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holding “a medical malpractice complaint filed without a supporting medical expert affidavit is void ab initio ...” and, as a consequence, “it does not legally exist and thus it cannot be amended [under Rule 15(a) of the Nevada Rules of Civil Procedure]”
Summary of this case from Kinford v. BannisterOpinion
No. 45763.
December 28, 2006.
Original petition for a writ of mandamus challenging a district court order that denied petitioner's motions to dismiss a complaint and to strike the first amended complaint in a medical malpractice action.
Piscevich Fenner and Mark J. Lenz, Reno, for Petitioner.
Paul G. Yohey, Reno, for Real Party in Interest.
Before the Court EN BANC.
Petition granted.
OPINION
In this appeal, we address whether a plaintiff in a medical malpractice action may amend her complaint, under NRCP 15(a), to comply with NRS 41A.071, which requires that complaints for medical malpractice be accompanied by a medical expert affidavit. Real party in interest, Billie Faye Barker, sued petitioner, Washoe Medical Center, and her doctor, Bradley Glenn, M.D., for alleged negligence during a surgical procedure. Barker filed her complaint one day before the statute of limitations ran but failed to include the required medical expert affidavit. Under NRS 41A.071, the district court must dismiss a medical malpractice complaint filed without a supporting medical expert affidavit. Therefore, Washoe Medical moved to dismiss Barker's complaint, and upon receipt of the motion but before the district court rendered a decision on it, Barker filed an amended complaint to which she attached an expert affidavit and an opposition to Washoe Medical's motion to dismiss.
Dr. Glenn is not a party to this petition.
Washoe Medical moved to strike Barker's amended complaint, contending that NRS 41A.071 does not permit amendment. In denying Washoe Medical's motion to dismiss and motion to strike, the district court concluded that Barker was permitted to amend her complaint under NRCP 15(a), which allows a plaintiff to amend a pleading once as a matter of course before a responsive pleading is served. Washoe Medical then filed this writ petition, challenging the district court's order.
We conclude that, under NRS 41A.071, a complaint filed without a supporting medical expert affidavit is void ab initio and must be dismissed. Because a void complaint does not legally exist, it cannot be amended. Therefore, NRCP 15(a) does not apply in this instance, and an NRS 41A.071 defect cannot be cured through amendment. Accordingly, we grant Washoe Medical's petition.
FACTS
On March 31, 2005, one day before the statute of limitations expired, Barker filed a complaint against Washoe Medical and Dr. Glenn for alleged negligence during a surgical procedure. Barker did not include a medical expert affidavit with her complaint, as required under NRS 41A.071.
On June 22, 2005, after Washoe Medical was served with Barker's complaint, it moved to dismiss the complaint because she failed to include a medical expert affidavit. On July 1, 2005, after the statute of limitations had expired, Barker filed a first amended complaint that included the required affidavit, which was dated June 30, 2005. Barker also opposed Washoe Medical's motion to dismiss, arguing that because a motion to dismiss is not a responsive pleading, she had the right to amend under NRCP 15(a). Washoe Medical replied to Barker's opposition and contemporaneously moved to strike Barker's first amended complaint.
The district court concluded that Barker's amendment was permissible under NRCP 15(a) since a motion to dismiss is not a responsive pleading, and the district court denied Washoe Medical's motions to dismiss and to strike. Washoe Medical then petitioned this court for a writ of mandamus directing the district court to dismiss Barker's original complaint and strike her first amended complaint.
DISCUSSION
Writ of mandamus
A writ of mandamus is available "to compel the performance of an act which the law especially enjoins as a duty resulting from an office, trust or station." A writ of mandamus will only issue if the petitioner has no "plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law." Because mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, the decision to entertain a petition lies within this court's discretion. And unless dismissal is clearly required by a statute or rule or an important issue of law needs clarification, this court will not exercise its discretion to consider writ petitions that challenge district court orders denying motions to dismiss.
NRS 34.170.
Borger v. Dist. Ct., 120 Nev. 1021, 1025, 102 P.3d 600, 603 (2004).
Beazer Homes Nevada, Inc. v. Dist. Ct., 120 Nev. 575, 578-79, 97 P.3d 1132, 1134 (2004); Smith v. District Court, 113 Nev. 1343, 1345, 950 P.2d 280, 281 (1997).
