Summary
In Barker, supra, this Court found a lack of due diligence when the prosecution failed to produce the indorsed witnesses because the police relied on obsolete addresses and because no further effort to locate the witnesses was made.
Summary of this case from People v. JohnsonOpinion
Docket No. 6,167.
Decided July 31, 1969. Application for leave to appeal filed October 3, 1969.
Appeal from Wayne, Benjamin D. Burdick, J. Submitted Division 1 June 12, 1969, at Detroit. (Docket No. 6,167.) Decided July 31, 1969. Application for leave to appeal filed October 3, 1969.
Daniel Barker was convicted of possession of marijuana. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Samuel J. Torina, Chief Appellate Lawyer, and Leonard Meyers, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Arthur I. Gould, for defendant on appeal.
Before: FITZGERALD, P.J., and LEVIN and T.M. BURNS, JJ.
This is an appeal from the Wayne County Circuit Court wherein the trial judge, sitting without a jury, convicted defendant of possession of marijuana, MCLA § 335.153 (Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp, § 18.1123), and sentenced him to serve four to ten years in prison.
The record shows that on July 23, 1966, the defendant voluntarily followed his two nephews to Redford Township Police Headquarters where the boys were questioned about an alleged attempt to commit larceny at the Gay Drugstore in Redford. From the record on appeal, it appears that when the defendant's nephews were arrested they were in defendant's car and that he followed the police immediately to the station. Further, it appears that he parked his car in front of the police station and went inside to wait for his nephews. While he was waiting, the Redford police called the Detroit police and discovered that defendant had several outstanding traffic warrants. Defendant was placed under arrest to be held for the Detroit police.
At trial, Detective Sergeant Johnson testified that he "inventoried" defendant's car, while defendant was awaiting removal to Detroit, without defendant's permission. This "inventory", which was in reality a thorough search, produced two cigarettes believed to be marijuana and some little particles thought to be marijuana seeds. These were subsequently analyzed and were found to be cannabis sativa or marijuana.
Defendant filed a timely motion to quash the information and suppress the evidence, and this motion was denied by the Honorable Carl M. Weideman on June 28, 1968. Defendant waived his right to a jury trial and was found guilty by Judge Burdick. Defendant appeals from this decision.
The defendant on appeal objects to the failure of the people to produce res gestae witnesses as required. MCLA § 767.40 (Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp § 28.980); People v. Kayne (1934), 268 Mich. 186. The people claim that they made a diligent effort to insure the presence of these witnesses and the trial court agreed. We do not.
Among the res gestae witnesses which the people failed to produce at trial was the partner of the arresting officer. This officer was not indorsed, however, and defendant failed to make a timely objection. In fact, defense counsel specifically waived the production of this witness. Compare People v. Tiner (1969), 17 Mich. App. 18.
Although the defendant and his nephews were arrested on the same day in July of 1966, and all the police officers who might incriminate the defendant were indorsed on the original complaint, it was not until a motion was made by defendant in January of 1968, that the people asked the court to indorse these possibly very important res gestae witnesses.
The record shows that the police made no attempt to question the two boys who were arrested while in defendant's car about the marijuana, nor did they make any effort to find these witnesses for over a year and a half after the arrest of the defendant or to preserve their testimony. When they finally did make an attempt to subpoena the witnesses for trial the police relied on the addresses given to them at the time of arrest and assert that they sought to serve these witnesses only to find that they had moved some months before. No further attempt was made to locate these witnesses. Compare People v. O'Dell (1968), 10 Mich. App. 87.
The indorsement of the name of a witness on the information either voluntarily or under order, as in this case, creates a duty in the prosecution to produce such witness at the trial, and the defendant may rely upon the prosecutor to fulfill the obligation. People v. Lummis (1932), 260 Mich. 170, People v. Ivy (1968), 11 Mich. App. 427, 430.
