American Showa, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

May 22, 2000

331 N.L.R.B. 211 (N.L.R.B. 2000)

AMERICAN SHOWA, INC. 211
American Showa, Inc. and Teamsters Local Union
No. 413 a/w International Brotherhood of Team-
sters, AFL–CIO. Case 8–CA–31106
May 22, 2000
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN TRUESDALE AND MEMBERS
LIEBMAN AND BRAME
On March 17, 2000, Administrative Law Judge Bruce
D. Rosenstein issued the attached decision. The Respon-
dent filed exceptions and a supporting brief, and the
General Counsel filed an answering brief.1 The Respon-
dent filed a reply brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,2 and conclusions and
to adopt the recommended Order as modified.3
AMENDED CONCLUSION OF LAW
Substitute the following for Conclusion of Law 3.
“3. The Respondent has engaged in unfair labor prac-
tices in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by coer-
cively interrogating an employee and informing him that
he was discharged because of his union activities.”
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge as
modified below and orders that the Respondent, Ameri-
can Showa, Inc., Sundbury, Ohio, its officers, agents,
successors, and assigns, shall take the action set forth in
the Order as modified.
1. Substitute the following for paragraph 1(a).
“(a) Coercively interrogating employees concerning
their union activity and coercively informing employees
that they will be discharged because of their union activ-
ity.”
2. Substitute the attached notice for that of the admin-
istrative law judge.
APPENDIX

NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

1 No exceptions were filed to the judge’s recommended dismissal of
the allegation that the Respondent unlawfully created the impression
that employees’ union and protected activities were under surveillance.
2 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
3 We shall modify the judge’s conclusions of law, recommended Order,
and notice to employees to conform to the violations found by the judge.
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to
post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.

To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives
of their own choice
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected
concerted activities.

WE WILL NOT coercively question you about your
union support or activities, or inform you that you could
be terminated for engaging in union support or activities.
WE WILL NOT discharge, suspend, or otherwise dis-
criminate against any of you for supporting Teamsters
Local Union No. 413, a/w International Brotherhood of
Teamsters, AFL–CIO or any other union.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
guaranteed you by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL, within 14 days of the date of the Board’s
Order, offer Christopher Hankins full reinstatement to his
former job or, if that job no longer exists, to a substan-
tially equivalent position, without prejudice to his senior-
ity or any other rights or privileges previously enjoyed.
WE WILL make Christopher Hankins whole for any
loss of earningS and other benefits resulting from his
suspension and discharge, less any net interim earnings,
plus interest.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the
Board’s Order, remove from our files any reference to
the unlawful suspension and discharge of Christopher
Hankins, and we will, within 3 days thereafter, notify
him in writing that this has been done and that the sus-
pension and discharge will not be used against him in
any way.

AMERICAN SHOWA, INC.

Thomas M. Randazzo, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Jonathan R. Vaughn, Esq. and Richard T. Miller, Esq., of
Columbus, Ohio, for the Respondent-Employer.

DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
BRUCE D. ROSENSTEIN, Administrative Law Judge. This
case was tried before me on January 27 and 28, 2000, in Dela-
ware, Ohio, pursuant to a complaint and notice of hearing (the
complaint) issued by the Acting Regional Director for Region 8
for the National Labor Relations Board (the Board) on Decem-
ber 7, 1999.1 The complaint, based upon a charge filed by
Teamsters Local Union No. 413, a/w International Brotherhood
1 All dates are in 1999 unless otherwise indicated.
331 NLRB No. 25
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 212
of Teamsters, AFL–CIO (the Charging Party or the Union)
alleges that American Showa, Inc. (the Respondent or ASI) has
engaged in certain violations of Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
National Labor Relations Act (the Act). The Respondent filed
a timely answer to the complaint denying that it had committed
any violations of the Act.
Issues
The complaint alleges that the Respondent suspended and
discharged employee Christopher Hankins, and engaged in two
independent violations of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by unlaw-
fully and coercively interrogating an employee regarding his
union and protected activities and by letter, creating the impres-
sion that employees’ union and protected activities were under
surveillance.
On the entire record, including my observation of the de-
meanor of the witnesses, and after considering the briefs filed by
the General Counsel and the Respondent, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
The Respondent is a corporation engaged in the manufacture
of automotive parts in Sundbury, Ohio, where it annually sells
and ships goods valued in excess of $50,000 directly to points
located outside the State of Ohio. The Respondent admits and I
find that it is an employer engaged in commerce within the
meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act and that the
Union is a labor organization within the meaning of Section
2(5) of the Act.
II. ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. Background
In May 1999, Christopher Hankins talked to a union official
about commencing an organizing campaign at Respondent. He
became the leading union adherent in the machine department
and was an active and open supporter of the Union. In this
regard, Hankins talked to a number of employees about the
Union, handed out authorization cards, and engaged in a num-
ber of conversations with supervisors about the need for a un-
ion at the Respondent.
Respondent and Honda of America Manufacturing (Honda)
formed a partnership and the majority of the automotive parts
manufactured by the Respondent are supplied to Honda. At all
material times Takeshi Kawaguchi is the president of Respon-
dent, Donald Westover serves as plant manager and vice presi-
dent, and Michele Kerschner holds the position of associate
relations manager. The Respondent has adopted many of the
personnel and work policies of Honda and all employees wear
uniforms similar to those of Honda employees.
Hankins commenced employment with Respondent in Feb-
ruary 1994, and was continuously employed until being sus-
pended on July 16, and subsequently discharged on July 19.
During his tenure of employment, Hankins received numerous
awards for perfect attendance (GC Exh. 37) and countless
awards under the ASI Voluntary Involvement Program for
Quality, Suggestive and Safety Recognition (GC Exhs. 39, 40,
and 41). All Respondent employees including Hankins are
eligible to participate in Quality Circle and the Voluntary In-
volvement Programs. The Respondent has established a mile-
stone-awards program (GC Exh. 5), that enables employees to
earn awards upon achieving certain point levels.2 Hankins was
the first employee to attain all of the milestone point levels and
in addition to being the recipient of a monetary award at the
silver level, he earned a 2-week all expense paid vacation to
Hawaii. In December 1998, Hankins was the first and only
employee at the facility to be awarded a Honda Civic LX after
achieving the 5000-point milestone.3 That recognition was
memorialized with an article and picture of Hankins and the car
in the ASI News and Views (GC Exh. 6). In addition, Hankins
and another employee won a trip to Japan based on their win-
ning a competition at Respondent for contributions to a Quality
Circle project (GC Exh. 38). That trip was taken with President
Kawaguchi and Plant Manager Westover. On a number of
occasions, both Kawaguchi and Westover would stop by
Hankin’s work location and compliment him on his industry
and contributions to the Respondent.
B. The Facts
On July 12, Hankins returned to work from a planned family
vacation in Canada, and brought back a case of beer for a friend
who had previously worked on his car. Hankins placed the
beer in a cooler in the employee cafeteria. Later that day,
Hankins walked into the cafeteria to see if his friend had re-
moved the gift from the cooler. He was informed by one of the
maintenance employees that a management representative had
locked the beer in the cooler. Hankins proceeded to the office
to talk with Kerschner.4 Hankins apprised Kerschner that the
beer was a gift for a coworker. Kerschner informed Hankins
that beer should not be brought to the facility but permitted
Hankins to retrieve the beer from the cooler and take it home.
No type of formal warning or discipline was visited upon
Hankins for this incident.
On July 13, Hankins had lunch in the cafeteria with fellow
employees Julie Liming and Val Reese. He made a comment
to them that Smith probably found the gift in the cooler. Reese
apprised Hankins that Smith was not responsible for the beer
being locked in the cooler.
On July 14, Hankins along with a number of other employ-
ees proceeded to the cafeteria around 11 a.m., for their regu-
larly scheduled lunch. As he entered the cafeteria and turned
right toward the cooler to retrieve his lunch, Hankins acciden-
tally nudged Smith who was bent over and as she was raising
up, bumped her on the right shoulder. He said, “excuse me,”
and continued toward the cooler. While he was eating lunch
with employees Liming and Reese, Smith stopped by the table
and said to Hankins, “that you really hurt my shoulder when
you bumped into me and you had a mile to walk around me.”
Smith then walked away from the table and Hankins com-
mented to Leming and Reese that Smith seems to be upset.
Reese told Hankins that Smith was just joking. After lunch,
Hankins proceeded directly to the conference room for a pro-

