Summary
relying upon Webster's Third New International Dictionary and Black's Law Dictionary for the definition of statutory terms
Summary of this case from JTKB, LLC v. Franchoice, Inc.Opinion
(14116)
The plaintiff R Co. sought a declaratory judgment to determine whether it was statutorily ( 31-76c [Rev. to 1989]) required to pay its employees at a rate of one and one-half times the regular rate for hours worked in a week in excess of forty. The plaintiff's employees sell the plaintiffs plumbing, drain and sewer cleaning products and services and they also perform the services sold. Their compensation is determined by a fixed amount per product sold and a percentage of the gross amount paid by the customer for the service. The defendant department of labor had determined that the statutory ( 31-76i [g] [Rev. to 1989]) exemption from the overtime pay requirements that under certain conditions, was applicable to earnings derived from commissions on goods or services applied only to commissions earned on the sale of services and not to commissions earned on the performance of services. The trial court rendered judgment for the department, and the plaintiff appealed. Held, that the trial court should not have concluded that the department had correctly interpreted and applied 31-76i (g) (Rev. to 1989); the legislature clearly said that the exemption was applicable to "commissions on . . . services," and in the absence of an express statutory definition restricting the meaning of commissions to those earned on the sale rather than on the performance of services, that word had to be given its commonly approved meaning.
Argued March 22, 1991
Decision released July 16, 1991
Action for a declaratory judgment to determine whether the plaintiff was exempt from the overtime compensation statutes, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Hartford-New Britain at Hartford and tried to the court, Hammer, J.; judgment for the defendants determining that the employees were not exempt, from which the plaintiff appealed. Reversed; judgment directed.
Gregory B. Nokes, with whom were Kevin D. O'Leary and, on the brief, William H. Narwold, for the appellant (plaintiff).
Richard T. Sponzo, assistant attorney general, with whom, on the brief, were Clarine Nardi Riddle, then attorney general, and Charles A. Overend, assistant attorney general, for the appellees (defendants).
The sole issue in this appeal is whether the trial court properly construed the phrase "commissions on . . . services" in General Statutes 31-76i (g), which exempts certain employers from the overtime pay requirements of General Statutes 31-76c, to mean commissions earned by employees who only sell services. Because we conclude that the phrase also encompasses commissions earned by employees who perform services, we reverse.
"[General Statutes] (Rev. to 1989) Sec. 31-76i. EXCEPTIONS. The provisions of sections 31-76b to 31-76j, inclusive, shall not apply with respect to (a) any driver or helper, excluding drivers or helpers employed by exempt employers, with respect to whom the Interstate Commerce Commission or the Secretary of Transportation has power to establish qualifications and maximum hours of service pursuant to the provisions of applicable federal law or regulation of any employee of a carrier by air subject to the Railway Labor Act or any employee of any employer subject to said Railway Labor Act; (b) any employee employed as a seaman; (c) any employee employed as an announcer, a news editor or chief engineer by a radio station or television station; (d) repealed by 1972, P.A. 116, S. 3, 6; (e) any person employed in a bona fide executive, administrative or professional capacity as defined in the regulations of the labor commissioner issued pursuant to section 31-60; (f) any person employed in the capacity of outside salesman as defined in the regulations of the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act; or (g) any employee except outside salesmen (1) whose regular rate of pay is in excess of two times the minimum hourly rate applicable to him under section 31-58, (2) more than half of whose compensation for a representative period, being not less than one month, represents commissions on goods or services, and (3) who does not work more than fifty four hours during a work week of seven consecutive calendar days. In determining the proportion of compensation representing commissions, all earnings resulting from the application of a bona fide commission rate shall be deemed commissions on goods or services without regard to whether the computed commissions exceed the draw or guarantee; (h) any person employed as a taxicab driver by any employer engaged in the business of operating a taxicab, if such driver is paid forty per cent or more of the fares recorded on the meter of the taxicab operated by him; (i) any person employed in the capacity of a household delivery route salesman engaged in delivering milk or bakery products to consumers and who is paid on a commission basis as defined in the regulations of the labor commissioner issued pursuant to section 31-60; (j) any salesman primarily engaged in selling automobiles; (k) any person employed in agriculture; (l) any permanent paid members of the uniformed police force of municipalities and permanent paid members of the uniformed fire fighters of municipalities; (m) any person employed as a fire fighter by a private nonprofit corporation which on May 24, 1984, has a valid contract with any municipality to extinguish fires and protect its inhabitants from loss by fire (Emphasis added.)
"[General Statutes] Sec. 31-76c. LENGTH OF WORKWEEK. No employer, except as otherwise provided herein, shall employ any of his employees for a workweek longer than forty hours, unless such employee receives remuneration for his employment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed."
