Alpine Log Homes

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Aug 27, 2001

335 N.L.R.B. 885 (N.L.R.B. 2001)

ALPINE LOG HOMES 885
Alpine Log Homes, Inc. and Montana District of La-
borers, Laborers International Union of North
America, AFL–CIO and Steven E. Lehman.
Cases 19–CA–26004, 19–CA–26279, and 19–CA–
26372
August 27, 2001
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN HURTGEN AND MEMBERS
LIEBMAN AND TRUESDALE
On January 28, 2000, Administrative Law Judge Ge-
rald A. Wacknov issued the attached decision. The Re-
spondent filed exceptions and a supporting brief. The
General Counsel filed a brief in support of the judge’s
decision and the Respondent filed a reply brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and brief and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,1 and conclusions and
to adopt the recommended Order as modified and set
forth in full below.2
The judge found that Respondent violated the Act by,
among other things, constructively discharging employee
Lehman.3 We agree. The Board has held that a signifi-
cant reduction in income for an indefinite period of time,
causing an employee to quit and seek alternative em-
ployment, when a motive for such treatment was pro-
tected activity, will establish constructive discharge. See
Consec Security, 325 NLRB 453 (1998), and cases cited
therein, enfd. mem. 185 F.3d 862 (3d Cir. 1999). In the
instant case, between February 4 and March 3, 1999, the
Respondent issued Lehman two disciplinary notices and
suspended him twice because of his union activity.
Lehman received a written correction notice on February
4, 1999, for distributing literature critical of the Respon-
dent’s evaluation process. On February 17, Lehman was
issued a written correction notice and suspended for 5
days without pay for discussing union matters with
members of his crew and other employees.4 This notice
stated that any further solicitation would “result in termi-
nation.” On March 3, within days of returning to work
from the February 17 suspension and the loss of a week’s
pay, Lehman was suspended for an indefinite period of
time for, inter alia, “continued harassment of co-
workers.”5 The Respondent, however, presented no evi-
dence that Lehman engaged in any behavior that would
constitute harassment of his coworkers sufficient to deny
him the protection of the Act. It was reasonable for
Lehman to conclude that, if he returned to the Respon-
dent’s employ, he would continue to suffer repeated loss
of earnings as a result of the Respondent’s conduct. In
these circumstances, we find that Lehman’s decision not
to return constituted a constructive discharge.6
1 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3rd Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
2 We have modified the language of the Order and notice to conform
to the violations found by the judge and to the requirements of the
Board’s decisions in Indian Hills Care Center, 321 NLRB 144 (1996);
Excel Container, Inc., 325 NLRB 17 (1997); and Ferguson Electric,
335 NLRB 142 (2000).
3 The complaint alleges that on about March 2, 1999, the Respondent
“suspended and conditionally discharged its employee Lehman.” The
judge found that the indefinite suspension occurred on March 2 or 3
and that it was in fact a discharge, as alleged in the complaint. In the
exceptions and briefs, the Respondent as well as the General Counsel
characterizes the indefinite suspension as a constructive discharge. We
find therefore that the indefinite suspension was alleged and litigated as
a constructive discharge.
ORDER7
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended order of the administrative law judge as
modified and set forth in full below and orders that the
Respondent, Alpine Log Homes, Inc., Victor, Montana,
its officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Promulgating and enforcing verbal and written no-
solicitation and distribution rules that prohibit employees
from engaging in union solicitation and distribution of
union-related materials on the Respondent’s property
during nonworking time, including breaktime, lunchtime,
and before and after work.
(b) Issuing correction notices or other warning notices
or suspending employees for refusing to sign a receipt
for the employee handbook requiring employees to ac-
4 The judge found that, during the course of their work, employees
customarily talk about anything that may be of interest to them.
The notice stated that Lehman was “being suspended indefinitely,
without pay, pending a further meeting . . . one week from today.”
5 In finding that Respondent constructively discharged Lehman,
Member Liebman relies on both the traditional and “Hobson’s choice”
theories of constructive discharge. Intercon I (Zercom), 333 NLRB 223
fns. 3 and 4 (2001).
6 Under the latter theory, an employee’s voluntary quit will be con-
sidered a constructive discharge when an employer conditions an em-
ployee’s continued employment on the employee’s abandonment of his
or her Sec. 7 rights and the employee quits rather than comply with the
condition. Here, Member Liebman finds that, by issuing Lehman two
disciplinary notices and twice suspending him for his union activity,
Respondent led Lehman to reasonably believe that he was compelled to
choose between abandoning his union activity or being terminated.
7 If no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 of the Board’s
Rules and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and recommended
Order shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be adopted by the
Board and all objections to them shall be deemed waived for all purposes.
335 NLRB No. 71
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 886
knowledge that they will abide by an unlawful no-
solicitation and distribution rule.
(c) Issuing correction notices or other warning notices to
employees or suspending employees for engaging in un-
ion-related solicitation and union-related distribution of
materials on company property during nonworking times.
(d) Issuing correction notices or other warning notices
or otherwise warning employees to refrain from distrib-
uting leaflets, letters, or other materials that criticize our
employee evaluation procedure or any other procedure,
rule, regulation, or policy.
(e) Issuing correction notices or other warning notices
to employees or otherwise warning, suspending, or con-
structively discharging employees for discussing union-
related matters with other employees at any time, includ-
ing working time.
(f) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of rights
guaranteed to them under Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the purposes of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, ex-
punge the current “Solicitations and Distributions” sec-
tion from its employee handbook.
(b) Within 14 days of the date of this Order, offer Ste-
ven Lehman full reinstatement to his former position, or
if such a position no longer exists, to a substantially
equivalent position without prejudice to his seniority or
other rights and privileges, and make him whole for any
loss of earnings or other benefits suffered as a result of
the discrimination against him in the manner set forth in
the remedy section of the decision.
(c) Make whole employees Lennie Thompson and
Steven Lehman for any loss of wages or benefits they
may have suffered by reason of their unlawful suspen-
sions in the manner set forth in the remedy section of
the decision.
(d) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, or such
additional time as the Regional Director may allow for
good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place desig-
nated by the Board or its agents, all payroll records, so-
cial security payment records, timecards, personnel re-
cords and reports, and all other records, including an
electronic copy of such records if stored in electronic
form, necessary to analyze the amount of backpay due
under the terms of this Order.
(e) Within 14 days after service from the Region, post
at the Respondent’s place of business the attached notice
marked “Appendix.”8 Copies of the notice, on forms

8 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
provided by the Regional Director for Region 19, after
being duly signed by the Respondent’s representative,
shall be posted immediately upon receipt thereof, and
shall remain posted by the Respondent for 60 consecu-
tive days thereafter, in conspicuous places, including all
places where notices to employees are customarily
posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken by the Respon-
dent to ensure that the notices are not altered, defaced, or
covered by any other material. In the event that, during
the pendency of these proceedings, the Respondent has
gone out of business or closed down the facility involved
in these proceedings, the Respondent shall duplicate and
mail, at its own expense, a copy of the notice to all cur-
rent employees and former employees employed by the
Respondent at any time since June 4, 1998.
(f) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove
from the personnel files of Lennie Thompson and Steven
Lehman any corrective notices, warning notices, letters
or any other documents that relate to their suspensions or
terminations, and advise the employees in writing that
this has been done and that neither any documents nor
their suspensions will be used against them in any way.
(g) Within 21 days after service by the Regional Of-
fice, file with the Regional Director for Region 19 a
sworn certification of a responsible official on a form
provided by the Region attesting to the steps that the Re-
spondent has taken to comply.