2 The silver award is achieved once an employee earns 1000 points.
An employee is awarded $800. The gold award is reached after earning
2500 points and an employee is presented with a special vacation.
Once an employee reaches 5000 points and achieves ASI status, they
are entitled to receive a Honda Civic LX. GC Exh. 42 is a compilation
of Hankin’s total points from January 1, 1997, to May 1999.
3 The automobile has an assessed value of $16,000.
4 Mildred Smith, an employee of contract provider Aramark, ap-
prised Hankins that she had nothing to do with the beer being locked in
the cooler. Smith is in charge of all the vending machines at Respon-
dent and has worked in this capacity for approximately 10 years.
AMERICAN SHOWA, INC. 213
duction meeting, but decided that if he hurt Smith’s feelings or
her shoulder, he would apologize.
After the production meeting ended around 12 noon,
Hankins returned to the cafeteria and touched Smith’s shoulder
to get her attention. He said, “If I hurt your shoulder in any
way, I apologize.” Smith said, “no your not, you did that on
purpose and are trying to be a smart ass.” Smith became angry
and informed Hankins that she heard all the negative things that
he had said while blaming her for the confiscation of the beer.
Hankins attempted to disabuse Smith of her assertions, but
Smith was intent on ending the conversation. Hankins per-
sisted and “remained in her face” as she continued to back
away from the discussion. Indeed, Smith attempted to end the
conversation on three separate occasions, but Hankins persisted
despite Smith repeatedly informing him that the conversation
had ended. As a number of employees started to move in the
direction of the conversation, and Hankins determined that
Smith was not listening to him, he left the cafeteria and re-
turned to work.
Shortly after returning to the machine department, Hankins
was summoned to the conference room. Kerschner asked
Hankins what happened with Smith in the cafeteria, as she
wanted to hear his side of the story. Hankins volunteered that
he accidentally bumped into Smith but apologized at the time.
He then approached Smith in the cafeteria after the production
meeting ended to offer another apology and ask about her
shoulder. Smith started yelling and Hankins recommended that
she should go to administration if there was a problem. After
Hankins informed Kerschner what had taken place, he was
instructed to return to work.
On July 15, Westover was in the machine shop and Hankins
complained to him about the majority of the machine depart-
ment equipment being relocated to Respondent’s other plant
that would necessitate relocating a number of employees in-
cluding Hankins to the second and third shift. Westover said,
“Don’t lie to me, is that why you want to see a union come in?”
“Is that why you and Pam are pushing for a Union?” Hankins
replied, “Well Don, I will say this much, some of the policies
need to be looked at.” Westover said, “You think a Union will
change anything around here.” Hankins responded, “I don’t
want to discuss the Union.”5
On July 16, Kerschner asked two employees and Smith to
provide written statements concerning the incident that took
place in the cafeteria between Hankins and Smith on July 14.6
No investigation was commenced before this time as Kerschner
was in all day meetings on July 14 and 15. Around 10:30 a.m.,
Hankins dropped by Kerschner’s office on his way home as he
had previously scheduled a half-day of vacation. He apprised
Kerschner of his game plan involving a transfer to another ma-
chine line due to the impending removal of the equipment from

5 Westover did not specifically deny that the July 15 conversation
took place. Rather, he testified that weeks before July 15 while walk-
ing through the plant, a couple of employees informed him that the
people in the machine department were upset because their equipment
was being moved and that Hankins was passing out union cards. That
afternoon, Westover saw Hankins in the plant and said, “I just wanted
to let you know about something, people are saying you’re passing out
union cards.” Hankins denied it.
6 Adecco, a temporary employment service at Respondent, On-Site Ser-
vice Manager Bobbi Haak-Hikens submitted a typed statement on the
morning of July 16, while Respondent employee Tracie Nelson submitted
a statement via e-mail at 10:40 a.m. on July 16 (R. Exhs. 7 and 11).
the machine department and sought her feedback regarding the
plan. While Kerschner gave positive feedback to Hankins
about the transfer, she did not apprise him that she was in the
process of obtaining witness statements involving the July 14
incident nor did she solicit a written statement from Hankins.
After returning home, Hankins received a voice mail message
to call Kerschner at the facility. Hankins telephoned Kerschner
and was informed that he was going to be suspended for 3 days
for creating a hostile work environment based on the July 14
incident with Smith. Hankins was quite upset during the con-
versation and could not believe that he was being suspended for
offering an apology to Smith. He also voiced concern that
Kerschner did not seek a written statement from him after she
mentioned that several statements were received from Respon-
dent employees. Hankins further said, “Don’t you want to
investigate the entire matter and confirm that I apologized to
Smith or that she called me a smart-ass?”7
On July 17, Hankins left a voice mail message on West-
over’s telephone that Kerschner wanted to give him 3 days off
for creating a hostile work environment.
On July 18, Hankins was able to reach Westover at home
and told him what happened concerning the suspension. West-
over did not want to discuss the matter over the telephone but
instructed Hankins to come into the facility on Monday after-
noon, so they could discuss the matter. In anticipation of the
meeting, Hankins prepared a written statement (GC Exh. 45).
On July 19, Hankins went to the facility and upon arriving
saw Kerschner, who inquired why he was at the plant since he
was supposed to be on suspension. Hankins informed Ker-
schner that he had talked to Westover over the weekend and a
meeting was arranged for today. Kerschner picked up Hankins’
personnel file and then met Hankins and Westover in the con-
ference room. Hankins proceeded to read his prepared state-
ment but was interrupted by Westover. He apprised Hankins
that he was a liar and informed him that the Respondent had a
statement in its possession from a coworker that he had been
harassing Smith for approximately a year. Westover said, “We
7 Kerschner memorialized a memorandum to the file that states in
pertinent part:
To: Associate File of Christopher Hankins
From: Michelle Kerschner, Associate Relations Manager
Date: July 16, 1999
Subject: Creating a Hostile & Intimidating Work Envi-
ronment
On Wednesday, July 14, 1999, upon walking into the
cafeteria for lunch at about 12 noon, Bobbi Haak-Hikens
(Adecco Onsite Representative) approached me about an in-
cident between Midge Smith (ARAMARK Vending Host-
ess) and Chris Hankins (Machining Associate).
I spoke to Chris Hankins on the afternoon of 7/14/99.
Chris explained that earlier in the day he bumped into Midge
on his way into the cafeteria for his lunch. He apologized
briefly at that time. Then, after the associate meeting at
12:00, he again approached Midge to offer another apology.
He asked her how her shoulder felt & Midge started yelling at
him. Chris told Midge several times she should go to Ad-
ministration if there was a problem.
After discussing the above facts with Donald Westover
(Plant Manager, Vice President), we are both in agreement
that Chris should receive a 3-day suspension which will be
served 7/19/99, 7/20/99, 7/21/99. I also informed Chris that
any other intimidating contact with Midge may result in fur-
ther action, up to and including termination (G.C. Exh. 7).