The trial court here improperly attempted to shift the responsibility for the production of these witnesses on to the defendant by its implied assertion that since defendant had not been in custody the entire time between arrest and trial he should have found them and produced them.
Although certainly a showing of due diligence in attempting to produce a witness will excuse the prosecutor from production, People v. Ivy, supra, People v. Kern (1967), 6 Mich. App. 406, we cannot help but find that the trial court erred in its finding that there was due diligence under the facts of this case. See also People v. Tiner (1969), 17 Mich. App. 18.
This case seems to us to be paradigmatic of the command set down in People v. Kayne, supra, p 194 under which,
"the state is required to indorse and call the witness or witnesses whose testimony is necessary to protect the accused from being the victim of a false accusation."
Therefore, we must reverse the conviction and remand for a new trial. At the retrial, if the people again fail to produce these res gestae witnesses and a showing of due diligence is not made, we think it would be proper under People v. Ivy, supra, for the court to consider that the testimony of such witnesses would be adverse to the people's case.
Reversed and remanded.
FITZGERALD, J., concurred.
I concur in Judge BURNS' opinion reversing defendant's conviction and granting him a new trial. I write separately because I think we are also obligated to consider and decide the defendant's claim that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress the marijuana seized in his automobile.
The defendant's motion to suppress was heard and denied by a different circuit judge than the one who tried the case.
At the new trial, the admissibility of the marijuana is a question which is bound to arise again. Accordingly, we should now decide that question. If the marijuana is inadmissible, then the defendant, who has already spent over a year in jail, is entitled to have that evidence excluded at his new trial. He should not be required possibly to spend still another year or so in jail before we reach and decide this meritorious question.
See Hill v. Harbor Steel Supply Corporation (1965), 374 Mich. 194, 206, per SOURIS, J., three justices concurring; People v. Lane (1942), 304 Mich. 29, 34, 35; State v. McCreary (SD, 1966), 142 N.W.2d 240, 246; Clifton v. United States (CA 5, 1965), 341 F.2d 649, 651; Rivers v. United States (CA 5, 1968), 400 F.2d 935, 942.
If the marijuana evidence is excluded, the defendant is more likely to be acquitted at the new trial; indeed, without this evidence, there may be insufficient evidence to convict him.
The Constitutions of the United States and of this state prohibit violation of the right of the people to be secure against "unreasonable" searches and seizures. US Const, Am 4, and Const 1963, art 1, § 11. The people's brief makes no claim that the search and seizure of the marijuana was "reasonable". At the outset of the people's oral argument in our Court, the assistant prosecuting attorney conceded that the search and seizure was unreasonable. The people, nevertheless, defend the search and seizure of the marijuana claiming that while it was obtained as the result of an unreasonable search and seizure, it is admissible because of the proviso in the Michigan constitution which excepts narcotics and certain dangerous weapons seized outside the curtilage of a dwelling from the rule of law (the so-called "exclusionary rule") which makes illegally seized evidence inadmissible at trial.
The provision which made admissible any firearm, etc. or other dangerous weapon seized outside the curtilage of a dwelling house without regard to whether a warrant was obtained or the reasonableness of the search was adopted in 1936 (proposed as JR 2, PA 1935, p 468, and first adopted at the general election in 1936, PA 1937, p 876). The amendment adding narcotic drugs to the list was first adopted in 1952 (proposed as JR 1, PA 1952, p 479 and adopted at the general election in 1952, PA 1953, p 438).
In the 1961 Michigan Constitutional Convention there was extended consideration and much difference of opinion among the delegates concerning the retention of the 1936 and 1952 amendments. Those delegates who desired their retention ultimately prevailed. See Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, pp 467, 489, 493, 496, 497, 507, 508, 511 and 514 of Vol 1, and pp 2859, 2860, 2885, 2924, 3094, 3095, 3098 and 3255 of Vol 2.
The address to the people states that the 1963 provision makes no change in the 1908 provision (Const 1908, art 2, § 10) "except for improvement in phraseology."
