Opinion
Docket Nos. 52122, 53292.
Decided May 20, 1982. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Carolyn Schmidt and Robert J. Sheiko, Assistants Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Lynn Chard, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant Purofoy on appeal.
Douglas Hamel and Frank Singer, for defendant Walker.
On May 21, 1980, defendants, Malcolm C. Purofoy and Hardy Alison Walker, were convicted by a jury of armed robbery, in violation of MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, and possession of a firearm in the commission of a felony, in violation of MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Defendant Purofoy was sentenced to not less than 7 nor more than 15 years in prison on the armed robbery count. Defendant Walker was sentenced to not less than 6 nor more than 15 years in prison on the armed robbery count. Both defendants were sentenced to two years on the felony-firearm counts, to run consecutively with the armed robbery sentences. Defendants appeal as of right.
The record reveals that on the evening of March 8, 1980, the complainant, while in the hallway of his Southgate apartment, was approached by two black males, one of whom brandished a gun, the other a knive. As a result of the individual with the knife inquiring if he had any money, complainant gave him his wallet. Immediately after the men fled from the apartment complex, complainant telephoned the Southgate police, describing the age, size, gender and attire of his assailants.
A Wyandotte police officer, Charles Brown, testified that while he and his partner were on patrol duty on the evening of March 8, 1980, they received a radio broadcast from the Southgate police which requested all police vehicles in the vicinity to be on the lookout for two black males who had robbed a man at the Village Town Apartments in Southgate. The males were described as respectively wearing a tan cap and a leather hood.
Upon driving to the general area of the armed robbery, the officers observed a tan vehicle which contained two black males, one of whom was wearing a tan cap. The occupants of this vehicle appeared startled at the sight of the police vehicle, whereupon the officers, while following the tan vehicle, requested on the police radio further information concerning the robbery. The additional description related that the individual with the tan cap was wearing a denim jacket, the other man was wearing a brown leather hood, both men were in their twenties, and that one was taller than the other.
After noticing that the descriptions coincided with the two men in the tan vehicle, Officer Brown and his partner stopped the automobile, asking the men to exit therefrom. A flashlight search of the automobile did not unearth any weapons or fruits of the alleged robbery.
The automobile in which defendants were occupants was turned over to Officer Larry Mylock of the Southgate police. At the direction of the Southgate police, Officer Brown and his partner transported the men to the scene of the robbery where complainant identified the two men as his assailants, while they were handcuffed and in the back seat of the patrol car.
The first issue that we address is one raised by both defendants and concerns the stopping of defendants' automobile without a warrant. Defendants claim that the Wyandotte police officers lacked probable cause to stop and arrest them because defendants were not apprehended at the scene of the offense, their behavior was not suspicious, and the flashlight search of their automobile did not reveal any weapons or evidence of the crime.
The trial court ruled that the police officers had probable cause to stop the vehicle and arrest defendants based on the nearness of the location of the robbery to the area in which the police observed defendants, Officer Brown's testimony that the street on which defendants' automobile was traveling was a logical exit road from the location of the robbery, the startled expressions of defendants upon observing the police vehicle, and the officers' observations of defendants' clothing.
In People v Whalen, the Supreme Court delineated the standard applicable to the stopping, searching and seizing of motor vehicles and their contents:
390 Mich. 672, 682; 213 N.W.2d 116 (1973).
"1. Reasonableness is the test that is to be applied for both the stop of, and the search of moving motor vehicles.
"2. Said reasonableness will be determined from the facts and circumstances of each case.
"3. Fewer foundation facts are necessary to support a finding of reasonableness when moving vehicles are involved, than if a house or a home were involved.
"4. A stop of a motor vehicle for investigatory purposes may be based upon fewer facts than those necessary to support a finding of reasonableness where both a stop and a search is conducted by the police."
Applying this standard, we find that the Wyandotte police officers' stop of defendants' vehicle was reasonable and justified under the circumstances. The general description of the assailants coincided with the occupants of the automobile.
MCL 764.15; MSA 28.874 governs arrests without a warrant and provides as follows:
"(1) A peace officer may, without a warrant, arrest a person in the following situations:
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"(c) When a felony in fact has been committed and the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe that the person has committed it.
"(d) When the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe that a felony has been committed and reasonable cause to believe that the person has committed it.
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"(f) When the peace officer has received positive information broadcast from a recognized police or other governmental radio station, or teletype, as may afford the peace officer reasonable cause to believe that a felony has been committed and reasonable cause to believe that the person has committed it."