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 214
know you have been lying to us.” Kerschner handed Hankins
employment application to Westover who informed Hankins
that he did not list Honda as a prior employer on his job appli-
cation. Hankins admitted this fact and informed Westover that
he did not read the fine print on the application and did not
know that you had to list every previous employer on your job
application. Westover informed Hankins that he knew that
Hankins had previously worked at Honda for the last several
months. Westover asked what else did Hankins lie about on his
job application to Respondent? Hankins volunteered that he
resigned from Honda when he was given the option of going
before a peer review board or quitting his employment. West-
over said, “I am going to terminate your for a number of rea-
sons.”

1. Not listing Honda on your application.
2. For being the ringleader in organizing the Teamsters
Union in the machine department.
3. Threatening Midge Smith.

Hankins replied, “that he was not a union organizer and did
not work for the Teamsters.”
Westover told Hankins that he should not have gotten in-
volved with the Union. Hankins refused to sign the termination
slip and said, “this is what its all about, my involvement in the
Union.”
Hankins was too upset to sign the final exit papers and was
escorted off the premises by his supervisor.
C. The 8(a)(1) Allegations
The General Counsel alleges in paragraph 6(a) of the com-
plaint that Westover, on or about July 15, coercively interro-
gated an employee regarding his union and protected activities.
On July 15, Westover was in the machine shop and Hankins
complained to him about the majority of the machine shop
equipment being relocated to Respondents other plant and that
this would necessitate relocating a number of employees in-
cluding Hankins to the second and third shift. According to
Hankins, Westover said, “ Don’t lie to me, is that why you want
to see a union come in?” “Is that why you and Pam are pushing
for a Union?” Hankins replied, “Well Don, I will say this
much, some of the policies need to be looked at.” Westover
said, “You think a Union will change anything around here.”
Hankins responded, “I don’t want to discuss the Union.”
Westover admitted that he was aware of union activity at the
plant and candidly acknowledged that the policy of the Re-
spondent is to operate its business without the presence of the
Union.8 Westover testified that the only conversation he had
with Hankins about the Union occurred sometime in late June
or early July 1999. In this regard, some employees informed
Westover that Hankins was passing out union authorization
cards. Westover approached Hankins in the plant at that time
and said, “I heard you are handing out union cards.” Hankins
denied it.
The general test applied to determine whether employer
statements violate Section 8(a)(1) of the Act is “whether the
employer engaged in conduct which reasonably tends to inter-
fere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the free exercise of

