , Endicott , New York,
its officers , agents, successors , and assigns , shall:
1. Cease and desist from:
(a) Interrogating employees concerning their opinions as to
appropriate bargaining units.
(b) Soliciting employees to renounce and announce their
position on matters affecting union organization.
(c) Advising employees that future economic benefits are
contingent on the organizational defeat of International Asso-
ciation of Machinists , AFL, or any other Labor organization.
(d) In any like or related manner, interfering with, re-
straining , or coercing its employees in the exercise of their
right to self - organization , to form labor organizations , to join
or assist International Association of Machinists , A.F. of L.
or any other labor organization , to bargain collectively through
representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other
concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining
or other mutual aid or protection , or to refrain from any and
all such activities , except to the extent that such right may
be affected by an agreement requiring membership in a
labor organization as a condition of employment , as authorized
by Section 8 (a) (3) of the Act.
2. Take the following action which the Board finds will
effectuate the policies of the Act:
(a) Post at all its plants in Binghamton, Endicott, Johnson
City, and Owego , New York, copies of the notice attached to
the Intermediate Report marked " Appendix A" 1 and which
'Said notice is hereby amended by deleting the words "The Recommendations of a Trial
Examiner" and substituting in lieu thereof the words "A Decision and Order."
In the event that this Order is enforced by a decree of a United States Court of Appeals,
there shall be substituted for the words "Pursuant to a Decision and Order" the words
"Pursuant to a Decree of the United States Court of Appeals, Enforcing an Order."
90 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
shall be furnished by the Regional Director for the Third
Region. Said notice shall, after being duly signed by the Re-
spondent, be posted immediately upon receipt thereof, and
maintained by it for sixty (60) consecutive days thereafter,
in conspicuous places, including all places where notices to
employees are customarily posted. Reasonable steps shall
be taken by the Respondent to insure that said notices are
not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material.
(b) Notify the Regional Director for the Third Region in
writing within ten (10) days from the date of this Order what
steps the Respondent has taken to comply therewith.
IT IS ALSO ORDERED that the complaint be dismissed
insofar as it alleges that the Respondent violated Section 8
(a) (3) and (5) of the Act and also to the extent that it alleges
violations of Section 8 (a) (1) predicated on or derived from
these alleged violations of Section 8 (a) (3) and (5).
Intermediate Report and Recommended Order
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Upon charges filed by International Association of Machinists , A.F. of L.. a labor or-
ganization herein called the Union , the General Counsel for the National Labor Relations
Board issued a complaint on September 17, 1952, against the Respondent , Endicott -Johnson
Corporation , i alleging that the Respondent has engaged in specified conduct violating Section
8 (a) (1), (3), and (5) and Section 2 (6) and (7) of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947,
61 Stat . 136, herein called the Act. Copies of the complaint and charges were served upon
the Respondent , and the Respondent in turn filed an answer denying that it has violated the
Act in the respects alleged.
Pursuant to notice, a hearing before the undersigned was held in Binghamton , New York,
beginning on December 8, 1952, and concluding on March 19, 1953. The parties were repre-
sented at the hearing and all parties were afforded full opportunity to be heard , to examine
and cross - examine witnesses , and to introduce evidence bearing on the issues. The parties
were given opportunity to present oral and written argument before the Trial Examiner.
Briefs were filed by the General Counsel and the Respondent.
Upon the record in the case , and upon observation of the demeanor of witnesses, I make
the following:
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. THE UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. Introduction
By letters dated February 23 and February 27, 1952, the Union requested the Respondent
to recognize the Union as exclusive bargaining representative for separate units of em-
ployees of the "Pioneer Machine Shop in Johnson City" and the "Baldwin St. Die Shop."
On February 29. 1952, the Union filed representation petitions with the Board, seeking to
be certified as statutory representative for these respective groups of employees, and a
consolidated hearing on these petitions began on May 8, 1952. The Union withdrew the
petitions before the representation hearing concluded, and on May 19, 1952, it filed the
charges in the present unfair labor practices case.
I The Respondent manufactures footwear and is engaged in commerce within the meaning
of the Act.
ENDICOTT-JOHNSON CORPORATION 91
The General Counsel alleges that the Respondent in bad faith failed to recognize the Union
for the claimed units and he predicates this contention on certain conduct contemporaneous
with the Union's alleged bargaining demands and in connection with the aforementioned
representation cases. According to the General Counsel, the Respondent engaged in the
conduct in question as a dilatory measure and to undermine the Union and dissipate its
representative status.