In reviewing defendants' claim that the police officers lacked probable cause to make the arrest without a warrant, it is the function of this Court to ascertain whether the facts available to the officers at the moment of the arrest would justify a fair-minded person of average judgment and intelligence in believing that the suspected persons had committed a felony.
People v Harper, 365 Mich. 494, 500; 113 N.W.2d 808 (1962); People v Coward, 111 Mich. App. 55, 60; 315 N.W.2d 144 (1981).
In the within matter, the Wyandotte police officers received an authorized police bulletin that a felony had been committed. This communication, when considered in conjunction with defendants' similarity to the description transmitted over the radio, the proximity of defendants' vehicle to the scene of the robbery and defendants' reactions upon observing the police vehicle, justified the arrest of defendants.
Once a trial judge has found that the prosecution has satisfied the burden of establishing that an arrest without a warrant is supported by probable cause, his ruling will be reversed only if it constitutes an abuse of discretion. The trial judge herein did not abuse his discretion in determining that the officers had probable cause.
People v Carey, 110 Mich. App. 187, 194; 312 N.W.2d 205 (1981); People v Davenport, 99 Mich. App. 687, 691; 299 N.W.2d 368 (1980).
Defendants jointly contend that the complainant's on-the-scene identification denied them due process, claiming that, once arrested, they had the right to counsel and to all required identification procedures. Alternatively, defendants assert that, even if they were not entitled to counsel at the on-the-scene identification, the procedure was unduly suggestive and denied defendants due process of law stemming from the identification made while they were handcuffed in the back seat of the patrol car. Furthermore, they allege that this identification was an essential component of the affidavit in support of the search warrant of defendants' automobile, which resulted in the discovery of a gun, knife and the victim's wallet.
After a Wade hearing on May 14, 1980, the trial court found that the return of defendants to the scene of the robbery for identification did not violate defendants' right to counsel and, therefore, he denied the motion to suppress the identification and the fruits of the search.
United States v Wade, 388 U.S. 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967).
In People v Anderson, the Supreme Court enumerated three exceptions to the requirement of counsel at pre-indictment custodial identification procedures:
389 Mich. 155, 187, fn 23; 205 N.W.2d 461 (1973).
"Among the recognized justifications for absence of counsel at eyewitness identification procedures are: (1) `intelligent' waiver of counsel by the accused, see e.g., People v Shipp, 21 Mich. App. 415 (1970); (2) emergency situations requiring immediate identification, see e.g., People v Adams, 19 Mich. App. 131, 133 (1969); (3) prompt, `on-the-scene' corporeal identifications within minutes of the crime, see e.g., Russell v United States, 133 US App DC 77; 408 F.2d 1280 (1969)."
In the matter at bar, defendants, subsequent to their arrest, were immediately returned to the robbery scene for identification. We addressed this issue in People v Tucker:
86 Mich. App. 608, 611; 273 N.W.2d 498 (1978), lv den 406 Mich. 964 (1979). Accord People v Coward, supra; People v Wilkerson, 63 Mich. App. 470, 472-473; 234 N.W.2d 571 (1975); People v Johnson, 59 Mich. App. 187, 189-190; 229 N.W.2d 372 (1975); People v Wright, 38 Mich. App. 427, 431; 196 N.W.2d 839 (1972), lv den 388 Mich. 758 (1972). Contra, People v Dixon, 85 Mich. App. 271, 276 ; 271 N.W.2d 196 (1978).
"An on-the-scene identification is a well-recognized exception to the rule requiring counsel during a corporeal identification once a suspect is in custody. People v Curtis Williams, 57 Mich. App. 612; 226 N.W.2d 584 (1975). The rationale behind the exception is that such confrontations are reasonable police practices since they permit the police to immediately determine whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the suspect is connected with the crime and subject to arrest, or merely an unfortunate victim of circumstance. Defendant's contention that counsel was required is unfounded."
While we agree that the custodial identification may have been suggestive, we nonetheless believe that the procedure was reasonable. Inasmuch as the identification occurred within minutes of defendants' arrest, it enabled the complainant to confirm or deny the identification while his memory was fresh and accurate. Additionally, a police procedure such as was employed here results in innocent suspects being expeditiously released.
Defendant Walker asserts that his conviction for possession of a firearm in the commission of a felony should be reversed because the trial judge, in instructing the jury, gave only a single instruction on aiding and abetting at the conclusion of his instruction on the principal charge, the lesser included offenses and the felony-firearm charge. Defendant maintains that People v Johnson requires a specific aiding and abetting instruction to accompany the elements of the offense of felony-firearm. In Johnson, the Supreme Court said:
411 Mich. 50; 303 N.W.2d 442 (1981).
Id., 54.