8 Indeed, the Respondent’s handbook specifically apprises employ-
ees that it is not necessary nor do we believe it will ever be necessary
for you or anyone else to belong to a union in order to have a voice in
the management of your own working affairs (GC Exh. 2, p. 6).
rights under the Act.” NLRB v. Aimet, Inc., 987 F.2d 445 (7th
Cir. 1993); Reeves Bros., 320 NLRB 1082 (1996).
If Westover made the above statements to Hankins on July
15, then the Act was violated. I am inclined to credit Hankins
for the following reasons. Hankins impressed me as a sincere
and candid witness whose testimony has a ring of truth to it.
Westover, on the other hand, was a very cavalier witness whose
testimony was evasive and inconsistent and his memory faulty
in many areas. Additionally, while Westover admitted that he
had a conversation with Hankins wherein the Union was dis-
cussed in late June or early July 1999, he never specifically
denied that he discussed the Union in a conversation with
Hankins on July 15. Moreover, Westover’s credibility is fur-
ther cast in doubt when Kerschner contradicted his testimony
on what occurred on July 19. In this regard, Westover testified
that it was only after Kerschner left the conference room on
July 19, and after he officially terminated Hankins, that the
topic of the Union came up. To the contrary, Kerschner testi-
fied that Westover mentioned Hankins’ involvement in the
Union organizing campaign while all three individuals were in
the conference room.9 For all of the above reasons, I find that
Westover unlawfully and coercively interrogated Hankins on
July 15, as alleged in paragraph 6(a) of the complaint. There-
fore, I recommend that Respondent be found to have violated
Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
The General Counsel alleges in paragraph 7 of the complaint
that about July 22, President Kawaguchi, by letter, unlawfully
and coercively informed employees that it was aware an em-
ployee or employees have been involved in the Union’s orga-
nizing drive at its facility, thereby creating the impression that
employees’ union and protected activities were under surveil-
lance.10
I am not inclined to find a violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the
Act based on the content of the Respondent’s July 22 letter, for
the following reasons. First, Hankins testified that in May and
June 1999, he openly discussed the Union with a number of
supervisors and confirmed to these individuals that he openly
supported the Union. Second, the Union distributed campaign
literature to employees and Respondent supervisors prior to
July 22 (R. Exhs. 15, 16, and 17). Indeed, President Kawagu-
chi was sent campaign literature at his home address prior to
July 22. Third, the first paragraph of the letter and the refer-
ence to “with inside help” does not refer to Hankins or any
other specific employee. Compare Royal Manor Convalescent
Hospital, 322 NLRB 354 (1996).
9 In sworn testimony on October 21, before the State of Ohio Unem-
ployment Compensation Review Commission, Kerschner testified that
during the July 19 meeting, Westover stated that he had heard rumors in the
plant that Hankins was behind some union activity (GC Exh. 10, p. 42).
Under these circumstances, I fully credit Hankins testimony that on July 19,
Westover informed him that one of the reasons he was being terminated was
because he was the “ring leader” of organizing the Teamsters Union in the
machine department. Thus, in agreement with the allegations in par. 6(b) of
the complaint, I find that Respondent unlawfully and coercively informed
Hankins that he was discharged because of his Union and protected activi-
ties, in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
10 The July 22 letter states in pertinent part:
It has come to our attention that the Teamsters union, with inside
help, has been conducting an ongoing organizing campaign at our
plant. We want to make it perfectly clear what our position is on
this. We strongly believe that a union is not in your best interests
or in the best interests of the company (G.C. Exh. 14).
AMERICAN SHOWA, INC. 215
For all of these reasons, I recommend that paragraph 7 of the
complaint be dismissed.
D. The 8(a)(1) and (3) Allegations
1. The suspension
The General Counsel alleges in paragraph 8(a) of the complaint
that on July 16, the Respondent suspended employee Hankins.
Respondent acknowledges that it suspended Hankins on July
16, but for reasons unrelated to his union activities.
Kerschner is responsible for documenting employee discipline
by either preparing a memorandum for the file or with an inde-
pendent associate counseling record form that she and the impacted
employee sign. The Respondent has four independent levels of
counseling depending on the severity of the infraction. If an em-
ployee is charged with creating a hostile or intimidating work envi-
ronment, it is appropriate to first counsel the employee at level
three. If an employee is charged with fighting with or attempting
bodily injury to another associate while on Respondent property,
the appropriate level of counseling is level four or other discipline
depending on the severity of the infraction.
In Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1990), enfd. 662 F.2d 899
(1st Cir. 1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1992), the Board
announced the following causation test in all cases alleging
violations of Section 8(a)(3) or violations of Section 8(a)(1)
turning on employer motivation. First, the General Counsel
must make a prima facie showing sufficient to support the in-
ference that protected conduct was a “motivating factor” in the
employer decision. On such a showing, the burden shifts to the
employer to demonstrate that the same action would have taken
place even in the absence of the protected conduct. The United
States Supreme Court approved and adopted the Board’s
Wright Line test in NLRB v. Transportation Management
Corp., 462 U.S. 393, 399–403 (1993). In Manno Electric, 313
NLRB 278 fn. 12 (1996), the Board restated the test as follows.
The General Counsel has the burden to persuade that antiunion
sentiment was a substantial or motivating factor in the chal-
lenged employer decision. The burden of persuasion then shifts
to the employer to prove its affirmative defense that it world
have taken the same action even if the employee had not en-
gaged in protected activity.
For the following reasons, I find that the General Counsel
has made a strong showing that the Respondent was motivated
by antiunion considerations in suspending Hankins. First, the
evidence establishes that Westover was aware that Hankins was
actively involved in the Union’s organizing campaign and that
he passed out union authorization cards to Respondent employ-
ees. Second, I specifically found that on July 15, 1 day before
the suspension, Westover unlawfully and coercively interro-
gated Hankins regarding his union and protected activities.
The burden shifts to the Respondent to establish that the
same action would have taken place even in the absence of the
employee’s protected conduct.
I find that the reasons advanced by Respondent for the sus-
pension are pretextual and suggest a predetermined plan to
create a reason to rid the facility of one of the leading union
activists. I base this finding on the following reasons.
The investigation conducted by Kerschner regarding the in-
cident that took place between Hankins and Smith on July 14
was shallow and incomplete. First, although Kerschner spoke
to Hankins about the incident on July 14, she did not ask that he
submit a written statement as she did with Smith and the two
other employee witnesses. Second, after reviewing the state-
ments from the three witnesses, Kerschner did not talk to
Hankins to get his side of the story or provide him the opportu-
nity to submit a written statement. Likewise, it is significant
that if Smith was critically injured when Hankins bumped into
her shoulder, she did not report the incident to the police or
security. Additionally, Smith did not seek medical attention,
did not leave work on July 14 nor was she absent from work on
any successive days and did not file a workman’s compensation
claim. More critical, in my opinion, is Kerschner’s failure to
interview two witnesses that Smith mentioned in her July 16
written statement. Indeed, employee Julie Liming credibly
testified that she ate lunch with Hankins and Val Reese on July
14. Liming and Reese were both present when Smith walked
up to the table and informed Hankins that her shoulder still
hurt. Liming testified that she heard Hankins apologize to
Smith and characterized it as a “sincere apology.” Addition-
ally, Liming testified that Hankins stopped by her work loca-
tion after lunch and asked her whether he should apologize
again to Smith. Liming informed Hankins that it wouldn’t hurt.
Liming also confirmed that Hankins saw her after 12 noon and
said, “Man, I went to apologize to her, and she was irate.”
Also troubling to me, is Kerschner’s testimony that she de-
cided to suspend Hankins on July 16, because he attempted to
injure Smith. Contrary to this articulated reason, Kerschner
prepared a July 16 memorandum to the file that states Hankins
was suspended for creating a hostile and intimidating work
environment (GC Exh. 7).11 Later on August 5, in a transmittal
sheet to the Ohio Bureau of Employment Services, Kerschner
states that “Christopher was suspended for violation of our
Associate Conduct policy” which states that associates should
not fight with or attempt bodily injury to another Associate
while on ASI property (GC Exh. 11). The shifting, inconsis-
tent, and contradictory reasons articulated for the suspension
leads me to conclude that they were advanced to camouflage
the true reason for the action.
In addition to the above reasons, I find that the Respondent en-
gaged in disparate treatment when it suspended Hankins in com-
parison to other employees who did not participate in protected
activities. In this regard, employee Joe Mudd first received a ver-
bal warning in January 1993, after his supervisors previously coun-
seled him about creating an intimidating and hostile work envi-
ronment (GC Exh. 21). A second conference occurred with Mudd
on June 14, 1995, attended by Westover, wherein additional prob-
lems concerning working relationships were discussed (GC Exh.
22). On August 22, 1996, a meeting took place with Kerschner to
discuss Mudd’s creating a hostile and intimidating work environ-
ment (GC Exh. 24). On October 28, 1996, Westover notes the fact
that Mudd was referred to “IMPACT,” an employee assistance
program (GC Exh. 23). In an Associate Counseling Record dated
May 22, 1997, at level four, it was noted by Kerschner that due to
the number of incidents involving Mudd that any future incident
would result in his removal from his work department (GC Exh.
25). On June 26, 1998, an Associate Counseling Record notes that
Mudd used abusive language to a fellow associate (GC Exh. 26).
In an October 14, 1998, Associate Counseling Record, Kerschner
notes that Mudd has experienced additional incidents on October 2,
9, and 13, 1998, involving the creating of a hostile work environ-
ment (G. C. Exh. 27). Finally, on October 16, 1998, Kerschner