The presently applicable Michigan constitutional provision reads:
"The person, houses, papers and possessions of every person shall be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures. No warrant to search any place or to seize any person or things shall issue without describing them, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation. The provisions of this section shall not be construed to bar from evidence in any criminal proceeding any narcotic drug, firearm, bomb, explosive or any other dangerous weapon, seized by a peace officer outside the curtilage of any dwelling house in this state." [Emphasis supplied.] Const 1963, art 1, § 11.
The first two sentences of the 1963 constitutional provision paraphrase the Fourth Amendment. The third sentence is a rewording of the amendments adopted by the people in 1936 and 1952 that modified the pertinent provision of the 1908 constitution.
However, in Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 367 U.S. 643 ( 81 S Ct 1684, 6 L Ed 2d 1081, 84 ALR2d 933), the United States Supreme Court declared that the exclusionary rule, devised to implement the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures, applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. This means that, as to both state and federal trials, the Fourth Amendment and the exclusionary rule are "the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding." US Const, art 6, § 2.
In Wolf v. Colorado (1949), 338 U.S. 25, 27 ( 69 S Ct 1359, 93 L Ed 1782), the United States Supreme Court declared that the "security of one's privacy against arbitrary intrusion by the police — which is the core of the Fourth Amendment — is basic to a free society * * * and as such enforceable against the states through the Due Process Clause," but refused to apply to the states the exclusionary rule previously fashioned for federal prosecutions in Weeks v. United States (1914), 232 U.S. 383 ( 34 S Ct 341, 58 L Ed 652, LRA 1915B 834, Ann Cas 1915C 1177). In the post- Weeks, pre- Wolf case of People v. Marxhausen (1919), 204 Mich. 559, the Michigan Supreme Court adopted the exclusionary rule.
The people's argument in this case, in essence, is that, despite the just-quoted supremacy clause, Michigan is free to modify the governing federal constitutional guarantee.
It has been suggested that support for this novel proposition can be found in certain language used by the United States Supreme Court in Ker v. California (1963), 374 U.S. 23 ( 83 S Ct 1623, 10 L Ed 2d 726). However, the pertinent portion of the Ker opinion concluded with the observations that the Court did not intend to imply any (p 34) "derogation of uniformity in applying federal constitutional guarantees" and that it was deciding the case in the application of the "federal constitutional standard."
In Ker, the Court stated that ( supra, p 31) " Mapp sounded no death knell for our federalism" and that (p 34) "The states are not thereby precluded from developing workable rules governing arrests, searches and seizures to meet `the practical demands of effective criminal investigation and law enforcement' in the states." But these statements were qualified by other statements in the same opinion. The Court stated that both federal and state authorities have a (p 31) "mutual obligation to respect the same fundamental criteria in their approaches" and that (p 33) "the standard of reasonableness is the same under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments" (emphasis in original), and that the right of the states to develop workable rules governing arrests, searches and seizures is subject to the limitation that the rules so developed (p 34) "do not violate the constitutional proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures and the concomitant command that evidence so seized is inadmissible against one who has standing to complain." (Emphasis supplied.)
Nor is there any room for a distinction based on the facts that the articles seized in Mapp were not as deadly as can be narcotics or weapons and the seizure in Mapp occurred in the accused person's home. The United States Supreme Court has recognized the applicability of Mapp in a case where it was alleged that a search and seizure of narcotics outside the curtilage of a home was unreasonable. See McCray v. Illinois (1967), 386 U.S. 300, 301, 315 ( 87 S Ct 1056, 18 L Ed 2d 62), reh den 386 U.S. 1042 ( 87 S Ct 1474, 18 L Ed 2d 616), where, although the search was held reasonable, both the majority and dissenting opinions cited Mapp as governing authority. Similarly, see Cooper v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 58 ( 87 S Ct 788, 17 L Ed 2d 730), rehearing and modification denied 386 U.S. 988 ( 87 S Ct 1283, 18 L Ed 2d 243), where the Federal standard was applied in holding that the search of an automobile was reasonable.
