Summary
In People v. Dixon, 85 Mich App 271, 280-281; 271 NW2d 196 (1978), the Court held that if the police have "more than a mere suspicion" that the suspect is wanted for the crime, there can be no on-the-scene corporeal identification; rather, the suspect must be taken to the police station and participate in a lineup with counsel present.
Summary of this case from People v. HickmanOpinion
Docket No. 77-4636.
Decided August 21, 1978. Leave to appeal applied for.
Robert L. Hencken, for defendant.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, James J. Gregart, Prosecuting Attorney, Stephen M. Wheeler, Chief, Appellate Division, and Kenneth Kobayashi, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Before: D.E. HOLBROOK, JR., P.J., and BASHARA and R.M. MAHER, JJ.
Found guilty, on August 18, 1976, of armed robbery in a jury trial, defendant was sentenced to a term of 8 to 20 years imprisonment.
Two individuals, later identified as defendant and Curtis Weekly, were spotted at 5:08 a.m. by two police officers. They were seen running from a McDonald's parking lot, across the street, and into a Sunoco gas station. One of the officers who spotted the individuals running testified that since there had been a past history of break-ins in the area during the early morning hours, police suspicions were aroused. The officers stopped the individuals to investigate. They conducted a pat-down search, which produced nothing, and placed them in the patrol car. The other officer then testified that they drove back into the McDonald's parking lot and began to check the stores in the area to be sure no break-in had occurred.
About 15 minutes later, at 5:25 a.m., the officers received a message that one Curtis Weekly and another person were involved in an armed robbery. Only Weekly disclosed his identity to the officers. At this point defendant and Weekly were placed under arrest.
After the arrest, defendant was searched and allegedly stolen money was seized from his person. One of the officers retraced the defendant's footprints and found a knife buried in the snow. Defendant and Weekly were placed in separate cars and were taken back to the place where the victim was reporting the crime.
The victim, Arzell Givhan, reported that, after an early morning gambling party, at which he had modest winnings, he left the scene of the party and was approached by defendant and Weekly, who had also been at the party and who asked for a ride to the north side of town. Givhan stated he refused. As he began to walk to his car, the victim testified, Weekly and defendant caught up to him. Weekly pulled a knife and held it to Givhan's throat, while defendant went through the victim's pockets and wallet. When the men released him, they fled. Givhan eventually called police.
The victim Givhan stated that he saw the knife and that is was a pocketknife with a 6-inch blade. (On cross-examination, Givhan said the blade was 3 inches long.) The knife found by the police in the snow was not a fold-up pocketknife.
When Weekly and the defendant were returned to the scene, Givhan was led to the first vehicle containing Weekly and identified him. Givhan was then led to the second car containing defendant where he stated that the defendant was "the other one". Defendant and Weekly were then taken to the police station.
Defendant alleges a number of errors at the trial court level. We address two of his claims. On appeal, defendant contends that the stop and detention were illegal and that the evidence which was found as a direct result of the illegal stop and detention should, therefore, be suppressed.
A police officer may "in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for purposes of investigating possible criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an arrest". Terry v Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 22; 88 S Ct 1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968). It is not unlawful for a police officer to stop persons when he has observed "unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot". People v Whalen, 390 Mich. 672, 680; 213 N.W.2d 116 (1973). In justifying the intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion. Terry v Ohio, supra, at 21.
In the instant case, both the initial stop by the police officers and the subsequent 20 minute detention of defendant must be tested by the standards of Terry and its progeny. The original stop of defendant by the police officers appears to have been justified under the Terry v Ohio rationale. Though there was no probable cause for arrest, the officers could point to articulable facts which warranted the intrusion. Defendant was found in the very early morning hours running in an area which had recently been the scene of many early morning break-ins. An investigative stop to ask defendant for identification and to inquire into the nature of his business was not uncalled-for.
However, the detention of defendant and Curtis Weekly in the squad car for 20 minutes cannot be justified under Terry v Ohio. An investigative stop must be justified at its inception and must be reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place. Here the justification for the stop was defendant's running in the early morning in an area where there had been a recent rash of break-ins. But defendant was further detained while one of the officers surveyed the surrounding area to make sure no criminal activity was afoot. This detention was wrongful; there was no justification for it as it was completely unrelated to the initial interference by the officers.