This writ proceeding involves an issue of first impression — whether an NRS 41A.071 defect can be cured through an NRCP 15(a) amendment as of right. This important issue of law needs clarification, as there is great potential for the district courts to inconsistently interpret this legal issue. Therefore, we elect to exercise our discretion to entertain the merits of Washoe Medical's writ petition.
Standard of review
Statutory interpretation is an issue of law that we review de novo. When a statute is clear on its face, we will not look beyond the statute's plain language. However, when a statute is susceptible to more than one interpretation, it is ambiguous, and we must look beyond its plain meaning. When construing an ambiguous statute, legislative intent is controlling, and we look to legislative history for guidance. Finally, we consider "the policy and spirit of the law and will seek to avoid an interpretation that leads to an absurd result."
Beazer Homes Nevada, 120 Nev. at 579, 97 P.3d at 1135.
Id. at 579-80, 97 P.3d at 1135.
Id. at 580, 97 P.3d at 1135.
Potter v. Potter, 121 Nev. 613, 616, 119 P.3d 1246, 1248 (2005).
City Plan Dev. v. State, Labor Comm'r, 121 Nev. 419, 435, 117 P.3d 182, 192 (2005).
NRS 41A.071 and complaint amendment to comply with the expert affidavit requirement
NRS 41A.071 states, "If an action for medical malpractice . . . is filed in the district court, the district court shall dismiss the action, without prejudice, if the action is filed without a[] [medical expert] affidavit. . . ." Although NRS 41A.071 requires dismissal whenever a medical malpractice complaint is filed without an expert affidavit, NRCP 15(a) permits a plaintiff to amend her pleading once as a matter of course before a responsive pleading is served. Barker argues that NRCP 15(a) supersedes NRS 41A.071's dismissal requirement and that she was therefore permitted to amend her complaint to comply with NRS 41A.071 before Washoe Medical served a responsive pleading. Washoe Medical argues that Barker's complaint was dismissed by operation of law when it was filed without a supporting expert affidavit, and therefore, there was no complaint to be amended. We agree with Washoe Medical.
We addressed an analogous situation under the former medical malpractice statutory scheme in Lapica v. District Court. In Lapica, the plaintiff filed her medical malpractice complaint with the district court before the Medical-Legal Screening Panel had rendered its decision, in contravention of then-applicable NRS 41A.070. NRS 41 A.070 provided that a medical malpractice complaint could not be filed in the district court until after the Screening Panel issued its determination, "`and any action filed without satisfying th[at] requirement[] . . . [was] subject to dismissal for failure to comply.'" Therefore, the defendant argued that the plaintiff's premature complaint was void ab initio because NRS 41A.070 required dismissal when a complaint was filed in the district court before the Screening Panel rendered its decision.
97 Nev. 86, 624 P.2d 1003 (1981).
Id. at 87, 624 P.2d at 1004.
Id. (quoting NRS 41A.070).
Id.
We concluded that the defendant's argument that the complaint was void ab initio was unpersuasive because NRS 41A.070 stated that an action was subject to dismissal, which "denote[d] judicial discretion, i.e., . . . [the term `subject to'] indicate[s] that a premature complaint is not automatically void, but that it may be dismissed." Thus, we concluded that the complaint was not void and, because the defendant had not moved to dismiss the complaint and the district court had not sua sponte dismissed it, the complaint was valid.
Id. at 88, 624 P.2d at 1004.
Id.
However, NRS 41A.071 states that a complaint filed without an expert affidavit shall be dismissed. Unlike NRS 41A.070's "subject to" language, "shall" is mandatory and does not denote judicial discretion. The Legislature's choice of the words "shall dismiss" instead of "subject to dismissal" indicates that the Legislature intended that the court have no discretion with respect to dismissal and that a complaint filed without an expert affidavit would be void and must be automatically dismissed.
Tarango v. SIIS, 117 Nev. 444, 451 n. 20, 25 P.3d 175, 180 n. 20 (2001) ("`[I]n statutes, "may" is permissive and "shall" is mandatory unless the statute demands a different construction to carry out the clear intent of the legislature."' (quoting S.N.E.A. v. Daines, 108 Nev. 15, 19, 824 P.2d 276, 278 (1992))).
