Summary
In Antcliff, the court considered whether an electric scaffolding manufacturer's duty to warn extended to including rigging instructions with each scaffold.
Summary of this case from Rusin v. Glendale Optical Co., Inc.Opinion
Docket No. 64670.
Argued October 13, 1981 (Calendar No. 2).
Decided December 7, 1982. Rehearing denied 417 Mich. 1103.
Church, Wyble, Kritselis, Anderson Robinson, P.C. (by Thomas H. Hay and William N. Kritselis), for plaintiffs.
Joselyn, Rowe, Jamieson, Grinnan, Callahan Hayes, P.C. (by William A. Joselyn), for defendant Spider Staging Sales Company.
Plaintiffs appeal trial court rulings which precluded the advancement of a theory that defendant Spider Staging Sales Company, Inc., breached its duty to instruct on or give directions for the safe rigging of a powered scaffold which it manufactures and sells. The Court of Appeals concluded that a manufacturer does not have a duty to provide instructions for the safe use of its product apart from its duty to warn. We hold only that on the facts of this case this defendant was under no duty to instruct on or give directions for the safe rigging of its product.
I
This products liability action is an outgrowth of a construction accident which occurred on July 7, 1970, at the site of the State Employees Credit Union building in Lansing. Plaintiff Howard Antcliff was seriously and permanently injured when the support system of a powered scaffold on which he was standing gave way unexpectedly and fell to the ground. Antcliff's safety line apparently failed, and he fell with the scaffold. Antcliff and a co-worker personally designed the support system and rigged the scaffold. The scaffold was manufactured and sold by Spider to Antcliff's employer, Austin's Painters, Flint, Inc.
In a complaint filed on July 5, 1973, and a first amended complaint filed on April 11, 1977, Geraldine Antcliff, for herself and as the legal guardian of Howard Antcliff, her husband, brought an action for damages against the credit union, owner of the building, the general contractor of the construction project, the architect of the building, and Spider. Prior to trial, plaintiffs settled with the general contractor for $900,000 and released the general contractor, the credit union, and the architect.
The general contractor filed a third-party complaint against Austin's Painters on August 27, 1973. The third-party claim was dismissed with prejudice on May 10, 1978.
At trial, plaintiffs were precluded from offering any evidence and from making any argument in support of a theory that Spider was negligent in failing to instruct on or give directions for the safe rigging of the powered scaffolds which it manufactures and sells. The trial court also refused to charge the jury that Spider had a duty to give instructions. In addition, the court stated:
"I instruct you that the defendant Spider Staging has no duty to provide instructions or to educate the users of its product in how to rig, assemble or suspend the Spider Staging units and platform. Therefore, you are not to concern yourself with any claim that Spider Staging had such a duty in this instance. This is not an issue in the case. Spider Staging did not have such duty and you are not to concern yourself with it."
Plaintiffs' other theories of liability were presented to the jury. The jury returned a verdict of no cause of action.
The jury was instructed on several negligence and breach of implied warranty claims. As to the negligence claims, the trial court instructed the jury that Spider could be found negligent if it knew, or should have known, of the following practices at the site and failed to warn against them: 1) use of construction materials as outriggers; 2) inadequate counterweighting of the wooden outriggers; 3) failure to use tie-backs as a fail-safe system so that the scaffold would be supported if an outrigger failed; 4) testing the load-carrying capacity of a scaffold by jumping up and down on it. The trial court also instructed that Spider could be found negligent for failure to design its scaffold in light of existing safety codes and regulations and for failure to advise the purchasers of the scaffold that the level-wind mechanism did not, in fact, always wind evenly (with a resultant sudden dropping and jerking motion). As to the breach of implied warranty claims, the court instructed on plaintiffs' theories that the product was defective in that: 1) the level-wind mechanism did not always function as claimed; 2) the product was not accompanied by a warning about the danger in using improper and inadequate overhead supports; and 3) the product was not accompanied by a warning that the sudden dropping and jerking motions attributable to the level-wind mechanism's malfunctioning required use of a metal overhead support system. See Antcliff v State Employees Credit Union, 95 Mich. App. 224, 235-236, fn 7; 290 N.W.2d 420 (1980).
Plaintiffs claimed error in the Court of Appeals, because of, inter alia, the adverse trial court rulings and related omissions from the requested jury charge. The Court of Appeals affirmed, concluding, in part, that Michigan law does not impose a duty on a manufacturer to provide instructions for the safe use of its product in addition to any duty to warn. 95 Mich. App. 224, 235; 290 N.W.2d 420 (1980).