Terry v Ohio permits only a brief stop of a suspicious individual in order to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information. Detention for something more cannot be justified under Terry v Ohio, supra. Adams v Williams, 407 U.S. 143; 92 S Ct 1921; 32 L Ed 2d 612 (1972). Under Terry, the officer making the stop must be suspicious at the time the stop is made that criminal activity is afoot. Although the police in this case were somewhat suspicious when defendant was first stopped, they had no further authority to detain defendant afterward while one of the officers went to check to see if criminal activity were afoot. The scope of the police power to detain must be related to the justification for the stop at its inception — not to an after-found justification.
Here the police merely saw two men running in the early morning, a not uncommon sight in our times. Nor did the police proffer any facts to justify the intrusion upon defendant's freedom. Nothing elicited from defendant or his companion would give any cause to increase police suspicions. They, in fact, failed to ask for an explanation of defendant's activities as suggested in People v Harold Williams, 63 Mich. App. 398; 234 N.W.2d 541 (1975). Therefore, the police, in detaining defendant, could not have been attempting to verify the explanation — a practice apparently approved in People v Harold Williams, supra, and People v Rivers, 42 Mich. App. 561; 202 N.W.2d 498 (1972).
Our Court has confronted before the "difficult situation confronting a police officer when his investigation has failed to resolve suspicions concerning an individual who has been temporarily detained". In People v Harold Williams, supra, the Court said:
"Briefly stated, there comes a time after a temporary detention when the officer must either arrest the stopped individual or allow him to go free. See United States v Luckett, 484 F.2d 89 (CA 9, 1973). An arrest can occur only when the facts satisfy the officer that he has probable cause to believe the individual has committed an offense. Without probable cause, even though the investigation has proved inconclusive, the officer must then disengage the individual from official confrontation. See Young v State, 339 A.2d 723 (Del, 1975), and Coleman v United States, 337 A.2d 767 (DC Ct App, 1975)." 63 Mich App at 404.
As Williams said, a line must be drawn. 63 Mich App at 403. In this case the officers crossed that line and because of their transgression, they discovered both the money and the knife. Had defendant been only stopped instead of illegally detained, the discovery would not have been made. Since the evidence was the product of the illegal detention, it should have been suppressed.
Defendant also complains that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel and his Fourteenth Amendment right to due process when, after his arrest, he was returned to the complainant's home for immediate identification.
A suspect is entitled to have counsel present whenever he is physically confronted by a witness asked to identify him. People v Jackson, 391 Mich. 323; 217 N.W.2d 22 (1974). However, as our Supreme Court has noted, an exception to this rule has developed: an attorney is not required if the police apprehend a suspect within minutes after the crime and return him to the scene of the crime for identification. People v Anderson, 389 Mich. 155, 187, n 23; 205 N.W.2d 461 (1973). Anderson cites Russell v United States, 133 US App DC 77; 408 F.2d 1280 (1969), for the justification for the absence of counsel at an identification procedure — though the assumptions upon which Russell is premised have been assailed. See Grano, Kirby, Biggers, and Ash: Do Any Constitutional Safeguards Remain Against the Danger of Convicting the Innocent, 72 Mich L Rev 717, 733-738 (1974).
Defendant argues that the exception briefly delineated in Anderson should not apply in a case where the police clearly suspect that the defendant has committed the crime; that is, where they do not have to ascertain whom to take into custody. Our Supreme Court, while noting Russell in Anderson, appears to have in part rejected the reasoning espoused in Russell and to have adopted the reasoning urged upon us by defendant.
In People v Patskan, 387 Mich. 701; 199 N.W.2d 458 (1972), three men attempted to rob a bar-restaurant. One of the men placed a gun in the ribs of the complainant who was an employee and helped search him. A silent alarm had alerted the police and when they arrived, the robbers fled. One person was fatally shot, another wounded and a third, the person who had held the employee at gunpoint, ran into a nearby field. An officer pursued and found the defendant hiding in the field and returned him to the bar where the other officers identified him.
In reversing defendant's conviction, the Supreme Court held that defendant had been denied the right to counsel when he was returned to the scene of the crime and identified by the police officers.
"Finally, defendant contends that his right of due process of law and his right to assistance of counsel were violated when he was returned to the scene of the alleged holdup and identified by the other officers. The right of counsel at a confrontation between an accused and his accuser was recognized by the United States Supreme Court in United States v Wade, 388 U.S. 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967). Wade was decided on June 12, 1967, but was silent on the question of retroactivity. Stovall v Denno, 388 U.S. 293; 87 S Ct 1967; 18 L Ed 2d 1199 (1967), succinctly held that Wade was not made retroactive. The instant holdup occurred on July 14, 1967, and, thus, defendant Patskan is entitled to the benefits provided by Wade.