Any doubt that there is but one applicable standard, namely, the federal standard, was dispelled by Malloy v. Hogan (1964), 378 U.S. 1 ( 84 S Ct 1489, 12 L Ed 2d 653). In that case the United States Supreme Court observed that it had held that the guarantees of the First Amendment, the prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures of the Fourth Amendment (citing Ker v. California) and the right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment (p 10) "are all to be enforced against the states under the Fourteenth Amendment according to the same standards that protect those personal rights against federal encroachment. * * * The Court thus has rejected the notion that the Fourteenth Amendment applies to the states only a `watered-down, subjective version of the individual guarantees of the Bill of Rights'." Similarly, see Aguilar v. Texas (1964), 378 U.S. 108, 110 ( 84 S Ct 1509, 1512, 12 L Ed 2d 723); People v. Wolfe (1967), 5 Mich. App. 543, 550; People v. McDonald (1968), 13 Mich. App. 226.
Also relevant in our consideration of the constitutionality of the Michigan proviso making a distinction between searches within and outside the curtilage of a dwelling is the shift in emphasis in the application of the constitutional right to be protected against warrantless, unreasonable searches from the protection of places to the protection of individual privacy.
Katz v. United States (1967), 389 U.S. 347 ( 88 S Ct 507, 19 L Ed 2d 576); People v. Zeigler (1960), 358 Mich. 355, 363, 365.
"We have recognized that the principal object of the Fourth Amendment is the protection of privacy rather than property, and have increasingly discarded fictional and procedural barriers rested on property concepts." Warden, Maryland Penitentiary v. Hayden (1967), 387 U.S. 294, 304 ( 87 S Ct 1642, 18 L Ed 2d 782).
I know of no case holding that Mapp does not govern in all 50 states or which allows Michigan to exempt itself from Mapp — no case that is except some decisions of our Court which, with respect for my colleagues, I do not think we should continue to follow.
It appears that Michigan and South Dakota are the only states which have had constitutional or statutory provisions modifying the exclusionary rule. See Table II, Appendix to Elkins v. United States (1960), 364 U.S. 206, 226 ( 80 S Ct 1437, 1449, 4 L Ed 2d 1669, 1683). The South Dakota Supreme Court held its statute partially constitutional and partially unconstitutional in the pre- Mapp case of State v. Lane (1957), 76 S.D. 544 ( 82 N.W.2d 286). In the post- Mapp case of State v. McCreary (SD, 1966), 142 N.W.2d 240, 247, the South Dakota Supreme Court held its statute totally unconstitutional.
Commentators have concluded that the Michigan exception to the exclusionary rules violates the Federal constitution as interpreted in Mapp. Nord, the Michigan Constitution of 1963, 10 Wayne L Rev 309 (1963, 1964); Wise, 1966 Annual Survey of Michigan Law, 13 Wayne L Rev 114, 135, 136; Quick, 1961 Annual Survey of Michigan Law, 8 Wayne L Rev 77, 82.
In the post- Mapp case of People v. Monroe (1966), 3 Mich. App. 165, 168, a panel of our Court stated that the Michigan constitutional provision "as interpreted by People v. Winkle (1960), 358 Mich. 551 [made] it * * * unnecessary to decide whether the search was reasonable or unreasonable."
In Monroe the search and seizure occurred in 1963, 2 years after Mapp was decided.