We denied leave to appeal by order dated September 4, 1980; RYAN, J., would have granted leave. Upon reconsideration, we granted leave to appeal. 409 Mich. 903 (1981).
II
Plaintiffs argue here, as in the Court of Appeals, that Michigan has long recognized a duty on the part of a manufacturer to instruct on or give directions for the safe use of its product. Moreover, it is argued, such a duty exists separate and apart from any duty to warn about dangers associated with intended use or foreseeable misuse. In the instant case, plaintiffs contend that since a powered scaffold's only intended use occurs when the scaffold is suspended, Spider, as manufacturer, was negligent in failing to provide instructions for the safe rigging of its scaffold.
It is undisputed that Spider did not provide any general instructions with its scaffold on how to properly rig a scaffold. As will be seen, its local agent, Richard Crudele, did provide instruction on how to operate the scaffold as well as how to rig it from the ceiling of an auditorium. Defendant concedes that a manufacturer has a duty to instruct on or give directions for the proper use of products it supplies, but argues that this duty does not apply to products not supplied. In addition, it avers there was no evidence elicited at trial from which it could be concluded that Spider had voluntarily assumed an obligation of continual instruction in how to rig its scaffolds. Finally, defendant notes that it did not have any supervisory responsibility or control over practices used at the construction site in the instant case and was not consulted on how to rig the scaffold which plunged to the ground.
The Court of Appeals disagreed with plaintiffs' argument by distinguishing the cases cited in support of it. The Court noted that the decisions in Hill v Husky Briquetting, Inc, 54 Mich. App. 17; 220 N.W.2d 137 (1974) (carbon monoxide suffocation), and in Gutowski v M R Plastics Coating, Inc, 60 Mich. App. 499; 231 N.W.2d 456 (1975) (inhalation of a dangerous chemical), were ultimately grounded on the manufacturer's negligence in failing to warn, or failing to adequately warn, of the dangerous properties of its product.
Although we agree with the Court's characterization of these cases, we take pains to write in this case because we perceive no magic in the characterization. There is no bright line between instructions for safe use and warnings, and we decline to fashion one. Products may be accompanied by instructions or warnings or both or neither. Warnings, standing alone, may have no practical relevance without instructions. Instructions may well fade into warnings. A manufacturer's liability to a purchaser or a user of its product should be assessed with reference to whether its conduct, including the dissemination of information about the product, was reasonable under the circumstances. Liability may not be avoided or imposed by skillful manipulation of labels such as instructions or warnings.
For an indication of the difficulty which may be encountered in trying to divine whether a decision was concerned with "warnings" or "instructions for use", see Ebers v General Chemical Co, 310 Mich. 261; 17 N.W.2d 176 (1945).
III
"A duty, in negligence cases, may be defined as an obligation, to which the law will give recognition and effect, to conform to a particular standard of conduct toward another." Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 53, p 324. The terse legal conclusion that a duty is owed by one to another represents a judgment, as a matter of policy, that the latter's interests are entitled to legal protection against the former's conduct.
Prosser's "particular standard of conduct" is classically described as the conduct of a reasonably prudent person in light of the apparent risk. In Moning v Alfono, 400 Mich. 425; 254 N.W.2d 759 (1977) (FITZGERALD and COLEMAN, JJ., dissenting), we quoted with approval from 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 283, p 12: "`[T]he standard of conduct to which [the actor] must conform to avoid being negligent is that of a reasonable man under like circumstances.'" 400 Mich. 443. This is the so-called standard of care against which a defendant's conduct is compared. Thus, the standard of care is "[w]hat the defendant must do, or must not do * * * to satisfy the duty". Prosser, supra, p 324.
Note that Prosser cautions: "The distinction [between duty and standard of care] is one of convenience only, and it must be remembered that the two are correlative, and one cannot exist without the other." Prosser, supra, p 324.
Analytically, the standard of care gives practical content to considerations of duty. If the interest of a plaintiff invaded by a defendant's conduct is not an interest entitled to legal protection, the conclusion that the defendant owes no duty to the plaintiff as to the objected-to conduct necessarily incorporates the conclusion that the defendant's standard of care does not include avoidance of the objected-to conduct. Conversely, if the conclusion is that the defendant's standard of care does not include certain conduct, perforce the defendant is under no duty as to that conduct.
In a negligence action, the standard of care is reasonable or due care. Moning v Alfono, supra. Thus, the standard of care required is always the care which a person of reasonable prudence would exercise under the circumstances as they existed. Even though the standard itself never varies, the amount of care and the type of conduct required may vary with the circumstances. Triestram v Way, 286 Mich. 13; 281 N.W. 420 (1938) (NORTH, J., and WIEST, C.J., dissenting) (sudden emergency). DePree v Nutone, Inc, 422 F.2d 534 (CA 6, 1970) (warnings and instructions for use provided by vertical meat grinder manufacturer negligently misleading to mechanically unsophisticated home-maker).
