AAA Cab Services

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Mar 17, 2004

341 N.L.R.B. 462 (N.L.R.B. 2004)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 462
AAA Cab Services, Inc. and Independent Taxi Driv-
ers Union, Petitioner. Case 28–RC–6154
March 17, 2004
DECISION ON REVIEW AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN BATTISTA AND MEMBERS WALSH
AND MEISBURG
On May 28, 2003, the Board granted the Petitioner’s
request for review of the Regional Director’s Decision
and Order (pertinent portions of which are attached as an
appendix), in which he found that the Employer’s taxi
drivers are independent contractors, not statutory em-
ployees, and thus, dismissed the petition.
The Board has delegated its authority in this proceed-
ing to a three-member panel.
Having carefully considered the entire record, we af-
firm the Regional Director’s decision.
ORDER
The Regional Director’s Decision and Order is af-
firmed.
APPENDIX
Independent Taxi Drivers Union (Petitioner) filed a petition
under Section 9(c) of the National Labor Relations Act (the
Act), seeking to represent all full-time and part-time taxi driv-
ers employed by AAA Cab Services, Inc. (the Employer) at its
Tucson, Arizona facility, excluding all other employees, office
clerical employees, guards, professional employees, and super-
visors as defined in the Act. The Employer contends that the
petition should be dismissed because taxi drivers are independ-
ent contractors and not statutory employees within the meaning
of Section 2(3) of the Act. The Petitioner contends that the
drivers are statutory employees. As discussed below, I have
concluded that the taxi drivers in the petitioned-for unit are
independent contractors and not employees, where, among
other things, there is no relation between the Employer’s com-
pensation and the amount of fares collected by taxi drivers and
the Employer exercises little control over the manner and
means by which taxi drivers conduct business after they leave
the Employer’s facility. Accordingly, I will dismiss the peti-
tion.
DECISION
Under Section 3(b) of the Act, I have the authority to hear
and decide this matter on behalf of the National Labor Rela-
tions Board. On the entire record in this proceeding, I find:
1. Hearing and Procedures: The hearing officer's rulings
made at the hearing are free from prejudicial error and are af-
firmed.
2. Jurisdiction and Employer Status: The record evidence
establishes that the Employer, an Arizona corporation, main-
tains offices and a place of business in Phoenix and Tucson,
Arizona, where it is engaged in operation of a taxicab service
for the general public as well as wheelchair disability van ser-
vice for insurance companies and governmental entities. Dur-
ing the 12 months preceding the date of the hearing, the Em-
ployer purchased gasoline valued in excess of $200,000 from
suppliers located within the State of Arizona. This gasoline
was, in turn, transported from refineries outside the State of
Arizona directly to said gasoline suppliers. During the same
period, the Employer derived gross revenues in excess of
$500,000 from its business operations. The Employer is en-
gaged in commerce within the meaning of the Act, and, there-
fore, the Board’s asserting jurisdiction in this matter will ac-
complish the purposes of the Act.
3. Claim of Representation: The Petitioner claims to repre-
sent the Tucson area taxicab drivers employed by the Em-
ployer. The Employer maintains that the Petitioner is not a
labor organization as the only persons represented by the Peti-
tioner are independent contractors. As I have found that the
bargaining unit petitioned-for consists of only independent
contractors, I need not decide the issue of whether the Peti-
tioner would qualify as a labor organization within the meaning
of Section 2(5) of the Act if the individuals that the Petitioner
seeks to represent were found to be employees rather than in-
dependent contractors.
4. Statutory Question: As more fully set forth below, no
question affecting commerce exists concerning the representa-
tion of certain employees of the Employer within the meaning
of Section 9(c)(1) and Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
A. The Employer’s Operations
The Employer has been engaged in providing taxicab and re-
lated services in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area for
approximately 20 years. In November 2002, the Employer
entered the Tucson market by purchasing certain assets from
Arnett Transportation, an entity which had been engaged in
providing taxi services in the Tucson metropolitan area for
many years.
The Employer bases its Tucson operations at one central lo-
cation. Lyle Wamsley, the Tucson manager, oversees the Em-
ployer’s day-to-day operations at this location. Below Wam-
sley is Gus Napier, Tucson fleet and risk manager; Xenia
Thornton, call center manager; Gilberto Fernandez, shop super-
visor; and Eric Weinerschkirch, dispatch supervisor. Napier’s
job involves interacting with the Employer’s insurer and inves-
tigating accidents. Thornton oversees the 35 “call-takers” em-
ployed by the Employer in Tucson. Call-takers are the people
who answer telephone calls requesting taxi service and type the
requests into the computerized dispatch system. Fernandez
oversees the nine mechanics employed by the Employer. These
mechanics perform both preventative maintenance and repair
work on Employer vehicles. Weinerschkirch oversees five
dispatchers, who monitor the dispatch computers to make sure
that there are no problems. The Employer also employs five
cashiers at its Tucson facility, who are supervised directly by
Wamsley. The cashiers receive lease payments from taxi driv-
ers and cash credit card and voucher fares received by drivers.1