The Respondent denies that its mentioned conduct was unlawful or otherwise intended
as dilatory. The Respondent also contends, among other things, that the Union failed to
make proper bargaining requests, that the units requested were insufficiently or ambig-
uously described and are in any event inappropriate, and that the General Counsel has-not
proved the Union's majority status in the respective units. The Respondent further asserts
that, even assuming proper bargaining requests for appropriate units in which the Union
enjoyed majority status, the Respondent nevertheless had a genuine doubt concerning the
appropriateness of the claimed units and that it was therefore privileged not to accord
statutory recognition to the Union until this doubt was properly resolved.
Because I consider the respective die shop and machine shop units to be inappropriate,
I need not resolve various of the related issues tendered by the Respondent in connection
with the 8 (a) (5) portion of this case. First, I shall discuss the unit questions, and then
the matters covered by the 8 (a) (1) and 8 (a) (3) allegations of the complaint, the latter
allegation involving the discharge of Wilmer T. Davey on April 29, 1952.
B. Alleged appropriate units
1. Respondent's overall operations and bargaining history
Respondent is one of the largest shoe manufacturers in the country. With its principal
administrative offices in Endicott, New York, and within a radius of approximately 9 miles
from these offices, the Respondent has 30 plants in the 4-city area of Binghamton, Johnson
City, Endicott, and Owego.2 This includes 23 shoe factories and 6 tanneries. Employees
working in any one of Respondent's plants live in any 1 of the 4 aforementioned cities and
environs. All phases of production in the manufacture of a complete shoe, from the tanning
of leather to the processing of shoe polish , are performed within this 4-city area, and the
factories and operations within this area are administered as an integrated enterprise.
One of Respondent's separate administrative divisions is maintenance and service, which
includes the employees of the machine and die shops under consideration, together with
all other employees engaged as machinists and/or mechanics or machine operators in
other machine shops and in the various factories, as well as all other employees engaged
in maintaining and servicing Respondent's operations.
Respondent has a centrally administered companywide welfare program for its normal
complement of 18,000 to 20,000 employees, including medical and hospital and related
services, legal assistance, housing, insurance and pension plans, recreation facilities,
banking services, restaurants, etc. Respondent also has a companywide bonus plan in which
all employees share equally, in addition to which it maintains a uniform policy throughout
its operations respecting vacations, holidays, and working hours. Respondent also pays the
same rates of pay to all employees engaged in comparable job classifications, and when it
grants wage increases it does so on a companywide basis. Hiring is not done at the factory
level; it is done, rather, at central employment offices in Endicott and Johnson City, where
the Respondent makes all employee assignments to its various operations.
Although the Respondent has been involved in at least five reported representation cases 3
before the consolidated representation proceeding involved in this case, there has been no
collective-bargaining history of any consequence resulting from those proceedings. In the
last of these proceedings (71 NLRB 1100, decided December 16, 1946), the Board determined
the appropriateness of the same die shop unit which the General Counsel claims to be
appropriate in the present case. The Union involved in that earlier case won the election but
apparently abandoned negotiations and no collective -bargaining agreement has ever been
2Respondent also owns and operates , through another corporation , shoe factories located
in Pennsylvania.
3 Endicott Johnson Corp., 17 NLRB 96; 45 NLRB 1092; 57 NLRB 1473; 67 NLRB 1342;
71 NLRB 1100.
92 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
negotiated on such unit basis . Since 1947 no unions have represented , as exclusive bargaining
representative , any unit of Respondent 's employees and there has been no collective bar-
gaining on any basis since that time.
2. The proposed machine shop unit
The proposed Pioneer machine shop unit occupies, generally, the second floor of a building
in Johnson City. These employees make and repair parts for machinery used in all of Re-
spondent 's factories , in connection with which these employees use the tools and machines
and exercise the craft skills appertaining to machinist employees whom the Board custom-
arily establishes , providing other conditions are met, in separate appropriate units (cf.
Armstrong Tire and Rubber Company, 104 NLRB 892; Goodrich Chemical Company, 101
NLRB 1064). Within 2 blocks of the Pioneer Machine Shop in Johnson City is the Baldwin
Street machine shop, and a few miles away in the adjoining town of Endicott is the Endicott
machine shop; both of these other machine shops are manned by employees of similar
machinist skills and performing substantially the same type of work as is done in the Pioneer
machine shop.
The record establishes that machinists of the Pioneer and other machine shops at times
perform work on component parts of the same machinery and also sometimes work together
as a group on certain projects. Considering these facts of functional integration and of the
geographical proximity between the Pioneer and other machine shops, together with the
aforementioned centrally controlled uniformity of wages and of other terms and conditions
of employment--at least so far as Respondent ' s machinists are concerned -- I find a ma-
chinist unit as described by the General Counsel and limited to the Pioneer machine shop
to be inappropriate .4 Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 101 NLRB 441; Henry Vogt Ma-
chine Co., 9-RC-1926 ('June 29, 1953), Acme Electric Corporation, 102 NLRB 1233; Kearfott
Company, Inc., 106 NLRB 1033, Andrews Company, 98 NLRB 11. Compare Continental
Baking Company, 99 NLRB 777, 783-784, Smith's Transfer Corporation, 97 NLRB 1456.