11 I note and credit Hankins’ testimony that on July 16 in his tele-
phone call with Kerschner, she informed him that he was being sus-
pended for creating a hostile work environment.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 216
notes on Mudd’s Associate Counseling Record that due to another
incident involving creating a hostile work environment, his em-
ployment will be terminated (GC Exh. 28).
In comparison to the numerous incidents involving Mudd
and Respondent’s tolerance for his transgressions, Hankins was
suspended for engaging in one infraction of creating a hostile
work environment. I also note that sometime in 1998, the As-
sociate Counseling Record was revised to now require that
employees must be referred to IMPACT at level three and
above. While Mudd was referred to IMPACT, Hankins was
not provided that opportunity.
In regard to employee Jeff Banks, an Associate Counseling
Record dated April 8, 1993, shows that he was counseled for
creating a hostile work environment (GC Exh. 16). On June 8,
1993, Westover notes in an Associate Counseling Record that
Banks had engaged in another incident of creating a hostile
work environment (GC Exh. 15). On November 24, 1997, due
to another incident involving a hostile work environment,
Westover states in Bank’s Associate Counseling Record that he
was being suspended until evaluated by a medical doctor (G. C.
Exh. 19). Banks was permitted to return to work on December
7, 1993, after he completed the medical examination. In sharp
contrast, Hankins was not provided the same accommodations
as Banks. Subsequently in April 1996, due to an additional
incident of harassment, Banks was given the option of a referral
to IMPACT or the option to resign (GC Exh. 17). Finally on
May 28, 1996, Banks was terminated for engaging in additional
incidents of creating a hostile work environment and refusing to
fully comply with the Respondent’s referral to IMPACT. In
comparison to Banks, Hankins was not given the same oppor-
tunities to seek counseling and reduce his hostility. Rather, he
was suspended for his first infraction.
Lastly, Associate Counseling Records involving employee
Hiro Isoda show that he was given two opportunities of coun-
seling by Westover, before being suspended for three days on
his third infraction for using abusive language and creating a
hostile work environment (GC Exhs. 29 and 30).
For all of the above reasons, I find that Hankins was sus-
pended because of his protected activities on behalf of the Un-
ion, rather then the shifting and inconsistent reasons advanced
by Respondent. Likewise, I conclude that Respondent would
not have suspended Hankins on July 16, but for his union and
protected activities. Accordingly, I recommend that Respon-
dent be found to have violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act when it suspended Hankins on July 16.
2. The termination
The General Counsel alleges in paragraph 8(b) of the com-
plaint that on July 19, Respondent discharged Hankins.
Respondent opines that Hankins was terminated on July 19,
for failure to disclose on his job application that he worked at
Honda from January 1988 to June 1990. Additionally, Respon-
dent asserts that Hankins did not reveal on his application or
resume that he was previously convicted of a felony or was
forced to resign his employment from Honda.
On July 19, Hankins went to the facility and upon arriving
saw Kerschner, who inquired why he was at the plant since he
was supposed to be on suspension. Hankins informed Ker-
schner that he had talked to Westover over the weekend and a
meeting was arranged for today. Kerschner picked up Hankins
personnel file and then met Hankins and Westover in the con-
ference room. Hankins proceeded to read his prepared state-
ment but was interrupted by Westover. He asked Hankins
whether he had been truthful in his job application. Hankins
stated that he had. Westover said that he was a liar and in-
formed him that the Respondent had a statement in its posses-
sion from a coworker that he had been harassing Smith for
approximately a year. Westover said, “We know you have
been lying to us.” Kerschner handed Hankins’ employment
application to Westover who informed Hankins that he did not
list Honda as a prior employer on his job application. Hankins
admitted this fact and informed Westover that he did not read
the fine print on the application and did not know that you had
to list every previous employer on your job application. West-
over informed Hankins that he knew that Hankins had previ-
ously worked at Honda for the last several months. Westover
asked what else did Hankins lie about on his job application to
Respondent? Hankins volunteered that he resigned from
Honda when he was given the option of going before a peer
review board or quitting his employment. Westover said, “I am
going to terminate your for a number of reasons.”