1 At the hearing, the parties stipulated, and I find based on the record
as a whole, that Wamsley, Napier, Thornton, Fernandez, and Wein-
erschkirch are supervisors within the meaning of Sec. 2(11) of the Act
because they direct the work of other employees. The parties also
stipulated, and I find based on the record as a whole, that the Em-
341 NLRB No. 57
AAA CAB SERVICES 463
The Employer operates a fleet of 110 taxicabs from its Tuc-
son facility, of which 70 of these cabs operate under the Yellow
trade name; 35 under the Courier trade name; 3 under the
Checker trade name; and 2 under the Fiesta trade name. These
cabs are painted according to the trade name under which they
operate. The Employer owns 104 of these cabs, and
owner/operators own the other 6. Every cab contains a com-
puter dispatch system with a video display terminal, a meter,
and a 2-way radio. This equipment is paid for, and remains the
property of the Employer. At any given time, about 80 to 90 of
the Employer’s Tucson cabs are in operation.
The record reveals that there are a total of approximately 117
taxi drivers who operate the Employer’s Tucson cabs. Taxi
drivers operate these vehicles pursuant to 12-hour, 24-hour, or
weekly lease arrangements with the Employer. As part of these
lease arrangements, drivers must enter into the following
agreements: a Master Independent Contractor Agreement
(MICA); a Master Motor Vehicle Lease Agreement (MVLA);
and a Master Communications Service Agreement (MCSA).
The MICA grants taxi drivers a license to use the Em-
ployer’s trade names, and provides coverage under the Em-
ployer’s common carrier liability insurance policy. The MICA
also provides:
Contractor agrees to comply with and abide by all laws, ordi-
nances, rules and regulations of federal, state, county, munici-
pal or other governmental authorities in connection with the
operation of Contractor’s Vehicle and in connection with the
operation of Contractor’s business of operating a vehicle for
hire as a taxi cab.
. . . .
1. By this agreement, Company and Contractor expressly in-
tend, acknowledge and agree that no relationship of em-
ployer-employee, principal-agent, or master-servant, either
expressed or implied, shall exist, be created, inferred or result
from this Agreement and that the relationship of the parties
hereto is solely that of Independent Contractor and Company.
Contractor shall be and remain free from any direction, inter-
ference or control by Company in the operation of Contrac-
tor’s business of operating a vehicle for hire as a taxicab and
in the operation of all vehicles so [sic]. Contractor agrees that
he/she will comply with all applicable federal, state, munici-
pal laws, ordinances, statutes, airport rules and regulations and
that he/she will be solely responsible for any fines, penalties,
or forfeitures occasioned by any violation thereof.
2. Contractor acknowledges:
a. Company will not furnish to Contractor or Contrac-
tor’s drivers, workers’ compensation insurance coverage.
Should Contractor desire Workers’ Compensation insur-
ance or Contractor requires such insurance coverage, Con-
tractor shall be solely responsible for and shall obtain such

ployer’s call-takers, dispatchers, mechanics, and cashiers do not share a
community of interest with taxicab drivers where, among other factors,
they work different schedules, are compensated differently, have differ-
ent benefit packages, have different supervision, and have little or no
contact with each other.
coverage at no expense to Company and provide evidence
thereof to Company.
b. Contractor and Contractor employees are not eligi-
ble for federal or state unemployment benefits, chargeable
to Company.
c. Contractor shall be solely liable for payment of all
contributions required under Federal Insurance Contribu-
tions Act, resulting or to result from the operation of Con-
tractor’s business of operating a vehicle for hire as a taxi
cab.
d. Contractor is solely responsible for withholding and
the payment of federal and state income taxes, if any, and
any other taxes or charges resulting from or to result from
the operations of Contractor’s business of operating a ve-
hicle for hire as a taxicab.

