Boilermakers Local 667Download PDFNational Labor Relations Board - Board DecisionsJun 13, 1979242 N.L.R.B. 1153 (N.L.R.B. 1979) Copy Citation BOILERMAKERS. LOCAL 667 International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship- builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers, Local 667, AFL-CIO (Union Boiler Company) and Don- ald W. Anderson and Ronald W. Kennedy. Cases 9- CB-3732-1 and 9-CB-3732-2 June 13, 1979 DECISION AND ORDER BY CHAIRMAN FANNING AND MEMBERS JENKINS AND PENELLO On January 4, 1979, Administrative Law Judge Almira A. Stevenson issued the attached Decision in this proceeding. Thereafter, Respondent filed excep- tions and a supporting brief. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 3(b) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the Na- tional Labor Relations Board has delegated its au- thority in this proceeding to a three-member panel. The Board has considered the record and the at- tached Decision in light of the exceptions and brief and has decided to affirm the rulings, findings, and conclusions of the Administrative Law Judge and to adopt her recommended Order.' ORDER Pursuant to Section 10(c) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the National Labor Rela- tions Board adopts as its Order the recommended Or- der of the Administrative Law Judge and hereby or- ders that the Respondent, International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers, Local 667, AFL-CIO, Charles- ton, West Virginia, its officers, agents, and representa- tives, shall take the action set forth in the said recom- mended Order.2 I in the Remedy section of her Decision. the Administrative Law Judge states that Anderson and Kennedy should be made whole for any wages they would have earned if they had been referred to field jobs "from November 2. 1977 (15 days after they registered on the out-of-work list) .... " This is apparently a reference to the 15-day penalty imposed under the Joint Refer- ral Rules where an employee has quit his job. Since the Administrative Law Judge found that Respondent applies this 15-day penalty only to employees who quit field jobs, there appears to be no basis for imposing such a penalty on the employees in this case, one of whom quit a shop job and the other of whom was laid off by a shop employer. Accordingly, we shall delete from the Remedy section of the Decision any reference to November 2, 1977, or to a 15-day penalty. 2 Chairman Fanning agrees that Respondent breached the duty of fair representation in violation of Sec. 8(b( IXA) by failing to publicize its rule of delaying referrals to field jobs for employees who quit shop jobs, as the rule had a substantial impact on employees' job opportunities. However. he would not find that the rule constituted a violation of Sec. 8(b)(2) because, as the Administrative Law Judge found, the rule was adopted for a legitimate purpose: it represented a reasonable exercise of Respondent's discretion in representing employees; and it was not arbitrarily applied. As a remedy for the 8(bXl)(A) violation, Chairman Fanning would issue a cease-and-desist order, and would adopt the affirmative backpay order recommended by the Administrative Law Judge which applies to the Charging Parties the pub- lished rules of referral to field jobs. DECISION STATEMENT OF THE CASE ALMIRA ABBOT STEVENSON, Administrative Law Judge: A hearing was held in this consolidated proceeding at Charleston, West Virginia, June 13, 1978. The charge in Case 9-CB-3732-1 was filed by Donald Anderson and served on the Respondent December 8, 1977; the charge in Case 9-CB-3732-2 was filed by Ronald Kennedy and served on the Respondent January 4, 1978. An order con- solidating cases, consolidated complaint and notice of hear- ing was issued January 31, 1978. The complaint was duly answered by the Respondent. The issues are whether or not the Respondent violated Section 8(b)(1)(A) and Section (2) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, by refusing to refer Anderson and Kennedy from its exclusive hiring hall because they quit or the Respondent believed they had quit their former jobs. For the reasons set forth below I conclude that the Respondent violated the Act as alleged. 