Opinion
2019–13103 Index No. 150188/17
12-14-2022
Milan PETRONIC, appellant, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, et al., respondents, et al., defendant.
Nguyen Leftt, P.C., New York, NY (Stephen D. Chakwin, Jr., of counsel), for appellant. Sylvia O. Hinds–Radix, Corporation Counsel, New York, NY (MacKenzie Fillow and Jamison Davies of counsel), for respondents.
Nguyen Leftt, P.C., New York, NY (Stephen D. Chakwin, Jr., of counsel), for appellant.
Sylvia O. Hinds–Radix, Corporation Counsel, New York, NY (MacKenzie Fillow and Jamison Davies of counsel), for respondents.
MARK C. DILLON, J.P., LINDA CHRISTOPHER, LARA J. GENOVESI, HELEN VOUTSINAS, JJ.
DECISION & ORDER In an action to recover damages for personal injuries, the plaintiff appeals from an order of the Supreme Court, Richmond County (Thomas P. Aliotta, J.), dated November 13, 2019. The order, insofar as appealed from, granted that branch of the motion of the defendants City of New York and New York City Department of Transportation which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them.
ORDERED that the order is reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law, with costs, and that branch of the motion of the defendants City of New York and New York City Department of Transportation which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them is denied.
The plaintiff allegedly was injured in a traffic accident at the intersection of Bear Street and Atlantic Avenue in Staten Island. Traffic on Bear Street was controlled by a stop sign and there were no traffic controls on Atlantic Avenue. The plaintiff was riding his motorcycle westbound on Atlantic Avenue when he was struck by a vehicle driven by the defendant Joann M. Scala which had proceeded northbound from the stop sign on Bear Street. The plaintiff commenced this action to recover damages for personal injuries against the City of New York, New York City Department of Transportation (hereinafter together the City defendants), and Scala. As to the City defendants, the plaintiff alleged that the intersection was negligently designed in that the stop sign on Bear Street was placed too far away from the intersection to allow northbound drivers to perform proper lookouts for traffic. In addition, parking was permitted on Atlantic Avenue, obstructing the view of northbound drivers, and there were no traffic controls on Atlantic Avenue or other indications that an intersection was imminent.
The City defendants moved, inter alia, for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them, relying on, among other things, affidavits from City employees stating that searches had revealed no maintenance and repair records or complaints related to the stop sign on Bear Street, and no traffic studies related to the intersection, for the two years preceding the plaintiff's accident. The New York State Department of Transportation advised that there were no other accidents at the intersection in the five years preceding the plaintiff's accident. The City defendants argued, among other things, that they were entitled to summary judgment based upon qualified immunity and a lack of notice that the intersection was unsafe. The Supreme Court, inter alia, granted that branch of the City defendants’ motion which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them, determining that the City defendants were entitled to qualified immunity based on the lack of prior accidents or notice of an improper design. The plaintiff appeals.
A municipality owes a nondelegable duty to keep its streets in a reasonably safe condition (see Friedman v. State of New York, 67 N.Y.2d 271, 283, 502 N.Y.S.2d 669, 493 N.E.2d 893 ). However, a municipality "is accorded a qualified immunity from liability arising out of a highway [safety] planning decision" ( id. at 283, 502 N.Y.S.2d 669, 493 N.E.2d 893 ; see Alexander v. Eldred, 63 N.Y.2d 460, 465–466, 483 N.Y.S.2d 168, 472 N.E.2d 996 ; Weiss v. Fote, 7 N.Y.2d 579, 585–586, 200 N.Y.S.2d 409, 167 N.E.2d 63 ; Langer v. Xenias, 134 A.D.3d 906, 907, 23 N.Y.S.3d 261 ). "The doctrine arises out of the need to place proper limits on intrusions into the planning and decision-making function of a governmental body" ( Schuster v. McDonald, 263 A.D.2d 473, 474, 692 N.Y.S.2d 721 ). To be entitled to qualified immunity, the municipality "must demonstrate ‘that the relevant discretionary determination by the governmental body was the result of a deliberative decision-making process’ " ( Ramirez v. State of New York, 143 A.D.3d 880, 881, 39 N.Y.S.3d 220, quoting Iacone v. Passanisi, 133 A.D.3d 717, 718, 19 N.Y.S.3d 583 ). "The immunity arises only ‘where a duly authorized public planning body has entertained and passed on the very same question of risk as would ordinarily go to the jury’ " ( Turturro v. City of New York, 28 N.Y.3d 469, 480, 45 N.Y.S.3d 874, 68 N.E.3d 693, quoting Ernest v. Red Cr. Cent. School Dist., 93 N.Y.2d 664, 673, 695 N.Y.S.2d 531, 717 N.E.2d 690 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Affleck v. Buckley, 96 N.Y.2d 553, 557, 732 N.Y.S.2d 625, 758 N.E.2d 651 ; Rosado v. City of New Rochelle, 197 A.D.3d 582, 583, 153 N.Y.S.3d 71 ).
