Summary
In Wessels and Blanchard, MIOSHA did not preclude products liability actions against manufacturers and sellers of products even though both cases were decided after the adoption of MIOSHA.
Summary of this case from Inman v. Heidelberg Eastern, Inc.Opinion
Docket No. 101435.
Decided April 6, 1989.
Fielstra, Flynn, Reider, Wierengo Brown, P.C. (by Andrew Wierengo, III), for plaintiff.
Rhoades, McKee, Boer, Goodrich Titta (by Joel S. Huyser), for defendant Lakeshore Machinery Supply Company.
Plaintiff brought this products liability action for personal injuries sustained in a workplace accident when the cycling action of a power press severed several fingers from plaintiff's left hand. The circuit court granted a motion for summary disposition made pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) by defendant Lakeshore Machinery Supply Company, the party that sold the press to plaintiff's employer, and plaintiff takes his appeal from that ruling. We reverse.
A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests whether there is factual support for the claim. Metropolitan Life Ins Co v Reist, 167 Mich. App. 112, 118; 421 N.W.2d 592 (1988), lv den 431 Mich. 876 (1988). In deciding the motion, the lower court must consider affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence submitted or filed by the parties. MCR 2.116(G)(5). Giving the benefit of any reasonable doubt to the party opposing the motion, the court must determine whether the record might be developed to leave open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ. Scameheorn v Bucks, 167 Mich. App. 302, 306; 421 N.W.2d 918 (1988), lv den 430 Mich. 886 (1988). The moving party must identify and support those issues as to which it believes that there is not genuine issue of material fact. MCR 2.116(G)(4); Slaughter v Smith, 167 Mich. App. 400, 403; 421 N.W.2d 702 (1988). The opposing party is then obligated to show by affidavit or other appropriate evidence that the identified issue is being factually controverted. MCR 2.116(G)(5); Morganroth v Whitall, 161 Mich. App. 785, 788-789; 411 N.W.2d 859 (1987). The court should be liberal in finding a genuine issue of material fact. St Paul Fire Marine Ins Co v Quintana, 165 Mich. App. 719, 722; 419 N.W.2d 60 (1988), lv den 430 Mich. 885 (1988).
The circuit court's decision to grant summary disposition rested wholly on the legal rationale stated in Villar v E W Bliss Co, 134 Mich. App. 116; 350 N.W.2d 920 (1984), lv den 422 Mich. 871 (1985). In Villar, the plaintiff brought suit against the manufacturer of a press for negligence and breach of implied warranty, both theories sharing the essential element of negligent design for failure to incorporate adequate safety devices. Relying on Fredericks v General Motors Corp, 411 Mich. 712; 311 N.W.2d 725 (1981), a negligent entrustment case, the Court affirmed a directed verdict for the manufacturer of a multipurpose press, inoperable by itself until integrated with the user's press system and used in conjunction with dies, a power source, and a feeding mechanism. The Court concluded that, under such circumstances, the plaintiff's injuries were unforeseeable, thereby rejecting plaintiff's argument that the design should have included, among other items, a single-stroke mechanism. Our reading of Villar suggests that three criteria must be satisfied before its holding may be successfully invoked: (1) the press must be inoperable until it is integrated by the user (employer of the injured plaintiff) into its manufacturing processes, (2) the user, as the plaintiff's employer, owes the plaintiff a duty to provide a safe workplace pursuant to MCL 408.1011; MSA 17.50(11), and (3) the specific unsafe application of the press causing the accident was not foreseeable from the manufacturer's standpoint. See also Bullock v Gulf Western Mfg, 128 Mich. App. 316; 340 N.W.2d 294 (1983).
It is the last criterion that is problematic in the case at bar. We quote that portion of Villar providing an explanation and application of this requirement:
A product is not defective if it is reasonably safe for its foreseeable uses. . . .
Plaintiff's expert admitted that defendant's press was multi-purpose and that this meant it was designed for a wide variety of operations. He also admitted it was impossible for defendant to install a safety device which would cover all purposes to which the press could be assigned. At the time of sale, the press had neither a motor nor any dies and, thus, was incapable of injuring anyone in the way that plaintiff had been injured.
It follows then that, absent evidence that defendant knew or had specific reason to know that the original purchaser would use the press unsafely, it had no duty to provide safety devices not ordered by that purchaser. In other words, the specific use to which plaintiff's employer put the machine was not foreseeable without some evidence that defendant knew or should have known of the purchaser's unsafe use. [ 134 Mich. App. 121. Emphasis in original.]
In the case at bar, as in Villar, the press was designed for multiple, but not an infinite number of, purposes and was incapable of causing injury of the nature sustained by plaintiff at the time of its sale by defendant. Like the manufacturer in Villar, it is defendant's factually supported contention that the manufacturer (or, in this case, the seller) of a press suitable for multiple purposes need not anticipate a particular application of the press and design a safety device that would be specific to that particular application. However, plaintiff submitted an affidavit of a consulting engineer that stated:
That regardless of the particular use to be made of the subject press by the purchaser, Goff Products, the press should have incorporated a single-stroke mechanism which is intended to assure a single press stroke for each engagement of the mechanical tripping means, to preclude an unintended repeat stroke in the event of mechanical failure or operator error. This requirement relates to the construction of the press, and is irrespective of the kind of point-of-operation safeguarding selected for the kind of tooling involved, and the related method of loading and unloading.
The affiant also gave testimony consistent with this statement at a deposition. In our view, plaintiff thereby met his burden of showing a genuine issue of fact by controverting whether it was foreseeable that all potential applications of the press were unsafe in light of the failure to provide a single-stroke mechanism.
Although the trial court did not rule on defendant's other contentions in support of summary disposition, we will briefly address those issues that the parties have briefed for purposes of this appeal. Even if it is assumed that there is no genuine issue of material fact concerning whether the sale of the press was made to plaintiff's employer on an "as is" basis, a disclaimer of this nature does not necessarily foreclose a tort-based products liability claim derived from either negligence or common-law implied warranty. Blanchard v Monical Machinery Co, 84 Mich. App. 279, 283-285; 269 N.W.2d 564 (1978). See also Johnson v Purex Corp, 128 Mich. App. 736, 740; 341 N.W.2d 198 (1983), lv den 419 Mich. 901 (1984). Although the duty to warn does not encompass open and obvious risks which are fully known to the press operator, Bullock, supra, pp 322-323, plaintiff's admitted knowledge that he would be injured if his hand were caught in the point-of-operation may not amount, as a factual matter, to a full appreciation of the mechanical hazards sufficient to defeat a claim for breach of the duty to warn. See Downie v Kent Products, 122 Mich. App. 722, 730-732, 733-734; 333 N.W.2d 528 (1983), aff'd in part and rev'd in part 420 Mich. 197; 362 N.W.2d 605 (1984).
Reversed and remanded.
I concur with my colleagues that the trial court erred by granting defendant a summary disposition. I am not, however, prepared to adopt the analysis or holding in Villar v E W Bliss Co, 134 Mich. App. 116; 350 N.W.2d 920 (1984), lv den 422 Mich. 871 (1985). I share some of Justice LEVIN'S concerns expressed in his dissent when leave to appeal Villar was denied by the Michigan Supreme Court. Villar, supra, pp 871-873. Other points of concern I will leave for another day and another case.