CHAIRMAN HURTGEN, concurring.
I do not agree with my colleagues that Lehman was
constructively discharged in violation of Section 8(a)(3).1
Rather, I conclude that he was actually discharged in
violation of Section 8(a)(3). Accordingly, while I do not
subscribe to the “constructive discharge” analysis of my
colleagues, I concur in the 8(a)(3) result.
The evidence shows that Respondent unlawfully sus-
pended Lehman on February 17. The suspension notice
said that Lehman would be discharged if he continued
solicitation activities. After the suspension, Lehman
returned on February 25 and resumed his solicitation
activities. On March 2 or 3, Respondent suspended
Lehman “indefinitely.” Lehman was supposed to call
Respondent on March 9 to discuss the matter. Lehman
did not call on March 9, but did call on March 10. He
said that, if he still had a job, he was giving 2 weeks’
notice of resignation. Respondent called back 10 min-
utes later and said that Lehman did not have a job be-
cause he failed to call on March 9.

ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
1 See my dissenting opinions in Georgia Farm Bureau Mutual In-
surance Cos., 333 NLRB 850 (2001), LSF Transportation, 330 NLRB
1054 (2000), and Consec Security, 325 NLRB 453 (1998).
ALPINE LOG HOMES 887
In my view, Respondent discharged Lehman on March
10. Respondent told him that he no longer had a job.
Respondent thereby fulfilled its threat to terminate Leh-
man if he persisted in solicitation activity. Respondent’s
reliance on Lehman’s 1-day tardiness in calling Respon-
dent was a pretext that was seized upon by Respondent to
mask its unlawful reason for terminating Lehman.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated the National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to
post and abide by this notice.

Section 7 of the Act gives employees these rights.

To organize
To form, join, or assist any union
To bargain collectively through representatives
of their own choice
To act together for other mutual aid or protection
To choose not to engage in any of these protected
concerted activities.

WE WILL NOT promulgate or enforce verbal or writ-
ten no-solicitation and distribution rules that prohibit you
from engaging in union solicitation and distribution of
union-related materials on company property during
nonworking time, including breaktime, lunchtime, or
before or after work.
WE WILL NOT issue correction notices or other warn-
ing notices to you or suspend you for asserting your right
not to sign a receipt for the employee handbook requiring
you to acknowledge that you will abide by an unlawful
no-solicitation and distribution rule.
WE WILL NOT issue correction notices or other warn-
ing notices to you or suspend you for engaging in union-
related solicitation and union-related distribution of ma-
terials on company property during nonworking times.
WE WILL NOT issue correction notices or other warn-
ing notices or otherwise warn you to refrain from distrib-
uting leaflets, letters or other materials that criticize our
employee evaluation procedure or any other procedure,
rule, regulation, or policy.
WE WILL NOT issue correction notices or other warn-
ing notices to you or otherwise warn, suspend or construc-
tively discharge you for discussing union-related matters
with other employees at any time, including working time.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the
foregoing rights guaranteed under Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL delete and cease enforcing the “Solicitations
and Distributions” section of our employee handbook, as
this provision has been found to be in violation of the
National Labor Relations Act.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order offer employee Steven Lehman immediate rein-
statement to his former position of employment and
make him whole, with interest, for any loss of wages he
may have suffered as a result of his unlawful termination.
WE WILL make employees Lennie Thompson and
Steven Lehman whole, with interest, for any loss of
wages or other benefits they may have suffered as a re-
sult of their unlawful suspensions.
WE WILL within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, remove from their personnel files any corrective
notices, warning notices, letters, or any other documents
pertaining to their suspensions.
ALPINE LOG HOMES, INC.

Miriam C. Delgado, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Robert E. Mann, Esq., of Chicago, Illinois, for the Respondent.
Karl L. Englund, Esq., of Missoula, Montana, for the Union.
Steven Lehman, of Hamilton Montana, pro se.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
GERALD A. WACKNOV, Administrative Law Judge. Pur-
suant to notice a hearing in this matter was held before me in
Hamilton, Montana, on September 28 and 29, 1999. The
Charge in Case 19–CA–26004 was filed by Montana District of
Laborers, Laborers International Union of North America,
AFL–CIO (the Union) on June 22, 1998. The charge in Case
19–CA–26279 was filed by the Union on December 24, 1998.
The charge in Case 19–CA–26372 was filed by Steven Leh-
man, an individual, on February 26, 1999, and an amended
charge was filed by Lehman on July 13, 1999. On December
30, 1998, the Acting Regional Director for Region 19 of the
National Labor Relations Board (the Board) issued an order
consolidating cases, consolidated complaint, and notice of hear-
ing alleging violations by Alpine Log Homes, Inc. (the Re-
spondent) of Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the National Labor Re-
lations Act (the Act). On September 13, 1999, the Regional
Director for Region 19 of the Board issued a second order con-
solidating cases, consolidated amended complaint and notice of
hearing alleging further violations by the Respondent of Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act. The Respondent, in its answers
to the complaints, duly filed, denies that it has violated the Act
as alleged.
The parties were afforded a full opportunity to be heard, to
call, examine, and cross-examine witnesses, and to introduce
relevant evidence. Since the close of the hearing, briefs have
been received from counsel for the General Counsel (the Gen-
eral Counsel) and counsel for the Respondent. On the entire
record, and based on my observation of the witnesses and con-
sideration of the briefs submitted, I make the following
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 888
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
The Respondent is a Montana corporation with an office and
place of business located in Victor, Montana, where it is en-
gaged in the manufacture and sale of log homes and related
structures on a retail basis. In the course and conduct of its
business operations the Respondent annually derives gross
revenues in excess of $500,000, and annually purchases and
causes to be transferred and delivered to its facilities within the
State of Montana, goods and services valued in excess of $5000
which originated outside the State. It is admitted and I find that
the Respondent is engaged in commerce within the meaning of
Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
II. THE LABOR ORGANIZATION INVOLVED
It is admitted and I find that at all material times the Union
is and has been a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
III. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Issues
The principal issues in this proceeding are whether the Re-
spondent has violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act by
promulgating and enforcing an unlawful no-solicitation and no-
distribution rule, and by disciplining, laying off, and discharg-
ing employees for violating the said rule and for engaging in
union activity.
B. The Facts
Employees Steven Lehman and Lennie Thompson began as-
sisting the Union in organizing the Respondent’s employees in
September 1997. They distributed union-related information in
the employees’ parking lot by putting flyers on car windshields
or inside the vehicles if the windows were open. After work
Thompson found a threatening note on his windshield that said,
“[Y]ou will be taken out.” He reported this to Dick Cinfio,
Respondent’s operations manager, and to the County Sheriff’s
Department. Cinfio told Thompson that the Respondent did not
condone and would not permit violence on its property, but that
Thompson should “watch his back” because there were some
pretty tough guys “out there,” apparently meaning coworkers.
Cinfio said that he would report the matter to John Powell,
Respondent’s president. Later Cinfio told Thompson that the
county attorney said that Thompson had been trespassing by
putting flyers on the vehicles in the Respondent’s parking lot,
and Cinfio told him to discontinue this activity.
On September 30, 1997, Powell called a meeting of all the
yard employees and read the following statement to them:

As most of you know, one or more individuals are at-
tempting to establish union representation at Alpine. We
respect their right to do so, although we do not believe
their reasons to be valid.
However, do to recent events, we feel it important now
to reestablish some groundrules governing such matters.
Prounion information has been distributed on Alpine
property. It has been hand delivered, and it has been
found on & in vehicles. Most recently a threatening letter
was found on one of the prounion individuals windshields.
1) Alpine’s tolerance for violence in the workplace is
“0.” We do not accept violence or the threat of violence in
any form.
2) As has been our position in the past, no information
may be disseminated on Alpine property to do with this is-
sue or any other issue whether it be Union, religious,
sports, or whatever.1
We encourage healthy debate, void of violence, but not
on company time.

Apparently Thompson and Lehman did not continue placing
flyers on employees’ vehicles in the parking lot. However, on
about June 3, 1998, they did stand outside the fence to the park-
ing lot and distribute literature to employees who were exiting
the parking lot after work. On June 4, 1998, Thompson was
called to Cinfio’s office and told by Cinfio that the distribution
of literature of any kind was against the Respondent’s policy.
He was given an “Employee Correction Notice” which states
that, ”Distribution of literature on Company Property, e.g. Let-
ters, pamphlets . . . is in violation of Company Policy.” The
notice directed Thompson to “Stop distribution of literature,”
and advised him that if he continued this activity he would be
subject to “time off from work without pay, or termination.”
Thompson signed his name to the notice and was in the process
of objecting to it by writing, “I do not agree per federal law,”
when Cinfio observed this and physically knocked Thompson’s
arm away from the document.
In late August 1998, a meeting was held in the yard at the
end of the work shift. All the yard employees were present.
Cinfio distributed a handbook to each of the employees, and the
employees were instructed to take it home, read it, sign and
date the acknowledgment receipt in the front of the handbook,
and return the acknowledgment receipt to Cinfio by September
1, 1998. They were told that any employee who did not sign it
would not be permitted to work until it was signed.
The handbook contains the following section entitled
“Solicitations and Distributions”:

Solicitation for any cause during working time and in
working areas is not permitted. Working time is defined
as the time employees are being paid. Employees are not
permitted to distribute noncompany literature at any time
on company property. Employees are not permitted to sell
chances, merchandise or otherwise solicit or distribute lit-
erature on company property.
Thompson signed the “Receipt and Acknowledgment of Al-
pine Employee Handbook” form on August 31, 1998. The
form states, inter alia, the following:

1 There was no prior written rule to this effect, and this statement by
Powell was apparently the first general pronouncement that the Re-
spondent had ever made prohibiting the dissemination of information
on the Respondent’s property. Prior to this time, according to certain of
the Respondent’s managers, infra, this policy was simply, in effect, a
matter of common knowledge that employees would learn over time,
and it was not until the union activity began that the Respondent for-
mally advised the employees of such a rule..
ALPINE LOG HOMES 889
I have received and read a copy of the Alpine Employee
Handbook. I understand that the policies and benefits de-
scribed in it are subject to change at the sole discretion of Al-
pine at any time. I agree to work for Alpine under these con-
ditions. I also understand that the effective date of this hand-
book is September 1, 1998.

Because Thompson disagreed with the aforementioned “Solici-
tations and Distributions” section of the handbook, he wrote at
the bottom of the receipt form that, “In signing this contract
please note that the proper interpretation of the National Labor
Relations Act leads me to believe that Federal law allows me to
distribute union literature in nonwork areas on my own time.”
(Emphasis added.). He had this disclaimer notarized.

Thompson handed the foregoing receipt to Powell prior to
work on September 1, 1998. Upon reading the form, Powell
told Thompson to wait in the lunchroom before going to work.
About 15 minutes later Thompson met with Powell, Cinfio and
Alan Burruss, senior crew leader. Powell refused to accept the
receipt with the disclaimer, and advised Thompson that if he
wanted to go to work he would have to sign the receipt without
any additional comments. Thompson said that by signing the
receipt without objecting to its language, he believed he was
giving up his right to organize, and could not do that without
conferring with legal counsel. Powell again stated that he
would not be permitted to go to work under this condition.
Thompson asked if he was being fired, and Powell said no, but
that it was Thompson’s choice whether he wanted to work or
not. Thompson refused to sign the form and was not permitted
to go to work. Further, according to Thompson, he does not
believe he was told by Powell, as Powell contends, infra, that
he could submit a separate document setting forth his objection
to the provision of the handbook.
The next day, September 2, 1998, Senior Crew Leader Bur-
ress came to Thompson’s home and delivered a letter from
Powell that recounts the event of the preceding day. The letter
states, inter alia, as follows:

I pointed out that Alpine’s personnel forms are not appropri-
ate places to express your views by amending the form, then
all employees will have to be allowed to do the same thing.
This cannot be tolerated. I explained that you would not be
allowed to work until and unless you first signed the Receipt
and Acknowledgment document, without the amendment.
You then left the office and have not reported to work since.

Alpine has always enforced a policy not to permit dis-
tribution of written materials on its property. This is not a
new policy. The policy allows for no exceptions; it ap-
plies regardless of the motivation for the distribution or the
particular message included in the material. The distinc-
tion between “work” and “non-work” areas is meaning-
less; because clients often are on site and because they use
the parking lot, there is no area that can be described as a
“non-work” area. This is our position. We understand
that you disagree with our position. The question is now
before the NLRB and it therefore will get resolved by le-
gal means. By signing the form, you are not agreeing to
give up any rights that you may have by virtue of a deci-
sion of the NLRB. There is no need to make a personal
demonstration by quitting your job.