Although I would find the proposed Pioneer machinist unit to be inappropriate even without
regard to the principle of the Westinghouse case, supra, I also consider such principle to
be applicable to the instant situation. The Pioneer and Endicott machine shops, for example,
are, in my opinion, but extensions of one machine-shop operation for an integrated enter-
prise within a fairly circumscribed geographical area in which, at least, all employees
engaged in such shops have a community of economic and social interests. Accordingly, I
shall recommend dismissing the 8 (a) (5) allegation as to the proposed Pioneer shop unit
3. The proposed die shop unit
The proposed die shop unit was, as already indicated; determined appropriate by the Board
in 1946, and the General Counsel contends preliminarily that such unit determination is binding
here in view of the fact that there has been no substantial change in the shop's operations
since 1946. Although, as I have also stated earlier , a bargaining representative was desig-
nated following the election had in that earlier case, negotiations were abandoned by that
representative , and no agreement was ever consummated on such unit basis . It appears
from the decision in that case that the Board majority invoked the extent of organization
theory--to what extent I cannot say--in establishing the die shop unit. With the amendments
to the Act in 1947, however, certain changes were effected respecting extent-of-organization
as a basis for unit determinations (Section 9 (c) (5)), and the Board's decisional law as to
units has also undergone variations since the Board issued its aforementioned decision in
41n view of the decisional basis for this unit determination, it is immaterial whether,
or how many of, Respondent's 13 other shops are machine shops in the craft sense, as
Respondent contends, or whether they merely employ mechanics or machine operators,
as the General Counsel asserts It is also unnecessary to rely on Respondent's further
reason for inappropriateness stemming from the fact that the Pioneer machinists use
machine tools on the first floor of their building and that there are employees on the first
floor not included within the proposed unit who are under the same immediate supervision as,
and whom the Respondent claims to be otherwise functionally and administratively integrated
with, the proposed machinist unit which is limited to the second floor.
ENDICOTT-JOHNSON CORPORATION 93
1946 . In view of the changes in law , the absence of successful bargaining on the die shop
basis, and the long lapse of time, I do not consider the Board 's earlier determination to be
binding in this proceeding.
The die shop is located on the first floor of Respondent's Die and Foundry Building in
Johnson City , and it is the only such shop operated by Respondent where the various dies
(clicker dies , sole dies , and perforating dies ) are made for use in Respondent 's shoe fac-
tories . The employees of this shop also repair and maintain these dies , sometimes in the
die shop and at times in the factories.
The General Counsel 's theory respecting the appropriateness of the die shop unit is that
it is a homogeneous and identifiable department having a craft nucleus, the alleged craftsmen
being the die benders . The Respondent asserts, among other things, that the die benders are
not true craftsmen and do not constitute a substantial nucleus in any event , that the die shop
unit does not include all employees who work on dies and is therefore not an all - inclusive
homogeneous grouping , and that the alleged high degree of interchangeability between the
shop functions and other processes of the Respondent establishes the heterogeneity , as well,
of the die shop unit.
Shoe dies are used to cut out the various leather and fabric parts of shoes, which parts
are assembled and joined together in fashioning the completed shoe . The dies are made to
fit the contours of patterns which are prepared , first of cardboard , by patternmakers em-
ployed in the various shoe manufacturing departments. These patternmakers are not within
the proposed unit . Next is the grading process , wherein a complete set of cardboard patterns
for each shoe size is prepared by employees who also are not within the proposed unit. When
the grading is completed , the patterns are transferred from cardboard to metal template
or junk board and this transference is done by employees within the die shop unit as well
as by pattern shop employees who are not included in such unit . The first phase in making
the actual die is done , in the case of clicker dies , by the die benders whom the General
Counsel claims to constitute the craft nucleus . The bender bends a strip of low grade carbon
steel to conform to the outline of the template or junk board pattern . This bending is at
times done with heat . From the die bender , the rough die goes to other die shop employees
for further operations and finishing processes , including welding , heat-treating , rough and
finish filing , grinding , sandblasting , stamping and notching , buffing and polishing , painting,
fitting, and inspecting-- these various processes being performed by employees, not die
benders, who are regularly engaged in these respective operations.
Perforating dies are used to make the various perforation designs on footwear . Employees
who fabricate these dies in the die shop are under their own separate subforeman , and their
work is substantially akin to that of semiskilled machine shop operators using , among other
things, milling machines and drill presses . Die benders do not contribute to the production of
perforating dies . Sole or walker dies are fashioned by forging employees , also under a separate
subforeman , with a blacksmith classification , not by die benders . (Wilmer Davey , formerly a
die bender , testified as a witness of the General Counsel that such forging requires greater
skill than die bending.)