Cf. Harris Assocs. v. Clark County Sch. Dist., 119 Nev. 638, 642, 81 P.3d 532, 535 (2003) (stating that when the Legislature amends a statute to change its language from "may" to "shall," this evinces the Legislature's intent that the statutory provision be mandatory).
NRS 41A.071's legislative history further supports the conclusion that a complaint defective under NRS 41A.071 is void and cannot be amended. NRS 41A.071 was adopted as part of the 2002 medical malpractice tort reform that abolished the Medical-Legal Screening Panel. NRS 41A.071's purpose is "to lower costs, reduce frivolous lawsuits, and ensure that medical malpractice actions are filed in good faith based upon competent expert medical opinion." According to NRS 41A.071's legislative history, the requirement that a complaint be filed with a medical expert affidavit was designed to streamline and expedite medical malpractice cases and lower overall costs, and the Legislature was concerned with strengthening the requirements for expert witnesses.
Szydel v. Markman, 121 Nev. 453, 459, 117 P.3d 200, 204 (2005).
Minutes of the Meeting of the Assembly Comm. on Medical Malpractice Issues, 18th Special Sess. (Nev., July 29, 2002) (statement of Assembly-woman Buckley).
When discussing the expert witness requirement, it was noted that under the former Medical-Legal Screening Panel rules, a medical expert's affidavit was required. The new legislation therefore required that, at the district court level, a medical expert's affidavit was necessary for the district court to confirm that the case was meritorious. The Nevada Trial Lawyers Association "believed there needed to be a deterrent from cases being filed in order to get a quick settlement," and that the affidavit requirement would protect against this by ensuring that medical records would be reviewed by an expert before a case was filed.
Minutes of the Meeting of the Assembly Comm. on Medical Malpractice Issues, 18th Special Sess. (Nev., July 30, 2002) (statement of Bill Bradley, Nevada Trial Lawyers Association).
Id.
Accordingly, we conclude that a medical malpractice complaint filed without a supporting medical expert affidavit is void ab initio, meaning it is of no force and effect. Because a complaint that does not comply with NRS 41A.071 is void ab initio, it does not legally exist and thus it cannot be amended. Therefore, NRCP 15(a)'s amendment provisions, whether allowing amendment as a matter of course or leave to amend, are inapplicable. A complaint that does not comply with NRS 41 A.071 is void and must be dismissed; no amendment is permitted.
See Black's Law Dictionary 5 (8th ed. 2004) (defining "ab initio" as "from the beginning").
This conclusion accords with our previously noted view of NRS 41A.071 and NRCP 15(a)'s leave-to-amend provision. In Borger v. District Court, we noted NRS 41A.071's silence with regard to amendments and concluded in dictum that "NRS 41A.071 clearly mandates dismissal, without leave to amend, for complete failure to attach an affidavit to the complaint." Later, in Szydel v. Markman, we reiterated, again in dictum, that "NRS 41A.071 requires dismissal whenever the expert affidavit requirement is not met."
120 Nev. at 1029, 102 P.3d at 606 (emphasis added).
Further, the majority of state courts addressing this issue, under similar statutory schemes, also hold that when a complaint is filed without a medical expert affidavit, the trial court must dismiss the complaint. These courts conclude that permitting amendment would conflict with legislative intent and pervert the statute's purpose. As one court has noted, although "the [medical malpractice] statute may have harsh results in some cases, it cuts with a sharp but clean edge." Because in Nevada, noncompliance with NRS 41A.071's affidavit requirement renders a complaint void ab initio, we agree with those courts that amendment is not permitted and dismissal is required.
E.g., Bardo v. Liss, 614 S.E.2d 101, 104 (Ga. Ct. App. 2005); Fales v. Jacobs, 588 S.E.2d 294, 295 (Ga. Ct. App. 2003); Holmes v. Michigan Capital Medical Center, 620 N.W.2d 319, 322 (Mich. Ct. App. 2000); Lindberg v. Health Partners, Inc., 599 N.W.2d 572, 578 (Minn. 1999); Thigpen v. NGO, 558 S.E.2d 162, 165 (N.C. 2002); Lookshin v. Feldman, 127 S.W.3d 100, 105 (Tex. Ct. App. 2003).