The City defendants contend that the lack of prior accidents or notice in the years preceding the plaintiff's accident established that they did not breach their continuing duty to review the traffic plan in the light of its actual operation (see Friedman v. State of New York, 67 N.Y.2d at 284, 502 N.Y.S.2d 669, 493 N.E.2d 893 ). However, the plaintiff does not allege that a subsequently arising condition rendered the intersection unsafe, but that the intersection was unsafe when designed (cf. Turturro v. City of New York, 28 N.Y.3d at 482–483, 45 N.Y.S.3d 874, 68 N.E.3d 693 ). Where an initial highway planning determination was supported by a sufficient basis, the lack of similar accidents may establish that the municipality did not neglect its continuing duty to review the operation of the traffic plan (see Steiner v. State of New York, 148 A.D.3d 854, 854, 49 N.Y.S.3d 160 ). However, where the initial traffic design is challenged, the municipality must show that there was a reasonable basis for the traffic plan in the first instance (see id. at 854, 49 N.Y.S.3d 160 ; Mansour–Mohamed v. State of New York, 189 A.D.3d 1016, 1017, 133 N.Y.S.3d 895 ; Heins v. Vanbourgondien, 180 A.D.3d 1019, 1022, 119 N.Y.S.3d 158 ; Ramirez v. State of New York, 143 A.D.3d at 881–882, 39 N.Y.S.3d 220 ). As the City defendants failed to establish that the original design of the subject intersection was based on a deliberative decision-making process which entertained and passed on the very same question of risk that the plaintiff would put to a jury, the City defendants did not sustain their prima facie burden on the issue of qualified immunity (see Warren v. Evans, 144 A.D.3d 901, 902, 42 N.Y.S.3d 37 ; Iacone v. Passanisi, 133 A.D.3d at 718–719, 19 N.Y.S.3d 583 ; Mare v. City of New York, 112 A.D.3d 793, 794, 977 N.Y.S.2d 342 ; Kuhland v. City of New York, 81 A.D.3d 786, 787, 916 N.Y.S.2d 637 ).
Additionally, the lack of prior similar accidents or notice did not establish the City defendants’ prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law under ordinary negligence principles. Since the City defendants created the alleged dangerous condition with their design of the intersection, "the ‘usual questions of notice of the condition are irrelevant’ " ( Alonzo v. City of New York, 188 A.D.3d 1123, 1125, 134 N.Y.S.3d 429, quoting Cook v. Rezende, 32 N.Y.2d 596, 599, 347 N.Y.S.2d 57, 300 N.E.2d 428 ; see Farnham v. MIC Wholesale Ltd., 176 A.D.3d 1605, 1607, 110 N.Y.S.3d 175 ; Bruce v. Edgewater Indus. Park, LLC, 169 A.D.3d 753, 754–755, 92 N.Y.S.3d 383 ). Further, the lack of prior similar accidents within the five years preceding the plaintiff's accident did not establish, by itself, that the intersection was reasonably safe. Whether a dangerous or defective condition exists "depends on the peculiar facts and circumstances of each case and is generally a question of fact for the jury" ( Trincere v. County of Suffolk, 90 N.Y.2d 976, 977, 665 N.Y.S.2d 615, 688 N.E.2d 489 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Gallis v. 23–21 33 Rd., LLC, 198 A.D.3d 730, 733, 156 N.Y.S.3d 236 ; Watkins v. Brookdale Univ. Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 189 A.D.3d 933, 933, 133 N.Y.S.3d 452 ). A lack of prior accidents "is some evidence that a condition is not dangerous or unsafe" ( Jones v. Brilar Enters., Inc., 184 A.D.2d 1077, 1078, 585 N.Y.S.2d 272 ). However, it is only a factor to be considered and does not negate the possibility of negligence (see id. at 1078, 585 N.Y.S.2d 272 ; Orlick v. Granit Hotel & Country Club, 30 N.Y.2d 246, 249–250, 331 N.Y.S.2d 651, 282 N.E.2d 610 ; Nyambuu v. Whole Foods Mkt. Group, Inc., 191 A.D.3d 580, 582, 143 N.Y.S.3d 14 ; Lucia v. Pleasant Acres Hotel, 227 A.D.2d 389, 390, 642 N.Y.S.2d 553 ; Kelly v. Town of Islip, 141 A.D.2d 611, 612, 529 N.Y.S.2d 530 ).
The City defendants submitted no expert or other affidavit to establish that the design of the intersection was reasonably safe (see Serrano v. Riverbay Corp., 188 A.D.3d 617, 617, 132 N.Y.S.3d 760 ; cf. DiMilia v. Hogarty, 182 A.D.3d 578, 580, 120 N.Y.S.3d 819 ). Further, the deposition testimony of the parties raised issues as to whether a negligent design of the intersection contributed to the plaintiff's accident. Under these circumstances, the City defendants failed to meet their prima facie burden of demonstrating that the intersection had a reasonably safe design (see Orlick v. Granit Hotel & Country Club, 30 N.Y.2d at 249–250, 331 N.Y.S.2d 651, 282 N.E.2d 610 ; Nyambuu v. Whole Foods Mkt. Group, Inc., 191 A.D.3d at 582, 143 N.Y.S.3d 14 ; Bruno v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 157 A.D.3d 444, 444, 66 N.Y.S.3d 250 ).
We note that the City defendants have abandoned any reliance on the City's prior written notice law (see Administrative Code of the City of N.Y. § 7–201[c][2]) by failing to address it in their brief on appeal (see Debennedetto v. Chetrit, 190 A.D.3d 933, 936, 140 N.Y.S.3d 569 ; Yi Di Chen v. Falikman, 186 A.D.3d 1295, 1296, 127 N.Y.S.3d 889 ; see also Hughes v. Jahoda, 75 N.Y.2d 881, 882–883, 554 N.Y.S.2d 467, 553 N.E.2d 1015 ; Poveromo v. Town of Cortlandt, 127 A.D.3d 835, 837, 6 N.Y.S.3d 617 ).
Accordingly, the City defendants failed to meet their prima facie burden of demonstrating their entitlement to judgment as a matter of law, and the Supreme Court should have denied that branch of the City defendants’ motion which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them.
DILLON, J.P., CHRISTOPHER, GENOVESI and VOUTSINAS, JJ., concur.