"To convict one of aiding and abetting the commission of a separately charged crime of carrying or having a firearm in one's possession during the commission of a felony, it must be established that the defendant procured, counselled, aided, or abetted and so assisted in obtaining the proscribed possession, or in retaining such possession otherwise obtained."
Here, the trial judge gave the following instruction:
"Now it is charged in this case that the defendants either directly committed the crimes charged, that is, robbery armed or any of the crimes included in robbery armed and possession of a firearm in the commission of a felony or that he aided or assisted the other or another in the commission of those crimes.
"Now all persons who aid or assist in the commission of a crime are as liable as if they had directly committed the crime and may be guilty of the principal offense or as an aider or abettor."
The foregoing instruction was preceded by an enumeration of the elements of the aiding and abetting statute, as contained in proposed CJI 8:1:01 et seq.
We do not find that Johnson requires a specific instruction on aiding and abetting for a felony-firearm charge. The trial judge's giving of the elements of aiding and abetting after a reading of the charges satisfied the principle set forth in Johnson. A trial judge is not required to reiterate the elements of aiding and abetting after each of the instructions on the charged offenses and lesser included offenses.
Defendant Purofoy claims that the admission into evidence of his oral confession was error. At a Walker hearing conducted prior to trial, the trial judge ruled that the statement given to Officer Lokuta of the Southgate Police Department was voluntarily made. Defendant Purofoy contends that the statement should not have been introduced into evidence, for it was not reduced to writing, and it was edited by the trial court. The statement was edited to delete any reference to the codefendant Walker.
People v Walker (On Remand), 374 Mich. 331; 132 N.W.2d 87 (1965).
In joint trials involving codefendants, it is an approved procedure to allow a prosecutor to introduce a lawfully obtained confession of one of the defendants, as long as any reference to the other codefendants is eliminated.
People v Ronald Smith, 27 Mich. App. 442, 444; 183 N.W.2d 584 (1970); People v Miller, 88 Mich. App. 210, 221; 276 N.W.2d 558 (1979), rev'd on other grounds 411 Mich. 321; 307 N.W.2d 335 (1981).
In Bruton v United States, the Supreme Court held that the admission of a nontestifying codefendant's statement implicating a defendant at a joint trial constituted a denial of the right of confrontation when there was no effective means of cross-examining the codefendant concerning the statement.
391 U.S. 123; 88 S Ct 1620; 20 L Ed 2d 476 (1968).
In accordance with Bruton and People v Shirk, a defendant being tried jointly with a codefendant does not, absent a showing of prejudice, have a right to have his total confession introduced when segments of the confession also implicate the nonconfessing codefendant. We do not find that defendant Purofoy was prejudiced by the editing of his oral statement. The trial court properly exercised its discretion in eliminating any reference to defendant Purofoy's codefendant.
383 Mich. 180; 174 N.W.2d 772 (1970).
People v Macklin, 46 Mich. App. 297, 303; 208 N.W.2d 62 (1973).
People v Brown, 76 Mich. App. 733, 740; 257 N.W.2d 233 (1977); People v Macklin, supra.
Defendant Purofoy also claims that his convictions must be reversed because at the time of the trial court's entry of the judgment of conviction and sentence his petition for removal to the federal court was pending. The procedures for removal are controlled by 28 U.S.C. § 1446:
"(c)(1) A petition for removal of a criminal prosecution shall be filed not later than thirty days after the arraignment in the State court, or at any time before trial, whichever is earlier, except that for good cause shown the United States district court may enter an order granting the petitioner leave to file the petition at a later time.
"(2) A petition for removal of a criminal prosecution shall include all grounds for such removal. A failure to state grounds which exist at the time of the filing of the petition shall constitute a waiver of such grounds, and a second petition may be filed only on grounds not existing at the time of the original petition. For good cause shown, the United States district court may grant relief from the limitations of this paragraph.
"(3) The filing of a petition for removal of a criminal prosecution shall not prevent the State court in which such prosecution is pending from proceeding further, except that a judgment of conviction shall not be entered unless the petition is first denied."
Defendant based his removal petition of May 5, 1980, on claims of intentional misidentification by the "white" witness, his representation by a "white" attorney and racial discrimination in Wayne County's jury selection.