This appeal arises from an administrative ruling by the defendant, the department of labor, determining that the plaintiff, Roto-Rooter Services Company, did not qualify for exemption under 31-76i (g), which provides in pertinent part: "The provisions of [General Statutes] 31-76b to 31-76j, inclusive, shall not apply with respect to . . . any employee except outside salesmen (1) whose regular rate of pay is in excess of two times the minimum hourly rate applicable to him under section 31-58, (2) more than half of whose compensation for a representative period, being not less than one month, represents commissions on goods or services, and (3) who does not work more than fifty-four hours during a work week of seven consecutive calendar days . . . ." The defendant's ruling was issued on the following stipulated facts. The plaintiff's employees sell the plaintiff's plumbing, drain and sewer cleaning products and services. They also perform the services sold. In response to the plaintiff's customers' service inquiries, the employees examine and determine the nature of the particular problem at the customers' premises. The employees then recommend and quote a price for the products and services necessary to rectify the problem. If the customers agree to purchase the recommended products and services, the employees provide the products and perform the services. The plaintiff pays the employees a fixed dollar "commission, which varies by the product, per unit of [the plaintiff's] product purchased" by the customers, and a percentage of the gross amount paid by the customers for any service performed. These payments are the sole sources of the employees' weekly income. Each employee's rate of pay, determined by dividing his or her total weekly earnings by the number of hours worked per week, exceeds twice the minimum hourly rate applicable under General Statutes 31-58; see General Statutes 31-76i (g)(1); and most of the employees work less than fifty-four hours during a work week of seven consecutive calendar days. See General Statutes 31-76i (g)(3).
The commissioner of labor also is a defendant in this appeal. We refer to the department and the commissioner of labor jointly as "the defendant."
On these facts, the defendant found that while the plaintiff's employees satisfied the requirements of 31-76i (g)(1) and (3), more than one half of their compensation did not represent "commissions on goods or services" within the meaning of 31-76i (g)(2). With respect to 31-76i (g)(2), the defendant determined that the phrase "commissions on goods or services" means commission compensation earned by employees who only sell goods or services. Since more than one half of the commission compensation earned by the plaintiff's employees derived from their performance, rather than sale, of services, the defendant ruled that the plaintiff did not qualify for exemption under 31-76i (g).
The plaintiff challenged the defendant's adverse ruling by seeking a declaratory judgment in the Superior Court pursuant to General Statutes 4-175 (a). Concluding that the defendant had interpreted and applied 31-76i (g) correctly, the court rendered judgment for the defendant. Thereafter, the plaintiff appealed to the Appellate Court, and we transferred the appeal to this court in accordance with Practice Book 4023.
General Statutes (Rev. to 1989) 4-175 (a) provides: "If a provision of the general statutes, a regulation or a final decision, or its threatened application, interferes with or impairs, or threatens to interfere with or impair, the legal rights or privileges of the plaintiff and if an agency (1) does not take an action required by subdivision (1), (2) or (3) of subsection (e) of section 4-176, within sixty days of the filing of a petition for a declaratory ruling, (2) decides not to issue a declaratory ruling under subdivision (4) or (5) of subsection (e) of said section 4-176, or (3) is deemed to have decided not to issue a declaratory ruling under subsection (i) of said section 4-176, the petitioner may seek in the superior court a declaratory judgment as to the validity of the regulation in question or the applicability of the provision of the general statutes, the regulation or the final decision in question to specified circumstances. The agency shall be made a party to the action."
On appeal, the plaintiff claims that the trial court improperly concluded that the compensation that its employees earn by performing services did not constitute "commissions on . . . services" within the meaning of 31-76i (g)(2). In the plaintiff's view, that phrase unambiguously encompasses compensation calculated on a commission basis and generated by the performance of services. The defendant contends that the exemption created by 31-76i (g) is ambiguous because, unlike the duty-specific exemptions in the remaining subsections of 31-76i, it does not expressly designate the duties an employee must undertake to earn "commissions on . . . services." General Statutes 31-76i (g)(2). Drawing upon various interpretive aids, the defendant would resolve that purported ambiguity by attributing to the legislature an intent to confine the meaning of that phrase to commissions earned by employees who sell but do not perform services. We agree with the plaintiff that its employees' performance of services generates "commissions on . . . services" within the meaning of 31-76i (g)(2).