1. JURISDICTION Union Boiler Company is a West Virginia corporation engaged in the manufacture, installation, and service of in- dustrial boiler equipment. During the past 12 months it purchased and received goods and materials valued in ex- cess of $50,000 at its Belle, West Virginia, facility directly from points outside West Virginia. I find that Union Boiler Company is an employer within the meaning of Section 2(2) of the Act, engaged in commerce and in operations affecting commerce within the meaning of Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act. II. LABOR ORGANIZATION The Respondent is a labor organization within the mean- ing of Section 2(5) of the Act. IIl. UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES A. Facts' The Respondent is an amalgamated local union with ap- proximately 1,150 members of whom about 850 are en- gaged in field construction work and 300 in shop-fabrica- tion work. There are several fabrication shops located in the Respondent's jurisdiction and their employees are covered by separate collective-bargaining agreements negotiated with the individual employers, one of which is Southwest- ern Engineering Company. These agreements contain no exclusive hiring-hall provisions and the employers do thcir own hiring. In practice, the) hire off the street employees who have attended vocational school and have some basic training in welding but none in fabrication. The current contract wage is about $6.90 an hour. All employee.; in boilermaker classifications engaged in field construction, including those employed b Union Except where specifically discussed, the facts are substantially undisput- ed. 242 NLRB No. 167 1153 DI):(CISIONS OF: NA FIONAI. LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Boiler Company, are covered by the International Brother- hood of Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders. Blacksmiths. Forgers and Helpers Ohio Valley Articles of Agreement. The Agreement contains an exclusive hiring-hall arrange- ment, and an $1 1.30 an hour wage rate plus fringe benefits valued in excess of $3 an hour. tinder the Ohio Valley Ar- ticles of Agreement, and the Joint Referral Rules provided ftr in the agreement, the U nion maintains out-of-work lists of boilermaker journeymen (who have either completed the apprenticeship program or acquired 8,000 hours' working experience before qualifying). apprentices. and trainees. who must reconfirm availability every 14 days. The agree- ment and rules provide that registrants shall he referred from appropriate lists on a first-in first-out nondiscrimina- tory basis, except that trainees are not to he referred until all journeymen and apprentices have been placed. Under the agreement. trainees are paid 75 percent of the journey- man rate. The rules also provide, insofar as relevant here. for a suspension from the list 15 days first offense 30 days second offense, and thereafter I year for "quitting or leav- ing an employer's job" and there is credible testimony that this rule is fbllowed and applied by the Respondent to field construction quits in operating its hiring hall. Donald Anderson and Ronald Kennedy are both mem- bers of the Respondent Union. and there is no contention that they failed to pay dues and initiation fees required to retain membership. They have been employed as welders, fitters, and flame cutters by Southwestern Engineering Company. When Southwestern's previous agreement with the Respondent expired, on September 1, 1977, its employ- ees struck until Tuesday, October 18. 1977, when they voted to accept the new contract. During the strike. Ander- son and Kennedy' were referred to field construction jobs by the Respondent Union as trainees. The day the strike ended, Southwestern laid Kennedy off for lack of work and Anderson quit his employment with Southwestern. Both men went immediately to the Union hall. where they re- quested dispatcher Maynard May to place their names on the out-of-work list, Anderson informing him he had quit and Kennedy saying he had been laid off. May wrote their names on a sheet of paper and said he would call if he had anything for them. Receiving no call. Anderson and Kennedy returned to the Union hall the following Monday. October 24. May was not there, so they spoke with Assistant Business Manager Jim McC'ormick who was acting dispatcher. The employees explained that Kennedy had been laid off and Anderson had quit, and May had put their names on the out-of-:work list. Business Manager Bill McCormick came into the hall about that time and told the men that Kennedy would be referred for a job as he had been laid off but McCormick was going to put a stop to guys quilting the shops and going to fieldwork and Anderson would not be referred because he had quit a shop job. Anderson telephoned the hall on a couple of occasions after that and visited the hall once, about December 8. 