In this matter, the arraignment on the information was conducted on April 8, 1980. The proof of service attached to the petition for removal was dated May 5, 1980, and time-stamped by the Wayne County clerk on May 12, 1980. At a pretrial motion on May 8, 1980, the trial judge examined a copy of the petition for removal, but refused to act on it unless he received an order from the federal court removing the case from the state court's jurisdiction. The judgment of conviction and sentence were entered on June 4, 1980; the federal district court summarily dismissed defendant's removal petition on June 23, 1980.
The crux of this issue is whether defendant Purofoy complied with the statutory provisions for removal of actions to federal court as directed by 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c)(1).
The right of removal from state to federal court is statutory and, therefore, can only be implemented in the method designated by Congress. In Percell's, Inc v Central Telephone Co, the federal district court stated:
People v Densmore, 87 Mich. App. 434, 438; 274 N.W.2d 811 (1978).
493 F. Supp. 156, 157 (D Minn, 1980).
"While the time limitations of 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) are not jurisdictional, they are mandatory and are to be strictly construed when asserted by a party. See United States ex rel Walker v Gunn, 511 F.2d 1024 (CA 9, 1975), cert den 423 U.S. 849 (1975); 14 Wright Miller, Federal Practice Procedure, § 3732."
In People v Wynn, the petition for removal was filed and service effected on the trial court prior to the commencement of trial. The federal statute in effect at the time provided for petition for removal of a criminal prosecution to be filed at any time prior to trial. The Wynn Court voided the defendant's conviction, holding that the circuit court, upon receipt of the removal petition, was without jurisdiction to try the case.
73 Mich. App. 713; 253 N.W.2d 123 (1977).
We note that the 1977 amendment to the federal statute allows a state court to conduct a trial while a removal petition is pending, but that a judgment of conviction shall not be entered until a denial of the petition by the federal court.
According to the proof of service, the removal petition was mailed to the federal and state courts 27 days subsequent to defendant Purofoy's circuit court arraignment, and the petition was brought to the trial court's attention 30 days subsequent to the arraignment. However, it was not received and time-stamped by the Wayne County clerk until 34 days after defendant Purofoy's arraignment. As indicated previously, 28 U.S.C. § 1446 requires "a petition for removal of a criminal prosecution shall be filed not later than 30 days after the arraignment".
In People v Madigan, the Supreme Court defined the verb "filed":
223 Mich. 86, 89; 193 N.W. 806 (1923).
"It is a well recognized general rule that a paper or document is filed, so far as the rights of the parties are concerned, when it is delivered to and received by the proper officer to be kept on file, and the indorsement of the officer with whom it is filed is but evidence of the time of filing."
Similarly, "filed" is defined in 36A CJS, pp 396-398 as follows:
"The word `filed' is customarily used in connection with judicial documents, and in practice the term has a well-defined meaning, signifying delivered to the proper officer and by him received to be kept on file, or in his official custody; delivered into the actual custody of the officer designated by the statute, to be kept by him as a permanent record of his office.
"The word carries with it the idea of permanent preservation of the thing so delivered and received that it may become a part of the public record, and includes the idea that the paper is to remain in its proper order on the file in the office.
"Generally, the word `filed' applies only where there is a writing, and where the paper, instrument, or document has been actually delivered, rather than merely deposited in the mail. Thus a paper may be regarded as `filed' only at the time it is delivered to, and received by, the designated officer, and it is considered as `filed' only when it is delivered to the proper official and by him received and filed." (Footnotes omitted.)
We hold that defendant Purofoy did not satisfy the mandatory requirements of filing his removal petition not later than 30 days after arraignment. We note that Congress chose to use the word "filed" rather than mailed. Thus, the trial court continued to have jurisdiction in the matter and properly entered defendant Purofoy's conviction and sentence. We also note that, as previously indicated, the federal court summarily dismissed the removal petition of defendant Purofoy.
Affirmed as to both defendants.
I respectfully dissent. When the police have more than a mere suspicion that a person in custody has committed a particular crime, they cannot return the suspect to the scene of the crime but must take him or her to the police station and conduct a line-up at which the suspect is represented by counsel. The People v Anderson exception cited by the majority is inapplicable unless the police lack probable cause for a formal arrest.
See People v Dixon, 85 Mich. App. 271; 271 N.W.2d 196 (1978); People v Starks, 107 Mich. App. 377, 380; 309 N.W.2d 556 (1981).
389 Mich. 155; 205 N.W.2d 461 (1973).
Since the police obtained a search warrant on the basis of this tainted identification procedure and since incriminating evidence obtained thereby was introduced at trial, reversal is required.
My resolution of this issue renders discussion of defendants' remaining contentions unnecessary.
I would reverse.