Later, in People v. Vanlandingham (1967), 6 Mich. App. 128, another panel of our Court adopted the holding of People v. Monroe and went on to say that the Monroe Court cited the pre- Mapp, 1960 Winkle case reported at 358 Mich. 551 instead of the post- Mapp 1964 Winkle case of In re Winkle (1964), 372 Mich. 292, cert. den. 379 U.S. 645 ( 85 S Ct 611, 12 L Ed 2d 551), reh. den. 380 U.S. 967 ( 85 S Ct 1102, 14 L Ed 2d 157), because the second Winkle case was decided without an opinion signed by a majority of the Michigan Supreme Court. The Vanlandingham Court further observed that, although the second Winkle case was decided by the Michigan Supreme Court after Mapp was decided by the United States Supreme Court, certiorari had been refused by the United States Supreme Court to review the second Winkle case. People v. Dillon (1967), 7 Mich. App. 256, without recitation of the facts, stated that People v. Monroe required affirmance of Dillon's conviction and (p 257) "obviates discussion" of the lawfulness of his arrest.
The fact that there was no majority opinion (and thus no precedential opinion) in the second Winkle case explains the failure of the United States Supreme Court to grant certiorari and is a reason for reexamining Monroe, not a reason for following it.
In People v. Henderson (1967), 6 Mich. App. 379, 384, still another panel of our Court referred to the 2 Winkle opinions and also stated that Mapp v. Ohio, supra, had not changed the special treatment of automobiles under the search and seizure provision of the Federal constitution. Clearly, as stated by the United States Supreme Court in Dyke v. Taylor Implement Mfg. Co. (1968), 391 U.S. 221 ( 88 S Ct 1472, 20 L Ed 2d 538), in the application of the standard of reasonableness "automobiles, because of their mobility, may be searched without a warrant upon facts not justifying a warrantless search of a residence or office." Similarly, see Cooper v. California, supra. But, in the case now before us, no question of reasonableness is presented; the people have conceded that the search here was unreasonable.
In People v. Dombrowski (1968), 10 Mich. App. 445, and People v. Johnnie Mae Jones (1968), 12 Mich. App. 369, 379, the items seized were not of the kind covered by the Michigan proviso. In Dombrowski the seized items were grocery bags; in Johnnie Mae Jones it was a crowbar. On that ground, Dombrowski distinguished Monroe and held it inapplicable. In both Dombrowski (p 449) and Johnnie Mae Jones (p 379) the Court stated that a warrant is ordinarily required before a valid search can be made unless the articles are of a kind admissible without a warrant. This allusion to the Michigan proviso was unnecessary to decision in either case and, hence, dictum. In neither case did the Court rely on Monroe or discuss the issue dealt with in this opinion.
Since Monroe is based upon the first Winkle case, decided before Mapp, it is not persuasive. While the first Winkle case upheld the validity of the proviso to the Michigan constitutional provision, manifestly that case, decided before Mapp was decided, is not authority for the constitutionality of the proviso after Mapp.
The question of whether Mapp supersedes the Michigan proviso has been presented to the Michigan Supreme Court in a number of cases but has never been decided by a majority of the Court.
In People v. Harper (1962), 365 Mich. 494, which was decided after the first Winkle case, a unanimous Court found that the search of Harper's automobile was reasonable and stated that (p 502) "having reached the conclusion we have, the effect of Mapp on section 10 of article 2 of our constitution will have to be left for determination in another case at another time."
In the second Winkle case there were three separate opinions. Justice KELLY, in an opinion in which Justice O'HARA joined, ruled that the search was reasonable, that Mapp does not apply retrospectively and that Mapp does not supersede the Michigan proviso. Justice DETHMERS, in one opinion, and Justice SOURIS, in an opinion in which Justices KAVANAGH and SMITH joined, held that the search was reasonable and that there was no need to consider the questions of retrospectivity or continued viability of the proviso. Justice BLACK concurred in the result and Justice ADAMS did not participate in the decision.
So held in Linkletter v. Walker (1965), 381 U.S. 618 ( 85 S Ct 1731, 14 L Ed 2d 601).