1. Not listing Honda on your application.
2. For being the ringleader in organizing the Teamsters
Union in the machine department.
3. Threatening Midge Smith.

Hankins replied, “that he was not a Union organizer and did
not work for the Teamsters.”
Westover told Hankins that he should not have gotten involved
with the Union. Hankins refused to sign the termination slip and
said, “this is what its all about, my involvement in the Union.”
Hankins was too upset to sign the final exit papers and was
escorted off the premises by his supervisor.
Under the Wright Line analysis described above, the burden
shifts to the Respondent to establish that the same action would
have been taken place even in the absence of the employee’s
protected conduct.
Westover testified and adopted his telephone statement given
on August 5, to the Ohio Bureau of Employment Services, that
indicates Hankins was terminated on July 19 while still on dis-
ciplinary suspension (GC Exh. 9). In this regard, Westover
claims in his telephone statement, that Hankins was terminated
because he admitted on July 19 that he did not list Honda on the
ASI job application, that he was previously convicted of a fel-
ony and was forced to resign his employment from Honda.
These two additional reasons are in sharp contrast to the Asso-
ciate Counseling Termination Record dated July 19, and signed
by Westover and Kerschner. That document shows only that
Hankins did not disclose on his job application that he had
worked for Honda from January 1988 to June 6, 1990 (GC Exh.
8). Likewise, Westover testified that he told Hankins on July
19, that he was being terminated for falsifying the ASI applica-
tion. He specifically stated, based on my questions, that he did
not tell Hankins that he was being terminated for previously
having been convicted of a felony or because of the bumping
incident with Smith. Additionally, on August 13, in a Request
for Reconsideration to the Ohio Bureau of Employment Ser-
vices, Respondent again asserts that Hankins was discharged
for failure to disclose he worked at Honda from January 1988
to June 1990 (GC Exh. 12). Again, as found above, Respon-
dent presents shifting and inconsistent reasons for Hankins’
termination.
Even more significant, in my opinion, is Westover’s admis-
sion in his testimony and the August 5 statement, that he and
AMERICAN SHOWA, INC. 217
Kerschner were aware for at least 3 months before July 19, that
Hankins had falsified his job application. This places that
knowledge in a period of time prior to Westover learning about
Hankins’ union activity in late June or early July 1999. Sig-
nificantly, Respondent took no action to discipline Hankins at
that time. It was only after Hankins’ union activity came to
light and the July 15 interrogation, that any discipline was vis-
ited upon Hankins. It is noted that Respondent’s job applica-
tion warns employees in at least two places that it must be
truthful on the application. Indeed, a warning is included at the
beginning and the end of the job application that provides that
if an individual is not truthful on the application, they could be
discharged (R. Exh. 5). Lastly, Kerschner admitted that no
other employee prior to July 19 has ever been terminated at
Respondent for falsifying a job application.12
In examining the totality of the discipline visited upon Hankins
within a 3-day period, I note that it was directed against an em-
ployee that possesses an exemplary performance record. Indeed,
Hankins achieved a perfect attendance record and had accumulated
numerous awards including becoming the first employee to earn
5000 points. For this accomplishment, he first earned a monetary
award, then was the recipient of a 2-week all-expense paid vacation
to Hawaii and in December 1998, was presented a Honda automo-
bile, the first and only employee at Respondent to achieve such a
honor. In addition, Hankins won a competition that enabled him to
take a trip to Japan with Westover and Kawaguchi. As discussed
above, I found that the suspension visited on Hankins was pretex-
tual and was solely received because of his union activities. In this
regard, the investigation was not thorough and in comparing the
lenient treatment afforded other similarly situated employees ac-
cused of creating a hostile work environment, the differences are
glaring. Likewise, I find that Respondent’s termination of Hankins
on July 19 was solely related to his union activities. Respondent
attempted to boot strap the suspension and the falsification of the
job application to mask its true reason for the termination. I fully
credit Hankins’ testimony that on July 19, Westover stated that one
of the reasons that he was being terminated was for getting in-
volved in the union organizing campaign. The other reasons, as
discussed above, were pretextual to camouflage the true reason for
the termination.
Accordingly, for all of the above reasons, I find that the Re-
spondent would not have terminated Hankins but for his union
activities. Therefore, I recommend that Respondent be found to
have violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act when it termi-
nated Hankins on July 19.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce within
the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. The Respondent has engaged in unfair labor practices in
violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by coercively interrogat-
ing and threatening an employee concerning his union activity.
4. By suspending and thereafter terminating Christopher
Hankins, Respondent has engaged in unfair labor practices
within the meaning of Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act.