The involved skills of many of the die shop employees , other than die benders , are similar
to those found in Respondent 's various machine and/or maintenance shops and elsewhere in
Respondent 's organization . For example, there are employees in these other shops performing
operations similar to those involved in making the perforating dies; and there are black-
smiths in a foundry adjoining the die shop and also on the first floor of the Pioneer machine
shop . Also included in the claimed die shop unit is an employee who grinds knives on a power
machine for use in production plants; Respondent has other such employees elsewhere in its
operations . Respondent also has employees permanently situated in its factories whose job it
is, entirely in some cases and partly in others, to maintain and repair dies; some of these
employees have been trained in various of the aforementioned finishing operations , including
filing, grinding , welding, and polishing of dies . (Not all repairs can be performed by these
employees ; some defects can be remedied only in the die shop .) The record also shows that
some machinists make repairs on dies, presumably of the perforating variety, in the machine
shops.
Now to discuss the question respecting the craftcharacter ,.or lack of it, of the die benders.
When the Union requested the Respondent to recognize it as exclusive bargaining representa-
tive for the die shop in February 1952, there were approximately 6 die benders in the pro-
posed unit of approximately 60 employees . Ifthesedie benders are not craftsmen , the General
Counsel does not sustain his contention that the die shop is an appropriate bargaining unit on a
94 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
craft nucleus basis. But even ifthediebenders are craftsmen , it must also appear as a condi-
tion of establishing the appropriateness of the unit that the die benders constitute a "substan-
tial nucleus of craftsmen in a homogeneous department " Sullivan Mining Company, et al .101
NLRB 1366.
It should be stated, before further discussion , that the bending of shoe-cutting dies is not
at all similar to the making , by machinist craftsmen , of conventional industrial dies. On this
point there is no disagreement between the parties. Nor is there any question that the wide
range of craft skills of the conventional die maker, an advanced form of the machinist trade,
need not be possessed or exercised by a proficient die bender . There are no schools of die
bending so far as the record shows , and Respondent does not have a formal apprenticeship
program for the development of die benders, nor does the United Shoe Machinery Corp which
latter company has an entire plant apparently wholly devoted to producing shoe-cutting dies
for the industry Rather, employees learn to bend dies by on-the-job training, first working
under supervision on the simpler dies and observingand otherwise learning from experienced
benders , and then gradually acquiring the techniques for bending the more difficult items.
The General Counsel's witnesses claim that a bender requires 3 or 4 years' experience
and training before attaining the degree of proficiency to bend the more complex dies fashioned
in the Respondent 's die shop. I was particularly impressed , however, with one of Respondent's
expert witnesses , Harold A. Latham , who has had many years of supervisory experience in
die-making work in the shoe industry and whose own trade is that of a machinist . It was Mr
Latham's opinion that "the bending of pre-formed section of steel to the outline of a metal
template is not precision work" as the term is used in the machinist trade According to
Latham, an individual with ordinary aptitude for die bending can produce usable dies of the
simple variety shortly after beginning his bending employment and that such individual can
become sufficiently proficient within 1 year to 18 months to bend any shoe-cutting die pro-
duced in Respondent's die shop.
On the basis of the entire record, I find that die bending is not a craft, at least for pur-
poses of establishing a unit on a craft nucleus basis Without minimizing the skills involved,
the die bending function does seem to be a speciality of fairly narrow scope--in contrast, for
example , to the broad range of required knowledge and highly developed skills of the con-
ventional die maker I conclude , therefore , that the die shop is lacking in a craft nucleus. And
while I am also inclined to the view that the proposed die shop unit is a heterogeneous group-
ing, it is unnecessary to determine this finally or to resolve Respondent's additional con-
tentions regarding the inappropriateness of this unit Accordingly , I shall recommend that the
8 (a) (5) allegation be dismissed as to the die shop unit.
C. Interference , restraint , and coercion --8 (a) (1)
The General Counsel contends that the Respondent engaged in certain unlawful conduct
during the pendency of the aforementioned representation petitions and that it otherwise has
violated Section 8 (a) (1) of the Act The petitions, it is recalled, were filed in February 1952
and hearing thereon was held on May 8, 1952.
Respondent conducted a meeting at one of its recreation halls during the working day of
April 16, 1952. Several hundred employees, including supervisors, from Respondent's various
operations attended the meeting and were paid their regular wages for doing so. The assem-
blage was addressed by Respondent ' s president , Charles Johnson , and its secretary and
counsel, Howard Swartwood, and its labor counsel, Benjamin Seligman Swartwood testified
that the meeting was called upon Seligman ' s advice in order to "be prepared to produce wit-
nesses in the representation hearing which was to be held on May 8th, [who] would testify as
to what their opinion was as to the appropriateness of a unit for collective bargaining."