Since the conduct of a person of reasonable prudence is always dependent upon proof of the circumstances as they existed at the time of the defendant's conduct, a standard of care issue is to this extent a matter for the trier of fact. That is, the trier of fact would determine if the defendant acted or failed to act as would a person of reasonable prudence given the circumstances proved.
In our view, the relationship between plaintiff Howard Antcliff's employer, Austin's Painters, Flint, Inc., and Spider is crucial to an understanding of both the circumstances which actually existed and our resolution of this case.
Austin's Painters has been in business, primarily as a partnership, since 1888. It is a well-known subcontractor in the construction trade in Michigan. It has been engaged as a subcontractor in major construction projects involving both indoor and exterior work, painting as well as sandblasting. In short, Austin's Painters is a professional in the construction trade and necessarily highly experienced in the use and rigging of scaffolding equipment.
In addition, there was testimony at trial by Paul Austin that scaffolding rigging techniques were customarily learned on the job, knowledge passing from the more experienced worker to the less experienced worker, that scaffold workers did their own rigging, and that choice of suspension technique was largely a matter of personal preference. Both Paul and Lee Austin and a former Austin's Painters employee, Robert H. Smith, testified that Austin's Painters hired experienced workers. Mr. Smith knew of plaintiff Howard Antcliff's prior experience before plaintiff was hired by Austin's Painters. And plaintiff was, in fact, a journeyman painter.
There was testimony at trial that a journeyman painter is one who has served as an apprentice painter for at least a year and also has received formal training. On-the-job training for an apprentice consists of working with a journeyman painter whose responsibilities include teaching safety procedures as well as the trade. Formal training is also designed to teach the trade and safety procedures. Such schooling includes how to safely rig or suspend scaffolding.
Spider is a Washington corporation owned by two brothers. It manufactures and sells powered scaffolds and accessories for use with the scaffolds. Its catalogue contains pictures and specifications of this equipment and illustrations of various structures from which its scaffolds may be suspended. The structures depicted include, among others, a building, structural steel, a bridge, a water tower and a smokestack.
The powered scaffold on which Howard Antcliff was working at the time of the accident was one of two such scaffolds purchased from Spider by Austin's Painters. In 1966, Austin's Painters purchased its first Spider powered scaffold to aid in the painting of the ceiling of Whiting Auditorium in Flint. This scaffold was delivered with a 23-page service and parts manual.
Richard Crudele, Spider's local agent, testified that he traveled to Flint at the request of Austin's Painters to demonstrate how the powered scaffold could be suspended from the ceiling of the Whiting Auditorium and to demonstrate how to use the level-wind mechanism of the scaffold. He further testified that subsequent formal contact with Austin's Painters was limited to requests for parts and maintenance and the ordering, in 1967, of a second powered scaffold. Although he could not recall a single instance, he stated that he likely had discussed rigging practices with representatives of Austin's Painters, not as an expert but only in a spirit of "cooperation". Crudele earlier testified that he did not do business with "people who don't know what they are doing" such as the ordinary consumer. Later, Crudele stated that Spider was providing a "tool" to be used by professional riggers in their area of expertise. Crudele's testimony was uncontradicted.
In sum, the evidence adduced at trial establishes that the relationship between Spider and Austin's Painters and its employees was that of a manufacturer which had designed a product line for professional riggers, doing business with professional riggers. Spider's catalogue contained primarily technical information about the product line, the significance of which only an experienced rigger would appreciate. The testimony of Spider's local agent, himself an experienced rigger, reinforces the conclusion that Spider had confined its product to the market of professionals experienced in rigging techniques for scaffolds, a skilled operation learned on the job and over time. The purchase of Spider powered scaffolds by Austin's Painters, an experienced subcontractor whose work involved extensive use of scaffolding, was a purchase of Spider products by the very professionals Spider sought to reach.
As previously stated, the standard of care involved in a negligence action is that of a person of reasonable prudence under like circumstances. It is this standard against which Spider's conduct, the failure to provide instructions for the safe rigging of its powered scaffold, must be measured. We emphasize that we deal with a narrow question. Our inquiry focuses only on whether Spider's standard of care, on these facts, includes a requirement that it instruct on or give directions for the safe rigging of its powered scaffold. We conclude that it does not.