3. It is expressly understood and agreed between the parties
hereto that Contractor will exercise sole and complete discre-
tion in the operation of Contractor’s vehicle and in the per-
formance of those duties generally recognized as part of per-
forming the transportation of passengers and property for hire,
including without limitation:

a. Contractor is not required to account for the amount
of fares collected from passengers or customers and is not
required to share any fares and fees with Company.
b. Company shall have no right to restrict nor shall
Contractor be restricted by Company as to the geographi-
cal area in, or hours of operation during, which Contractor
operates his business of operating a vehicle for hire as a
taxi cab.
c. Contractor shall not be required to remain at any
specified location.
d. Contractor acknowledges and agrees that any per-
sons driving vehicles covered under this agreement must
adhere to all Municipal, State, and Federal regulations
covering drivers for hire and all provisions of this agree-
ment. Contractor further agrees that prior to permitting
any person to drive a vehicle covered under this agreement
to check driving records, drivers licenses and has [sic] all
other qualifications to operate a taxi cab for hire, so as not
to disrupt the Company’s business, damage the Com-
pany’s image, or cause cost increases to the Company.

The Employer has approximately 180 MICAs on file.
As part of the leasing process, taxi drivers must fill out an
application form that requests information, including personal
references and work history. Drivers must also show that they
are at least 25 years old; have a valid Arizona driver’s license;
have no more than two moving violations in the previous 39
months; and do not have a “driving under the influence” con-
viction. Drivers must also complete a 2-day driver training
course, which covers such items as how the dispatch system
works and defensive driving. There is no charge for this
course.
The MVLA provides that the Employer will provide a vehi-
cle equipped with a meter, dispatch equipment, signs, and other
equipment to the taxi driver at a set rate per 12-hour, 24-hour,
or weekly period. Currently, the 12-hour lease rate for a single
driver is $70, the 24-hour lease rate is $105, and the weekly
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 464
rate is $510. The MVLA expressly provides that the driver
may enter into agreements with third parties to use their trade
names and dispatching services. If two drivers team up to use
the same vehicle over a 24-hour or weekly period, the lease
rates are slightly higher.
In addition to the cost of the lease, drivers are responsible for
the cost of fueling the vehicle and any other expenses they in-
cur, such as workers’ compensation insurance, medical insur-
ance, business cards, cell phones, and pagers. Drivers may lose
money if these costs exceed the fares and tips they take in,
which they keep for themselves. They do not report their fares
or tips to the Employer, and the Employer does not receive any
percentage of the drivers’ take. The Employer does not pay
wages to any of the drivers, and the drivers are responsible for
withholding and other taxes.
Under the MCSA, the Employer agrees to provide dispatch
services “for use by Contractor in Contractor’s sole discretion.”
The dispatch system utilized by the Employer is a computer-
based system in which employees of the Employer, known as
call-takers, receive telephone requests for taxi services and
enter the request into the system. This system automatically
selects an appropriate driver and causes basic information con-
cerning the location of the fare to be displayed on a video ter-
minal in the driver’s vehicle. Absent special circumstances,
drivers do not communicate with dispatchers or call-takers
during the dispatch process. The driver may reject a call by
pressing a button on the display. The driver may reject a call
for any reason without penalty. If a call is rejected, the com-
puter repeats the process with other drivers until someone ac-
cepts the call by pressing an accept button on the display. Once
a driver accepts a call, additional information is displayed on
the video terminal, including the form of payment. At this
point, with limited exceptions relating to safety, that driver is
required to service the call, regardless of where it is, where it is
going, or what type of service is involved. Drivers who accept
a call, and then fail to service it, are subject to a $5 fine im-
posed by the Employer.
There are a number of government-imposed rules and regu-
lations applicable to common carriers, including that vehicles
must be equipped with a meter and have posted, on the side of
all cabs, base rates, wait-time rates, and other charges. If driv-