At this juncture, we note that in 1989, the legislature amended General Statutes 31-76i (g) in a manner that, if the amendment were applied rage retrospectively, would necessitate the resolution of the present controversy in the defendant's favor. Amended 31-76i (g) provides in pertinent part: "[A]ny inside salesperson whose sole duty is to sell a product or service (1) whose regular rate of pay is in excess of two times the minimum hourly rate applicable to him under section 31-58, (2) more than half of whose compensation for a representative period, being not less than one month, represents commissions on goods or services, and (3) who does not work more than fifty-four hours during a work week of seven consecutive calendar days . . . ." (Emphasis added.) Public Acts 1959, No. 89-24. Because the amendment to 31-76i (g) affects the substantive obligation of employers to pay overtime compensation, and in view of the absence of a clearly expressed legislative intent that the amendment shall apply retrospectively, we agree with the trial court that the amendment is not subject to retrospective application. See General Statutes 55-3; see also Miano v. Thorne, 218 Conn. 170, 175-76, 588 A.2d 189 (1991); Gormley v. State Employees Retirement Commission, 216 Conn. 523, 529, 582 A.2d 764 (1990). We therefore interpret and apply 31-76i (g) in its form prior to the amendment.
The legislature's failure to impose a duty-specific limitation on the scope of 31-76i (g)(2) does not, in and of itself, render the exemption ambiguous. Because we are constrained to interpret statutory provisions as written; Ghent v. Planning Commission, 219 Conn. 511, 515, 594 A.2d 5 (1991); the clarity of legislative expression in 31-76i (g)(2) must be determined by looking first to its language. Sanzone v. Board of Police Commissioners, 219 Conn. 179, 187, 592 A.2d 912 (1991). It is not what the legislature might have said, but rather, the meaning of what it did say, that dictates the scope of the exemption. See Stamford Ridgeway Associates v. Board of Representatives, 214 Conn. 407, 431, 572 A.2d 951 (1990); Schurman v. Schurman, 188 Conn. 268, 273, 449 A.2d 169 (1982).
What the legislature clearly did say in 31-76i (g) (2) is that an employer whose employees earn "commissions on . . . services" clears a preliminary hurdle to qualification for exemption from the overtime pay requirements of 31-76c. In accordance with its commonly approved usage; see General Statutes 1-1 (a); the word "commission" means "a fee paid to an agent or employee for transacting a piece of business or performing a service"; (emphasis added) Webster's Third New International Dictionary; which fee is "usually calculated as a percentage on the amount of his transactions or amount received or expended." Black's Law Dictionary (5th Ed. 1979). The plaintiff's employees, whose compensation is calculated as a percentage of the gross amount paid by customers for the services that they perform, undoubtedly earn "commissions" within the ordinary import of that word. Absent an express statutory definition, the words of a statute must be assigned their commonly approved meaning unless their context indicates that a different meaning was intended. DuBaldo v. Department of Consumer Protection, 209 Conn. 719, 722, 552 A.2d 813 (1989); see State v. Lubus, 216 Conn. 402, 407, 581 A.2d 1045 (1990); State Medical Society v. Board of Examiners in Podiatry, 208 Conn. 709, 721, 546 A.2d 830 (1988).
Because we find General Statutes 31-76i (g) unambiguous, we need not, as the defendant proposes, resort to its legislative history for guidance as to its intended scope. See Winslow v. Lewis-Shepard, Inc., 216 Conn. 533, 538, 582 A.2d 1184 (1990). We also decline the defendant's invitation to defer to the labor department's purported longstanding interpretation of the exemption, or to adopt the construction of the statute suggested by the attorney general in an unpublished opinion based on inapposite facts. See Quinnipiac Council, Boy Scouts of America, Inc. v. Commission on Human Rights Opportunities, 204 Conn. 287, 295, 528 A.2d 352 (1987) agency interpretation of statute not previously subjected to judicial scrutiny not entitled to deference); Connecticut Hospital Assn. v. Commission on Hospitals Health Care, 200 Conn. 133, 143, 509 A.2d 1050 (1986) (attorney general's opinion "entitled to careful consideration" and "generally regarded as highly persuasive" but "not binding on a court").