Although the question presented is novel, we do not write on a blank slate. It is helpful to review prior decisions where the issue of a manufacturer's negligence in the dissemination of information about its product was directly raised. Comstock v General Motors Corp, 358 Mich. 163; 99 N.W.2d 627 (1959); Ebers v General Chemical Co, 310 Mich. 261; 17 N.W.2d 176 (1945); Smith v E R Squibb Sons, Inc, 405 Mich. 79; 273 N.W.2d 476 (1979) (LEVIN, J., dissenting).
In Comstock, the plaintiff claimed that the defendant manufacturer was negligent in failing to adequately warn of defective automobile brakes about which it knew. The defendant had conveyed the warning to its dealers but not to purchasers of its 1953 Buicks. The Court concluded that once the defendant had actual knowledge of the defective power brakes, it was under a duty to convey an effective warning to the purchasers of its product.
In Ebers, the plaintiff alleged that the defendant manufacturer breached its implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose in the marketing of an insecticide with incorrect directions for use. The plaintiff had applied the insecticide as directed and claimed that the application killed his peach trees. The following year, the defendant materially changed its recommended directions for application. It was first observed: "Although plaintiff claims under the theory of an implied warranty, the real question is whether or not defendant was negligent." 310 Mich. 275. The Court quoted with approval the policy enunciated in E I DuPont de Nemours Co v Baridon, 73 F.2d 26, 30 (CA 8, 1934):
"`A rule which would permit a manufacturing chemist, who offered his product to the public for use in the treatment of plants or animals, to so carelessly prepare his product or to so carelessly direct the manner in which it was to be used as to destroy or injure the property of one who purchased it from a dealer and who in ignorance of its dangers used it for its intended purpose and in accordance with the directions of the manufacturer, and which would deny to the person whose property was injured any redress, although the destruction of his property was the natural, probable, and almost certain consequence of the manufacturer's negligence, should not, we think, receive the sanction of this or any other court. Our conclusion is that a manufacturer of a proprietary product intended for the specific purpose of preventing or curing the diseases of plants, animals, or human beings, which product when properly used for its intended purpose is either harmless or beneficial, but which when improperly used will cause or is likely to cause material injury, who undertakes to direct or recommend the manner in which it shall be used, owes the duty to those whom the manufacturer, through his advertising and representations, invites to purchase and use the product, of exercising reasonable care commensurate with the dangers involved in giving such directions and in the making of such recommendations. The manufacturer is not an insurer that in every instance and under all circumstances no injury will result from the use of his product as directed or recommended, but if he knows or in the exercise of reasonable care should know that if his product is used as directed or recommended it will cause or be likely to cause material injury, then he is liable to any person who, in reliance upon his representations, directions, and recommendations, uses the product for the purpose and in the manner directed and recommended by the manufacturer and who suffers injury as a direct result, unless it appears that the user also knew or in the exercise of reasonable care should have known that the use of the product would be injurious or would be likely to cause the injuries complained of.'" (Emphasis supplied.) 310 Mich. 277-278.
In Smith v Squibb, the plaintiff alleged that the defendant drug manufacturer's warnings were inadequate. Although this Court limited its inquiry to the plaintiff's implied warranty claim and an evidentiary question, the majority opinion concluded:
"[W]hen the factual issue is not whether the product itself is defective, but is whether the manufacturer has provided adequate warnings, the existence of a product defect and a breach of duty is determined by the same standard — reasonable care under the circumstances. In the context of a product liability case, it has been said that "[t]he standard by which a jury determines adequacy is the general negligence standard that liability is created by "conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonably great risks of harm"'. Gutowski, supra, pp 507-508, quoting from Prosser, Law of Torts (4th ed), p 145." 405 Mich. 89-90.
In addition, it is settled law that a manufacturer is liable in negligence for failure to warn the purchasers or users of its product about dangers associated with intended use. In Clement v Crosby Co, 148 Mich. 293; 111 N.W. 745 (1907), the plaintiff was burned when stove polish she was using to polish a gas range ignited. The stove polish container was not labeled with a warning that the polish was inflammable. The action was allowed. In Gerkin v Brown Sehler Co, 177 Mich. 45; 143 N.W. 48 (1913), the plaintiff alleged that he was poisoned by a dye applied to the muskrat fur collar of his coat. The fact that the poisoning was rare was held insufficient reason to deny the action. Also, a manufacturer has been required to warn of dangers associated with foreseeable misuse. Gronlie v Positive Safety Mfg Co, 50 Mich. App. 109; 212 N.W.2d 756 (1973); Byrnes v Economic Machinery Co, 41 Mich. App. 192; 200 N.W.2d 104 (1972).