E.g., Fales, 588 S.E.2d at 295; Holmes, 620 N.W.2d at 322; Thigpen, 558 S.E.2d at 166-67.
Lindberg, 599 N.W.2d at 578.
Barker argues that interpreting NRS 41A.071 as not permitting an NRCP 15(a) amendment would abrogate NRCP 15(a) and, therefore, violate the separation of powers doctrine by unduly impinging on the judiciary's inherent authority to economically and fairly manage litigation. We disagree. Under the separation of powers doctrine, the Legislature "`may not enact a procedural statute that conflicts with a pre-existing procedural rule.'" State v. Dist. Ct., 116 Nev. 953, 959, 11 P.3d 1209, 1213 (2000) (quoting State v. Connery, 99 Nev. 342, 345, 661 P.2d 1298, 1300 (1983) (citation omitted)). A procedural statute that conflicts with a preexisting procedural rule is of no effect, and "`the rule supersedes the statute and controls,'" id. at 960, 11 P.3d at 1213 (quoting Connery, 99 Nev. at 345, 661 P.2d at 1300), so as not to interfere with the judiciary's inherent authority to procedurally manage litigation. Borger, 120 Nev. at 1029, 102 P.3d at 606. The requirement to file an expert affidavit with a medical malpractice complaint does not infringe on or interfere with the judiciary's inherent authority to procedurally manage litigation. Id. Further, NRS 41A.071 renders a complaint void when it is filed without an expert affidavit. As we have concluded above, because a void complaint cannot be amended, NRCP 15(a) is inapplicable in this instance. Accordingly, NRS 41A.071 does not conflict with NRCP 15(a), and there is no separation of powers violation.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that when a plaintiff has failed to meet NRS 41A.071's expert affidavit requirement, the complaint is void ab initio and must be dismissed, without prejudice, and no amendment to cure an NRS 41A.071 defect is allowed. Therefore, the district court erred by denying Washoe Medical's motions to dismiss and to strike.
Accordingly, we grant Washoe Medical's petition, and we direct the court clerk to issue a writ of mandamus directing the district court to grant Washoe Medical's motions.
BECKER, GIBBONS and PARRAGUIRRE, JJ., concur.
I disagree with the majority's conclusion that a complaint in a medical malpractice action is void when filed without an expert affidavit. I believe that the majority's interpretation disregards NRCP 15(a) and also exalts form over substance.
The majority concludes that a complaint that does not comply with NRS 41A.071 is void, and therefore, NRCP 15(a) is inapplicable. I do not interpret NRS 41A.071 in such a manner. Although the Legislature was within its power to enact NRS 41A.071, it must still ensure that its laws do not conflict with our preexisting procedural rules. NRS 41A.071 is a statute that governs procedure in medical malpractice cases, and it was enacted after NRCP 15(a), which is a court rule that governs civil procedure. NRS 41A.071 requires dismissal when a plaintiff files an action without a medical expert's affidavit, while NRCP 15(a) allows that plaintiff to amend her complaint once as a matter of course before a responsive pleading is filed.
See State v. Dist. Ct., 116 Nev. 953, 959-60, 11 P.3d 1209, 1213 (2000).
Unlike the majority, I interpret NRS 41A.071 and NRCP 15(a) as being in direct conflict, and under our rules of construction, NRCP 15(a) supersedes NRS 41A.071 and controls. Accordingly, I conclude that a plaintiff in a medical malpractice case may amend her complaint once as a matter of course before a responsive pleading is filed to comply with NRS 41A.071's medical expert affidavit requirement.
Id.
However, I agree with Borger v. District Court, 120 Nev. 1021, 102 P.3d 600 (2004), that a plaintiff may not be granted leave to amend to comply with this requirement because leave to amend is discretionary with the district court, while amendment as a matter of course is not.
I also disagree with the majority's conclusion because it results in the disposition of cases without a determination on their merits and point out that New Jersey courts have also been concerned with technically rejecting valid claims and have discussed the "draconian results of an inflexible application" of New Jersey's medical malpractice statutes. Those courts conclude that the medical malpractice statutes' goals of reducing frivolous lawsuits are not advanced by dismissing a meritorious, but technically defective, complaint.
