Summary
In Harris the prosecution, having reason to believe that the accomplice witness would be absent from trial, not only waited until the day of the trial to procure his presence, but at that time made insufficient efforts to find him.
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Docket No. 13191.
Decided October 26, 1972.
Appeal from Recorder's Court of Detroit, Elvin L. Davenport, J. Submitted Division 1 June 23, 1972, at Detroit. (Docket No. 13191.) Decided October 26, 1972.
Eugene Harris was convicted of possession of narcotics. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded for new trial.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Dominick R. Carnovale, Chief, Appellate Department, and Luvenia D. Dockett, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Sidney Kraizman, for defendant on appeal.
Before: J.H. GILLIS, P.J., and McGREGOR and BRONSON, JJ.
Defendant was convicted by jury verdict of possession of narcotics and sentenced to serve a term of one and one-half to ten years in the state prison. MCLA 335.153; MSA 18.1123. From this conviction defendant appeals, raising six allegations of error: (1) the prosecution failed to prove lack of license as a necessary element of the offense charged, (2) the prosecution failed to submit sufficient evidence of due diligence to justify the nonproduction of a res gestae witness, (3) the trial judge refused to suppress a package of heroin as the fruits of an illegal arrest, (4) the trial judge failed to permit defendant's cross-examination upon the police officer's intent to arrest him, (5) the trial judge erroneously instructed the jury that reasonable doubt may not be based upon the lack of, or unsatisfactory nature of, the evidence, and (6) the trial judge erroneously instructed the jury that any quantity of narcotics was sufficient to support a conviction.
On March 5, 1971, the Detroit Police Department received an anonymous telephone call stating that Eugene Harris would be in possession of narcotics. The anonymous call provided the police with a description of Harris and the location from which he would be leaving. Several officers were dispatched to the described location and observed two men, one matching the given description, enter a red car parked near the curb. The officers pulled alongside the red car in an unmarked police vehicle, displayed identification, and announced that they were police officers who "would like to talk to you". While exiting their vehicle, one of the officers observed defendant pick up a foil package from the front seat and throw it out the window. This officer retrieved the package approximately one foot in front of the car and examined its contents. Suspecting it to contain a quantity of narcotics, he arrested defendant. Defendant was subsequently tried for the unlicensed possession of narcotics and found guilty by jury verdict.
I. Did the prosecution's failure to prove lack of license as a necessary element of the offense charged require a reversal of defendant's conviction?
Recently the Michigan Supreme Court in People v. Rios, 386 Mich. 172 (1971), held that (1) lack of license was a necessary element of the crime of unlawfully selling narcotics and (2) the burden of proving lack of license fell upon the prosecution. This holding has been extended to cases involving the possession of narcotics. People v. Gould, 40 Mich. App. 689 (1972); People v. Maceri, 39 Mich. App. 38 (1972); People v. Edwards, 37 Mich. App. 490 (1972). The prosecution's admitted failure to prove lack of license requires our reversal.
See, e.g., People v. Parker, 31 Mich. App. 133 (1971), rev'd 386 Mich. 774 (1972); People v. Thomas, 26 Mich. App. 160 (1970), rev'd 386 Mich. 773 (1972).
The remaining question to be answered is whether this error requires an outright reversal of defendant's conviction or a reversal accompanied by a remand for new trial. This Court's disposition of errors based upon Rios includes both approaches. The defendant's conviction was reversed without remand in People v. Gould, supra. Conversely, the defendant's conviction in People v. Edwards, supra, was reversed and remanded for a new trial. The Supreme Court's disposition evidences similar inconsistency. The defendant's conviction in People v. Rios, supra, was reversed without direction for remand. However, in subsequent cases whose reversal is based upon Rios, the Michigan Supreme Court has specifically directed a remand to the court in which the case originated for a new trial. After considering the various policy considerations involved in the type of error at issue, we follow the Supreme Court's most recent decisions and direct a remand to the Detroit Recorder's Court for a new trial. Finding several of defendant's remaining allegations of error to be meritorious, we offer the following discussion to prevent their repetition upon remand.
Ibid.
II. Did the prosecution submit sufficient evidence of due diligence to justify the nonproduction of a res gestae witness?
The question of the people's "due diligence" was submitted by the trial judge to the jury for resolution. Although such questions are generally decided by the trial judge, such disposition by the jury is a proper alternative method. People v. Stephen, 31 Mich. App. 604 (1971); People v. Howard, 24 Mich. App. 328 (1970); People v. Kern, 6 Mich. App. 406 (1967). But let us caution that this approach presupposes the existence of sufficient evidence upon the claim of "due diligence" to justify sending the question to it. Defendant's challenge is predicated upon a total absence of such evidence.