1977. when May asked if Anderson had talked to Bill Mc- Cormick Anderson replied he had not and did not wish to, and May told him he could do nothing for him. Anderson was finally referred to a field construction job b the Re- spondent Union on January 30. 1978, after he filed the charge in this proceeding. Kennedy telephoned the hall once, and visited it several times at least every 2 weeks. May never told him he would not be referred but said he would he in touch when he had a job for Kennedy. Kennedy credibly testified that he returned to the hall on November 28. when he observed dispatcher May referring other employees out to jobs: he asked Mas why he was not refCrred, and May responded. "that I'd messed up when I quil Southwestern." Kennedy protested he had not quit and May asked fr a layoff slip. Kennedy said he had left his slip at the unemployment compensation office. but Ma could call Southwestern and confirm his layof'. Mlay then gave Kennedy a referral slip and sent him out to a job.2 Accordingly, I find that the Respondent Union refused to refer Anderson and Kennedy to field construction jobs as trainees because Anderson had quit, and Kennedy was be- lieved to have quit, their shop jobs, and thereby prevented them from obtaining jobs in field construction from Octo- ber 18. 1977, until January 30. 1978. and November 28, 1977. respectively. Business Manager Bill McCormick testified that the Re- spondent was following a longstanding unwritten policy of "not encouraging" shop employees to quit by refusing im- mediately to refer out, or refusing to refer out for a reason- able length of time, any employee who quit a job in a shop. although McCormick could not define a reasonable length of timrne. The reason for this policy. he explained, is that shops cannot pay as high wages as field construction em- ployers can pay and remain in business. So if employees are allowed freely to leave the shops for the field, as all natu- rally wish to do, the shops will have to close either from inability to pay competitive wages to retain their employees or because their employees leave them. and there will he no more shop jobs availahble for the employees in the shop units it represents. Roger Magaw vice president and treasurer of Union Boiler Company in charge of labor relations for that com- pany and its wholly-owned division Putnam Fabricating C(ompany. a shop employer, testified it takes a shop 4 years to train an employee hired oilff the street in fabrication: that he has been concerned for several elars about employees using the shops as a training ground for field work and losing his trained employees to the field: and that it was I1 credit this teslimon b Kenned, whose nmenomrr was sharp and un- equiocal . By contrast, May's memory was obhiousl} poor. and. unlike Ken- nedy. he showed a tendency t;/ dissemble. Moreoer. May's testimony. that Kennedy merely came into the office on his day, "and said he had not quit hisjob down at Southwestern Engineering. he was onl' on layoflTdown there. and he would like to go to work," implies ihat this was Kennedd)'s first isit Ito the hall. whereas the undisputed idence is hat Kenned had pres iousl? visited the hall several times, signed oult ol work lists. and h ad also tele- phoned May about work. I do not theretore credit NMaS in this respect, nor do I credit his tesimon that he had never beer under the impression that Kennedy had quit or his denial that he had refused to refer Kennedy because he thought Kennedy had quit. I have carelull considered the undisputed ceidence that Kennedy had told May n October 18 a.id olther LUnion tffi- cials ,n October 24 that he wa, laid ioff and that the Respondent made noi aittemnpt to den ir oincceal its treatment oI Anderson based in his having quit. However I consider these factors outweighed by the lctolrs heretofore recited and the absence ot an e plalntion as iti h,s it Ma) had not some- how gt the idea that Kennedy had quit. Kennedy was not given a relerral 1or period i 6 reeks lit cmicededl tfull eplosrieinl in the industry 1154 B()II.ERRMAKI-RS. I.