Therefore, I recommend that you promptly return to the of-
fice, sign the form without amending it, go back to work, and
let the NLRB resolve your question about whether Alpine’s
policy is or is not legal. If you do not do so by Thursday, Sep-
tember 3, 1998 you will be considered as having quit your job
voluntarily.

On September 3, 1998, after missing 2 days of work,
Thompson signed the receipt without any modifications, and
was permitted to return to work.
In November 1998, Thompson and Lehman continued dis-
tributing prounion leaflets on the public right-of way outside of
the Respondent’s gate as the employees were exiting the prem-
ises. They engaged in this activity on several different occa-
sions. One of these leaflets is in the format of a letter to the
employees, signed by Lehman, in which he states that some of
the Respondent’s employees are “struggling to provide food for
their families,” while the Respondent’s owner and others have
been “rewarded handsomely” and are “laughing all the way to
the bank.” Lehman, in this letter, advocates the signing of au-
thorization cards on behalf of the Union, stating, “If you ha-
ven’t signed your authorization cards for the Laborer’s Union,
then I urge you to do so at this time. If you need authorization
cards or other information regarding the Laborer’s please let me
know.” This letter struck a sour note with the Respondent, and
on December 1, 1998, Powell conducted another meeting with
the assembled employees. During his remarks, Powell stated:

Many of you have expressed your frustration with the tactics
of the union and the continual bother and safety problems as-
sociated with the handing out of union propaganda at the Al-
pine entrance. Our hands are tied, it is a legal activity pro-
tected by the law.

Further, Powell went on to tell the employees that the personal
insults against the Respondent’s owner could not go unan-
swered, and proceeded to castigate union activists who are
“content to wallow in envy of their co-workers and resentment
towards their employers.” He likened them, generally, to “alco-
holics who need to blame others for the losses they continually
suffer in order to rationalize their unhealthy indulgences,” and
specifically singled out Lehman’s lack of personal industry and
discipline as the underlying basis of his dissatisfaction.2
On about January 24, 1999, Thompson and Lehman handed
out leaflets criticizing the Respondent’s employee evaluation
process as being poorly designed, biased and unfair, and went
on to itemize some six fundamental defects with the process.
In contrast, the leaflet extolled the merits of a union contract,
which would include a constructive agreed-upon evaluation
process and a grievance procedure for those who felt that they
had not been fairly evaluated.
This criticism did not satisfy the Respondent’s apparent be-
lief that union propaganda must be trustworthy and accurate,
and on February 4, 1999, both Thompson and Lehman were
called into the office and told by Powell that the untrue state-

2 Powell’s remarks are not alleged as being violative of the Act.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 890
ments about the Respondent and its management and evalua-
tion process were considered to be a personal attack and would
not be tolerated. Thompson asked what falsifications Powell
was referring to, and Powell replied that the flyer falsely re-
ported that employees had been evaluated by crew leaders
whom they had not worked under for as much as 2 years.
Thompson explained that he had been given this very informa-
tion by a crew leader, and Powell, according to Thompson,
became irate and said, “Who are you going to believe? Are you
going to believe a crew leader? No.”3 Then Thompson and
Lehman were given employee correction notices warning them
that they had made “work related falsifications” and would
receive time off without pay or termination if they continued
this type of behavior. In an attached letter, dated February 5,
1999, they were told:

Alpine Log Homes, Inc. recognizes your right to object to it’s
[sic] employment policies. You do not have the right to mis-
represent the truth or distort facts. Your recent communica-
tion included outright distortions of fact and falsehoods re-
garding Alpine’s employment policies. Such communications
serve no purpose other than to create discord and lack of har-
mony. Such behavior will not be tolerated.

The employees working in the yard on the construction of
log homes are assigned to a particular crew of approximately
four or five employees. There are approximately 11 such crews
during any given period of time, and the work of each crew is
under the direction of a leadman or crew leader. In addition to
a 30-minute lunch period when the employees apparently eat
lunch in the lunchroom or in their vehicles located in the park-
ing lot, the employees working in the yard get two 10-minute
breaks during the day, one in approximately mid-morning, and
one in mid-afternoon. During these breaks, the employees on
each crew usually congregate together in the vicinity of the
home they are building. This is particularly true in the winter-
time, as a “burn barrel” is placed near each site for the purpose
of providing some source of heat for the workers and also for
keeping the oil used for lubricating the chain saws and machin-
ery in a liquid state. Thus, in the wintertime, the employees
will gather around the burn barrel during their breaks.
During the course of their work and during their breaks the
employees customarily talk about anything that may be of in-
terest to them—from pets to politics. There is no policy that
employees are to confine their discussions and conversations to
work-related matters. Thompson testified that he would some-
times talk in favor of the Union during working time, and that
“more often than not” other employees would express their
views against the Union.
Steven Lehman began working for the Respondent in 1995.
His employment ended in March 1999. He engaged in the
same organizational activities as Thompson, described above.
Lehman testified that, as set forth above, on September 30,
1997, Powell held a meeting of all the production workers and
announced that there would be, “No distribution of union litera-

3 It is agreed by the parties that only Burress, the senior crew leader,
is a supervisor within the meaning of the Act.
ture . . . allowed on Alpine property at any time for any rea-
son.”
On June 4, 1998, Lehman received the same written correc-
tion notice as Thompson, supra, for the same reason. He had
distributed this literature at various places, including the pro-
duction yard around the burn barrel during breaktimes, the
parking lot after working hours, and at the gate at the entrance
of the facility. According to Lehman, employees sometimes
read magazines, newspapers, or books, and these materials are
not prohibited.
On about November, 17, 1998, Lehman distributed literature
outside the gate outlining changes in working conditions that he
believed would satisfy employees’ health, safety and morale
concerns, such as a medical savings plan, a place where em-
ployees could wash their hands, a telephone for employee use,
and an emergency eye-wash station. He also mailed a copy of
this material and, in addition, another letter to Powell, suggest-
ing that employees be permitted to be participate in the process
of employee evaluations or reviews by directly discussing such
matter with their supervisors. The record shows that Lehman
distributed the same or other written materials to employees in
the yard during lunch.
On November 20, 1998, Lehman was called to the office and
Powell told him that he accepted the letters as being from Leh-
man individually and not on behalf of anyone else. Lehman
replied that the letters were a collective effort and did not just
come from him. Powell told Lehman not to mail him any more
letters, but rather to come and speak to him personally about
any problems that he might have.
Lehman distributed additional literature that month, specifi-
cally the November 21, 1998 flyer discussed above, in which
he characterizes the Respondent’s owner as taking advantage of
the employees and “laughing all the way to the bank,” and ad-
vocates the signing of authorization cards for the Union. As a
result of this, on December 1, 1998, Powell called a meeting of
all employees and, according to Lehman, “lambasted” him and
compared him to “an alcoholic who need to have someone else
to blame for his problems.”
As noted above, during a meeting on February 4, 1999,
Lehman and Thompson received correction notices for work-
related falsifications by having distributed further literature that
was critical of the employee evaluation process. According to
Lehman, Powell was very upset at this meeting and said that
there was no way Lehman and Thompson could even know
how the evaluation process was structured. Powell, in effect,
said that he didn’t care what Thompson and Lehman told the
employees so long as the information was factual. Lehman
believed that the information was factual.
Lehman testified that he talked about the Union during
“break times, lunchtimes, after work, and sometimes during
work.” During these times, employees would also talk against
the Union. It was common for employees to discuss nonwork
related matters while they worked. All sorts of subjects would
be discussed, from baseball to religion to “domestic tranquil-
lity.” There was no rule prohibiting the discussion of personal
topics. Neither coworkers Eric Trobridge or Robert Sellers told
him they did not want to hear his union talk.
ALPINE LOG HOMES 891
On February 17, 1999, Cinfio called Lehman to the office
and gave him a 5-day suspension for solicitation of employees
during working hours. Powell was not present. Nothing was
mentioned about Lehman having bothered employees. When
Lehman asked if someone was complaining about him, Cinfio
did not respond or permit further discussion, and told him not
to speak to anybody on his way out of the facility.
The employee correction notice, signed by Cinfio, dated
February 17, 1999, states:

Solicitation of other employees during working hours
. . . One week off without pay starting 2–17–99 until 2-24-
99 . . . Steve, may return to work Thursday 2–25–99 . . . .
Anymore solicitation of other employees during working
hours will result in termination.

In response to his suspension, Lehman wrote the following
letter to Powell, dated February 21, 1999:

Regarding the most recent disciplinary action that Al-
pine Log Homes Inc. has taken against me, I must protest
that the allegations of “soliciting” are not justified.
It has been the custom during the work day to have
two rest breaks of about ten minutes in length, one in the
mid morning and one in the mid afternoon. During these
breaks the employees have always enjoyed the right to
speak about all manners of subjects ranging from baseball
to religion. During one or more of these breaks I dis-
cussed some organized labor subjects in a general way,
however no solicitation was made of the employees.
Therefore I recommend that I be taken off administra-
tive leave and returned to work immediately. I also rec-
ommend that the “Employee Correction Notice” that was
issued to me be expunged from my personnel file.

Lehman returned to work after his suspension, and continued
talking about the Union, but attempted to limit his union con-
versations to break and lunchtime. Other employees also talked
for and against the Union during these times. No employees
told him that he was interfering with their work but, according
to Lehman, some of his coworkers would say such things as,
for example, “do we always have to talk about the Union,” or
“do we have to listen to this stuff.” No one, however, ever di-
rectly told him that he was bothering or harassing them or di-
rectly requested that he no longer talk to them about the Union
or discuss the Union in their presence. He did not solicit any-
one to sign a card.
Several days later, In early March 1999, during a break
around the burn barrel, Lehman testified that he did state to
various employees, including crew leader Toby Bedard, Doyle
Bailey and two others that during his layoff he had come across
an article about the Respondent’s owner in a Delta Airline
magazine and, interpolating from dates and information in-
cluded in the article, surmised that the Respondent’s owner
might have been a draft dodger during the Vietnam war. Leh-
man testified that he may have repeated this once or twice dur-
ing the course of that single breaktime conversation, and per-
haps again during working time that day.
On about March 2 or 3, 1999, only about a day after the
aforementioned breaktime conversation, Lehman was again
called to the office, and told that he was being suspended in-
definitely. On this occasion, Cinfio read the following prepared
statement to Lehman:

You are being suspended indefinitely, without pay,
pending a further meeting. That meeting will be one week
from today.

Purpose of that meeting is for you to give us any reasons
why we should continue to employ you, given:

1) Your continued harassment of co-workers. You’ve
gone past mere solicitation with continued unwelcome
verbal harassment.
2) You have made multiple comments, which dispar-
age the personality and reputation of Alpine and its owner.
This is Alpine property, we do not have to tolerate such activi-
ties. You do not have the right to harass fellow employees or
make disparaging comments about the company or its owner.

Lehman was not paid for the suspension. He understood that
he was supposed to call the Respondent on March 9, 1999, to
discuss the matter. Lehman testified that during his suspension
he was seriously considering whether he could afford to remain
employed by the Respondent if he was going to keep getting
suspensions for his union activity. After thinking about this,
and “having a pretty good lead for another job,”4 he decided to
quit. He phoned Powell on March 10, 1 day past the deadline,
and said that if he still had his job he would like to turn in his 2
weeks’ notice. Powell said that he would get back to him and
called him back about 10 minutes later, at which time he said
that as far as he was concerned, Lehman had quit when he had
failed to call in on March 9, 1999, as instructed.
Operations Manager Richard Cinfio testified that the June 4,
1998 written correction notices issued to Thompson and Leh-
man were for distributing materials in the yard. It was the Re-
spondent’s policy that nothing could be distributed in the yard.
Nor was the posting of any material permitted. There had been
no deviations from these rules for some 15 years during Cin-
fio’s tenure with the Respondent.
Cinfio testified that on February 16,1999, Al Lambert, a
crew leader, told him that Lehman had been “badgering the
people about the union and about wages and stuff and they
were tired of it, they didn’t want to hear it.” Lambert said the
complaints were from Sellers and Trobridge. Then Cinfio
spoke with Sellers and Trobridge. Trobridge told him that
Lehman was badgering him about the Union and about wages,
and that it was bothering him and interrupting his work. Sellers,
according to Cinfio, said basically the same thing, namely, that
employees were being harassed about the union and wages, and
they didn’t appreciate it.
Cinfio’s notes regarding the aforementioned matter contain
the following accounts: “Al Lambert came to me and said that
some of his crew were upset with Steve’s always talking about
the Union.” Cinfio asked Trowbridge if he had a complaint,
and he answered, “Yes, I’m tired of Steve always talking about
the Union and the remarks that he’s making.” Cinfio asked