Cf. People v. Ivy, 11 Mich. App. 427 (1968) (where the Court approved the procedure in which the question of due diligence was submitted to the jury) and People v. Todaro, 253 Mich. 367 (1931), aff'd on rehearing 256 Mich. 427 (1932) (where the Court accepted the trial judge's instruction submitting the question of due diligence to the jury).
Defendant challenged the prosecution's failure to produce the driver of the car who was arrested with defendant. The testimony offered by the prosecution to establish a diligent effort to produce this res gestae witness at trial is conspicuously inadequate. Although the testifying officer thought that a subpoena was issued, he did not know if it was served and the absence of its return in the court file led him to assume that it had not been served. The efforts to secure the attendance of this witness were not begun until the day of trial. Officers were sent to the address of the witness provided at the time of arrest and found it vacant. Subsequently, the desk clerk at the Wayne County Jail was contacted to determine whether the witness was presently incarcerated. The people's efforts were concluded by a telephone call to the Detroit Police Department's identification bureau to determine whether the witness was previously or presently in custody.
A positive burden to produce all res gestae witnesses is imposed upon the people to protect defendant from false accusations and preserve his presumption of innocence. People v. Kayne, 268 Mich. 186 (1934); People v. Russell, 27 Mich. App. 654 (1970); People v. Dickinson, 2 Mich. App. 646 (1966). Our close scrutiny of the people's reliance upon the concept of due diligence to excuse such production guarantees the integrity of our judicial system. In People v. O'Dell, 10 Mich. App. 87, 94-95 (1968), the Court found that "mere service of a subpoena does not constitute due diligence", stating:
"The prosecutor must not only issue subpoenas, but he must also use `other means at hand' to produce endorsed witnesses."
The present case fails to satisfy this language since the record neither provides evidence of the service of a subpoena or the bona fide use of "other means at hand". More recent rulings of this Court relying upon Barber v. Page, 390 U.S. 719; 88 S Ct 1318; 20 L Ed 2d 255 (1968), would measure the prosecution's efforts to produce a res gestae witness by its "good faith". People v. Herman Brown, 38 Mich. App. 69, 74 (1972); People v. Hairston, 37 Mich. App. 65, 74 (1971). The present inadequate and untimely effort by the prosecution to locate the witness at the day of trial cannot satisfy this "good-faith" standard. In this absence of any evidence substantiating the people's diligent or good-faith effort to produce the only non-policeman eyewitness, the trial judge committed reversible error by submitting the question of "due diligence" to the jury.
Cf. People v. Nieto, 33 Mich. App. 535 (1971) (where the Court held that the people's efforts consisting of a few telephone calls to the witness's family and delivery of a subpoena to the Adrian Police Department was inadequate compliance with the "good-faith" standard); People v. Barker, 18 Mich. App. 544 (1969) (where the Court found that a belated attempt to subpoena a witness by which time the given address was useless, not followed by further attempts, was completely insufficient); People v. McIntosh, 34 Mich. App. 578 (1971), leave granted 386 Mich. 762 (1972) (where Judge LEVIN in his dissenting opinion would find the people's single telephone call to a sister state's police officials between July 23 and October 29 inadequate).
This disposition conforms to the Court's statement in People v. Herman Brown, 38 Mich. App. 69, 76 (1972) that: "This issue could not be determined by the jury because there was absolutely no showing by the prosecuting attorney that he had exerted any diligence or good-faith effort to secure the presence of the witness at trial." (Emphasis added.)
III. Did the trial judge err in refusing to suppress a package of heroin as the fruits of an illegal arrest?
This alleged error is based upon a claim that defendant was arrested in the absence of probable cause at the time he was confronted by the police officers. The concept of arrest pursued by the courts of this state flows from the following definition adopted from 4 Am Jur, Arrest, § 2, p 5:
"`An arrest is the taking, seizing, or detaining of the person of another, either by touching or putting hands on him, or by any act which indicates an intention to take him into custody and subjects the person arrested to the actual control and will of the person making the arrest. The act relied upon as constituting an arrest must have been performed with the intent to effect an arrest and must have been so understood by the party arrested.'" People v. Gonzales, 356 Mich. 247, 253 (1959).
Accord, People v. Woods, 16 Mich. App. 718, 720 (1969); Bruce v. Meijers Supermarkets, Inc, 34 Mich. App. 352, 356 (1971).
The police officers in the present case pulled alongside the car in which defendant was a passenger stating we "would like to talk to you". The officers' conduct clearly restrained defendant's freedom of movement and may be deemed a seizure, which is a primary element of an arrest. However, the degree, type, and purpose of the restraint will determine whether the conduct at issue constituted an arrest requiring the existence of probable cause.