()(AI. hh7 apparent shen the current Ohio \Valle Articles of Agree- ment were negotilated in 1976 that there would he an ex- tended period of' expanded oh opportunitics in ield cn- struction. To preent draining the shops of emnploees bh making field construction less attractise to them,. a clause was agreed to imposing a requirement of 8.0(X) houlrs' work- lng experience for a trainee to he eligible ltor ada ;ncement to journeyllan, and a 75 percent paN rate for trainee on ia field construction job. lowever. no concern \was expressed. he said. that the Itnion should not refer the shop quits to field construction jobs. and the Union did not inforim the emploNer negotiators of anN such polic.' B. ( 'ontl is The Respondent acknowledges its statulorN duIt fairlN to represent the shop temploxees under the Mr1o1h(o doctrine. It denies, however. that it ftiled its dut) in this respect. The Gieneral ('Counsel does not contend, aind I agree. thai the Respondent cannot lawfullN enforce referral rules de- signed to discourage the emploNees it represents from quit- ting their johs with the obvious ohbjecti e o'f assuring i steadN and dependable suppl 3 of' labor to the emplo ers with which it has collective bargaining agreenients. \Ve arce also in aigrement, I belie'e. that the referral rules spelling out the 15-daN. 30-daN. -'ear penalties tor quitting tieldl- construction jobs are a reasonable and lair method ol achieviing this purpose. It is also plain that the Respondent cannot have dillerent referral rules fl'r shop and field constructiotn eniplo\ees or no reason or 'for an impermissible reason.) For the purpose of preventing a drain of the shops' labor supply in lfaxor of construction therehb preventing tile closing of shops alln loss of unit jobs,. the Respondent had a legitimate reason lot adopting and enforcing a different and more stringent refel'r- ral rule for quitting shop jobs than l'r quittling field coln- 'he (General (',ounel contends that the shop-quit rule s an ex pt.. ,, I,, rule put into effecl IEter Anderson and Kenned. had quit. Althlough sot11e circumstances surrounding the rule il had nt been posted. published. or proposed For incorporation in the collective bargaining agreenmen: ahbsence of eidence it had been applied before these eents: t'nuin members ere vague about its existence) are suspicious. I do nol beliee these circum- sltances in he absence iof evidence that he rule hd never been preolusl invoked. or that I nion officiall harbored an, hsilliI lIoward A nderson and Kcnned . juslit} a indling cintrar? t( the direct testlMnll\ ot tlillless Mali- ager ill Mc('Cormick he (eneral ('Counsel also contelends that the Respondent arbilraril? iple- mented the rule algainst ndersotnil ald Kellned although it hd not eCn- torced t againsl another member. imnoth Ilmore, when lie alegedil 5 q uit his job at Southwestern 1gineering durinLg a wildcat strike in Ma;rch 1977 thllweser. Ilniore adilited that inanagetnlt otfical.l told hin .nd oither strikers Ihat the strike was a siolation of contract. and it Ithe did inot ge back to work thes would be tired. In these clrcumstances. I credit usiless Manager Mc('ormlick that I more as, considered lired bec.aulse he hadll re- Iused tIo return I t.,o rk alter being told he wold he discharged it he did notl I ind that the Rel.ondenl had a legitil;ate reasonll tlr tl applxlug Ile shop- quit rule to tlImre anid that Anderson and Kennied s ere nt treate n a disparate nlanner from lnire b the arbitr;ar. inlplenlemnlatk ofi the rle agaillsl theill See ('hi, ii, /''d'riol ! Fcutiutu, t i .o l if I. .tlt'rl lean I'd criiiol , i.tl.a . S'lh h RadA 7& I Pr-di , /a l. I, st N I RB 68 t4 (196h) 4 iri1 ndli,,1 t. (tipl/nl . i, I 40 N I R I I 12 } eliirceniient denied 326 2d 1 72 12d (it 1963 ' See (; i ruil 7r, A lri I rlrh,),ll R ltl l, o .h Ir , i . d -t l /...ili I it [ V¢, i i( e I , s Itl a r ..lil ltI/ Brutrl l ,rh,,,, d t i i ll clcr. ( h l,i,/i',r. It i ,rt howirenl iil o'r it tor I (Jl RhJdIi a /.,'. Il. 21 N1 I R I 1ti, t18 197si structlion obs. Although one might questioll the isdoim oft uLsiig a more ses ere quit penalIt (in a idd tio to the 8.0X)- httur experience requirelent to qUlualit' fr journeN Itan and the 7 percen t paN rate ior trainees which are incorporated in the Agreenietit and not challenged here) to