Summary
recognizing that Michigan courts had long recognized that "as a matter of common law, an employer has a duty to maintain a reasonably safe workplace."
Summary of this case from Davis v. Trane U.S. Inc.Opinion
Docket No. 62720.
Decided April 18, 1984. Leave to appeal applied for.
Levine Benjamin, P.C. (by Martin Stein), and Johnson, Campbell Moesta (by Reginald Johnson), for plaintiff.
Van Deveer, Garzia, Tonkin, Kerr Heaphy, P.C. (by Ivan E. Kerr), and Gromek, Bendure Thomas (by Mark R. Bendure and Daniel J. Wright), for defendant.
Plaintiff was injured at work while operating a press manufactured by defendant in 1930 and brought this action against defendant on theories of negligence in the design of the press and breach of implied warranty. After a jury trial, a verdict awarding plaintiff damages of $250,000 was returned, and defendant appeals as of right.
I
Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion for a directed verdict. A directed verdict for defendant in a civil case should not be granted unless, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, no reasonable person would conclude that a prima facie case for liability was established. See, for example, Blanchard v Monical Machinery Co, 84 Mich. App. 279, 282; 269 N.W.2d 564 (1978).
Defendant's argument focuses on an essential element common to both of plaintiff's theories of liability. See Hartford Fire Ins Co v Walter Kidde Co, Inc, 120 Mich. App. 283, 292; 328 N.W.2d 29 (1982):
"With respect to negligent design, this Court has stated that a manufacturer's liability is predicated upon whether he has failed to protect against a risk that is `unreasonable and foreseeable by the manufacturer'. Such a test focuses on the reasonableness of the manufacturer's conduct since it is the duty of the manufacturer to exercise due care. Durkee v Cooper of Canada, Ltd, 99 Mich. App. 693, 699; 298 N.W.2d 620 (1980). Negligent design falls under both a negligence theory and an implied warranty theory of liability because a manufacturer has a duty to produce a reasonably fit product under either concept. Elsasser v American Motors Corp, 81 Mich. App. 379, 385; 265 N.W.2d 339 (1978)."
In Fredericks v General Motors Corp, 411 Mich. 712; 311 N.W.2d 725 (1981), plaintiff was injured in a press accident and sued defendant, who had supplied the dies used in the press. The evidence showed that the dies were intended for use as part of a press system and that the accident could have been prevented either by guards on the dies or by other safety devices elsewhere in the press system. The Court pointed out that, at the time of plaintiff's injury, MCL 408.852; MSA 17.49(2), enacted by 1967 PA 282, placed a duty on an employer to maintain a reasonably safe workplace. That section was subsequently repealed by 1974 PA 154, which, however, enacted MCL 408.1011; MSA 17.50(11), which contains an equivalent provision. The Court reasoned that the employer's statutory duty rendered it unforeseeable that the employer would fail to incorporate adequate safety devices into the press system and concluded that the trial court did not err in granting defendant's motion for a directed verdict on plaintiff's products liability theory.
Although the Fredericks Court, at 411 Mich. 720, emphasized that the statute was enacted in 1967 and was in existence at the time of injury, the date of injury (and, for that matter, the date of manufacture) actually has little significance. Long before 1967 PA 282, Michigan courts recognized that, as a matter of common law, an employer has a duty to maintain a reasonably safe workplace. Swoboda v Ward, 40 Mich. 420 (1879); Smith v Peninsular Car Works, 60 Mich. 501; 27 N.W. 662 (1886); Van Dusen v Letellier, 78 Mich. 492; 44 N.W. 572 (1889); Kaukola v Oliver Iron Mining Co, 159 Mich. 689; 124 N.W. 591 (1910); Baucino v Fitzpatrick, 186 Mich. 1; 152 N.W. 927 (1915); Thiel v Verschoor, 235 Mich. 373; 209 N.W. 53 (1926); Muchler v Johnson, 280 Mich. 527; 273 N.W. 794 (1937). For an early statute recognizing such a duty, see 1929 CL 8330.