In People v. Blessing (1966), 378 Mich. 51, cert. den. (1967) 387 U.S. 914 ( 87 S Ct 1692, 18 L Ed 2d 637), again there were several opinions. Justice KELLY, in an opinion in which Justice O'HARA joined, again found both that the search was reasonable and that Mapp did not supersede the Michigan proviso. Justice ADAMS, in an opinion also signed by Justices DETHMERS and SMITH, ruled that the search was reasonable and did not advert to the question of the continued federal constitutionality of the Michigan proviso. Justice SOURIS dissented in an opinion joined by Justice KAVANAGH, stating that the search was unreasonable and that, since decision in Mapp v. Ohio, the Michigan proviso was no longer constitutional.
The SOURIS opinion in Blessing placed reliance on People v. Lee (1963), 371 Mich. 563, where a unanimous Michigan Supreme Court held inadmissible narcotics seized in an automobile. In Lee, the issue of the post- Mapp constitutionality of the proviso was argued in the briefs, but the opinion of the Court made no reference to the proviso, nor did it discuss the effect of Mapp. This caused Justice O'HARA, the author of the Lee opinion, to file a separate opinion in Blessing (p 68) confessing error in Lee. Justice BLACK concurred in the affirmance of Blessing's conviction stating that the "time had come" to join with Justice KELLY in holding the Michigan proviso constitutional. He observed that the United States Supreme Court had had several opportunities to strike down the proviso but had not done so.
It is apparent from the foregoing history that a majority of the Michigan Supreme Court has not yet been mustered to declare whether Mapp does or does not supersede the proviso. Thus, there is no controlling opinion of the Michigan Supreme Court. The opinions of our Court are all based on People v. Monroe which, in turn, was predicated on the pre- Mapp case of People v. Winkle, supra.
The failure of the United States Supreme Court to decide the question by review of the Winkle and Blessing cases is perfectly understandable. Winkle did not seek direct review by certiorari of the first Winkle case. His subsequent application for habeas corpus relief was denied by the Michigan Supreme Court on April 26, 1961. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari to review that denial. After Mapp was decided, the judgment of the Michigan Supreme Court denying Winkle habeas corpus relief was vacated by the United States Supreme Court "and, as suggested by the attorney general of Michigan," the case was remanded for reconsideration in the light of Mapp. This led to the second Winkle case of In re Winkle, supra. Since the second Winkle case ( In re Winkle) and Blessing were both decided by the Michigan Supreme Court on the ground that the search was reasonable, which made it unnecessary to consider whether Mapp superseded the proviso, it is entirely understandable that the United States Supreme Court declined to grant certiorari to review those decisions.
Winkle v. Bannan (1961), 368 U.S. 34 ( 82 S Ct 146, 7 L Ed 2d 91).
Moreover, under Linkletter (see fn 12), which had been argued before rehearing was denied in the second Winkle case, Winkle was not entitled to relief because his conviction had become final before Mapp was decided.
Furthermore, it is axiomatic that the denial of leave to appeal or certiorari imports no expression of opinion upon the merits of the case. See Frishett v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (1967), 378 Mich. 733, which adopted the views of Justice Holmes as stated in United States v. Carver (1923), 260 U.S. 482, 490 ( 43 S Ct 181, 67 L Ed 364).
The concept that Michigan is free to enact, whether in its constitution, or in some other form, an exception to the federal exclusionary rule made applicable by Mapp to all 50 states in the union, is palpably erroneous and clearly wrong. It is our duty to deny it further credence and we should unhesitatingly say so. It is unseemly that Michigan litigants find it necessary to seek the protection of the federal courts for vindication of rights enjoyed without question by all in the other 49 states. I would hold, on the authority of Mapp v. Ohio, that the proviso to the Michigan constitution violates the Federal Constitution.
In Winkle v. Kropp (ED Mich 1968), 279 F. Supp. 532, reversed on other grounds (CA 6, 1968), 403 F.2d 661, the court held that the Michigan exception is violative of the Fourth Amendment. Similarly see Lucas v. State of Michigan (ED Mich # 31412 [not officially reported]), currently on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.