Ferreira v. Rancocas Orthopedic, 836 A.2d 779, 783 (N.J. 2003).
Id. at 783-84.
Additionally, Illinois courts have concluded that, while Illinois' medical malpractice statutes were enacted to reduce frivolous lawsuits, they were not designed to "burden the plaintiff with insurmountable hurdles prior to filing." Therefore, Illinois courts liberally construe the medical malpractice statutes so that cases will be decided on the merits, and "in a medical malpractice case, a plaintiff should be afforded every reasonable opportunity to establish his case." Thus, the Illinois courts conclude that, although the district court has discretion to dismiss a complaint for failure to include an expert affidavit, permitting the plaintiff to amend her complaint better furthers the statutes' purpose than would dismissal.
Apa v. Rotman, 680 N.E.2d 801, 804 (Ill. App. Ct. 1997).
Id. The court further stated, "[T]he technical requirements of the statute should not be mechanically applied to deprive a plaintiff of his substantive rights." Id.
Id. at 804; Cammon v. West Suburban Hosp. Med. Center, 704 N.E.2d 731, 739 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998).
I conclude that the majority has incorrectly interpreted NRS 41A.071 and not given equal recognition to our own rules of procedure, specifically NRCP 15(a). For this reason, I dissent.
In my view, a proper construction of NRS 41A.071, a statute in derogation of the common law, compels a result opposite to that reached today by the majority.
NRS 41A.071 provides as follows:
If an action for medical malpractice or dental malpractice is filed in the district court, the district court shall dismiss the action, without prejudice, if the action is filed without an affidavit, supporting the allegations contained in the action, submitted by a medical expert who practices or has practiced in an area that is substantially similar to the type of practice engaged in at the time of the alleged malpractice.
NRS 41A.071 does not state that a complaint filed in violation of it is void; rather, it requires the district court to dismiss the action when such violations are identified. This renders the noncompliant complaint voidable and still pending until dismissed. Under our decision in Borger v. District Court, the district court could not, upon a motion to dismiss a complaint, grant leave to amend a complaint with no affidavit. That said, Ms. Barker brought the complaint into compliance prior to the motion to dismiss and the ultimate ruling upon it. Certainly, under NRCP 15(a), Barker was permitted to file the amended complaint anytime before service of a responsive pleading which, under NRCP 15(c), related back to supersede the original filing for purposes of the rules of pleading and for statute of limitation purposes. Accordingly, the amendment of the complaint cured the defect in compliance with NRS 41A.071. Thus, our dictum in Borger does not apply because, as of the application to dismiss this action, the complaint was in compliance. The relation back of the amended complaint rendered that compliance effective as of the date of the original complaint.
120 Nev. 1021, 1029, 102 P.3d 600, 606 (2004).
A motion to dismiss is not a responsive pleading under NRCP 15.
If the Legislature wanted to make such filings void, or provide that such filings would not toll the applicable statute of limitations, it could have done so. While one could reasonably conclude that the Legislature never intended that a complaint filed in violation of NRS 41A.071 could toll prescriptive time periods, the medical malpractice legislation at issue here was enacted in derogation of the common law. Thus, the Legislature's failure to expressly provide that such filings are either void or are ineffective to toll the applicable limitation periods compels the result I suggest we should obtain here. Absent such express provisos, this piece of legislation must give way to our procedural rules governing the amendment of pleadings.
See Rush v. Nevada Industrial Commission, 94 Nev. 403, 407, 580 P.2d 952, 954 (1978) (noting that this court will not construe a statute as taking away a common-law right at the time of enactment "`unless that result is imperatively required'" (quoting Fabricius v. Montgomery Elevator Company, 121 N.W.2d 361, 362 (Iowa 1963))); Orr Ditch Co. v. Dist. Ct., 64 Nev. 138, 164, 178 P.2d 558, 571 (1947) (stating that unless intention to alter is clearly expressed, there is a presumption that lawmakers did not intend to abrogate the common law).
See State v. Dist. Ct., 116 Nev. 953, 959, 11 P.3d 1209, 1213 (2000).
In light of the above, I would deny the petition.