4 Within a day or so Lehman went to work for another employer at a
higher rate of pay than he had been receiving from the Respondent.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 892
when Lehman did this, and Trowbridge said, “During breaks
and when we’re working on the building . . . .Yes and I’m tired
of it. I’m here to work not to listen to all this . . . . He does it all
the time, making remarks about wages, etc.” Cinfio asked Sell-
ers if he had any complaints about Lehman, and Sellers told
him, “Yes, He talks about it all the time . . . . Mainly breaks, I
don’t work with him much on the house.”
Cinfio agreed that during his interviews with Lambert,
Trowbridge and Sellers, none of the employees stated that they
had been “harassed,” “solicited,” or “badgered” by Lehman,
and admitted that the employees merely told him that they were
tired of hearing about union matters from Lehman. Cinfio testi-
fied that in his opinion, solicitation and harassment were the
same thing and could amount to badgering of employees if such
activity was excessive. Cinfio testified that by “harassment,” he
was referring to the fact that employees had asked Lehman not
to continue approaching them about the Union, and that Leh-
man’s conduct was disrupting to the employees and affecting
their work. Nor did it matter whether Lehman’s unacceptable
conduct occurred during breaktime, as the Respondent consid-
ers breaktime to be working time. Further, Cinfio agreed that
the Respondent’s rules prohibit employees from discussing
wages among themselves, and employees were prohibited from
discussing such matters. As a result of these complaints by the
employees, Lehman was given the aforementioned warning and
5-day suspension.
On about February 25, 1999, Lehman returned to work fol-
lowing his suspension. Cinfio testified that shortly after Leh-
man returned to work, employee Toby Bedard came to him and
complained about Lehman’s remarks regarding the Respon-
dent’s owner, Ken Theurbach. Bedard told him that some of
the crew members, including Doyle Bailey, were very unhappy.
Cinfio called Bailey in and spoke with him about it. Bailey told
him that Lehman was making disparaging remarks about
Theurbach being a draft dodger and going to Africa to evade
the draft, and that, according to Cinfio, Bailey “was tired of it
and it was disrupting his work.” Cinfio asked if Bailey had said
anything to Lehman about this, and Bailey replied that he didn’t
do anything about it, “he just got up and went to the bathroom,
because he. . . . didn’t want to hear it anymore.” Based upon his
conversations with Bedard and Bailey, Cinfio notified Powell
of the matter, telling him that “Lehman was making derogatory
comments about the owner of the company and the company in
general.” Cinfio testified that after consulting with Powell,
Lehman was again suspended, “with instructions that he was
supposed to contact us on a certain date to give us a reason why
we should return him to work.”
Alan Burruss is senior crew leader, a supervisory position.
The other crew leaders report to him. Burress testified that
there has always been a rule prohibiting the distribution of any
materials on company property. The Respondent’s rules also
prohibit excessive “verbal pushing of religion on the people,”
or cussing too much, or being argumentative or abusive, or
pushing “this union thing” too much. He recalled that a verbal
warning had once been given to someone who was apparently
proselytizing a religious viewpoint, and that on another occa-
sion he had to intervene when employees were arguing. The
individuals involved in these incidents were merely given a
verbal warning rather than a written warning or suspension.
Burruss testified that in February 1999, crew leader Al Lam-
bert told him that two people on the crew, Eric Trowbridge and
Roger Sellers, were not happy with what was “being verbally
put on them.” Burress spoke to those employees and they both
said, essentially, “Look, we’re tired of listening to union
speeches . . . . We don’t want to hear it anymore.” At that
point, Burress reported this to Cinfio. This resulted in Leh-
man’s first suspension. Then, sometime after February 25,
1999, it was reported to him that other employees were com-
plaining that they were “tired of of being harassed with [Leh-
man’s] comments and innuendo.” Cinfio spoke to these em-
ployees. Again, Burress reported this to Cinfio, and Cinfio
spoke to these employees. This investigation resulted in Leh-
man’s final suspension.
Crew Leader Toby Bedard testified that at the end of Febru-
ary he became concerned about the disruption of his crew, par-
ticularly Doyle Bailey, because of remarks made by Lehman
during a morning break. Bedard reported to Cinfio that “Doyle
Bailey, as well as myself and others on the crew were being
bothered by some of the things that were being said by Mr.
Lehman,” specifically, that Lehman wondered why Theurbach
was vacationing in Africa during the Vietnam war, and was
implying that Theurbach was a draft dodger.
Doyle Bailey testified that in February 1999, during a break,
while Lehman was talking, he got up and walked away from
the group of employees to cool off as he felt his intelligence
had been insulted. Crew Leader Bedard asked him what was
the matter. Bailey expressed his concern about Lehman’s re-
marks, namely Lehman’s suggestion that CEO Theurbach had
attempted to evade the draft. Bailey testified as follows:

My concern was attitude. Attitude, sometimes even . . . per-
son’s personal life, what that had to do with our work, I do not
know. But we have new workers that come in all the time
and for someone to express their opinion about someone’s
personal life, I feel, is uncalled for.

Bailey testified that in his opinion an employee who is dissatis-
fied with his wages and working conditions should merely look
elsewhere for work rather than keep talking about what a union
may offer the employees. However, he never told Lehman that
he did not want to hear any more about the Union; rather, he
just ignored what Lehman was saying.
Eric Trowbridge testified that after reporting Lehman’s be-
havior to Crew Leader Lambert, he was called to Cinfio’s of-
fice. He told Lambert and Cinfio that Lehman would make
“small comments” about the Union that Trowbridge did not
appreciate, such as Lehman’s statements to the effect that,
“[w]ell, you know, if we had the union here, it wouldn’t be a
problem.” These comments, according to Trowbridge, “were
getting old,” and he didn’t want to hear them any longer and
was getting annoyed. Trowbridge testified that he did in fact
tell Lehman that his talk about the Union “was getting old.”
Trowbridge testified that it is difficult for him to simply ignore
the comments of someone who is speaking, as the words are
automatically processed even if the listener finds them distaste-
ful, and therefore he could not merely ignore what Lehman was
ALPINE LOG HOMES 893
saying. Trowbridge further testified that he believed that Leh-
man, who had been warned by management about his union
activity, did refrain from speaking about the Union “as often as
usual.” However, Trowbridge understood that Lehman was
told by management that he could no longer talk about the Un-
ion whatsoever, and Trowbridge therefore believed that even
Lehman’s occasional remarks about the Union were forbidden
by management.
Roger Sellers testified that he and Lehman had not gotten
along from the very start for reasons apparently unrelated to
Lehman’s advocacy of the Union. In February 1999, he began
to be bothered by the union situation. Sellers at first believed
that it would be a good idea for him to learn about the Union
from Lehman, but then he began to think that Lehman “went
about it the wrong way and he [Lehman] didn’t heed the warn-
ings.” According to Sellers, work ceased to be fun out there
because of the stress Lehman put on everybody. Sellers ex-
plained that it was not so much Lehman’s talking about the
Union “on breaks and stuff,” rather “it was having the union
representatives out there handing out paper work as we were
leaving the work place . . . I thought that was wrong.” Person-
ally these things did not affect Sellers, but he became con-
cerned about “the stress level in the yard.” Sellers testified that
he did not complain to his crew leader about his feelings, but
was simply called into the office by Cinfio and asked to express
his concerns. Cinfio asked him what was being said by Lehman
while the men were working and when they were on their
breaks, and whether Lehman was “talking about the Union out
there.”
John Powell is president of the Respondent. Powell testified
that the men on each crew work closely together as a team in
order to construct each house. They utilize potentially danger-
ous equipment, including chainsaws, and it is important to in-
sure that tension and personality conflicts among the among the
crew be kept at a minimum. This is the reason for the Respon-
dent’s policies as set forth in its employee handbook. Accord-
ing to Powell, “We try to create a workplace that is devoid of
controversy, because controversy causes tension . . . we provide
a work place in which people can work unmolested. They’re
there to work, and they do not need to be bothered.”
Powell testified that, generally, the crew members may dis-
cuss anything they want while working or on break, which,
according to Powell, is also working time. Usually manage-
ment does not know what the workers are discussing unless
there are complaints. So long as employees are non-
confrontational, they may talk about religion, sports, hunting,
or anything else. The Respondent’s no-solicitation rule is “en-
forced when it becomes bothersome to people.” Powell testi-
fied that he considers the term “solicitation” to mean that
someone is “pushing his point in a . . . strong fashion,” and
further, that “unwarranted, unwelcome solicitation” constitutes
harassment.
Regarding Thompson’s refusal to sign the receipt for the
employee handbook, Powell told Thompson that if he wanted
to return to work he would have to sign the receipt without
modification. However, he further told Thompson that if
Thompson wanted to provide him with a different document
setting forth his objection to the policy, he could do so and it
would be put in his file. Thompson said he would have to seek
counsel, and he left the premises. The note that Powell made of
the meeting with Thompson states, in part:

Also . . . told Lennie that I would not accept any exceptions or
additional info. on the receipt. If he wants to express his
views, put this on another document, he’s certainly free to do
so & it would be made a part of his file. Not saying it would
be acted on, simply that we would accept the document.5

Regarding the alleged dissemination of false information in
the handouts for which Thompson and Lehman were given
written warnings, Powell testified that he found objectionable,
among other things, the fact that no one other than Powell,
Cinfio and Burress knew how the evaluations were weighted to
arrive at an average score. Therefore, the fact that Lehman and
Thompson said in the leaflet that they knew how this was done
was a falsification, as each crew leader’s evaluation was not
given the same weight.
Regarding Lehman’s March 1999 suspension, Powell testi-
fied that Lehman was instructed to call back on March 9, 1999,
and make an appointment to discuss his future employment. In
effect, Powell was providing a “cooling off period,” and had
not decided what he was going to do when Lehman called.
Powell testified that Lehman had 5 days to think about why he
had been suspended and to think about reasons that would con-
vince Powell to continue his employment. Lehman phoned him
on March 10, 1999, and asked if he still had a job and, if so,
stated that he was giving 2 weeks’ notice. Powell said that he
would call Lehman back and did so, and told him that he con-
sidered the fact that he did not call on March 9,1999, as a vol-
untary quit.
C. Analysis and Conclusions
It is well established that an employer may not prohibit em-
ployees from soliciting fellow employees to sign union cards or
otherwise engage in union activity, or from distributing union-
related literature during nonwork time in nonwork areas.
Stoddard-Quirk Mfg. Co., 138 NLRB 615, 621 (1962); Nash-
ville Plastic Products, 313 NLRB 462 (1993); Ultrasystems
Western Constructors, Inc., 310 NLRB 545, 552 (1993); Waste
Management of Palm Beach, 329 NLRB 198, 200 (1999); Ross
Stores, Inc., 329 NLRB 573, 586 (1999). Contrary to the posi-
tion of the Respondent, breaktime is nonwork time, See Wire-
ways, Inc., 309 NLRB 245 (1992); Filene’s Basement Store,
299 NLRB 183, 210 (1990). Clearly, the public area outside
the Respondent’s gate, and the parking lot, which is almost
exclusively used by employees and not by customers, are non-
work areas. Similarly, the lunchroom is a nonwork area. In
addition, I find, the areas in the construction yard around the
burn barrels where employees congregate during their breaks
are nonwork areas during breaktime. See United Parcel Ser-
vice, 327 NLRB 317(1999). The Respondent has not demon-
strated any sufficient safety-related or litter-related reason why
the parking lot, the lunchroom, or the areas around the burn

5 Senior Crew Leader Burruss also wrote an account of the meeting.
The account written by Burress says nothing about Thompson being
given the opportunity to include his objections in a separate document.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 894
barrels during breaktime should be considered to be other than
nonwork areas. See St. Luke’s Hospital, 300 NLRB 836 (1990).
Accordingly, I find that the June 4, 1998 correction notices
issued to Lehman and Thompson for “Distribution of Literature
on Company property” are violative of Section 8(a)(1) and (3)
of the Act, as the two employees were engaged in lawful union
activity by distributing union-related literature outside the Re-
spondent’s gate, in the Respondent’s parking lot, or in other
nonwork areas.
The “Solicitations and Distributions” section of the Respon-
dent’s September 1998 handbook, supra, prohibits solicitation
of employees and distribution of union materials “on company
property.” This provision is unlawful as it precludes solicita-
tion and distribution of union material in the parking lot, the
lunchroom, and in the vicinity of the burn barrels during break-
time or other nonwork time. Accordingly, by promulgating and
thereafter enforcing this provision the Respondent is violating
Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
Further, I find the Respondent’s warning notice and Septem-
ber 1, 1998 suspension of Thompson to be similarly unlawful.
Thus, Thompson was disciplined for refusing to sign the receipt
for the handbook, which receipt required him to acknowledge
that he would agree to abide by an unlawful no-solicitation and
distribution rule that severely inhibited his right to engage in
protected union activity. By such conduct, the Respondent has
violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act.6 Horner Waldorf
Corp., 227 NLRB 612 (1976).
Assuming arguendo that the January 1999 flyer distributed
by Thompson and Lehman regarding the Respondent’s evalua-
tion process contained inaccuracies, as the Respondent main-
tains, this is clearly no more than campaign propaganda which
the Respondent may rebut if it chooses to do so, and which the
employees may interpret on the basis of their own understand-
ing of the evaluation process. Contrary to the apparent conten-
tion of the Respondent, there is no requirement that campaign
propaganda materials must be truthful. Statements that are not
“maliciously false” are accorded the protection of the Act.
Simplex Wire & Cable Co., 313 NLRB 1311, 1315 (1994);
Delta Health Center, Inc., 310 NLRB 26, 36 (1993); Mediplex
of Wethersfield, 320 NLRB 510, 513 (1995). Cf. The Hertz
Corp., 326 NLRB 1097 (1999). There is no contention by the
Respondent that anything contained in the leaflet was mali-
ciously false. Indeed, there is no clear record evidence that any
of the information contained in the leaflet was even inaccurate;
nor did the Respondent attempt to point out any inaccuracies to
the employees. Thus, it appears that the Respondent was more
interested in attempting to inhibit the continued union activity
of its employees, rather than to set the record straight regarding
its evaluation process. Whatever the Respondents true motiva-
tion, it is clear that the February 4 and 5, 1999 warnings to