12 Assuming Hankins did in fact falsify his employment application,
the evidence concerning employee Scott Sindelar who apparently falsi-
fied his employment application but was not discharged, is further
evidence of disparate treatment (GC Exhs. 34, 35, and 36).
5. The aforesaid unfair labor practices affect commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find that it must be ordered to cease and
desist and to take certain affirmative action designed to effectu-
ate the policies of the Act.
The Respondent having discriminatorily suspended and dis-
charged Christopher Hankins, it must offer him reinstatement
and make him whole for any loss of earnings and other bene-
fits, computed on a quarterly basis from date of discharge to
date of proper offer of reinstatement, less any net interim earn-
ings, as prescribed in F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289
(1950), plus interest as computed in New Horizons for the Re-
tarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987).
On these findings of fact and conclusions of law and on the
entire record, I issue the following recommended13
ORDER
The Respondent, American Showa, Inc., Sundbury, Ohio, its
officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Coercively interrogating and threatening employees con-
cerning their union activity.
(b) Discharging, suspending, or otherwise discriminating against
any employee for supporting Teamsters Local Union No. 413, a/w
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, AFL–CIO.
(c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining,
or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed
them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effec-
tuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, offer Christopher
Hankins full reinstatement to his former job or, if that job no longer
exists, to a substantially equivalent position, without prejudice to
his seniority or any other rights or privileges previously enjoyed.
(b) Make Christopher Hankins whole for any loss of earnings
and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimination against
him in the manner set forth in the remedy section of the decision.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from
its files any reference to the unlawful suspension and discharge,
and within 3 days thereafter notify Christopher Hankins in writ-
ing that this has been done and that the suspension and the dis-
charge will not be used against him in any way.
(d) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, make available
to the Board or its agents for examination and copying, all pay-
roll records, social security payment records, timecards, per-
sonnel records and reports, and all other records, including an
electronic copy of the records if stored in electronic form, nec-
essary to analyze the amount of backpay due under the terms of
this Order.
(e) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at its fa-
cility in Sundbury, Ohio, copies of the attached notice marked
“Appendix.”14 Copies of the notice, on forms provided by the
13 If no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 of the
Board’s Rules and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and recom-
mended Order shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be
adopted by the Board and all objections to them shall be deemed
waived for all purposes.
14 If this Order is enforced by a Judgment of the United States Court
of Appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 218
Regional Director for Region 8, after being signed by the Re-
spondent’s authorized representative, shall be posted by the
Respondent immediately upon receipt and maintained for 60
consecutive days in conspicuous places including all places
where notices to employees are customarily posted. Reasonable
steps shall be taken by the Respondent to ensure that the notices
are not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material. In
the event that, during the pendency of these proceedings, the
Respondent has gone out of business or closed the facility in-

National Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
volved in these proceedings, the Respondent shall duplicate and
mail, at its own expense, a copy of the notice to all current em-
ployees and former employees employed by the Respondent at
any time since July 15, 1999.
(f) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the
Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official
on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps that the
Respondent has taken to comply.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED hat the complaint is dismissed
insofar as it alleges violations of the Act not specifically found.