According to Seligman's testimony Johnson told the employees in substance:
that the international Association of Machinists had filed representation petitions seeking,
to have established as separate collective bargaining units the workers in the die depart-
ment and the workers in the Pioneer Machine Shop, that the company . was going to
appear at these representation hearings and oppose the position taken by this union in that
the company believed, and as it always believed, that the only proper unit 'for collective
bargaining was the overall company unit, the overall company because all its operations
were integrated and you couldn't separate one of its operations from another, that in the
ENDICOTT - JOHNSON CORPORATION 95
manufacture of shoes they were all tied in together and to separate them would make it
very difficult if not impossible to produce the shoes as was necessary.
He (Johnson) also pointed out that that has been the company's position for many years
and the company believes it to be a sound position . He told them also that the reason they
were assembled was because their Labor Counsel . . had requested that the company
obtain witnesses for the representation hearing in order to have the National Labor
Relations Board informed as to the wishes of the workers in the separation of this com-
pany into separate small units for collective bargaining.
Respondent at this same meeting distributed certain petitions5 among the assembled employees
for circulation among the entire employee body. Johnson told the employees , according to
employee Benjamin Webb's testimony , that he "didn't want anybody to use any force, that he
wanted everybody who would sign [ the petitions] to sign them." Also, according to Webb,
Seligman stated in his remarks at this meeting that Respondent didn't object to a union but
only to "small units."
The petitions were thereupon circulated among Respondent ' s employees in all departments
and more than 14,000 employees , or approximately 94 percent of the personnel then working,
signed the documents . The signed petitions were thereafter retained by Respondent. Among
the supervisors who actively circulated the petitions during the working hours was Maintenance
Superintendent Stanley Stevens . While so engaged and also during this period, Stevens told
employee John Ahrens, of the Pioneer machine shop, that he (Stevens) "needed a few more
signatures " and "wouldn ' t (Ahrens ) think it over", Stevens asked Kenneth Hoffman whether
Hoffman "would sign a loyalty pledge" and he told Hoffman together with several other
employees of the Pioneer machine shop that he needed only 2 or 3 more signatures for a
"majority"; Stevens asked Raymond Mahoney, then employed in the Pioneer machine shop,
what Mahoney thought of the Union and he told Mahoney that he, Stevens, would "like to get
some other cards signed to cut that vote for the Union down ", Stevens told Herbert Robbins
of the Pioneer machine shop that he "would like to see some more names on that petition,"
and he asked why Robbins " wanted a union", Stevens told machine shop employee Robert Riek,
who had previously refused to sign the petition , that he wished Riek would change his mind
and sign the petition Stevens also told Kenneth Vail, an employee in the Pioneer machine
shop , that Respondent "had done a lot of things for [Vail] , and that [ Vail) was one man that had
a lot of influence with some fellows and that they only needed a few to overthrow this Union,
the Company couldn't operate with a Union , especially little individual units, and the things
that they had done for [Vail], [Vail] should do something for them." 6 Vail told Stevens that he
was for the Union if it could get him more money, to which Stevens replied , according to
Vail's uncontradicted testimony , that there would be no money for anyone until the Union
"was broke up." A week later , Stevens asked Vail whether Vail had changed his mind about
signing the petition and Stevens told Vail at the time , according to Vail's uncontradicted
5 The heading on these petitions reads as follows:
We, the workers in the (Plant and Room) of Endicott Johnson
Corporation, have learned that a Union has petitioned the National Labor Relations
Board to represent workers in the Pioneer Machine Shop and in the Die Shop at Johnson
City,
We believe that these units are not appropriate for collective bargaining and if es-
tablished would be detrimental to our interests and to the interests of the Company
and community.
We hereby urge the management to oppose the Machine Shop and Die Shop petitions
and to use every legal means to establish that if a majority of Endicott Johnson Workers
want Union representation for collective bargaining, the appropriate unit is a company-
wide unit, consisting of all production and maintenance workers in all plants and de-
partments throughout this valley.
We should be pleased to support our contentions by appearing and testifying at any
hearing called by the National Labor Relations Board in connection with Union representa-
tion.
6 Vail also attributed statements of a similar nature to Superintendent Leonard Steed,
who was too ill to appear at the hearing. While I consider Vail an honest witness, I find it
unnecessary and shall not, under the circumstances, make findings respecting Steed.
96 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
testimony, that he (Stevens) had been doing a lot of things that the men had requested and that
he "would do more when this Union was broke up "
Another item of alleged misconduct involves the open circulation during working hours of
cards dated March 17, 1952, which state that the signatory thereto "does not want the [Union]
or any other union to represent me " The cards were distributed in the Pioneer machine shop
by nonsupervisory employees Reford Button and Harold Doty, Button also having been partic-
ularly active in circulating Respondent's aforementioned petition in the machine shop. The
record does not show Respondent to have conceived, prepared, of paid for these cards, but
the General Counsel would hold Respondent responsible for the cards in view of their open
distribution during working hours in a small department and therefore under circumstances
which may establish Respondent's knowledge of, and support for, such solicitation.