Where plans and directions are supplied, we have held that failure to substantially follow them precludes recovery from the engineer or the architect for the collapse of a building, Bayne v Everham, 197 Mich. 181; 163 N.W. 1002 (1917), and from the manufacturer for the collapse of a derrick, Sanders v Kalamazoo Tank Silo Co, 205 Mich. 339; 171 N.W. 523 (1919).
In sum, our prior decisions support a policy that a manufacturer's standard of care includes the dissemination of such information, whether styled as warnings or instructions, as is appropriate for the safe use of its product. If warnings or instructions are required, the information provided must be adequate, accurate and effective.
There is limited authority in other jurisdictions for the view that, under certain circumstances, a manufacturer's standard of care may include the necessity to provide instructions on the proper use of its product separate and apart from any warnings. Typically, this has occurred when the failure to give instructions for the proper use of a product makes the product unreasonably dangerous to use. See 72 CJS Supp, Products Liability, § 29, p 45, and cases cited therein. See, also, 1 Frumer and Friedman, Products Liability, § 8.05, pp 186.4-186.23.
Although this policy has found expression in a variety of contexts, most often involving warnings, it is not limited to warnings. It is broad enough to encompass instructions for use. To conclude otherwise would be to restrict the sweep of the law of negligence in this state.
This policy has limits. It has been applied in instances where the product itself had dangerous propensities. Out of recognition that the manufacturer's interests are also entitled to protection, this policy has not been applied in situations involving known or obvious product-connected dangers where the product itself is not defective or dangerous. Fisher v Johnson Milk Co, Inc, 383 Mich. 158; 174 N.W.2d 752 (1970) (wire milk bottle carrier). See, also, Anno: Products liability — duty to warn, 76 ALR2d 9, 28-37, and cases cited therein.
In the instant case, Spider manufactured the scaffold which happened to be involved in a construction site accident. The scaffold was not found by the jury to be defective. The most that can be said of the accident is that the load-bearing capacity of the rigging system designed by plaintiff Howard Antcliff and his co-worker was insufficient to support the powered scaffold. This led to the system's collapse. We are unable to conclude that the scaffold's weight was a dangerous propensity which necessitates vindication of the policy. In addition, plaintiff Howard Antcliff and his co-worker were both journeyman painters. In view of their knowledge and experience as riggers, we feel constrained to charge them with full appreciation of the danger of inadequately supporting the scaffold on which they worked. As a result, the circumstances here (a non-defective product lacking in dangerous propensities and a known or obvious product-connected danger) do not support application of the policy which would require Spider to provide instructions for the safe rigging of its product.
The scaffold was stationary at the time its support system failed.
Moreover, the contrary conclusion would lead to demonstrably unfair and unintended results. There are countless skilled operations such as the rigging of scaffolding, which involve otherwise nondangerous products in potentially dangerous situations. A manufacturer of such a product should be able to presume mastery of the basic operation. The more so when, as here, the manufacturer affirmatively and successfully limits the market of its product to professionals. In such a case, the manufacturer should not be burdened with the often difficult task of providing instructions on how to properly perform the basic operation.
We note again that this case involves a situation where the manufacturer did not provide any general instructions on how to rig its scaffold. Spider's local agent, however, did provide instructions on a specific rigging application at the request of Austin's Painters. Whether the claim, here, is failure of the manufacturer to instruct or failure to adequately instruct, we perceive no principled reason, on these facts, for distinguishing between the situations. Plaintiffs do not assert, and the record does not support, an argument that defendant intentionally and deliberately sought to evade liability by not providing instructions on use. Also, this is not a situation involving an unavoidably unsafe product such as a drug, an inherently dangerous product such as an explosive, or even a dangerous product such as a pesticide or an aromatic solvent. Also, we do not address here a state-of-the-art change in how to perform a basic operation. The powered scaffold manufactured and sold by Spider was rigged comparably to the way a manually powered scaffold would be suspended from the same structure.
IV
It is well-settled law that the question of duty is to be resolved by the court rather than the jury. The trial court in this case found that defendant manufacturer owed plaintiffs no legal duty to give instructions for the safe rigging of its powered scaffold. We have reviewed that determination — as a question of law — and agree.
We hold that Spider's standard of care, on these facts, does not include a requirement that it instruct on or give directions for the safe rigging of its powered scaffold. As a result, we further hold that Spider was under no duty to plaintiffs to instruct on or give directions for the safe rigging of its product.
In all other respects, the Court of Appeals decision is affirmed.
KAVANAGH, LEVIN, COLEMAN, and RYAN, JJ., concurred with FITZGERALD, C.J.
WILLIAMS, J., concurred in the result.
The late Justice BLAIR MOODY, JR., took no part in the decision of this case.