The Supreme Court in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1; 88 S Ct 1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968), recognized that not every restraint of a citizen by a police officer constitutes an arrest. This principle was based upon the policy consideration that the police investigatory process is an indispensable function which necessarily outweighs minor intrusions into a person's right of privacy. It is this investigatory process which constitutes the "stop" portion of the Terry Court's "stop and frisk" rule and is distinguished from an arrest dependent upon the existence of probable cause. Case law interpreting this rule has further articulated its application to investigatory detentions. In Youngblood v. State, 47 Ala. App. 571; 258 So.2d 913 (1972), the Court recognized a police officer's right to stop a vehicle to investigate information supplied regarding criminal activity. The Court in United States v. James, 147 App DC 43; 452 F.2d 1375 (1971), was confronted with circumstances analogous to the present case. There the police received information from an informant that two men would leave a specific address with narcotics. The police proceeded to the described address and observed two men enter a taxi. After stopping the taxi they requested the driver to produce his license and registration and step out of the vehicle. During this process the defendant-passenger pointed a weapon at the officer but was arrested. The James court rejected defendant's challenge to his conviction of assault with a dangerous weapon because his arrest was not supported by probable cause. The James court reaffirmed the police officers' right to stop persons for investigatory purposes, indicating that the failure to do so would have been a clear dereliction of their duties.
See, e.g., State v. Garcia, 83 N.M. 490; 493 P.2d 975 (1972), cert den 83 N.M. 473; 493 P.2d 958; Davis v. United States, 284 A.2d 459 (DC App, 1971); People v. Gravatt, 22 Cal.App.3d 133; 99 Cal.Rptr. 287 (1971); Onofre v. State, 474 S.W.2d 699 (Tex Crim App, 1972).
We find the police conduct in the instant case to fall within the purview of these authorities. They possessed information describing the defendant's involvement in criminal activity, his appearance and location. This information was sufficient to justify defendant's restraint for investigatory purposes short of an arrest. People v. Bommarito, 25 Mich. App. 668 (1970); People v. Wade, 23 Mich. App. 132 (1970). The officers' simple request to talk to defendant did not exceed this investigatory stage and cannot be deemed an arrest. Since the officers had a right to stop defendant for questioning, the narcotics thrown out of the window were in "plain view" and admissible at trial. People v. Tisi, 384 Mich. 214 (1970). The trial judge correctly ruled upon this matter and defendant's allegation is devoid of merit.
See United States v. Blackstock, 451 F.2d 908, 910 (CA 9, 1971) (where the court held that "to justify an investigatory stop short of an arrest `a founded suspicion is all that is necessary, some basis from which the court can determine that the detention was not arbitrary or harassing.'").
Cf. People v. Charles Wilson, 27 Mich. App. 171, 176 (1970) (where the Court held that the phrase "hold it" shouted by a police officer to the defendant did not constitute an arrest).
IV. Did the trial judge err in failing to permit defendant's cross-examination upon the police officers' intent to arrest him?
The officers' intention is a significant factor to be considered in determining whether a particular accosting is an arrest. Bonkowski v. Arlan's Department Store, 383 Mich. 90 (1970); People v. Gonzales, supra. In this event, the defendant would clearly have a right to cross-examine the officer with regard to his intention. However, our prior discussion indicates that the present case does not involve circumstances in which an allegation of arrest could be argued. The trial judge properly refused to consider the question of intention since the facts reveal a valid investigatory "stop".
V. Did the trial judge erroneously instruct the jury that reasonable doubt may not be based upon the lack or unsatisfactory nature of the evidence?
In People v. Davies, 34 Mich. App. 19 (1971), we considered a substantially similar jury instruction and found it erroneous. As in Davies, the present defendant did not object to the instruction as given and reversal of his conviction is based upon other grounds. Our acknowledgment of Davies is offered to prevent a repetition of its error upon retrial.
VI. Did the trial judge erroneously instruct the jury that any quantity of narcotics was sufficient to support a conviction?
The error of this charge was recognized by the Court in People v. Harrington, 33 Mich. App. 548 (1971). The Harrington Court enumerated a new rule governing this area by holding that a conviction for the possession of narcotics could be supported if the amount of heroin discovered could reasonably be inferred to be "a remnant of a larger, usable amount". Applying this rule to the "minute residue of heroin" discovered, the Harrington Court reversed the defendant's conviction. The quantity discovered in the present case totaled 24 grains of bulk heroin. We find that this amount satisfies the Harrington standard and falls within the purview of the more recent case of People v. Jones, 38 Mich. App. 512 (1972). Since the present quantity of heroin was clearly a usable amount the jury instruction given below did not constitute reversible error. Repetition of this instruction should be avoided upon remand.
Defendant's conviction is reversed and the case remanded for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
McGREGOR, J., concurred.
I concur with the majority opinion in Part I, and agree that a reversal with a remand for a new trial is required.
I disagree with Part V and find no error in the trial judge's instructions.