The next item of conduct, relied upon by the General Counsel, involves a speech which
Respondent's president, Charles Johnson, made at an employee meeting during working hours
on June 17, 1952. The occasion of the meeting was an attempt to enlist employee support in a
local civic celebration. During the course of his remarks, Johnson (who did not testify) told
the several hundred employees in attendance, according to Anthony Launkites' credible testi-
mony, that there were "some units in Endicott Johnson Corporation that were a little selfish
that he thought and they wanted to join some union, and he didn't see any reason for these
selfish units to join any union because he thought that E. J. was taking pretty good care of us
and he didn't want to see no outside representation taking care of these small selfish units by
joining a union, and . . . if these small units got into a union why it would spread all over the
Endicott Johnson Corporation and that would be the beginning and the end of Endicott Johnson
Corporation." Another honest version of the same speech is that of Edward Pratt who testi-
fied that Johnson said,
we have a few selfish workers here in the company -- that are upsetting the company by
becoming organized, and he said they are not thinking of the fact that there is about
20,000 other workers and along with also this same group were under the service depart-
ment there is many groups and if each group of workers throughout the company was to
want a different union he said how do you think that we are going to operate under those
circumstances through the fact that work more or less depends upon each group. It is
sort of on production you might say and if strikes was to come and work stoppage here
and there it upsets everybody throughout the company.
According to the credible testimony of Kenneth Hoffman, Johnson also stated that "he wanted
all workers to be loyal and keep on with the policy as it has been doing and not anything to
disrupt it that he had a great concern and he didn ' t want anything to change that."
The General Counsel also contends that Respondent violated Section 8 (a) (1) by posting the
following notice to its employees on May 21, 1952:
We have today been advised by the National Labor Relations Board that the Union has
withdrawn its petitions for elections, and that an order to that effect has been issued by
the Board.
Conclusions--8 (a) (1)
Employers , as a general rule, may not interrogate employees respecting their union
activities or opinions , particularly where the employers have manifested hostility to the
matters in question . Syracuse Color Press , Inc., 103 NLRB 377; compare Industrial Stationery
& Printing Co., 103 NLRB 1011. However , there is a privilege to interrogate employees con-
cerning matters normally denied an employer where the infprmation sought is relevant to
trial issues . See Joy Silk Mills. Inc., 85 NLRB 1290 , enfd as mod . 185 F 2d 732 (C. A., D.
C.), cert. denied 341 U. S. 914, Mississippi Products , Inc , 103 NLRB 1388. The petitions in
the present case were not circulated by Respondent in order to assist it in formulating its
own position on the unit question . The Respondent had already decided to oppose the Union's
proposed units, as it had so advised the employees , and it resorted to the petitions to strengthen
its position in the then pending representation case But the opinions of employees , either
within or without proposed units, are irrelevant to the Board ' s determination that units are
or are not appropriate . Such opinions or preferences of employees do become material after
the Board has decided that a given unit may be appropriate , but the only employees whose
ENDICOTT-JOHNSON CORPORATION 97
desires are material for this purpose are those within the permitted unit and their desires
are to be expressed through an election under the statutory representation procedures invoked,
as in the present case, by the aforementioned representation petitions In the instant case, for
example, the proposed units would be no more appropriate had the 14,000 employees, instead
of opposing the 2 proposed units in question , indicated their preference for these proposed
units 7
The circulation of the petitions constituted unlawful interrogation concerning a matter vital
to Union activities, there being no relevance to the petitions in the representation case. And
I also find that the manner of Superintendent Stevens' conduct respecting these petitions in the
Pioneer machine shop was tantamount, in the present case, to unlawful inducement of employees
to vote against or withdraw from the Union. Accordingly, I find that the Respondent has
thereby violated Section 8 (a) (1) of the Act. Monarch Foundry Co., 106 NLRB 377, Burlington
Mills Corporation, 102 NLRB 252, Continental Desk Company, 104 NLRB 912
I do not, however, consider Charles Johnson's statements at the meeting of June 17, 1952,
as threatening reprisal or promising benefits. Nor do I consider the posting of the May 21,
1952, notice to be unlawful, for which proposition the General Counsel cites Mellin-Quincy
Mfg. Co., Inc., 53 NLRB 366. The principle of this cited case--"Whether employees select
a bargaining representative , or what bargaining representative they select , is the exclusive
concern of the employees and is not a matter with respect to which an employer is legally
permitted to interfere under the Act" (53 NLRB, at 367)--has been so greatly modified in sub-
sequent decisions of the Board and under the present Act, that I must reject it as a correct
statement of present law, at least in its application to the instant case. Finally, I find it un-
necessary to determine Respondent's responsibility for the cards circulated by Button and
Doty. The 8 (a) (1) findings already made and the order to be recommended thereon are of the
same nature as the General Counsel seeks as to these cards.