Here, as in Fredericks, a statute in existence at the time of plaintiff's injury placed a duty on the employer to maintain a reasonably safe workplace. The press manufactured by defendant here, like the dies at issue in Fredericks, was only a part of a press system. The press at issue here could only be used in conjunction with dies, a power source, and some method of feeding materials into the press, whether manual, semi-automatic, or automatic. The press was harmless and inoperable unless incorporated into such a system. Plaintiff introduced evidence indicating that the accident could have been prevented if the press had been equipped with a single-stroke mechanism or with a dual palm button activation mechanism placed a sufficient distance from the press. Testimony showed one possible safety device, pull-back straps, was not an integral part of the press and could be installed by the employer, but the testimony was sharply divided as to whether such a safety device was adequate. However, unrebutted testimony showed that the press at issue could be operated safely in conjunction with a semi-automatic or automatic feeding mechanism. Moreover, unrebutted testimony also showed that this accident would have been prevented had the press been equipped with guards on the dies, or other die-related safety devices such as an air ejection system or a sliding die.
Because Fredericks shows that it was not foreseeable that plaintiff's employer would fail to incorporate the press into a press system containing adequate safety devices, the trial court erred by declining to grant defendant's motion for a directed verdict.
We note that here, in contrast to Fredericks, plaintiff does not rely on a negligent entrustment theory. Nevertheless, we also note that plaintiff produced no evidence tending to show the essential element of a cause of action based on such a theory, that defendant knew or should have known that plaintiff's employer would use the press in an unsafe manner. 411 Mich. 719.
A product is not defective if it is reasonably safe for its foreseeable uses. Hartford Fire Ins Co, supra, p 292.
Plaintiff's expert admitted that defendant's press was multi-purpose and that this meant it was designed for a wide variety of operations. He also admitted it was impossible for defendant to install a safety device which would cover all purposes to which the press could be assigned. At the time of sale, the press had neither a motor nor any dies and, thus, was incapable of injuring anyone in the way that plaintiff had been injured.
It follows then that, absent evidence that defendant knew or had specific reason to know that the original purchaser would use the press unsafely, it had no duty to provide safety devices not ordered by that purchaser. In other words, the specific use to which plaintiff's employer put the machine was not foreseeable without some evidence that defendant knew or should have known of the purchaser's unsafe use. See Antcliff v State Employees Credit Union, 95 Mich. App. 224; 290 N.W.2d 420 (1980), aff'd 414 Mich. 624; 327 N.W.2d 814 (1982), reh den 417 Mich. 1103 (1983).
II
We will briefly address a relatively novel issue raised by defendant, although its resolution is not essential to our decision. Michigan Standard Jury Instructions must be given if properly requested, provided they are applicable and accurately state the law. GCR 1963, 516.6(2). Where there is a deviation from a properly requested, applicable, and accurate Michigan Standard Jury Instruction, prejudicial error will be presumed provided that the deviation was brought to the attention of the trial court prior to commencement of jury deliberations. Javis v Ypsilanti Bd of Ed, 393 Mich. 689, 702-703; 227 N.W.2d 543 (1975); Socha v Passino, 405 Mich. 458; 275 N.W.2d 243 (1979).
Here, defendant requested SJI 25.32, which provides in pertinent part:
"Plaintiff has the burden of proving each of the following:
"a. That the defendant [manufactured/ and/or /designed] a [product/ ____ (name of product)] which created an unreasonable risk of harm * * *."
The word "unreasonable" was added to the instruction by amendment in October, 1981. The trial here took place in January, 1982, but the trial court failed to give the amended version of the instruction. No contention is made that the instruction as amended was not applicable or did not accurately state the law; rather, plaintiff argues that defendant did not properly request the amended instruction.
In requesting the instruction, defendant did not specify that the instruction had recently been amended. Careful attorneys in similar circumstances would do well to point out the amendment in order to avoid all possible confusion. However, before jury deliberations commenced, defendant called the attention of the trial court to the omission of the word "unreasonable". Nevertheless, the trial court inexplicably declined to give a corrected instruction.
By requesting the instruction and by pointing out at the appropriate time the trial court's deviation from the approved language, defendant did all that the Court in Javis, supra, pp 702-703, required for application of the presumption of prejudicial error. The Javis standard requires an objection in time for the trial court to correct any deviation from the approved language before jury deliberations commenced; it does not require litigants to anticipate that, when the requested instruction is given, the trial court will prove to be unaware of a recent amendment. The trial court's departure from the approved language and refusal to give a corrected instruction would, under other circumstances, require reversal and a new trial.
Reversed and remanded for entry of a judgment for defendant.