6 The Respondent’s motion that the testimony of Thompson be
stricken because counsel was not furnished with a Board affidavit al-
legedly taken from Thompson is denied. I find that in fact, as repre-
sented by the General Counsel, no Board affidavit was taken from
Thompson, and that Thompson was simply mistaken in his speculation
that he may have given a statement to a Board agent in this matter.
Thompson and Lehman for disseminating allegedly untruthful
information are violative of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
The Respondent, acknowledging that employees have the
right to discuss whatever subjects they choose during both
worktime and nonworktime, claims that this is not an unfettered
right and that excessive solicitation or advocacy of a cause may
be prohibited when it creates dissension or interferes with em-
ployees’ work performance. While there are certainly instances
when employees may be disciplined for particularly aggressive
and inappropriate union advocacy, such as, for example, utter-
ing threats to coworkers, the evidence presented by the Re-
spondent shows no more than that the Respondent and some
employees, perhaps, may have been annoyed with Lehman,
generally, for being such a staunch and persistent union advo-
cate. This is understandable, as union matters, which may seri-
ously impact the very livelihood of employees, frequently po-
larize employees and often generate strong feelings and spirited
debate. After carefully considering the testimony of each of the
employees who allegedly complained about Lehman, set forth
above, it is clear that their testimony does not, either singly or
collectively, substantiate the Respondent’s contention that they
had been “harassed” or that Lehman had engaged in any con-
duct which would remove from him the protection of the Act.
See Postal Service, 250 NLRB 4 fn. 1 (1980).
Nor is it clear that in the absence of the antiunion and, in par-
ticular, the anti-Lehman atmosphere created by the Respondent,
Lehman’s union activity would have generated any complaints
whatsoever. Thus, Powell publicly denounced and berated
Lehman to the employees, issued him unlawful warning no-
tices, promulgated an unlawful no-solicitation and distribution
rule in order to inhibit employees’ union activity at a time
when, apparently, Lehman was the leading union adherent, and
even went so far, in its employee handbook, to require employ-
ees to “immediately” report to their supervisor the existence of
any “harassment” on the job, “even if the employee is not sure
the offending behavior is harassment . . . .”7 Under these cir-
cumstances, it may be concluded that employees, particularly
employees who were opposed to the Union, were reasonably
led to believe that their reporting of Lehman’s activities would
be favorably received and that their complaints would be help-
ful in curtailing Lehman’s advocacy of the Union among the
employees. Therefore, the validity of their ”complaints,” hav-
ing been either actually or impliedly solicited or invited by the
Respondent, is suspect.
On the basis of the foregoing I find that the Respondent has
violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act by issuing Lehman
the correction notice and giving him a 1-week suspension be-
ginning Feburary 17, 1999, for “solicitation of other employees
during working hours.” It is clear that the “solicitation” activity
for which he was warned and suspended was lawful, protected
union activity and did not exceed the bounds of permissible
conduct in discussing union matters with the members of his
crew or other employees.
Lehman returned to work from his unlawful suspension on
Thursday, February 25, 1999. He was again suspended, this
time indefinitely, approximately 4 working days later, on
7 See Nashville PlasticProducts, supra.
ALPINE LOG HOMES 895
March 2 or 3, 1999. On this occasion Cinfio told him that he
was being suspended indefinitely, without pay, pending a fur-
ther meeting. He was given the following reasons for this sus-
pension:

1. Your continued harassment of co-workers. You’ve
gone past mere solicitation with continued unwelcome
verbal harassment.
You have made multiple comments, which disparage
the personality and reputation of Alpine and its owner.
This is Alpine property, we do not hve to tolerate such
activities. You do not have the right to harass fellow em-
ployees or make disparaging comments about the com-
pany or its owner.

Lehman admits that during a break he speculated to employ-
ees that the Respondent’s owner may have attempted to evade
the draft. It appears likely that Lehman was attempting to vent
his frustration over his suspension and the loss of a week’s pay.
Such disparagement of the Respondent’s owner appears to be
entirely unrelated to union activity among the employees, and
is arguably unprotected conduct. However, it is clear that
Lehman was suspended not only for making this remark, but, in
addition, for a second reason, namely. “continued harassment
of co-workers.” Again, the Respondent has presented no evi-
dence showing that upon his return to work Lehman engaged in
any behavior that may be characterized as harassment of co-
workers sufficient to deny him the protection of the Act. Under
the circumstances, particularly given the fact that Lehman had
just returned to work from a prior unlawful suspension, it is
clear that this second suspension, incorporating the same
unlawful reason as was given for the first suspension, is simi-
larly unlawful. The record herein demonstrates the Respon-
dents’ strong union animus in general, as shown by the promul-
gation and enforcement of rules prohibiting protected union
activity, and its strong animus, in particular, against Lehman’s
union activity. I find that the Respondent has not satisfied its
burden under Wright Line8 by demonstrating that Lehman

8 Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir.
1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982), approved in NLRB v. Trans-
portation Management Corp, 462 U.S. 393 (1983).
would have been legitimately suspended solely for his remarks
about the Respondent’s owner.9 Accordingly, I find that the
March 3, 1999 suspension of Lehman was violative of Section
8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act. I further find that the indefinite sus-
pension was in fact a discharge, as alleged lin the complaint, as
the Respondent has not demonstrated that it was prepared to
permit Lehman to return to work under any circumstances.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce
wlithin the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. The Respondent has violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act as set forth herein.
THE REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has violated and is violat-
ing Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act, I recommend that it be
required to cease and desist therefrom and from in any other
like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing
its employees in the exercise of their rights under Section 7 of
the Act. Further, the Respondent shall be required to offer
employee Steven Lehman who, it has been found, was unlaw-
fully terminated on about March 3, 1999, immediate and full
reinstatement to his former position of employment and make
him whole for any loss of wages or benefits he may have suf-
fered by reason of Respondent’s discrimination against him in
the manner prescribed in F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289
(1950), plus interest as computed in New Horizons for the Re-
tarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987). In the same manner, the Re-
spondent shall be required to make employees Lennie Thomp-
son and Steven Lehman whole for any loss of wages or benefits
they may have suffered by reason of their unlawful suspen-
sions. In addition, the Respondent shall be required to post an
appropriate notice, attached hereto as “Appendix.”
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]
9 See Filene’s Basement Store, supra at 183.