D. Alleged discrimination
The Respondent discharged Wilmer T Davey, a die bender, on April 29, 1952, purportedly
for "insulting and belittling foreman [Hrncirik] in front of help." Davey had joined the Union
or or about February 25, 1952, but had not otherwise engaged in any activities in behalf of the
Union. Davey had refused to sign Respondent's aforementioned petition, at employee Benjamin
Webb's behest, sometime before his discharge, other employees of the die shop who were
active Union members also had refused to sign the petition
The die benders worked on a so-called point system at the time in question Each die had a
stated point value based on the time within which the particular die should be made, and
benders were expected to turn out a certain number of points each day The benders were
paid on an hourly basis, irrespective of the number of work points they accumulated, and the
Respondent asserts that the sole purpose of the point system was to inform the benders
"what their productivity could be and what it was reasonably expected of them "8 The point
value of each item was listed in a book in the die shop and Superintendent Leonard Steed
(Hrncirik's superior) had informed the benders that they should work in accordance with
these stated point values
On the morning of April 29, 1952, one of the benders learned that Die Shop Foreman Steven
Hrncirik had reduced the point value on a particular die despite the fact that the stated book
value of the item had not been changed. The benders, including Davey, protested the point
reduction to Hrncirik, stating that Hrncirik was without authority to make the change. In the
ensuing discussion Hrncirik finally told them that three benders would retime the die to deter-
mine a new point value for it. Davey thereupon stated that there was no need to retime the die
because its point value had been long established in the book and that Leonard Steed had
7Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company v, N L. R. B., 313 U. S. 146. cited by Respondent,
is inapposite here. The court held in that case that the desires of employees within a pro-
posed unit were relevant to unit and certification questions involved there. Under the pres-
ent Act, however, the Board is required to hold an election before certifying a representa-
tive in a representation case and may not also, as it could under the predecessor Act,
certify a representative on the basis of a card check at a hearing. (Compare Section 9
(c) of the present Act with Section 9 (c) of the former Act).
Respondent now uses the point system solely for purposes of scheduling its work and
not as a production quota for employees.
339676 0 - 55 - 8
98 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
said to "work from the book ." Hrncirik then said that the die would nevertheless be retimed,
to which Davey retorted that " We are not going to time that die. It is already in the books"
and that " You can't do anything about it because Leonard Steed is a bigger man than you are,
and what he says goes." "Besides that, " Davey added , " I don ' t think you can do anything about
it because we are organized ." Davey turned to go to his bench, whereupon Hrncirik called to
him. Davey told Hrncirik , " Now, look here, I don't want to argue with you no more about
this . . We will work at the prices that are in the books ." Davey declared , upon being
asked by Hrncirik why he didn ' t want to continue the argument , that Hrncirik was "too ignorant
to argue with." Hrncirik then said , "That is it , you are through, " and the employees , includ-
ing Davey, returned to work.
Hrncirik reported the incident to Assistant General Manager Frank Johnson, who was
Hrncirik ' s immediate superior in Superintendent Leo Exlie's absence. Johnson then checked
Davey's employment record and learned thattheyear before , in April 1951 , Foreman Hrncirik
had issued a discharge notice to Davey for "insulting and belittling foreman in front of
workers " This notice had been rescinded before Davey was discharged , as Johnsop was
advised in checking Davey's record.
Johnson met with Hrncirik in the die shop office on the afternoon of the 1952 incident under
consideration , and Assistant Foreman Arthur Knickerbocker (Davey's immediate supervisor)
and Walter Komar ( a die shop employee) were summoned , as was Davey Johnson testified
that he desired Knickerbocker and Komar to be witnesses to the discussion . Johnson asked
Davey whether he had told Hrncirik that Hrncirik " was too damn ignorant to run the room or to
do anything about anything that went on in that department " and Davey replied unhesitatingly
that " I said it and I will stand back of it." Johnson then directed Davey's discharge.
Later that afternoon a committee of die shop employees met with Johnson and sought to
have him reconsider Davey's discharge . Johnson advised the group that Davey had defied
Johnson to fire him and that this was not the first time Davey had insulted Hrncirik , referring
in this connection to the 1951 incident. 9
The General counsel claims that Respondent discharged Davey because of his Union
membership and failure to sign Respondent ' s petition. The General Counsel further claims
that, even apart from the matter of such membership and petition , Respondent was in any
event not permitted to discharge Davey because of the die shop incident , the argument being
that the entire incident was a concerted activity protected under Section 7 of the Act Among
other things in support of these contentions , the General Counsel also points to various alleged
inconsistencies and improbabilities in Respondent ' s testimony.