Notwithstanding the defendant's contrary assertion, we find the statutory context of 31-76i (g)(2) consistent with a construction of the phrase "commissions on . . . services" that encompasses commissions earned by employees who perform services. Particularly significant is the conspicuous absence of any express limitation of subsection (g), in marked contrast to subsections (f), (i) and (j) of 31-76i, to any type of "salesman." If the legislature had intended to confine the application of 31-76i (g) to employees whose duties are restricted to selling, it certainly was aware of the explicit language with which it could do so. Furthermore, in the nature of a rule stated in direct operational terms; see 1A J. Sutherland, Statutory Construction (4th Ed. Sands 1985 Rev.) 27.01; subdivision (3) of 31-76i (g) mandates: "In determining the proportion of compensation representing commissions, all earnings resulting from the application of a bona fide commission rate shall be deemed commissions on . . . services." This provision suggests that "commissions on . . . services" within the meaning of 31-76i (g)(2) are simply earnings calculated on a commission basis, without regard to whether employees generate such earnings by selling services. Finally instructive is the reference in 31-76i (i) to compensation "paid on a commission basis as defined in the regulations of the labor commissioner issued pursuant to [General Statutes] 31-60 . . . ." In the only regulation so issued, the definition of "commissions" is sufficiently broad to include commissions derived from the performance of services: "`Commissions' means any premium or incentive compensation for business transacted whether based on per centum of total valuation or specific rate per unit of accomplishment . . . ." Regs., Conn. State Agencies 31-60-1 (a).
The defendant argues that if "commissions on . . . services" in General Statutes 31-76i (g)(2) means all earnings calculated on a commission basis, subsections (i) and (j) of the 31-76i would be rendered superfluous, a result that the legislature could not have intended. This argument overlooks the rate of pay and hours per week requirements respectively contained in 31-76i (g)(1) and (3), with which an employer seeking exemption under subsections (i) and (j) of 31-76i need not comply. Consequently, even if the phrase "commissions on . . . services" were construed to mean all earnings calculated on a commission basis, subsection (g) of 31-76i would not be coextensive with subsections (i) and (j) of the statute, and therefore, the latter subsections would not be rendered superfluous. We, in any event, have no occasion to consider whether "commissions on . . . services" means all earnings calculated on a commission basis. The facts of this case present the narrower issue of whether such earnings if generated by the performance of services, fall within the scope of 31-76i (g)(2).
Because the phrase "commissions on goods or services" in General Statutes 31-76i (g)(2) tracks the language of 29 U.S.C. § 207 (i), which exempts certain employers from the overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act, our interpretation of the Connecticut exemption is aided by federal precedent respecting the meaning and scope of the analogous federal exemption. See Shea v. First Federal Savings Loan Assn., 184 Conn. 285, 303, 439 A.2d 997 (1981). In Mechmet v. Four Seasons Hotels, Ltd., 825 F.2d 1173 (7th Cir. 1987), for example, the court held that an employer whose employees earned compensation calculated on a commission basis solely by performing services satisfied the requirements of the federal exemption. Also worthy of note are certain of the federal regulations that are designed to provide "guiding principles for determining whether an employee's employment and compensation meet the conditions" set forth in 207(i). 29 C.F.R. § 779.410. One such regulation explicitly disclaims a sales oriented limitation on the scope of 207(i): "Although typically . . . commission payments are keyed to sales, the requirement of [207(i)(2)] is that more than half the employee's compensation represent commissions `on goods or services,' which would include all types of commissions customarily based on the goods or services which the [employer] sells, and not exclusively those measured by `sales' of these goods or services." 29 C.F.R. § 779.413 (b). The regulations also describe "a bona fide commission rate" within the meaning of 207 (i)(2), a phrase likewise contained in our 31-76i (g) (3), as one that "varies] in accordance with the employee's performance on the job . . . ." 29 C.F.R. § 779.416 (b).
Considering 31-76i as a whole, therefore, we perceive no manifest legislative purpose to restrict the ordinary import of the phrase "commissions on . . . services" in 31-76i (g)(2) to earnings generated by employees who only sell, rather than perform, services. The trial court, accordingly, should not have read such a restriction into 31-76i (g)(2). Since it is undisputed that the plaintiff's employees satisfy the requirements of 31-76i (g)(1) and (3), and we hold that those employees earn "commissions on . . . services" within the meaning of 31-76i (g)(2), the plaintiff qualifies for the exemption from 31-76c under 31-76i (g).
As an alternate ground for affirmance of the judgment, the defendant contends that the plaintiff failed to satisfy its burden of proving that more than one half of its employees' compensation represented commissions on goods or services "for a representative period being not less than one month." General Statutes 31-76i (g)(2). We reject this contention because the defendant stipulated to the fact that the "sole sources of the weekly earnings" of the plaintiff's employees were: (1) the earnings generated by their performance of services that we hold constitute "commissions on . . . services" within the meaning of 31-76i (g)(2); and (2) the "fixed dollar commission[s]" generated by their sale of products, which the defendant does not claim constitute other than "commissions on goods" within the meaning of 31-76i (g)(2). In accordance with the parties' stipulation, more than one half of the employees' compensation necessarily would represent commissions on goods or services for a representative period of any duration.