achiese this objectis'e. I do not believe it can he conidcered on the hbasis of intOrniation available. unreasonalale. Ne ertieless I must conclude that the refetrral rule, ai applied to Anderson and Kenned. does not contorinl ith the stalidard of tairiess required itt their stitutorN hbargain- nig representatie. Ilhe ault i thal unlike the clear, defiite rules applicable to field construction quits hicli are pre- cisel- spelled ut in lhce collectis e barga;ining agreement avalilable to all, the rule applicable to hop quits is vague and indetinite ad nosuhere aailable. Thus. a conistruction worker is in a position to klnoss the exact ltinmber of' das and under uhiat specific circumstances e svill non he re- lierred to a nesw job i he quits, ad can make a reasotned decision based on that knowledge. A slhop elploeCC haTs ito definite inftoriiation upon which to bahse sLIucI i decision. Ihat he A ill not he re'erred out t a field Jloh illediittefl or ill not bhe elerred or a reastonable length of ti tme tells hill little i ain! thing. WAh;at it realli mean Is Ithit his reter- rial is at thie hiltt of his I nill olfficers uho might opl1 lr i short or long delax in reterrinig him. or nieser to refer him at all. ihus. there i no aN, of' knocing hetn, if e er, the Respondeni t uould ha-e i en Kenned! :a referral had Ihe not corrected \Ia !'s mistaken impression that he had qit ir given Aniderson a relerrall if he had not filed the chiarlge inl this proceedling. I mploNees have a tatutior\ right to de- malnd better treatlmlent tha;n this from their exclusi e bar- gaining representi;tive. I coiclude thereiore that bh retulS ig ito reifer Anderson anid Keinneed to field constructitn jobs frolrl ()ctober I1. 1977, ultil JiInuit; 31. 1978, amid Ni e nber 28. 1977. re- specti el%, the Respirondctt tlailed tairlx to represent them in violationi of Section Sih(lH)( A I t ani discrimiinated agaillst them i s itolatiun ot Sectioin 8(h)(2) of the Act.' 1 . RIt \11 ) lasing loIunld that the Respondelit non has engaged in unfair labor practices. I shall reclomllendl that it he ordered I .,, r ()lr,, illiJ i [ )l rtle (O ,tlil l/ (; 'lrtr L %[nillthi I ,r ~1/ \ , )80a /( oif ttlmir, Il ( -iirl,, llg ( 21r[lorllltl N R It s82 t 1 973i. i;,1 i hrr ( s/ firt , tdl/ios// .>/' / Ris I/,lio 1pI ,ti/ ( //,I , 1 ,' , t lhzc Iu.t Iith , r[ n wi,ntl B-r lihrh, 1,rI, l , i / 7 W r. ( hallelcilr Iit ;Jr 1l il, 1 la II1 Il'pcr ,,i iiri a< "ClI.u ('itri lltoii ( 1. Ins , 19I N R '4 I I ( 'il /ao u / [[,tr l)t //t /l, i l , -tdii IdS1l I Irs/u , I, ! ttlol/ Illlf7i (Sh,l d l Rldo I I Prolit 11 , .[mL lt lI (;i'io 'r,/ rl t i)rl 'r c /i,,i'l, i,,' ,t Ilpi'r, - / i t ,luf ..til ,, I tI*li . I'l%. IX o~tl [ ... l h'rtlllf lt~tll J I .,J , d t ]i 'tltl l~!rt, ( All tt i' ltarc h ,icc,i i, , / I/ n lt r ,! 4,tIrla I Rh,,,/ t/ .1,Ii",,iil, / 1, ,. I S ir ll In sle, it the Respiondeint's Ulitair reatlent ,1 It, nieiher. I tld tht ii 0I.ld hae een lutile tIo indersorl to reaffiri h a.lahilih xer\ 14 is as requirel h,, the .lit Relerrd Rules i te Reponrdent hial to ititeiriton oi relerril/i hill .In1 \.i \1irecie r I ind I l Terit 11 th R lsi.lleni ', further cclleiltilon t} tie ctlct I li te ftralt,.il J.ttrtitc is iot ipplic.ihle to the Opil hnr it .l 1 c tJ i Mlc Il 11II,]1 1 11 I 1 (.Jlc ,fltrLItllOU 1111(111s11 hIICIC .I t'.ic. 1n11,lillot st it J tI I' t h [. ht. 'c lqk'I.arl [ " t. 11 [iil d Iw rel- esloice Ii 1)u, ( , /1,/r ( , ..tll' /' / , , t,,,i i/ ,h!Cr , r . , i, ,'r -u , r O)aiml -A,,h I h,,i (scriln lil, 21'2 R 421 197 i \ / R x I 4q l 1 t Pr1 r I J j? I ,tl If,! th , tI, I II I I h /, h I t [I ~l' k III B Illl . /tI I, I t tI {( ,'tl1l1111t'.dl I I55 DECISIONS OF NA IONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARI) to cease and desist therefrom and take certain affirmative action designed to effectuate the policies of' the Act. I rec- ommend that the Respondent make whole Donald Ander- son and Ronald Kennedy fr any loss of earnings they may have suffered by reason of its violation of its duty to repre- sent them fairly. by payment of sums of money equal to what they normally would have earned as wages had they been referred out to field construction jobs as trainees from November 2. 1977. (15 days after they registered on the out- of-work list) to January 30. 1978, and November 28. 