The record does establish , in my opinion , that Respondent was strongly opposed to the
Union's objectives in organizing the die shop and I am also satisfied that it knew Davey had
not .5igned its petition . However , Davey was not at all active in Union matters, apart from
joining the Union , and there were many others in the die shop who also had not signed the
petition Moreover , the 1951 incident with Hrncirik arose at a time when there was no Union
campaign . Mindful of the matters of alleged inconsistency and improbability referred to by
the General Counsel, I am nevertheless unable to find by a preponderance of evidence that
Respondent discharged Davey for reasons relating to his Union membership or to his refusal
to sign the petition.
Respondent contends that the discussion concerning points was not a protected concerted
activity because the points had no effect on the employees ' wages. This factor is not essential,
however, in order that concerted activity be protected under Section 7 of the Act , and I find
that the employees ' concerted protest concerning points did involve terms and conditions of
employment and therefore was within the scope of statutory protection But conduct is not
necessarily removed from lawful disciplinary action by an employer merely because such
conduct arises in a context of concerted activity.10 Davey not only called Hrncirik " ignorant"
and later "[ stood] back of it" but he also declared his refusal to accept Hrncirik ' s instruction
that the die be retimed . It may be that Hrncirik was overbearing and tactless in handling the
situation ; nevertheless , such circumstance afforded Davey no statutory warrant for " flouting
of [Hrncirik ' s] managerial authority " Briggs Manufacturing Company, 75 NLRB 569, 585.
9Although one witness testified that Johnson mentioned, as a reason for the discharge,
that Davey was involved in Union organization, the record in this particular regard is too
insubstantial and lacking in corroboration to permit me so to find.
iiSee Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company, Inc., 96NLRB 740; Titan Metal Manufacturing
Company, 99 NLRB 872; Briggs Manufacturing Company, 75 NLRB 569, 584.
ENDICOTT-JOHNSON CORPORATION 99
See also Shedd-Brown Mfg Co., 102 NLRB 742 (as to Kromrey), Crucible Steel Casting Co.,
101 NLRB 494.
I find, therefore, that Davey was discharged for cause, and I shall therefore recommend
that the complgint be dismissed as to him.
IL THE EFFECT OF THE UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES UPON COMMERCE
The activities of the Respondent set forth in section I, above, occurring in connection with
the operations of the Respondent , have a close , intimate, and substantial relation to trade,
traffic , and commerce among the several States and tend to lead to labor disputes burdemng
and obstructing commerce and the free flow thereof.
III. THE REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain unfair labor practices, I shall
recommend that it cease and desist therefrom and that it take certain affirmative action in
effectuation of the policies of the Act.
Upon the basis of the foregoing findings of fact , and upon the entire record in the case, I
make the following:
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent has engaged in unfair labor practices within the meaning of Section 8 (a)
(1) and Section 2 (6) and (7) of the Act by interrogating employees concerning their opinions
on appropriate bargaining units , soliciting employees to renounce and/or announce their
position on matters affecting Union organization , and advising employees that future economic
benefits were contingent on the organizational defeat of the Union.
2 The Respondent has not violated Section 8 (a) (3) and (5) of the Act
[Recommendations omitted from publication.]
APPENDIX A
NOTICE TO ALL EMPLOYEES
Pursuant to the recommendations of a Trial Examiner of the National Labor Relations
Board, and in order to effectuate the policies of the National Labor Relations Act, we hereby
notify our employees that:
WE WILL NOT interrogate our employees concerning , or solicit them to renounce
or announce , their position on matters affecting Union organization.
WE WILL NOT advise employees that future economic benefits are contingent on the
cessation of organizational activities.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere with, restrain , or coerce our
employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization , to form labor organizations,
to join or assist International Association of Machinists , A.F. of L., or any other labor
organization , to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and
to engage in concerted activities for the purposes of collective bargaining or other mutual
aid or protection or to refrain from any or all such activities except to the extent that
such right may be affected by an agreement requiring membership in a labor organiza-
tion as a condition of employment as authorized in Section ( a) (3) of the Act.
All our employees are free to join, form, or assist any labor organization , and to engage
in any self-organization or other concerted activities for the purposes of collective bargaining
or other mutual aid or protection or to refrain from such activities except to the extent that
such right is affected by an agreement made in conformity with Section 8 (a) (3) of the Act
ENDICOTT JOHNSON CORPORATION,
Employer.
Dated ... ... ... By ..................... ..... . ............................
(Representative ) (Title)
This notice must remain posted for 60 days from the date hereof, and must not be altered,
defaced, or covered by any other material