"Thus, on retrial, the trial court should hold a hearing to determine whether the in-court identification of defendant by the police officers was arrived at independent of the initial confrontation. If such in-court identification was not independent, evidence of the indentification of the defendant should be excluded on retrial." (Footnote omitted.) 387 Mich at 715.
The police in Patskan arrived during the perpetration of a robbery. It was evident that the men who were fleeing were participants in the robbery. The clear implication in the Supreme Court decision is that when a police officer has more than a mere suspicion that the person in custody is wanted for the crime, the officer cannot return the suspect to the scene of the crime but must take him to the police station and have a line-up at which counsel is present.
If, as People v Russell asserts, one of the purposes of an at-the-scene identification is to expedite the release of innocent suspects, that purpose fails when the police have substantial evidence suggesting that the person in custody is not innocent: there are, in the circumstances, no innocent suspects to be released.
Here the police had a significant amount of information indicating defendant's involvement in the robbery. Defendant and his companion were more than potential suspects whose innocence was in doubt. There was no need for the police to ascertain whom to take into custody. There was, therefore, no need for the at-the-scene identification without counsel. Defendant should have been taken to the station and provided a line-up and counsel.
We note that the exception to the rule of right to counsel at a pretrial identification is not affected by our decision when those on-the-scene encounters follow the alleged crime within minutes and are necessary in order for police to know whom they should arrest. See People v Foster, 51 Mich. App. 213; 214 N.W.2d 723 (1974), People v Curtis Williams, 57 Mich. App. 612; 226 N.W.2d 584 (1975).
Defendant is granted a new trial at which the evidence seized as the result of the illegal detention must be suppressed. Evidence of the at-the-scene identification must be excluded and any in-court identification must be shown to have an independent basis. In order to determine if an independent basis exists, the trial court should consider those factors set forth in People v Kachar, 400 Mich. 78; 252 N.W.2d 807 (1977).
The following are the factors listed in Kachar which the court should use in determining whether an independent basis exists:
1. Prior relationship with or knowledge of the defendant.
2. The opportunity to observe the offense. This includes such factors as length of time of the observation, lighting, noise or other factor affecting sensory perception and proximity to the alleged criminal act.
3. Length of time between the offense and the disputed identification.
4. Accuracy or discrepancies in the pre-lineup or showup description and defendant's actual description.
5. Any previous proper identification or failure to identify the defendant.
6. Any identification prior to lineup or showup of another person as defendant.
7. The nature of the alleged offense and the physical and psychological state of the victim.
8. Any idiosyncratic or special features of defendant.
I respectfully dissent. This writer does not find two men running at 5 a.m. to be a common sight, especially in an area of many recent early morning break-ins. Even the majority agrees that the police were justified in stopping the two individuals.
In Terry v Ohio, 392 U.S. 1; 88 S Ct 1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968), the United States Supreme Court indicated their approval of restrained and legitimate investigative conduct. As pointed out in Adams v Williams, 407 U.S. 143; 92 S Ct 1921; 32 L Ed 2d 612 (1972), the police are not required to allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape because the level of probable cause does not meet the Fourth Amendment mandates. "On the contrary, Terry recognizes that it may be the essence of good police work to adopt an intermediate response". Adams at 145.
From the time defendants were first spotted running to the time of the message concerning the armed robbery only 17 minutes elapsed. Actual detention time was undoubtedly less.
In view of the suspicious circumstances, the short time of detention can rightfully be considered a legitimate extension of the officers' investigation, which is a fundamental police function. People v Rivers, 42 Mich. App. 561, 564; 202 N.W.2d 498 (1972), United States v Lee, 271 A.2d 566, 567-568 (DC, 1970).
The main inquiry necessary under the Fourth Amendment is the reasonableness of the governmental action in light of all the circumstances. Terry, supra, People v Harold Williams, 63 Mich. App. 398, 403; 234 N.W.2d 541 (1975).
Considering the particular facts of this case, I cannot find that the defendant was illegally detained so as to necessitate exclusion from evidence of the knife and stolen money.
I must also disagree with the finding that defendant was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel by being returned to the scene of the crime for immediate identification. This procedure has been sanctioned by our Supreme Court in People v Anderson, 389 Mich. 155; 205 N.W.2d 461 (1973). The case of People v Patskan, 387 Mich. 701; 199 N.W.2d 458 (1972), on which the majority relies, was decided prior to the Anderson case.
I would affirm.