1977. respectively, the dates they received referrals, less their net earnings during those periods. Backpay shall be computed in the manner set forth in F W. Woolwvorlh Comparn'. 90 NLRB 289 (1950), with interest as provided in Ilorida Steel Corporatlion 231 NLRB 651 (1977). and Isis Plumbing and Heatring Co., 138 NLRB 716 (1962). Upon the basis of the foregoing findings of fact and con- clusions of law and upon the entire record, and pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Act, I hereby' issue the following recom- mended: ORDER 9 The Respondent, International Brotherhood of Boiler- makers. Iron Shipbuilders. Blacksmiths, Forgers and Hlelp- ers, Local 667, AFL-CIO, Belle, West Virginia, its officers. agents. and representatives, shall: 1. Cease and desist from: (a) Restraining or coercing employees in the exercise of rights guaranteed by Section 7 of the Act or discriminating against them by failing to represent them in a fair and im- partial manner. (b) In any like or related manner restraining or coercing employees in the exercise of their rights guaranteed by Sec- tion 7 of the Act. 2. Take the following affirmative action which is neces- sary to effectuate the policies of the Act: (a) Make whole Donald W. Anderson and Ronald W. Kennedy for any loss of wages they may have suffered as a result of the Respondent's failure to accord them the fair mental Iron 1I'orers .4 FL ('10 (Higdon Contracring (Co). 985 S.('T 651} (1978) (97 LRRM 2333)., dealing with the relationship between Sec. 8). 8(a)(51, ad 8(h)(7) to the Respondent's duty under Sec. 8(bhll A) and 2) to accord the employees it represents fair and impartial treatment. In the event no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 ot the Rules and Regulations of the National Labor Relations Boaid. the findings, conclusions, and recommended Order herein shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules and Regulations. be adopted by the Board and become its findings. conclusions. and Order, and all objections thereto shall he deemed waived for all purposes. and impartial representation to which they were entitled, in the manner set forth in the Remedy section of this Decision. (h) Post at its business offices and hiring hall copies of the attached notice.' Copies of said notice on forms pro- vided by the Regional Director for Region 9. after being duly signed by the Respondent's authorized representative, shall be posted by the Respondent immediately upon re- ceipt thereof and be maintained b it for 60 consecutive days thereafter, in conspicuous places, including all places where notices to to employees and members are customar- ily posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken by the Respon- dent to insure that said notices are not altered, defaced. or covered by an) other material. (c) Sign and mail to the Regional Director for Region 9 sufficient copies of said notice, on forms provided b him, for posting at the premises of Southwestern Engineering Company if the latter is willing. (d) Notify the Regional Director for Region 9. in writ- ing, within 20 days from the date of' this Order, what steps the Respondent has taken to comply herewith. I In the event that this Order is enforced by a judgment ot a I nited SI aes Courl of Appeals. the , ords in the notice reading "Posted by order of the National Labor Relations Board" shall read "Posted Pursuant to a Judgment of the LUnited States C(ourt of Appeals enl;rcing an order o, the National Labor Relations Board." APPENDIX No(l( F. To 11 MiMBERS PoSl l) BY OR)DER ()f1 li N II(INAI. LAH()R RI.AIIONS BoARD An Agency of the United States Government Wt: II.L N()I restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of rights guaranteed by Section 7 of the Na- tional Labor Relations Act as amended, or discrimi- nate against them. b, failing to represent them in a fair and impartial manner. WE it. N in any like or related manner restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of rights guaran- teed by Section 7 of the Act. Wti wliii. make whole Donald W. Anderson and Ronald W. Kennedy for any loss of' wages they may have suffered as a result of our failure to accord them the fair and impartial representation to which they were entitled, with interest. INIERNAIIONAl. BROIIIERtt()OI) o Bl.IRMAK- ERS. IRON SHIPBUIIDI)ERS BLA(KSMI tS, Fo()RGRS ANt) H.PEIRS. Lo(tm. 667. AFL CIO I 1156 Copy with citationCopy as parenthetical citation