ers accept a dispatch call, they must honor these rates, which
are set by the Employer. The Employer also has contracts with
the Veterans Administration and several insurance companies
to provide transportation for certain individuals at substantially
reduced rates. Individuals covered by these contracts do not
pay cash. Instead, they provide a voucher to the driver. The
driver presents this voucher to the Employer’s cashier, who
either applies the reduced rate fare to the driver’s lease payment
or provides the driver with cash. Before January 6, 2003, the
initial dispatch displayed on the drivers’ video display termi-
nals disclosed whether a call was a voucher fare. On January 6,
however, the Employer ceased displaying this information until
after drivers accepted the dispatch, at which point drivers could
no longer reject the dispatch. The record establishes that the
Employer generates little, if any, revenue for itself as a result of
its voucher contracts. The record evidence indicates that the
voucher contracts are intended to inure to the drivers’ benefit
by providing a consistent stream of business.
In addition to being free to accept or decline Employer dis-
patches, drivers have substantial latitude in deciding how they
operate their cabs. They are not restricted or assigned to any
particular geographic area. Rather, they are free to work wher-
ever they want. Thus, for example, they may remain parked at
a single location as long as they wish, such as the bus station or
a hotel, or they may drive around any part of the city seeking
work. Similarly, drivers may set their own days and hours of
work. The record reflects that, in some instances, drivers lease
vehicles on a weekly basis, but choose not to work one or more
of those days. Drivers are also allowed to sublease their vehi-
cles to other drivers, provided that the other drivers have signed
a MICA to ensure insurance coverage and meet the driver
qualifications described above. Drivers are not required to
wear any particular clothing or attire with the Employer’s logo;
on the contrary, they may dress as they please. Drivers may
also use their leased vehicles for personal business or pleasure.
With respect to fares not obtained through dispatch, drivers
are free to set their own rates. For example, drivers who are
flagged down may agree to charge the rider a flat rate instead of
using the meter. It is also not uncommon for drivers to have
private clientele, who will contact the drivers via cell phone or
pagers, and for drivers to charge these riders different rates.
The Employer does not have in place any handbooks, policy
manuals, or rules of conduct for taxi drivers. However, the
Employer may occasionally receive customer complaints about
a driver, in which case the Employer will address those com-
plaints with the driver. The Employer will terminate the lease
agreement of a driver who is the subject of repeated complaints.
The Employer has terminated the leases of 10 drivers who were
involved in at-fault accidents because the Employer’s common
carrier liability insurer declared them uninsurable. However,
these drivers remained eligible to work as independent contrac-
tors if they obtained their own liability insurance.
B. Legal Analysis and Determination
Section 2(3) of the Act provides that the term “employee”
shall not include “any individual having the status of independ-
ent contractor.” The United States Supreme Court in NLRB v.
United Insurance Co., 390 U.S. 254 (1968), observed that Con-
gress did not define “independent contractor” in the Act, but
intended that the issue should be determined by the application
of general agency principles in each case. According to the
Court, “[t]here are innumerable situations which arise in the
common law where it is difficult to say whether a particular
individual is an employee or an independent contractor.” Id. at
258. The Court further stated that there is no “shorthand for-
mula” or “magic phrase” associated with the common-law test.
Id.
In Roadway Package System, 326 NLRB 842, 850 (1998),
the Board reaffirmed that the common law test of agency de-
termines an individual’s status as an employee or independent
contractor. While acknowledging that the common-law agency
test “ultimately assesses the amount or degree of control exer-
cised by an employing entity over an individual,” the Board in
Roadway rejected the proposition that those factors that do not
AAA CAB SERVICES 465
include the concept of “control” are insignificant when com-
pared to those that do. Id. at 850. Among the factors consid-
ered significant at common law in determining whether an em-
ployment relationship exists, according to the Board in Stan-
dard Oil Co., 230 NLRB 967, 968 (1977), are:

(1) whether individuals perform functions that are an
essential part of the [employer’s] normal operation or op-
erate an independent business;
(2) whether they have permanent working arrangement
with the [employer] which will ordinarily continue as long
as performance is satisfactory;
(3) whether they do business in the [employer’s] name
with assistance and guidance from the [employer’s] per-
sonnel and ordinarily sell only the [employer’s] products;
(4) whether the agreement which contains the terms
and conditions under which they operate is promulgated
and changed unilaterally by the [employer];
(5) whether they account to the [employer] . . . ;
(6) whether particular skills are required for the opera-
tions subject to the contract;
(7) whether they have a proprietary interest in the work
in which they are engaged; and
(8) whether they have the opportunity to make deci-
sions which involve risks taken by the independent busi-
nessman [that] may result in profit or loss.

In the context of the taxicab industry, the Board has given
significant weight to two factors: “the lack of any relationship
between the company’s compensation and the amount of fares
collected,” and “the company’s lack of control over the manner
and means by which the drivers conducted business after leav-
ing the [company’s] garage.” Elite Limousine Plus, 324 NLRB
992, 1001 (1997); City Cab Co. of Orlando, 285 NLRB 1191,
1193 (1987), citing Air Transit, 271 NLRB 1108 (1984), and
Checker Cab Co., 273 NLRB 1492 (1985).
These two factors militate toward a finding that the Em-
ployer’s drivers are independent contractors. First, with respect
to compensation, the record establishes that no relation exists
between the Employer’s compensation and the fares collected
by drivers. On the contrary, drivers retain all of their fares and
tips and do not provide any accounting to the Employer. The
Employer’s primary source of revenue is derived from the driv-
ers’ lease payments, which do not vary according to the
amounts they earn.
Second, with respect to control over the operations of the
cabs, the record amply demonstrates that the Employer lacks
any significant control over the drivers once they leave the
Employer’s facility. In particular, drivers are free to decide
what days and hours, if any, they work; the geographical area in
which they work; how they dress; and whether to ignore all
dispatch calls and instead rely on personal business and cus-
tomers who flag them down on the street. Drivers are also
allowed to set their own rates, including flat rates, for business
not received through the Employer’s dispatch system. There is
likewise no prohibition against their working for other taxicab
companies.
Control over the drivers is not demonstrated by the fact that
the Employer sets standardized lease terms in its leasing
agreements. Rather, this is indicative only of the parties’ rela-
tive bargaining power and “is irrelevant to the issue of control
in determining the status of drivers regarding whether they are
employees or independent contractors.” City Cab Co. of Or-
lando, supra, citing Seafarers Local 777 (Yellow Cab) v. NLRB,
603 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1978); and NLRB v. Associated Dia-
mond Cabs, 702 F.2d 912 (11th Cir. 1983). Likewise, the fact
that the Employer, in accordance with state law, establishes
meter rates, which are posted on the sides of its cabs, does not
establish that the Employer exercises any significant control
over the drivers. The Board has held that governmentally im-
posed rules such as those associated with the posting of fares do
not evince the level of control by an employer to preclude inde-
pendent contractor status. Associated Diamond Cabs, supra;
Elite Limousine Plus, supra; Precision Bulk Transport, 279
NLRB 437 (1986); Don Bass Trucking, 275 NLRB 1172
(1985). Moreover, the Employer’s requirement that drivers
service a dispatch once they accept it, does not preclude the
finding of independent contractor status. In Checker Cab Co.
at 1493, the Board held that company-devised rules “obli-
gat[ing drivers] to serve a fare once it is accepted” relate pri-
marily to the orderly dispatch of taxicabs and are not significant
factors regarding independent contractor status. Finally, the
Employer’s ability to counsel drivers and terminate their leases
based on customer complaints does not establish control suffi-
cient to show an employer-employee relationship. In City Cab
Co. of Orlando, at 1194, the Board held that actions such as
these designed to preserve customer goodwill and trade name
value were not incompatible with a finding of independent
contractor status for the drivers.
Other factors also support my conclusion that the drivers in
this case are independent contractors. First, although the driv-
ers may never acquire title to the cabs they drive, they nonethe-
less have a significant proprietary investment in the instrumen-
talities of their work. The Board has held that paying lease or
rental fees over a period of time results in a substantial invest-
ment on the part of a lessee. City Cab Co. of Orlando, at 1194.
Second, the drivers in this case have the opportunity to make
decisions involving risks that may result in profit or loss. The
Employer does not guarantee drivers any level of income. In-
stead, drivers make a myriad of decisions, including when and
where they should work, whether to use the dispatch service
and to what extent, what rates they should charge non-dispatch
riders, and whether to sublease their vehicles. Based on their
decisions and execution, drivers may operate at a profit or a
loss. Third, the Employer does not pay any wages to the driv-
ers, and the drivers are responsible for paying their own with-
holding and other taxes. Drivers do not account to the Em-
ployer. Fourth, the Employer does not require drivers to keep
any records of the fares or tips they receive. Instead, its only
interest is that drivers remain current on their lease payments.
Consequently, the drivers in this case are distinguishable
from drivers such as those in Stamford Taxi, 332 NLRB 1372
(2000), who were found to be statutory employees. In contrast
to the Employer’s taxi drivers, in Stamford Taxi, drivers were
subject to a commission-based system, so that the employer’s
revenues were directly correlated to the amount of fares col-
lected by the drivers. The employer exerted significant control
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 466
over the drivers’ terms and conditions of employment by,
among other things, prohibiting drivers from operating their
vehicles independently or for third parties; retaining title to all
of its vehicles; prohibiting use of its vehicles for personal use;
implementing comprehensive rules of conduct and dress codes;
requiring drivers to use its dispatch system; and imposing an
elaborate and regular reporting procedure. None of these fac-
tors is present here.
Based on the foregoing, I find that the taxi drivers in the peti-
tioned-for unit are independent contractors and not employees
within the meaning of Section 2(3) of the Act. In these circum-
stances, I shall dismiss the petition.