Opinion
Docket No. 18046.
Decided October 8, 1974.
Appeal from Berrien, Julian E. Hughes, J. Submitted Division 3 June 6, 1974, at Grand Rapids. (Docket No. 18046.) Decided October 8, 1974.
Alvin Dyson was convicted of delivery of heroin. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, John A. Smietanka, Prosecuting Attorney, and John Jeffrey Long, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Joseph B. Szeremet, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
Defendant appeals as of right from his jury conviction of delivery of heroin contrary to MCLA 335.341(1)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(1)(a).
At trial, a police informant testified that, working in concert with narcotics officers, he purchased from defendant two bags of heroin in front of a pool room in Benton Township, Michigan. Expert testimony revealed that chemical analysis had shown that the material in packets was heroin. The witness related that the total amount of material in one packet was .049 gram and the weight of the material in the other packet was .085 gram. The witness further testified that no qualitative analysis had been performed, that the substance was not pure heroin, but rather a combination of heroin and other non-narcotic substances, and that he estimated that the concentration of heroin was perhaps 4%. Based upon this testimony and assumption, the total gross weight of the drug allegedly sold by defendant was approximately 5 milligrams. Defendant here asserts that his conviction for delivery of heroin cannot stand in light of the small amount of heroin involved; that the trial judge committed reversible error in refusing to give the defendant's requested instruction that to establish delivery of heroin the jury would have to determine that it could be reasonably inferred that the quantity of heroin actually delivered was but a remnant of a larger, usable amount. Defendant cited as authority therefor the cases of People v Harrington, 33 Mich. App. 548; 190 N.W.2d 343 (1971), and People v Eugene Harris, 43 Mich. App. 531 ; 204 N.W.2d 549 (1972). The trial court denied the request on the basis that there was evidence from which the jury could infer reasonably that the amount of heroin was sufficient "in street terms" as to be prohibited by the statute, that both the Eugene Harris and Harrington cases were decided under the statutes existing prior to the Controlled Substances Act, MCLA 335.301 et seq; MSA 18.1070(1) et seq. The court stated it did not propose to give the instruction found to be in error in the Eugene Harris and Harrington cases which stated that any amount of narcotics, no matter how insignificant, was a violation of the statute. Further, the court distinguished the cases, stating that they involved unlawful possession of heroin, whereas the present case involved delivery. The court pointed out, moreover, that it was unable to understand how the giving of the requested instruction could do other than confuse the jury rather than clarify the matter.
Harrington, supra, was an appeal from a conviction for unlawful possession, MCLA 335.153; MSA 18.1123. The Court there found that a reasonable compromise would be struck between the minority and majority views by accepting the view that the amount sufficient to substantiate a conviction for possession would be that which could be reasonably inferred as a remnant of a larger, usable amount. In Harris, defendant was also convicted of possession of narcotics. On appeal he asserted, among other things, that the trial judge committed error by instructing the jury that any quantity of narcotics was sufficient to support a conviction. The Court applied the test of Harrington and found that the amount involved (24 grains of bulk heroin) was sufficient to satisfy the Harrington standard in that it was clearly a usable amount.
The minority view being that the amount must be sufficient for the drug's common use. See People v Leal, 64 Cal.2d 504; 50 Cal.Rptr. 777; 413 P.2d 665 (1966), and Greer v State, 163 Tex Crim 377; 292 S.W.2d 122 (1956). The majority view is that the amount is immaterial. See cases cited in People v Harrington, 33 Mich. App. 548, 549-550; 190 N.W.2d 343, 344-345 (1971).
As to cases for possession, the Harrington approach has recently been approved as striking "a just compromise between individual rights and law enforcement needs". People v Stewart, 52 Mich. App. 477, 487; 217 N.W.2d 894, 899 (1974).
The defendant relies upon the case of People v Jones, 38 Mich. App. 512, 516-517; 196 N.W.2d 817, 819 (1972), as implicitly applying the Harrington test to a case for sale of narcotics, MCLA 335.152; MSA 18.1122. There, the Court wrote:
"The defendant contends that a reversal is required because of a remark by the prosecutor, in his opening statement, that possession of any amount of heroin was a violation of the law. The defendant relies on People v Harrington, 33 Mich. App. 548; 190 N.W.2d 343 (1971), where we held that when a defendant has been found in possession of minute quantities of heroin it must be determined, on all of the facts and circumstances of the case, that the quantity of narcotics actually discovered is a remnant of a larger usable amount.
"This case is distinguishable from Harrington. In Harrington the defendant was in possession of an amount of heroin that was clearly less than a usable amount. In this case the record clearly shows that a usable amount of heroin was involved. Furthermore, in this case the trial court instructed the jury that in order to be guilty the defendant must have had knowledge that he was dealing with heroin and the intent to deal with heroin."
Recently, in two cases, a panel of this Court has ruled upon whether the standard of Harrington applies in cases of unlawful sale of heroin. People v Gaffney, 51 Mich. App. 526; 215 N.W.2d 587 (1974), and People v McCullough, 51 Mich. App. 534; 215 N.W.2d 774 (1974). In Gaffney, p 529; 215 N.W.2d 589, the Court wrote: "Harrington's rule, formulated in a possession case, should be limited in its application to cases of close fact similarity and to charges of possession. It is inapplicable to the case at bar which is a prosecution for sale.
"We reject the contention that the Harrington rule was extended to sale cases by People v Jones, 38 Mich. App. 512; 196 N.W.2d 817 (1972).
"We do so first because the Jones panel explicitly distinguished Harrington on the facts. Additionally, it incorporated a requirement which might generally be characterized as a guilty knowledge and an intent factor."
The panel in McCullough, p 536; 215 N.W.2d 775-776 said:
"Charges and cases involving sale of heroin are clearly distinguishable from those involving possession. The language in Jones, supra, provides the key to the distinction. In a sale case the amount of heroin may not always be of paramount importance. If an alleged seller were to agree to sell heroin and furnished a substance purporting to be heroin which in fact contained heroin it would not be argued that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction merely because the seller cheated his customer by adulterating the goods. However, in a possession case a totally innocent person may have a trace of some contraband in his possession without realizing it. Refusal to give the requested instruction was not error." (Emphasis in original.)
The Gaffney and McCullough cases were cited with approval in People v Koehler, 54 Mich. App. 624; 221 N.W.2d 398 (1974), for the proposition that Harrington is inapplicable to prosecutions for sale or delivery of narcotics. See also People v Stewart, 52 Mich. App. 477, 485-486; 217 N.W.2d 894, 898 (1974).
In Jones, supra, the approved instruction stated that in order to be guilty the defendant had to have knowledge that he was dealing with heroin and the intent to deal therewith. In the present case the trial court instructed the jury that the defendant had been charged with knowingly delivering a controlled substance. It said:
"[I]n order to convict the defendant of this crime, the prosecutor must have proven beyond a reasonable doubt each and all of the following elements:
"1. That the crime occurred on or about the 12th day of December, 1972, in Benton Township, Berrien County, Michigan.
"2. That this defendant intended to and did deliver a substance which, in fact, was heroin.
"3. That at the time and place the defendant knew the substance was, in fact, heroin."
Thus, it is readily apparent that the proper instructions were given, that an instruction based upon Harrington would have been incorrect, and that no error is present.
Affirmed.
All concurred.